diff options
| author | Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu> | 2014-02-26 09:36:43 -0500 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu> | 2014-02-26 09:36:43 -0500 |
| commit | ac50fbac377e32b98d2de396f016ea81e8ee9961 (patch) | |
| tree | f71882366b98fedf1a88a063103219a4935de926 /doc | |
| parent | 4539d736f1aff232857a854fd2a68df0c98d9f34 (diff) | |
| download | bash-ac50fbac377e32b98d2de396f016ea81e8ee9961.tar.gz | |
Bash-4.3 distribution sources and documentationbash-4.3
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/FAQ | 207 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/Makefile.in | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/aosa-bash.pdf | bin | 0 -> 153472 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/article.ms | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/article.pdf | bin | 131900 -> 49482 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/article.ps | 364 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.0 | 3511 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.1 | 917 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.html | 1019 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.pdf | bin | 296259 -> 312770 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.ps | 13172 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.dvi | bin | 680368 -> 721984 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.html | 4647 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.info | 2604 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.pdf | bin | 570072 -> 463824 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.ps | 30211 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.texi | 1223 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.0 | 1059 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.1 | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.ps | 3826 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/rbash.0 | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/rbash.ps | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/texinfo.tex | 2723 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/version.texi | 12 |
24 files changed, 37376 insertions, 28164 deletions
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.12, for Bash version 4.2. +This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.13, for Bash version 4.3. This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ A10) What is the bash `posix mode'? Section B: The latest version -B1) What's new in version 4.2? -B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and +B1) What's new in version 4.3? +B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.3 and previous bash versions? Section C: Differences from other Unix shells @@ -144,26 +144,26 @@ of Case Western Reserve University. A2) What's the latest version? -The latest version is 4.2, first made available on 14 February, 2011. +The latest version is 4.3, first made available on xx December, 2013. A3) Where can I get it? Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu. -The following URLs tell how to get version 4.2: +The following URLs tell how to get version 4.3: -ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz -ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.3.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.3.tar.gz Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs: -ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz -ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.3.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.3.tar.gz Any patches for the current version are available with the URL: -ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2-patches/ +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.3-patches/ A4) On what machines will bash run? @@ -219,7 +219,8 @@ Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status. Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems -with building bash-4.2, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed. +with building bash-4.2 and later, but will gladly accept any patches that +are needed. A6) How can I build bash with gcc? @@ -388,14 +389,130 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual Section B: The latest version -B1) What's new in version 4.2? +B1) What's new in version 4.3? -Bash-4.2 is the second revision to the fourth major release of bash. +Bash-4.3 is the third revision to the fourth major release of bash. -Bash-4.2 contains the following new features (see the manual page for -complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.2 +Bash-4.3 contains the following new features (see the manual page for +complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.3 distribution): +o The `helptopic' completion action now maps to all the help topics, not just + the shell builtins. + +o The `help' builtin no longer does prefix substring matching first, so + `help read' does not match `readonly', but will do it if exact string + matching fails. + +o The shell can be compiled to not display a message about processes that + terminate due to SIGTERM. + +o Non-interactive shells now react to the setting of checkwinsize and set + LINES and COLUMNS after a foreground job exits. + +o There is a new shell option, `globasciiranges', which, when set to on, + forces globbing range comparisons to use character ordering as if they + were run in the C locale. + +o There is a new shell option, `direxpand', which makes filename completion + expand variables in directory names in the way bash-4.1 did. + +o In Posix mode, the `command' builtin does not change whether or not a + builtin it shadows is treated as an assignment builtin. + +o The `return' and `exit' builtins accept negative exit status arguments. + +o The word completion code checks whether or not a filename containing a + shell variable expands to a directory name and appends `/' to the word + as appropriate. The same code expands shell variables in command names + when performing command completion. + +o In Posix mode, it is now an error to attempt to define a shell function + with the same name as a Posix special builtin. + +o When compiled for strict Posix conformance, history expansion is disabled + by default. + +o The history expansion character (!) does not cause history expansion when + followed by the closing quote in a double-quoted string. + +o `complete' and its siblings compgen/compopt now takes a new `-o noquote' + option to inhibit quoting of the completions. + +o Setting HISTSIZE to a value less than zero causes the history list to be + unlimited (setting it 0 zero disables the history list). + +o Setting HISTFILESIZE to a value less than zero causes the history file size + to be unlimited (setting it to 0 causes the history file to be truncated + to zero size). + +o The `read' builtin now skips NUL bytes in the input. + +o There is a new `bind -X' option to print all key sequences bound to Unix + commands. + +o When in Posix mode, `read' is interruptible by a trapped signal. After + running the trap handler, read returns 128+signal and throws away any + partially-read input. + +o The command completion code skips whitespace and assignment statements + before looking for the command name word to be completed. + +o The build process has a new mechanism for constructing separate help files + that better reflects the current set of compilation options. + +o The -nt and -ot options to test now work with files with nanosecond + timestamp resolution. + +o The shell saves the command history in any shell for which history is + enabled and HISTFILE is set, not just interactive shells. + +o The shell has `nameref' variables and new -n(/+n) options to declare and + unset to use them, and a `test -R' option to test for them. + +o The shell now allows assigning, referencing, and unsetting elements of + indexed arrays using negative subscripts (a[-1]=2, echo ${a[-1]}) which + count back from the last element of the array. + +o The {x}<word redirection feature now allows words like {array[ind]} and + can use variables with special meanings to the shell (e.g., BASH_XTRACEFD). + +o There is a new CHILD_MAX special shell variable; its value controls the + number of exited child statues the shell remembers. + +o There is a new configuration option (--enable-direxpand-default) that + causes the `direxpand' shell option to be enabled by default. + +o Bash does not do anything special to ensure that the file descriptor + assigned to X in {x}<foo remains open after the block containing it + completes. + +o The `wait' builtin has a new `-n' option to wait for the next child to + change status. + +o The `printf' %(...)T format specifier now uses the current time if no + argument is supplied. + +o There is a new variable, BASH_COMPAT, that controls the current shell + compatibility level. + +o The `popd' builtin now treats additional arguments as errors. + +o The brace expansion code now treats a failed sequence expansion as a + simple string and will continue to expand brace terms in the remainder + of the word. + +o Shells started to run process substitutions now run any trap set on EXIT. + +o The fc builtin now interprets -0 as the current command line. + +o Completing directory names containing shell variables now adds a trailing + slash if the expanded result is a directory. + +A short feature history dating back to Bash-2.0: + +Bash-4.2 contained the following new features: + o `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a leading #!. @@ -973,10 +1090,10 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone) lots of code now smaller and faster test suite greatly expanded -B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and +B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.3 and previous bash versions? -There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.2 and previous +There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.3 and previous versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like @@ -1026,14 +1143,14 @@ Things bash has that sh does not: auto-export of variables in initial environment command search finds functions before builtins bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.' - builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t. + builtins: cd -/-L/-P/-@, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t. export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P, read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u/-i/-N, readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o, set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P, - unset -f/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x, + unset -f/-n/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x, type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n, - test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S + test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S/-R bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive bash restricted shell mode is more extensive bash allows functions and variables with the same name @@ -1188,18 +1305,20 @@ Implementation differences: C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are? -This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009) +This list is current through ksh93v (10/08/2013) -New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2: - floating point arithmetic and variables - math library functions +New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.3: + floating point arithmetic, variables, and constants + math library functions, including user-defined math functions ${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array `.