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|
#!/bin/sh
# This is a shell archive (produced by GNU sharutils 4.2).
# To extract the files from this archive, save it to some FILE, remove
# everything before the `!/bin/sh' line above, then type `sh FILE'.
#
# Made on 1999-01-17 14:14 EST by <jcej@chiroptera.tragus.org>.
# Source directory was `/var/home/jcej/projects/ACE_wrappers/docs/tutorials/001'.
#
# Existing files will *not* be overwritten unless `-c' is specified.
#
# This shar contains:
# length mode name
# ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------
# 524 -rw-rw-r-- hdr
# 38 -rw-rw-r-- bodies
# 4034 -rw-rw-r-- page01.pre
# 2188 -rw-rw-r-- page02.pre
# 553 -rw-rw-r-- page03.pre
# 79 -rw-rw-r-- page04.pre
# 1149 -rw-rw-r-- page05.pre
# 478 -rw-rw-r-- page02.pst
# 1434 -rw-rw-r-- page03.pst
# 279 -rw-rw-r-- page04.pst
#
save_IFS="${IFS}"
IFS="${IFS}:"
gettext_dir=FAILED
locale_dir=FAILED
first_param="$1"
for dir in $PATH
do
if test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/gettext \
&& ($dir/gettext --version >/dev/null 2>&1)
then
set `$dir/gettext --version 2>&1`
if test "$3" = GNU
then
gettext_dir=$dir
fi
fi
if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/shar \
&& ($dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir >/dev/null 2>&1)
then
locale_dir=`$dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir`
fi
done
IFS="$save_IFS"
if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED || test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED
then
echo=echo
else
TEXTDOMAINDIR=$locale_dir
export TEXTDOMAINDIR
TEXTDOMAIN=sharutils
export TEXTDOMAIN
echo="$gettext_dir/gettext -s"
fi
touch -am 1231235999 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1
if test ! -f 1231235999 && test -f $$.touch; then
shar_touch=touch
else
shar_touch=:
echo
$echo 'WARNING: not restoring timestamps. Consider getting and'
$echo "installing GNU \`touch', distributed in GNU File Utilities..."
echo
fi
rm -f 1231235999 $$.touch
#
if mkdir _sh00080; then
$echo 'x -' 'creating lock directory'
else
$echo 'failed to create lock directory'
exit 1
fi
# ============= hdr ==============
if test -f 'hdr' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'hdr' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'hdr' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'hdr' &&
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
X <TITLE>ACE Tutorial 001</TITLE>
X <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Mozilla/3.01Gold (Win95; I) [Netscape]">
X <META NAME="Author" CONTENT="James CE Johnson">
X <META NAME="Description" CONTENT="A first step towards using ACE productively">
</HEAD>
<BODY text = "#000000" link="#000fff" vlink="#ff0f0f" bgcolor="#ffffff">
X
X
<CENTER><P><B><FONT SIZE=+2>ACE Tutorial 001<BR>
A Beginners Guide to Using the ACE Toolkit</FONT></B></P></CENTER>
X
<hr>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117141099 'hdr' &&
chmod 0664 'hdr' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'hdr' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'hdr:' 'MD5 check failed'
1d643c1c0995e071a0a9e3662d7a440b hdr
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'hdr'`"
test 524 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'hdr:' 'original size' '524,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= bodies ==============
if test -f 'bodies' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'bodies' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'bodies' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'bodies' &&
PAGE=2
server.cpp
acceptor.h
logger.h
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117140699 'bodies' &&
chmod 0664 'bodies' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'bodies' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'bodies:' 'MD5 check failed'
20ddb6c1ff71a6481ce0956f1a70a612 bodies
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'bodies'`"
test 38 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'bodies:' 'original size' '38,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page01.pre ==============
if test -f 'page01.pre' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page01.pre' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page01.pre' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page01.pre' &&
<P>The purpose of this tutorial is to show you how to create a very simple
server capable of handling multiple client connections. Unlike a "traditional"
server application, this one handles all requests in one process. Issues
of multi-processing and multi-threading will be handled in later tutorials.</P>
X
<P>
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>
X
<P>What do you need to create a server?</P>
X
<OL>
<LI>Something which accepts connections from clients</LI>
X
<LI>Something which handles established connections</LI>
X
<LI>A main program loop that handles it all</LI>
</OL>
X
<P>The ACE Acceptor provides a solution for our first requirement.
