[This document is also available at the following URL: http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE.html. All software and documentation is available via both anonymous ftp and the World Wide Web.] THE ADAPTIVE COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT (ACE) An Object-Oriented Network Programming Toolkit ---------------------------------------- Overview of ACE The ADAPTIVE Communication Environment (ACE) is an object-oriented (OO) toolkit that implements fundamental design patterns for communication software. ACE provides a rich set of reusable C++ wrappers and frameworks that perform common communication software tasks across a range of OS platforms, including Win32 (i.e., WinNT 3.5.x/4.x, Win95, and WinCE), most versions of UNIX (e.g., SunOS 4.x and 5.x, SGI IRIX 5.x and 6.x, HP-UX 9.x, 10.x, and 11.x, DEC UNIX 4.x, AIX 4.x, Linux, SCO, UnixWare, NetBSD, and FreeBSD), real-time operating systems (e.g., VxWorks, Chorus, LynxOS, and pSoS), and MVS OpenEdition. A single source tree is used for all these platforms and porting ACE to other platforms is relatively easy. The communication software components provided by ACE include event demultiplexing and event handler dispatching, service initialization, interprocess communication, shared memory management, message routing, dynamic (re)configuration of distributed services, multi-threading, and concurrency control. There are both C++ and Java versions of ACE available. ACE is targeted for developers of high-performance and real-time communication services and applications on UNIX, POSIX, and Win32 platforms. ACE simplifies the development of OO network applications and services that utilize interprocess communication, event demultiplexing, explicit dynamic linking, and concurrency. ACE automates system configuration and reconfiguration by dynamically linking services into applications at run-time and executing these services in one or more processes or threads. ACE is currently used in commercial projects and products by dozens of companies including Ericsson, Bellcore, Siemens, Motorola, Kodak, Boeing, Lucent, DEC, Lockheed Martin, and SAIC. Commercial support for ACE is available at http://www.riverace.com. ---------------------------------------- C++ Wrappers for OS Interfaces The lower-level portions of ACE provide a set of portable and type-secure C++ wrappers that encapsulate the following C language OS interfaces: . IPC mechanisms -- e.g., Internet- and UNIX-domain sockets, TLI, Named Pipes (for UNIX and Win32) and STREAM pipes; . Event demultiplexing -- e.g., select(), poll(), and Win32 WaitForMultipleObjects and I/O completion ports; . Multi-threading and synchronization -- e.g., Solaris threads, POSIX Pthreads, and Win32 threads; . Explicit dynamic linking -- e.g., dlopen/dlsym on UNIX and LoadLibrary/GetProc on Win32; . Memory-mapped files and shared memory management -- e.g., BSD mmap(), SYSV shared memory, and Win32 shared memory; . System V IPC -- e.g., shared memory, semaphores, message queues. The OS Adaptation Layer shields the upper levels of ACE from platform dependencies associated with the underlying OS interfaces. ---------------------------------------- Frameworks and Class Categories ACE also contains a higher-level network programming framework that integrates and enhances the lower-level C++ wrappers. This framework supports the dynamic configuration of concurrent distributed services into applications. The framework portion of ACE contains the following class categories: . The Reactor -- Supports both Reactive and Proactive I/O; . The Service Configurator -- Support dynamic (re)configuration of objects; . The ADAPTIVE Service Executive -- A user-level implementation of System V STREAMS, that supports modular integration of