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace more extensive compound assignment syntax discipline functions KEYBD trap variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version, - .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT + .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT, + .sh.sig, .sh.stats, .sh.siginfo, .sh.pwdfd, .sh.op_astbin, + .sh.pool backreferences in pattern matching (\N) `&' operator in pattern lists for matching (match all instead of any) exit statuses between 0 and 255 @@ -1208,17 +1327,20 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2: no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions $'' \C[.collating-element.] escape sequence -C/-I invocation options - print -f (bash uses printf) + print -f (bash uses printf) and rest of print builtin options + printf %(type)q, %#q `fc' has been renamed to `hist' `.' can execute shell functions getopts -a printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag - read -n/-N differ/-v + read -n/-N differ/-v/-S set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default) + set -K + kill -Q/-q/-L + trap -a `sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions) - typeset -n and `nameref' variables [[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref) - typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s + typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s/-c/-M experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset array expansions ${array[sub1..sub2]} and ${!array[sub1..sub2]} associative array assignments using `;' as element separator @@ -1226,8 +1348,12 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2: new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections brace expansion printf-like formats + CHLD trap triggered by SIGSTOP and SIGCONT + ~{fd} expansion, which replaces fd with the corresponding path name + $"string" expanded when referenced rather than when first parsed + job "pools", which allow a collection of jobs to be managed as a unit -New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2: +New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.3: associative arrays [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close) for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command @@ -1266,6 +1392,8 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2: redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname DEBUG can force skipping following command [[ -v var ]] operator (checks whether or not var is set) + typeset -n and `nameref' variables + process substitutions work without /dev/fd Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells? @@ -1854,6 +1982,18 @@ compat40 set of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.0, interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed) +compat41 set + - interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution + of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.1, + interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed) + - when in posix mode, single quotes in the `word' portion of a + double-quoted parameter expansion define a new quoting context and + are treated specially + +compat42 set + - the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution is not + run through quote removal, as in previous versions + Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'? @@ -2095,7 +2235,7 @@ before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0, does the same thing. This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax -is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version. +is similar. Namerefs are available bash version 4.3, and work as in ksh93. G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time? @@ -2255,16 +2395,15 @@ a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and variables (contributions gratefully accepted) -ksh93-like `nameref' variables ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and associated disipline functions Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing H5) When will the next release appear? -The next version will appear sometime in 2010. Never make predictions. +The next version will appear sometime in 2015. Never make predictions. -This document is Copyright 1995-2010 by Chester Ramey. +This document is Copyright 1995-2014 by Chester Ramey. Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in index 493985b8..3c67db63 100644 --- a/doc/Makefile.in +++ b/doc/Makefile.in @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-. # -# Copyright (C) 2003-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@ PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@ PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ +PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@ + # SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@ RM = rm -f @@ -38,6 +40,8 @@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@ infodir = @infodir@ +docdir = @docdir@ + # set this to a directory name to have the HTML files installed htmldir = @htmldir@ @@ -166,6 +170,8 @@ bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi +# can also use: +# $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi @@ -191,6 +197,9 @@ bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi bash.pdf: bash.ps rose94.pdf: rose94.ps +OTHER_DOCS = $(srcdir)/FAQ $(srcdir)/INTRO +OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS = FAQ INTRO + $(MAN2HTML): ${topdir}/support/man2html.c -( cd ${BUILD_DIR}/support ; ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} man2html) @@ -218,6 +227,7 @@ maybe-clean: installdirs: -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir) -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ $(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ fi @@ -225,6 +235,7 @@ installdirs: install: info installdirs bash.info -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) # uncomment the next lines to install the builtins man page # sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 # -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} @@ -252,6 +263,7 @@ uninstall: -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info + -( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) ) -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \ $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bashref.html ; \ diff --git a/doc/aosa-bash.pdf b/doc/aosa-bash.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..006a7677 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/aosa-bash.pdf diff --git a/doc/article.ms b/doc/article.ms index 517155a8..d17bfa37 100644 --- a/doc/article.ms +++ b/doc/article.ms @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ variable expansion semantics, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne shell. Where differences appear between the POSIX.2 standard and traditional sh behavior, Bash follows POSIX. .PP -The Korn Shell (\fBksh\fP) is a descendent of the Bourne shell written +The Korn Shell (\fBksh\fP) is a descendant of the Bourne shell written at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David Korn\(dg. It provides a number of useful features that POSIX and Bash have adopted. Many of the interactive facilities in POSIX.2 have their roots in the ksh: @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ some bindings, and begin to use them almost immediately. .PP Bash implements the .B bind -builtin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup file +builtin for more dynamic control of readline than the startup file permits. .B Bind is used in several ways. In @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ and builtins to manipulate the history list. The value of .B $HISTFILE -specifes the file where Bash writes the command history on exit and +specifies the file where Bash writes the command history on exit and reads it on startup. .B $HISTSIZE is used to limit the number of commands saved in the history. diff --git a/doc/article.pdf b/doc/article.pdf Binary files differindex d2aaf9e2..1272a90d 100644 --- a/doc/article.pdf +++ b/doc/article.pdf diff --git a/doc/article.ps b/doc/article.ps index 3aadf2f3..adbeba08 100644 --- a/doc/article.ps +++ b/doc/article.ps @@ -1,17 +1,22 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 -%%Creator: groff version 1.16.1 -%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 19 13:06:55 2001 +%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 +%%CreationDate: Tue Oct 22 11:07:52 2013 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Times-Roman %%+ font Courier -%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.16 1 +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 %%Pages: 11 %%PageOrder: Ascend +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments +%%BeginDefaults +%%PageMedia: Default +%%EndDefaults %%BeginProlog -%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.16 1 +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2 +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet /setpacking where{ pop currentpacking @@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ LS{ /EP{ level0 restore showpage -}bind def +}def /DA{ newpath arcn stroke }bind def @@ -109,11 +114,26 @@ TM setmatrix /ST/stroke load def /MT/moveto load def /CL/closepath load def -/FL{ -currentgray exch setgray fill setgray +/Fr{ +setrgbcolor fill +}bind def +/setcmykcolor where{ +pop +/Fk{ +setcmykcolor fill +}bind def +}if +/Fg{ +setgray fill }bind def -/BL/fill load def +/FL/fill load def /LW/setlinewidth load def +/Cr/setrgbcolor load def +/setcmykcolor where{ +pop +/Ck/setcmykcolor load def +}if +/Cg/setgray load def /RE{ findfont dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin @@ -155,9 +175,9 @@ newpath /CNT countdictstack def userdict begin /showpage{}def +/setpagedevice{}def }bind def /PEND{ -clear countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat level1 restore }bind def @@ -167,13 +187,18 @@ pop setpacking }if %%EndResource +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +%%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default +<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice +%%EndFeature %%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold %%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic %%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman %%IncludeResource: font Courier grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron -/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent @@ -201,256 +226,254 @@ def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron /ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def /Courier@0 ENC0/Courier RE/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE /Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE -%%EndProlog +%%EndSetup %%Page: 1 1 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash \255 The GNU shell*)227.904 123 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(Chet Rame)263.85 147 Q(y)-.3 E(Case W)221.72 159 Q -(estern Reserve Univer)-.92 E(sity)-.1 E -.15(ch)250.425 171 S -(et@po.cwru.edu).