This class is given a TCP/IP port number on which it will listen for
incoming connections. When a connection is attempted, the acceptor will
create a new object (the handler) to deal with the client connection while
the acceptor goes back to listening for other connections.</P>
X
<P>The ACE EventHandler solves our second requirement. This doesn't
seem obvious now but as we progress through this tutorial it will become
more clear.</P>
X
<P>Finally, a simple <I>main()</I> function will provide our program loop.
After any program initialization, it will enter an infinite loop which
waits for connection attempts to the Acceptor or data "events"
on the EventHandler.</P>
X
<P>
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>
X
<P>Before we continue, I need to introduce one more ACE concept: the Reactor.
</P>
X
<P>I don't want to go into great detail at this time on what the Reactor
is, what it does and how it does it but it is necessary for you to understand
the basic function of a reactor because it is going to be in the first
piece of code you see. The figure below depicts the interrelationships
between the Reactor, the Acceptor and the application handler.</P>
<P> <center> <img src="simple.gif" align=center> </center>
X
<P>Briefly:<BR>
The reactor is an object which reacts when things happen to other objects.
These things are called <I>events</I>. The <I>other objects</I> are communications
objects which you have <I>registered</I> with the reactor. At the time
of registration, you also specify which events you are interested in. The
reactor is notified by the operating system when the events of interest
occur within the registered objects. The reactor then uses member functions
of the registered object to process the event. Notice that the reactor
doesn't care what happens because of the event. It is the object's responsibility
to process the event correctly. The reactor simply notifies the object
of the event.</P>
X
<P>Why use the reactor?</P>
X
<P>That will become clear as the tutorial progresses. For now, however,
a brief answer would be this: it allows multiple simultaneous client connections
to be processed efficiently by a single-threaded server. </P>
X
<P>Servers have traditionally created a separate thread or process for
each client served. For large-volume services (such as telnet and ftp)
this is appropriate. However, for small-volume services the overhead of
process creation far outweighs the actual work being done. So... folks
begin using threads instead of processes to handle the clients. This is
good also but still, in some cases, the overhead is too much to bear. Instead,
why not have a single thread handle several clients and use a more intelligent
load-balancing methodology than one-thread-or-process-per-client?
<i>Caveat: Handling all requests in one thread of one process is really
only good when the requests can be handled almost instantaneously.</i>
</P>
X
<P>This is where the reactor's power and flexibility come into play. The
developer can create a simple, single-threaded application that is later
modified to thread-per-client, process-per-client or thread-pool solution.
<P>
If all of this is gibberish and makes you think that ACE is way to hard to
learn, don't worry. We'll go into all the details and explain as we go.
I only went into all of this so that it can kick around in the back of your
mind until you need it later.
<P>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117140899 'page01.pre' &&
chmod 0664 'page01.pre' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page01.pre' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page01.pre:' 'MD5 check failed'
58b12a93efda94c99be5d0b38c3096a5 page01.pre
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page01.pre'`"
test 4034 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page01.pre:' 'original size' '4034,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page02.pre ==============
if test -f 'page02.pre' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page02.pre' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page02.pre' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page02.pre' &&
<P>From here, we to move on to the main program loop. In a way, we're
starting at the final product when we do this, but it is a very simple
piece of code and a good place to start.
X
<P>The <A HREF="server.cpp">main</A>
program is really quite simple. The real work is done in the ACE derived
classes.
X
<P>
Kirthika Parameswaran offers this abstract of Tutorial 1:
<UL>
<P>
This is a simple logging server example.
The Reactor is used to handle more than one client request using a
single thread of execution instead of one thread per client. The Reactor
reactes to events and demultiplexes the events to the appropriate
Event_Handler registered with it, using the "callback" technique. The
reactor runs in an infinte event loop handling all the incoming events.