hierarchically-related communicaion services; . Concurrency -- Various types of higher-level concurrency control and synchronization patterns (such as Polymorphic Futures and Active Objects); . Shared Malloc -- Components for managing dynamically allocation of shared and local memory; . CORBA integration -- Integrates ACE with CORBA implementations (such as single-threaded and multi-threaded Orbix and Visibroker for C++). ---------------------------------------- Distributed Services and Components Finally, ACE provides a standard library of distributed services that are packaged as components. These service components play two roles in ACE: 1. They provide reusable components for common distributed system tasks such as logging, naming, locking, and time synchronization. 2. They illustrate how to utilize ACE features such as the Reactor, Service Configurator, Service Initialization, Concurrency, and IPC components. ---------------------------------------- Middleware Applications ACE has been used in research and development projects at many universities and companies. For instance, it has been used to build avionics systems at Boeing, telecommunication systems at Bellcore, Ericsson, Motorola, and Lucent; medical imaging systems at Siemens and Kodak; and many academic research projects. Two example middleware applications provided with the ACE release include: 1. The ACE ORB (TAO) -- TAO is a real-time implementation of CORBA built using the framework components and patterns provided by ACE. 2. JAWS -- JAWS is a high-performance, adaptive Web server built using the components in ACE. ---------------------------------------- OBTAINING ACE The current ACE release is provided as a tar file that is around 3 Meg compressed using GNU gzip. ACE may be obtained electronically from http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE-obtain.html. This release contains the source code, test drivers, and example applications (including JAWS) for C++ wrapper libraries and the higher-level ACE network programming framework developed as part of the ADAPTIVE project at the University of California, Irvine and at Washington University, St. Louis. You can get The ACE ORB (TAO) in a companion release at http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/TAO.html. ---------------------------------------- ACE DOCUMENTATION AND TUTORIALS Many of the C++ wrappers and higher-level components have been described in issues of the C++ Report, as well as in proceedings of many journals, conferences, and workshops. A collection of white papers and tutorial handouts are included at ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/c++/ACE/ACE-documentation. This directory contains postscript versions of various papers that describe different aspects of ACE. I update these papers periodically to reflect changes to the ACE architecture. Therefore, you might want to check the date on the files to make sure that you have read the most recent versions of these papers. This material is also available available via the WWW at URL: http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE.html ---------------------------------------- ACE MAILING LIST AND NEWSGROUP A mailing list, ace-users@cs.wustl.edu, is available for discussing bug fixes, enhancements, and porting issues regarding ACE. Please send mail to me at the ace-users-request@cs.wustl.edu if you'd like to join the mailing list. There is also a USENET newsgroup called comp.soft-sys.ace. ---------------------------------------- BUILDING AND INSTALLING ACE Please refer to the http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/ACE-Install.html file for information on how to build and test the ACE wrappers. The BIBLIOGRAPHY file contains information on where to obtain articles that describe