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. Intr)72 207 R -(oduction)-.18 E(Bash)97 222.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .904 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Chet Rame)263.85 159 Q(y)-.3 E(Case W)221.72 171 Q +(estern Reserve Univer)-.92 E(sity)-.1 E -.15(ch)250.425 183 S +(et@po.cwru.edu).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. Intr)72 219 R +(oduction)-.18 E(Bash)97 234.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .904 (is the shell, or command language interpreter)3.404 F 3.404(,t)-.4 G .904(hat will appear in the GNU operating system.)-3.404 F 1.075 -(The name is an acron)72 234.6 R 1.075(ym for the \231Bourne-Ag)-.15 F +(The name is an acron)72 246.6 R 1.075(ym for the \231Bourne-Ag)-.15 F 1.075(ain SHell\232, a pun on Ste)-.05 F 1.375 -.15(ve B)-.25 H 1.075 (ourne, the author of the direct).15 F .206(ancestor of the current)72 -246.6 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.706 E F3 2.706<ae73>C(hell)-2.706 E +258.6 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.706 E F3 2.706<ae73>C(hell)-2.706 E F1(/bin/sh)2.706 E F3 2.706(,w)C .205(hich appeared in the Se)-2.706 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .205(nth Edition Bell Labs Research v).15 F(er)-.15 E(-) --.2 E(sion of)72 258.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.5 E F3(.)A .387 -(Bash is an)97 274.2 R F2(sh)2.887 E F3 .387 +-.2 E(sion of)72 270.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.5 E F3(.)A .387 +(Bash is an)97 286.2 R F2(sh)2.887 E F3 .387 (\255compatible shell that incorporates useful features from the K)B .388(orn shell \()-.35 F F2(ksh)A F3 2.888(\)a)C .388(nd the C)-2.888 F -.023(shell \()72 286.2 R F2(csh)A F3 .023 +.023(shell \()72 298.2 R F2(csh)A F3 .023 (\), described later in this article.)B .022 (It is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the) 5.022 F 3.568(IEEE POSIX Shell and Utilities speci\214cation \(IEEE W)72 -298.2 R 3.568(orking Group 1003.2\).)-.8 F 3.569(It of)8.569 F 3.569 -(fers functional)-.25 F(impro)72 310.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments o).15 E +310.2 R 3.568(orking Group 1003.2\).)-.8 F 3.569(It of)8.569 F 3.569 +(fers functional)-.25 F(impro)72 322.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments o).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G 2.5(hf)-2.5 G(or both interacti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd programming use.).15 E .697 -(While the GNU operating system will most lik)97 325.8 R .697 +(While the GNU operating system will most lik)97 337.8 R .697 (ely include a v)-.1 F .697(ersion of the Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E 3.197 -(ys)-.15 G .696(hell csh, Bash)-3.197 F .015(will be the def)72 337.8 R +(ys)-.15 G .696(hell csh, Bash)-3.197 F .015(will be the def)72 349.8 R .015(ault shell.)-.1 F(Lik)5.015 E 2.515(eo)-.1 G .015(ther GNU softw) -2.515 F .016(are, Bash is quite portable.)-.1 F .016 (It currently runs on nearly e)5.016 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E -.15(ve) -72 349.8 S .523(rsion of).15 F F4(UNIX)3.023 E F3 .523(and a fe)3.023 F +72 361.8 S .523(rsion of).15 F F4(UNIX)3.023 E F3 .523(and a fe)3.023 F 3.023(wo)-.25 G .523 (ther operating systems \255 an independently-supported port e)-3.023 F .523(xists for OS/2, and)-.15 F .706 -(there are rumors of ports to DOS and W)72 361.8 R(indo)-.4 E .706 +(there are rumors of ports to DOS and W)72 373.8 R(indo)-.4 E .706 (ws NT)-.25 F 5.706(.P)-.74 G .706(orts to)-5.706 F F5(UNIX)3.206 E F3 (-lik)A 3.206(es)-.1 G .706(ystems such as QNX and Minix)-3.206 F -(are part of the distrib)72 373.8 Q(ution.)-.2 E .405 -(The original author of Bash w)97 389.4 R .405(as Brian F)-.1 F .405 +(are part of the distrib)72 385.8 Q(ution.)-.2 E .405 +(The original author of Bash w)97 401.4 R .405(as Brian F)-.1 F .405 (ox, an emplo)-.15 F .405(yee of the Free Softw)-.1 F .405(are F)-.1 F -2.905(oundation. The)-.15 F(cur)2.905 E(-)-.2 E(rent de)72 401.4 Q -.15 +2.905(oundation. The)-.15 F(cur)2.905 E(-)-.2 E(rent de)72 413.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(loper and maintainer is Chet Rame).15 E 1.3 -.65(y, a v)-.15 H(olunteer who w).45 E(orks at Case W)-.1 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU) -.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(.)-.65 E F2 2.5(2. What')72 -425.4 R 2.5(sP)-.37 G(OSIX, anyway?)-2.5 E F1(POSIX)97 441 Q F3 .343 +437.4 R 2.5(sP)-.37 G(OSIX, anyway?)-2.5 E F1(POSIX)97 453 Q F3 .343 (is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a f)2.843 F .343 -(amily of open system standards based)-.1 F(on)72 453 Q F5(UNIX)3.24 E +(amily of open system standards based)-.1 F(on)72 465 Q F5(UNIX)3.24 E F3 5.74(.T)C .74(here are a number of aspects of)-5.74 F F5(UNIX)3.24 E F3 .74(under consideration for standardization, from the basic)3.24 F -.192(system services at the system call and C library le)72 465 R -.15 +.192(system services at the system call and C library le)72 477 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.692(lt).15 G 2.692(oa)-2.692 G .192 (pplications and tools to system administration and)-2.692 F 2.5 -(management. Each)72 477 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w) +(management. Each)72 489 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w) 2.5 E(orking group in the 1003 series.)-.1 E 2.814 -(The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been de)97 492.6 R -.15(ve) +(The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been de)97 504.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.814(loped by IEEE W).15 F 2.813(orking Group 1003.2)-.8 F .254 (\(POSIX.2\).\210 It concentrates on the command interpreter interf)72 -504.6 R .253(ace and utility programs commonly e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted).15 E 1.112(from the command line or by other programs.)72 516.6 +516.6 R .253(ace and utility programs commonly e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted).15 E 1.112(from the command line or by other programs.)72 528.6 R 1.112(An initial v)6.112 F 1.113 (ersion of the standard has been appro)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.613(da) -.15 G(nd)-3.613 E .365(published by the IEEE, and w)72 528.6 R .365 +.15 G(nd)-3.613 E .365(published by the IEEE, and w)72 540.6 R .365 (ork is currently underw)-.1 F .365(ay to update it.)-.1 F .365 (There are four primary areas of w)5.365 F(ork)-.1 E -(in the 1003.2 standard:)72 540.6 Q 21.5<8341>72 556.2 S .835 +(in the 1003.2 standard:)72 552.6 Q 21.5<8341>72 568.2 S .835 (spects of the shell')-21.5 F 3.335(ss)-.55 G .835 (yntax and command language.)-3.335 F 3.335(An)5.835 G .835 (umber of special b)-3.335 F .835(uiltins such as)-.2 F F2(cd)3.335 E F3 -(and)3.335 E F2(exec)97 568.2 Q F3 .545(are being speci\214ed as part o\ +(and)3.335 E F2(exec)97 580.2 Q F3 .545(are being speci\214ed as part o\ f the shell, since their functionality usually cannot be implemented) -3.046 F(by a separate e)97 580.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5 -<8341>72 595.8 S .926 +3.046 F(by a separate e)97 592.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5 +<8341>72 607.8 S .926 (set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and applications.) -18.074 F .927(Examples are programs lik)5.927 F(e)-.1 E F1 .927 -(sed, tr)3.427 F(,)-1.11 E F3(and)97 607.8 Q F1(awk.)2.797 E F3 .297 +(sed, tr)3.427 F(,)-1.11 E F3(and)97 619.8 Q F1(awk.)2.797 E F3 .297 (Utilities commonly implemented as shell b)5.297 F .296 (uiltins are described in this section, such as)-.2 F F2(test)2.796 E F3 -(and)97 619.8 Q F2(kill)3.422 E F3 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)-5.922 G .922 +(and)97 631.8 Q F2(kill)3.422 E F3 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)-5.922 G .922 (xpansion of this section')-3.572 F 3.423(ss)-.55 G .923 (cope, termed the User Portability Extension, or UPE, has)-3.423 F -(standardized interacti)97 631.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as) -.15 E F1(vi)2.5 E F3(and)2.5 E F1(mailx;)2.5 E F3 21.5<8341>72 647.4 S +(standardized interacti)97 643.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as) +.15 E F1(vi)2.5 E F3(and)2.5 E F1(mailx;)2.5 E F3 21.5<8341>72 659.4 S .288(group of functional interf)-18.712 F .287(aces to services pro)-.1 F .287(vided by the shell, such as the traditional)-.15 F/F6 10 -/Courier@0 SF(system\(\))2.787 E F3 3.289(Cl)97 659.4 S .789 +/Courier@0 SF(system\(\))2.787 E F3 3.289(Cl)97 671.4 S .789 (ibrary function.)-3.289 F .789(There are functions to perform shell w) 5.789 F .789(ord e)-.1 F .79(xpansions, perform \214lename e)-.15 F -(xpan-)-.15 E .324(sion \()97 671.4 R F1(globbing)A F3 .324 -(\), obtain v)B .323(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F -.323(ariables, retrie)-.25 F .623 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .323(alues of en)-.1 -F(viron-)-.4 E(ment v)97 683.4 Q(ariables \()-.25 E F6(getenv\(\))A F3 -(\), and other services;).833 E .32 LW 144 691.4 72 691.4 DL F4 -(*An earlier v)72 703.2 Q +(xpan-)-.15 E 3.624(sion \()97 683.4 R F1(globbing)A F3 3.624 +(\), obtain v)B 3.624(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F +3.623(ariables, retrie)-.25 F 3.923 -.15(ve v)-.25 H 3.623(alues of)-.1 +F .32 LW 144 691.4 72 691.4 DL F4(*An earlier v)72 703.2 Q (ersion of this article appeared in The Linux Journal.)-.12 E(\210IEEE,) 72 715 Q/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.231(IEEE Standar)3.231 F 3.231(df) -.296 G 1.231(or Information T)-3.231 F(ec)-.736 E(hnolo)-.12 E 1.231 (gy -- P)-.08 F 1.231(ortable Oper)-.64 F 1.232 (ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.12 F 1.232(art 2:)-.64 F -(Shell and Utilities)72 725 Q F4 2(,1)C(992.)-2 E EP +(Shell and Utilities)72 725 Q F4 2(,1)C(992.)