<P>
The Logging_Acceptor listens at a SERVER PORT address and passively
waits for requests to arrive. The Acceptor is also an Event_Handler and
is registered with the Reactor. This way it is simply yet another
Event_Handler for the Reactor and hence no special processing is needed
for it.
<P>
Once a connection request occurs, the Acceptor accepts it and
a connection is established. The reactor instance is passed to the
handler so that it can register with the Reactor. It does so with an
ACE_Event_Handler::ACCEPT_MASK.
<P>
The Logging_Client is another Event_Handler which actually handles the
client requests in its handle_input() method. It is also registered
with the Reactor with the ACE_Event_Handler::READ_MASK.
<P>
The Event_Handlers can be unregistered from the Reactor using
handle_close() methods
or explicitly calling the remove_handler() methods.
<P>
This server application builds and executes succesfully waiting for
client requests to arrive.
<P>
</UL>
FYI (from Doug):
<UL>
The ACCEPT_MASK is defined in the ACE_Event_Handler class. It's used
to inform the Reactor that you want to register an event handler to
"accept" a connection passively. Not surprisingly, the ACE_Acceptor
component uses this.
<P>
The READ_MASK is also defined in the ACE_Event_Handler class. It's
used to inform the Reactor that you want to register an event handler
to "read" data from an established connection.
</UL>
<hr>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117140999 'page02.pre' &&
chmod 0664 'page02.pre' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page02.pre' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page02.pre:' 'MD5 check failed'
5e23294cf842366a9ca1b14867856359 page02.pre
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page02.pre'`"
test 2188 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page02.pre:' 'original size' '2188,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page03.pre ==============
if test -f 'page03.pre' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page03.pre' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page03.pre' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page03.pre' &&
<P>Now we begin to look at the <A HREF="acceptor.h">acceptor</A> object.
X
<P>
Kirthika has this analogy:
<P>
<UL>
Consider an office:
<P>
Reactor: Receptionist
<P>
Event_Handlers: various Departments catering to specific needs.
<P>
SERVER_PORT: door
<P>
Acceptor: Doorkeeper
<P>
Thus when a needy person (client) enters the open door (port)
maintained by the doorkeeper (acceptor waiting for connection
request), the receptionist(reactor) directs the person towards the
appropriate section (event_handler) which would cater to his needs.
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117140999 'page03.pre' &&
chmod 0664 'page03.pre' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page03.pre' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page03.pre:' 'MD5 check failed'
b1eca88136f15c2c1156a2602daaff7e page03.pre
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page03.pre'`"
test 553 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page03.pre:' 'original size' '553,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page04.pre ==============
if test -f 'page04.pre' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page04.pre' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page04.pre' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page04.pre' &&
<P>Now we begin to look at the <A HREF="logger.h">logger</A>
object.
X
<P>
<HR>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117140999 'page04.pre' &&
chmod 0664 'page04.pre' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page04.pre' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page04.pre:' 'MD5 check failed'
ea4861a868e3dce3607602f1ce35b7fa page04.pre
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page04.pre'`"
test 79 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page04.pre:' 'original size' '79,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page05.pre ==============
if test -f 'page05.pre' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page05.pre' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page05.pre' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page05.pre' &&
<P>This concludes the first tutorial on using ACE. We've learned how to
create a simple server without knowing very much about network programming.
X
<P>The code used in this tutorial is for illustration purposes. That means
it may or may not work. Actually, it <I>does</I> work but the
astute reader will notice a number of places for potential memory leaks.
We'll work on cleaning those up in future tutorials but if you find one
feel free to send me a fix and I'll integrate it into the tutorial.
X
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="00SetEnv">Environment
Settings</A></LI>
X
<LI>
<A HREF="Makefile">Makefile</A></LI>
X
<LI>
<A HREF="server.cpp">main
program</A></LI>
X
<LI>
<A HREF="acceptor.h">acceptor
object</A></LI>
X
<LI>
<A HREF="logger.h">connection
handler</A></LI>
</UL>
X
<P>
To read more about the patterns used in this example (as well as
quite a few which aren't!), you should check out
<A HREF="http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/patterns-ace.html">http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/patterns-ace.html.</A>
In fact, it's probably safe to say that the concepts found there will keep
coming back to haunt you as these tutorials continue.