the ACE wrappers and the ADAPTIVE system in more detail. The current release has been tested extensively, but if you find any bugs, please report them to the ACE mailing list ace-users@cs.wustl.edu using the $ACE_ROOT/BUG-REPORT-FORM. ---------------------------------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACE has been deeply influenced and improved by the following members of my research group at Washington University: Everett Anderson Alexander Babu Arulanthu Shawn Atkins Matt Braun Darrell Brunsch Chris Cleeland Sergio Flores-Gaitan Chris Gill Aniruddha Gokhale Pradeep Gore Tim Harrison James Hu Prashant Jain Vishal Kachroo Michael Kircher Yamuna Krishnamurthy Fred Kuhns David Levine Balachandran Natarajan Kirthika Parameswaran Carlos O'Ryan Jeff Parsons Irfan Pyarali Marina Spivak Nagarajan Surendran Nanbor Wang Seth Widoff Torben Worm I would also like to thank all the following people who have also contributed to ACE and TAO over the years: Paul Stephenson Olaf Kruger Ed Brown Lee Baker Alex Ranous Mark Patton Steffen Winther Sorensen for Troy Warner Stacy Mahlon Charles Eads Mark Frutig Todd Hoff George Brad Needham Leslee Xu Detlef Becker Bruce Worden Chris Tarr Bill Sears Greg Lavendar Steve Warwick Mats Sundvall Andreas Ueltschi Nigel Hooke Medhi Tabatabai Stuart Powell Bin Mu Andrew McGowan Ken Konecki John P. Hearn Giang Hoang Nguyen Carlos Garcia Braschi Jam Hamidi Eric Vaughan Karl-Heinz Dorn Steve Ritter Chandra Venkatapathy Matt Stevens Bob Vistica David Trumble John Morey George Reynolds Hans Rohnert Alex V. Maclinovsky Todd Blanchard Rob Clairmont Christian Millour Neil Cohen Dieter Quehl Reginald S. Perry James Morris Mark Seaborn Phil Brooks E. Jason Scheck Daniel Proulx Bill Tang John Huchinson Jack Erickson Byron Walton Bill Lear Mark Zusman Aurelio Nocerino Walt Akers Greg Baker Alexandre Karev Pramod Kumar Singh Bryon Rigg Brad Brown Patty Genualdi Eshel Liran Mick Adams Chris Eich Mike Flinn Audun Tornquist Sandeep Joshi Kirk Sinnard <1764@mn.lawson.lawson.com> Bernd Hofner Craig Perras Kirk Sinnard Matthew Newhook Gerolf Wendland Phil Mesnier Ross Dargahi Richard Orr Rich Ryan Jan Rychter Tom Marrs <0002104588@mcimail.com> Bob Olson Jean-Francois Ripouteau Ajit Sagar Ashish Singhai David Sames Gonzalo Diethelm Raj Darrin Steve Weismuller Eric C. Newton Andres Kruse Ramesh Nagabushnam Antonio Tortorici Nigel Lowe Tom Leith Michael Fortinsky Marco Sommerau Gary Salsbery Eric Beser Alfred Keller John Lu James Mansion Jesper S. M|ller Chris Lahey Michael R"uger Istvan Buki Greg Wilson Garrett Conaty Brad Flood Marius Kjeldahl Steve Huston Eugene K. Plaude Joseph DeAngelis Kim Gillies Luca Priorelli Alan Stewart Hani Yakan William L. Gerecke Craig Johnston Pierre-Yves Duval Rochi Febo Dommarco Jonathan Biggar Scott Shupe Chuck Gehr Avi Nash Padhu Ramalingam Jay Denkberg Ayman Farahat Tilo Christ Ari Erev Hamutal Yanay Vital Aza Alex Villazon David Artus Todd Barkalow Alexander Smundak Thilo Kielmann Matthias Kerkhoff Fred LaBar Hanan Herzog Eric Parker James Michael Dwyer Arun Katkere Bob Dunmire Sandro Doro Robert Lyng Phil Logan John Cosby Wayne Vucenic Harry Gunnarsson James CE Johnson Samuel_Bercovici Per Andersson Anthony McConnell Mark Rabotnikov John Bossom Rino Simioni Slawomir Kuzniar Rob Jordan Michael Maxie John Cosby Nigel Owen Jorn Jensen Paul Roman Dave Mayerhoefer Bert Craytor Joey Zhu Arthur J. Lewis Michael R. MacFaden Eugene R. Somdahl Paul Han Jeff Morgan Arturo Montes Elliot Lau Mark Wright Michael Newton Kumar Neelakantan Scott Halstead Jean-Marc Strauss Adam Porter Hakan Kallberg Eric Dean Russell Daniel Montalibet Norbert Rapp Ganesh Pai Berni Merkle Tom Wright Torbjorn Lindgren Mike Bernat Brian Mendel Jeremy Buch Kevin Boyle Kevin Martindale Luis Lopes Adrian Salt