-2 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q 21.5<8341>72 84 S -(suite of \231de)-19 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopment\232 utilities such as).15 -E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c89)2.5 E F0(\(the POSIX.2 v)2.5 E(ersion of) --.15 E F1(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F1(yacc.)2.5 E F0 .483 -(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 99.6 R 2.983(sb) +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q(en)97 84 Q(vironment v)-.4 E +(ariables \()-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(getenv\(\))A F0 +(\), and other services;).833 E 21.5<8341>72 99.6 S(suite of \231de)-19 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopment\232 utilities such as).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(c89)2.5 E F0(\(the POSIX.2 v)2.5 E(ersion of)-.15 E +F2(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F2(yacc.)2.5 E F0 .483 +(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 115.2 R 2.983(sb) -.55 G(eha)-2.983 E .484(vior de\214ned by POSIX.2.)-.2 F .484 (The shell command)5.484 F 1.439 (language has of course been standardized, including the basic \215o)72 -111.6 R 3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)-3.938 F -.15(xe)-.15 +127.2 R 3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)-3.938 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.438(cution con-).15 F 1.284 -(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 123.6 R 1.284 +(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 139.2 R 1.284 (gument handling, v)-.18 F 1.284(ariable e)-.25 F 1.284 -(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.285 E F1(special)3.785 E F0 -.2(bu) -72 135.6 S .676 +(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.285 E F2(special)3.785 E F0 -.2(bu) +72 151.2 S .676 (iltins, which must be implemented as part of the shell to pro).2 F .676 (vide the desired functionality)-.15 F 3.176(,a)-.65 G .676 -(re speci\214ed)-3.176 F .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 147.6 R .7 -(xamples of these are)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201 -H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E F2(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701 +(re speci\214ed)-3.176 F .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 163.2 R .7 +(xamples of these are)-.15 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201 +H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E F3(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701 (ther utilities appear in the sections of)-5.701 F .256(POSIX.2 not de) -72 159.6 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the shell which are commonly \(and\ +72 175.2 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the shell which are commonly \(and\ in some cases must be\) implemented as b).2 F(uiltin)-.2 E .213 -(commands, such as)72 171.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.713 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.713 E -F2(test)2.713 E F0 5.213(.P)C .213 +(commands, such as)72 187.2 R F3 -.18(re)2.713 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.713 E +F3(test)2.713 E F0 5.213(.P)C .213 (OSIX.2 also speci\214es aspects of the shell')-5.213 F 2.713(si)-.55 G (nteracti)-2.713 E .513 -.15(ve b)-.25 H(eha).15 E .214(vior as part)-.2 F .598(of the UPE, including job control and command line editing.)72 -183.6 R .598(Interestingly enough, only)5.598 F F1(vi)3.098 E F0 .598 -(-style line edit-)B(ing commands ha)72 195.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een standardized;).15 E F1(emacs)2.5 E F0 +199.2 R .598(Interestingly enough, only)5.598 F F2(vi)3.098 E F0 .598 +(-style line edit-)B(ing commands ha)72 211.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een standardized;).15 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0 (editing commands were left out due to objections.)2.5 E 1.128 (While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has traditionally pro)97 -211.2 R 1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 223.2 Q .344 +226.8 R 1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 238.8 Q .344 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .044(een omitted as being \231be).15 F .044 (yond its scope.)-.15 F 5.043<9a54>-.7 G .043 (here is, for instance, no mention of a dif)-5.043 F .043 -(ference between a)-.25 F F1(lo)72 235.2 Q(gin)-.1 E F0 1.445 +(ference between a)-.25 F F2(lo)72 250.8 Q(gin)-.1 E F0 1.445 (shell and an)3.945 F 3.945(yo)-.15 G 1.445(ther interacti)-3.945 F 1.745 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.446 (hell \(since POSIX.2 does not specify a login program\).).15 F 1.446 (No \214x)6.446 F(ed)-.15 E(startup \214les are de\214ned, either \255 \ -the standard does not mention)72 247.2 Q F1(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -(.)A F2 2.5(3. Basic)72 271.2 R(Bash featur)2.5 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.448 -(Since the Bourne shell pro)97 286.8 R 1.448 +the standard does not mention)72 262.8 Q F2(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 +(.)A F3 2.5(3. Basic)72 286.8 R(Bash featur)2.5 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.448 +(Since the Bourne shell pro)97 302.4 R 1.448 (vides Bash with most of its philosophical underpinnings, Bash inherits) --.15 F .64(most of its features and functionality from sh.)72 298.8 R +-.15 F .64(most of its features and functionality from sh.)72 314.4 R .641(Bash implements all of the traditional sh \215o)5.641 F 3.141(wc) --.25 G .641(ontrol con-)-3.141 F .8(structs \()72 310.8 R F1(for)A F0(,) -A F1(if)3.3 E F0(,)A F1(while)3.3 E F0 3.3(,e)C 3.3(tc.\). All)-3.3 F +-.25 G .641(ontrol con-)-3.141 F .8(structs \()72 326.4 R F2(for)A F0(,) +A F2(if)3.3 E F0(,)A F2(while)3.3 E F0 3.3(,e)C 3.3(tc.\). 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Bash)72 -346.8 R .341(has shell functions which beha)2.841 F .641 -.15(ve i)-.2 H +362.4 R .341(has shell functions which beha)2.841 F .641 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.841(naf).15 G .341(ashion upw)-2.941 F .342 (ard-compatible with sh functions.)-.1 F .342(There are)5.342 F 1.447 -(certain shell v)72 358.8 R 1.446 +(certain shell v)72 374.4 R 1.446 (ariables that Bash interprets in the same w)-.25 F 1.446 -(ay as sh, such as)-.1 F F2(PS1)3.946 E F0(,)A F2(IFS)3.946 E F0 3.946 -(,a)C(nd)-3.946 E F2 -.74(PA)3.946 G(TH)-.21 E F0 6.446(.B)C(ash)-6.446 -E 1.423(implements essentially the same grammar)72 370.8 R 3.924(,p)-.4 +(ay as sh, such as)-.1 F F3(PS1)3.946 E F0(,)A F3(IFS)3.946 E F0 3.946 +(,a)C(nd)-3.946 E F3 -.74(PA)3.946 G(TH)-.21 E F0 6.446(.B)C(ash)-6.446 +E 1.423(implements essentially the same grammar)72 386.4 R 3.924(,p)-.4 G 1.424(arameter and v)-3.924 F 1.424(ariable e)-.25 F 1.424 (xpansion semantics, redirection, and)-.15 F 1.06 -(quoting as the Bourne shell.)72 382.8 R 1.06(Where dif)6.06 F 1.06 +(quoting as the Bourne shell.)72 398.4 R 1.06(Where dif)6.06 F 1.06 (ferences appear between the POSIX.2 standard and traditional sh)-.25 F -(beha)72 394.8 Q(vior)-.2 E 2.5(,B)-.4 G(ash follo)-2.5 E(ws POSIX.)-.25 -E 1.608(The K)97 410.4 R 1.608(orn Shell \()-.35 F F2(ksh)A F0 4.108 -(\)i)C 4.108(sad)-4.108 G 1.608 -(escendent of the Bourne shell written at A)-4.108 F 1.609 -(T&T Bell Laboratories by)-1.11 F(Da)72 422.4 Q 1.059(vid K)-.2 F 3.559 -(orn\207. 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Using)72 120 R F1(getconf)3.465 E F0 3.465(,f)C .965(or e) --3.465 F .965(xample, a user could retrie)-.15 F 1.264 -.15(ve a v)-.25 -H .964(alue for)-.1 F F1($P)3.464 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .964 -(guaranteed to \214nd all of the)3.464 F .884 +-.2(bu)3.911 G 1.411(iltin, which causes a).2 F .547 +(shell running with job control acti)72 108 R .847 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +3.047<6f99>.15 G(for)-3.047 E .547 +(get about\232 one or more background jobs in its internal jobs ta-)-.18 +F 3.866(ble. Using)72 120 R F1(getconf)3.866 E F0 3.866(,f)C 1.366(or e) +-3.866 F 1.366(xample, a user could retrie)-.15 F 1.666 -.15(ve a v)-.25 +H 1.365(alue for)-.1 F F1($P)3.865 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.365 +(guaranteed to \214nd all of the)3.865 F .884 (POSIX standard utilities, or \214nd out ho)72 132 R 3.385(wl)-.25 G .885 (ong \214lenames may be in the \214le system containing a speci\214ed) @@ -1368,7 +1391,7 @@ E F0(for more information.)2.5 E .694(Bash is also distrib)97 656.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .948(ral Linux distrib).15 F .948 (utions \(more about the dif)-.2 F .948 (ference in a moment\), and as contrib)-.25 F(uted)-.2 E .32 LW 144 -676.4 72 676.4 DL/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .781 +678.2 72 678.2 DL/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .781 (\207S. R. Bourne, \231UNIX T)72 688.2 R .781(ime-Sharing System:)-.28 F .781(The UNIX Shell\232,)4.781 F/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF .78 (Bell System T)2.78 F(ec)-.736 E .78(hnical J)-.12 F(ournal)-.2 E F5 @@ -1377,7 +1400,8 @@ E F0(for more information.)2.5 E .694(Bash is also distrib)97 656.4 R (f, \231Rc \255 A Shell for Plan 9 and)-.2 F/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) 2.432 E F5(systems\232,)2.432 E F6(Pr)2.432 E .432 (oc. of the Summer 1990 EUUG Confer)-.36 F(ence)-.296 E F5 2.432(,L)C -(on-)-2.432 E(don, July)72 720 Q 2(,1)-.52 G(990, pp. 21-33.)-2 E EP +(on-)-2.432 E(don, July)72 720 Q 2(,1)-.52 G(990, pp. 21-33.)-2 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -1410,9 +1434,9 @@ F .8(It is suf)5.8 F .8(\214ciently portable to run on nearly e)-.25 F (ral thousand re).15 F 1.515(gular users, and their feedback has)-.15 F (helped to mak)72 235.2 Q 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(ta)-2.5 G 2.5(sg)-2.5 G (ood as it is today \255 a testament to the bene\214ts of free softw) --2.5 E(are.)-.1 E .32 LW 144 708.2 72 708.2 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +-2.5 E(are.)-.1 E .32 LW 144 710 72 710 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF (*BSD/386 is a trademark of Berk)72 720 Q(ele)-.08 E 2(yS)-.12 G(oftw)-2 -E(are Design, Inc.)-.08 E EP +E(are Design, Inc.)