<P>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117141399 'page05.pre' &&
chmod 0664 'page05.pre' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page05.pre' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page05.pre:' 'MD5 check failed'
7d00b8c59c4f7210634bc5fdb75dfbcc page05.pre
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page05.pre'`"
test 1149 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page05.pre:' 'original size' '1149,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page02.pst ==============
if test -f 'page02.pst' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page02.pst' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page02.pst' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page02.pst' &&
<HR WIDTH="100%">
X
<P>As I said, the main program is really quite simple:
<UL>
<LI>
Create an address for the <I>port</I> we want to listen to</LI>
X
<LI>
Create an acceptor which listens on that address</LI>
X
<LI>
Register the acceptor with a reactor to respond to the connection requests</LI>
X
<LI>
Enter an infinite loop to let the reactor handle the events</LI>
</UL>
On the next page, we will take a look at the acceptor and how it responds
to new connection requests.
X
<P>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117141299 'page02.pst' &&
chmod 0664 'page02.pst' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page02.pst' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page02.pst:' 'MD5 check failed'
51b1f08eabda5789182b566fdb7756fe page02.pst
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page02.pst'`"
test 478 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page02.pst:' 'original size' '478,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page03.pst ==============
if test -f 'page03.pst' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page03.pst' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page03.pst' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page03.pst' &&
<HR WIDTH="100%"></PRE>
It is important to notice here that we have done very little application-specifc
code in developing this object. In fact, if we take out the progress information,
the only app-specific code is when we create the new <I>Logging_Handler</I>
object to give to the <I>accept</I> function. You may begin to wonder why
there isn't a C++ template that does all of this coding for you. Actually,
the ACE toolkit happens to have one handy:
<UL>typedef ACE_Acceptor <<I>YourHandlerClass</I>, ACE_SOCK_ACCEPTOR>
<I>YourAcceptorClass</I>;</UL>
We would have used it like this:
<UL>typedef ACE_Acceptor <Logging_Handler, ACE_SOCK_ACCEPTOR> Client_Acceptor;</UL>
This will create a piece of code similar to what I've shown above. The
primary difference is that the <I>handle_input </I>function created by
the template does NOT register the handler with the reactor. In the long-run,
that is good for us because we can then move that logic into the <I>open</I>
function of the <I>Logging_Handler</I> and use a completely-generic acceptor.
X
<P>Now that we know how to accept a connection request, let's move on to
the next page where we learn how to handle the actual connection. Even
though we just learned about this cool template thing, we will continue
to use the "hand-written" acceptor developed above. As I mentioned, the
only difference will be in the <I>open</I> function of the connection handler
anyway.
X
<P>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117141299 'page03.pst' &&
chmod 0664 'page03.pst' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page03.pst' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page03.pst:' 'MD5 check failed'
7a18def18c6a83a1015e08f63b5868be page03.pst
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page03.pst'`"
test 1434 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page03.pst:' 'original size' '1434,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
# ============= page04.pst ==============
if test -f 'page04.pst' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
$echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'page04.pst' '(file already exists)'
else
$echo 'x -' extracting 'page04.pst' '(text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'page04.pst' &&
<HR WIDTH="100%">
X
<P>
The comments really should tell the story. The really
interesting stuff is in <i>handle_input()</i>. Everything
else is just housekeeping.
In the future, we'll learn about ACE_Svc_Handler<>
which will take care of most of the housekeeping for us.
<P>
SHAR_EOF
$shar_touch -am 0117141299 'page04.pst' &&
chmod 0664 'page04.pst' ||
$echo 'restore of' 'page04.pst' 'failed'
if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
&& ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
|| $echo 'page04.pst:' 'MD5 check failed'
5baa295de79c6c978bae3e496e32854e page04.pst
SHAR_EOF
else
shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'page04.pst'`"
test 279 -eq "$shar_count" ||
$echo 'page04.pst:' 'original size' '279,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
fi
fi
rm -fr _sh00080
exit 0
|