Hongbo Xu Michael Hartman Tom Dobridge Rich Christy Satoshi Ueno Eugene R. Somdahl Robert Head Ivan Murphy Jan Perman Shankar Krishnamoorthy Reza Roodsari Jim Crossley Johannes Gutleber Marina Spivak Yigong Liu Erik Urdang Mike Schweiger Anthony Mutiso Jeff R. Hayes David Brackman Dave Moore Joseph Cross Cherif Sleiman Stefan Ericsson Wei Chiang Thanh Ma Oleg Krivosheev Stephen Coy Bob Laferriere Satheesh Kumar MG Karen Amestoy Jeff Richard Samuel Melamed Vladimir Schipunov Felix Popp Billy Quinn Michael McKnight Huiying Shen Alex Chan Aaron Valdivia Edan Ayal Jeffrey Peterson Neil Lavelle Steven Wohlever Manojkumar Acharya Evgeny Beskrovny Kirill Rybaltchenko Laura Paterno Ben Eng Mike Kamrad Marios Zikos Mark L Boriack Mark Hyett Caleb Epstein Valik Solrzano Barboza John Connett Tom Arbuckle Stephen Henry Dani Flexer Michael Hoffman John Lindal Dustin Laurence Ernie Makris Timothy A. Brown Patrick J. McNerthney Lori Anderson Erik Margraf Bryan Doerr Adam Miller Thomas Jordan Keith Nicewarner Frederic Andres Achint Sandhu Mitch Kuninsky Alex Chan Jeff Hellzen Thomas Venturella Philippe O'Reilly Stan Leeson Richard Keizer Edgar Villanueva Oliver Kellogg Dave Meyer Thomas Hampson Jay Kistler Scott Snyder Mark Evans Todd Pack Mark Maris Jason Katz Jim Penny Chris Ryan J. Russell Noseworthy Carol Sanders Jerry Bickle Paul von Behren Sudish Joseph Loren Rittle Alexander Ovsiankin Fred Kuhns Ravi Nagabhyru Tom Brusehaver Dave Tallman Monish Rajpal Garry Brother Andreas Schuelke Ganapathi James Garrison Brad Walton Paul Motuzenko Kurt Sussman Rob Thornton Chanaka Liyanaarachchi Saneyasu Steve Kay Greg White Ki-hyun Yoon Umar Syyid Bill Fulton Amancio Hasty Zoran Ivanovic Sree Oggu James Risinger Leo Modica Bob Scott Mark Kettner Kent Watsen Chris Healey Philippe Klein William S. Lear John Geiss Ernesto Guisado Stuart Myles Lothar Werzinger Andrew Harbick Pavel Motuzenko Ross J. Lillie Sam Hauer Frank. J. Hodum David Miron Anton van Straaten Joe Covalesky Bill Backstrom Jeff Franks John Mulhern <9107@mn3.lawson.lawson.com> Johan Lundin Eric Powers Zheng Han Gabriel Lima Doug Anderson Hongyin Quan Maximilian Hoferer Kevin Stanley Jeff Greif Jeff McDaniel Andreas Geisler Bob McWhirter Daniel Winder Zheng Han Christa Schwanninger Byron Harris Barney Dalton Peter Gorgia Dirk Broer Joseph E. LaPrade Goran Lowkrantz Susan Liebeskind Dana Hackman Margherita Vittone Wiersma Priya Narasimhan Jeff Hopper Mats Nilsson Dongwook Kim Don Davis Alberto Villarica XuYifeng Ossama Othman Tom Shields Krishna Padmasola Andre Folkers Paul Sexton Marc Lehmann Anne Blankert Raja Ati Clinton Carr Peter Liqun Na Frank Adcock Daniel A Nieten Xu Yifeng Valery Arkhangorodsky Alan Scheinine Andrew G. Harvey Dann Corbit James Jason Milley Ulf Jaehrig Peter Nordlund Mark Weel Tres Seaver Erik Koerber Eric R. Medley David O'Farrell Amir Bahmanyari Ian Wright David Janello Rich Wellner Fernando D. Mato Mira Jonathan Reis Seung-Lee Hoon Russell L. Carter Bill Hall Brian Gilstrap Balaji Srinivasan Anders W. Tell I would particularly like to thank Paul Stephenson, who worked with me at Ericsson and is now at ObjectSpace. Paul devised the recursive Makefile scheme that underlies this distribution and also spent countless hours with me discussing object-oriented techniques for developing distributed application frameworks. Finally, I'd also like to thank Todd L. Montgomery , fellow heavy metal head, for fulfilling his quest to get ACE to compile with GCC! In conclusion, my goal is to see ACE continue to evolve and become a more comprehensive, robust, and well-documented C++ class library that is freely available to researchers and developers. If you have any improvements, suggestions, and or comments, I'd like to hear about it. Thanks, Douglas C. Schmidt schmidt@cs.wustl.edu