-.08 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ NNAAMMEE bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS - bbaasshh [options] [file] + bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file] CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT - Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2010 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes @@ -26,77 +26,80 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it is invoked: - --cc _s_t_r_i_n_g If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are arguments after the _s_t_r_i_n_g, they are - assigned to the positional parameters, starting with $$00. + --cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the + first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are argu- + ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, they are assigned to the + positional parameters, starting with $$00. --ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e. --ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). - --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d + --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). - --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after - option processing, then commands are read from the standard - input. This option allows the positional parameters to be + --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after + option processing, then commands are read from the standard + input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive shell. - --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed - on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- + --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed + on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC - or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be + or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be executed. [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] - _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the - sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the + sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO - unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and - values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on - the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the - output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. - ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option - processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- + unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and + values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on + the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the + output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. + ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. - BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These - options must appear on the command line before the single-character + BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These + options must appear on the command line before the single-character options to be recognized. ----ddeebbuuggggeerr Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell - starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss - Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- table object) file format. ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss Equivalent to --DD. - ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- + ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- fully. ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- - tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see + tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----llooggiinn Equivalent to --ll. ----nnooeeddiittiinngg - Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when + Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. ----nnoopprrooffiillee - Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or - any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these - files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or + any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these + files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file - _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as sshh. ----ppoossiixx - Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs - from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See + SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how + posix mode affects bash's behavior. ----rreessttrriicctteedd The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). @@ -105,113 +108,113 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS Equivalent to --vv. ----vveerrssiioonn - Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- + Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- dard output and exit successfully. AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the - --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the - name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this - fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- - ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- - mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- - tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are - executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the + --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the + name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this + fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- + ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- + mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are + executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN - A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or + A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or one started with the ----llooggiinn option. - An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and + An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected - to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii - option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing + to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii + option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. - The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. - If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. - Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- + The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. + If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. + Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. - When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- - active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- - mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading + When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- + active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- + mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that - exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the + in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that + exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. - When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the + When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. - When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh - reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This - may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option - will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of + When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This + may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option + will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. - When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for + When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands - its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name - of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- + its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name + of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- mand were executed: if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi - but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file + but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file- name. - If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup - behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while - conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- - tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, - it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and - _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to - inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the - name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is - defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and + If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup + behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while + conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- + tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, + it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and + _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to + inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the + name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is + defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- - cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no - effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not - attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh + cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no + effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not + attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. - When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, - interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and - executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other + interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and + executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell - daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter- - mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands - from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do - this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this - behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to - be read, but _r_s_h_d does not generally invoke the shell with those - options or allow them to be specified. + daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter- + mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands + from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do + this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this + behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to + be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with + those options or allow them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, - the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they - appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is - set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, - the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is + set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, + the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS - The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. - wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. - nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- - scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr - A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr @@ -222,36 +225,37 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the - first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third + first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command: - !! ccaassee ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill - wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss - A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- - lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, - and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. - The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess - A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] - The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard - input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is used, - the standard error of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input - through the pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirect- - ion of the standard error is performed after any redirections specified - by the command. + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d's standard error, in addition to its standard output, is con- + nected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand + for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the + standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the + command. The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the @@ -316,75 +320,84 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR the last command executed in the list. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss - A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following: - - (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- - TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- - mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in - effect after the command completes. The return status is the + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following. In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a + command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by + one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a + semicolon. + + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- + TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- + mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in + effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } - _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t - must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known - as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of - _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are + _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t + must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known + as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of + _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted - to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they - must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described - below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- - sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described + below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- + sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to lleett ""_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n"". [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] - Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the - conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the - words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, - process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the + words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, + process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. - When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to - the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. If the shell - option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without - regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value - is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not match (!!==) the pat- - tern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to - force it to be matched as a string. - - An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same - precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the - right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- + the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- + gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to + ====. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat- + tern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as + a string. + + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the - regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional + regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to - force it to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by - parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are - saved in the array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of - BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the portion of the string matching - the entire regular expression. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with - index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- - sized subexpression. - - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket + expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, + since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between + brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting + the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched + as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions + within the regular expression are saved in the array variable + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the + portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. + The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the + string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. @@ -394,115 +407,118 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value - of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of items. The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in - turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- - ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional + turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- + ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The return status - is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the + is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to - the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The - arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until - it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero - value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is - evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The + arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until + it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero + value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres- sions is invalid. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of - items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard - error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, - the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). - The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- - dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to - one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to - that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- + items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- + dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to + one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to + that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- played again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other - value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is - saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each + value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is + saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of - sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, + sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- - name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is - expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process - substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is + name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- + sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process + substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is + expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, and process - substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the - match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic - characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is + substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the + match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are - attempted after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of - ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with - the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the - shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, + attempted after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of + ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with + the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the + shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. - iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t_; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii - The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn - _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in - turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee - _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee - The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of - zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, - except that the test is negated; _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as - the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The - exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, + except that the test is negated; _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as + the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The + exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe- cuted. CCoopprroocceesssseess A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A - coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command - had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The format for a coprocess is: ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] - This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the - default name is _C_O_P_R_O_C. _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_- + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the + default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_- _p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word - of the simple command. When the coproc is executed, the shell creates - an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the - executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a - pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file - descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and - that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established - before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell - commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The process - ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the - value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used - to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - - The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + of the simple command. When the coprocess is executed, the shell cre- + ates an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of + the executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a + pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file + descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and + that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established + before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN + below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell + commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The file + descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the + shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the + variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for + the coprocess to terminate. + + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and @@ -518,65 +534,66 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_- _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name - of a simple command. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) - specified when a function is defined are performed when the - function is executed. The exit status of a function definition - is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with - the same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of - a function is the exit status of the last command executed in - the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) + of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the + name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections + (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are + performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a + function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a + readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe- + cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the + last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and - all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive - shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and + all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive + shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- tive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. - There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single + There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, and double quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of - <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not - itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that + <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not + itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, - when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain - their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its - special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: - $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain + their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its + special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: + $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion - will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped + will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to - _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the - ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded + _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the + ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -590,112 +607,142 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\\\ backslash \\'' single quote \\"" double quote - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) \\cc_x a control-_x character - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause - the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the - current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the + the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- - eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the - ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion - is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not - performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall - PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- - ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, - eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. - - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not + performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall + PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- + ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, + eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, + these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of + the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari- - able for which the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated - as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, + able for which the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated + as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using - compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not + compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array - beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed + beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. - When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and + When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. + A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation is + actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's + value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a + variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For + instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first + argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 + inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the + variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments + to rreeff are treated as references and assignments to the variable whose + name was passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the + nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, + and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in + turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the + --nn attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn + option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the + name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by + the nameref variable will be unset. + PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. - ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When - the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin- - gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first - character of the IIFFSS special variable. That is, "$$**" is equiva- - lent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value - of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are sepa- - rated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined - without intervening separators. - @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special + variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c + is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS + is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is + null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" - "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, - the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- - ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last - parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. - When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- ground pipeline. - -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- - tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- shell. - !! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed back- - ground (asynchronous) command. + !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into + the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is - set to the file name used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument zero. __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- @@ -709,7 +756,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The following variables are set by the shell: - BBAASSHH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in @@ -780,214 +827,196 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS defined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL - Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment - is spawned. The initial value is 0. + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + tial value is 0. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: - BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). - BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. - BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh. - CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- rent completion function. - CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion - attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- - grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. - CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as described above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). - DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- - able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. - - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error sta- - tus. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error sta- + tus. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in - BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For - instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For + instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the - current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect - and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect + and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, + command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. - HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. - MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. - MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. - OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. - PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). - - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. - PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. - RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. - SSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds - since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds + since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. - SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. - UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. + BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN + CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels + and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., + 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- + patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty + string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the + current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not + one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error + message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the + current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to + the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin + described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are + valid values). The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name. - PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant file name. + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is @@ -1001,14 +1030,22 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS list of directories in which the shell looks for destination directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". + CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each + array element contains one possible completion. EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. @@ -1047,15 +1084,17 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, - the command history is not saved when an interactive shell - exits. + the command history is not saved when a shell exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain - no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500. - The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it - when an interactive shell exits. + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If + the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. + Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit + truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of + HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is @@ -1070,7 +1109,11 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). The default value is 500. + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated @@ -1127,41 +1170,42 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. - MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the - MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the - arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- tory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The - default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH - A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. - The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file - may be specified by separating the file name from the message - with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to - the name of the current mailfile. Example: + A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The + message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca- - tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent + BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca- + tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is - set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is - ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''. + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is + ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if @@ -1216,70 +1260,66 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the fraction is included. If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no - timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is - interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after - issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting for - that number of seconds if input does not arrive. - - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input + after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + arrive. + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. - aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; - if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, - the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a - stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start - it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match - the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the - string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a - stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- - gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set - to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. - hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion and + The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character - is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals - the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second - character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as - shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- - tuting one string for another in the command. The default is - `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- - cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as - the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the - remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will - explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including - arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are - referenced using arbitrary strings. + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are + referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed + array indices must be non-negative integers. An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as - an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t - evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as an offset from one - greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript of -1 refers to - the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an indexed - array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree - --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. + an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly + declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. @@ -1288,17 +1328,21 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket - and subscript. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional - brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; other- - wise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by - the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + _s_t_r_i_n_g. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and + subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index + of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax - introduced above. + introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the + last element. Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If @@ -1316,36 +1360,50 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript - is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. + is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. If the + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to + a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater + than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back + from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + ment. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to + the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. + The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] - destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Care must be taken to - avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, - where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** - or @@, removes the entire array. - - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative - array. The rreeaadd builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words - read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins - display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assign- - ments. + destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Negative subscripts to + indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken + to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. uunnsseett + _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + is ** or @@, removes the entire array. + + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative + array. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into - words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, - _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. - The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame- - ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done - in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion. + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- + sion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + stitution. Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single @@ -1374,10 +1432,10 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where neces- sary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each - character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive. Note that both - _x and _y must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it - is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is - 1 or -1 as appropriate. + character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the + default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type. + When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between + each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is @@ -1435,7 +1493,7 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is - also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in + also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. @@ -1455,69 +1513,87 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not - to be interpreted as part of its name. - - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), a - level of variable indirection is introduced. BBaasshh uses the value of - the variable formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the vari- - able; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest - of the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This - is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expan- - sions of ${!!\\ffPPffIIpprreeffiixx**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The excla- - mation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to intro- - duce indirection. + to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + (AArrrraayyss). + + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), it + introduces a level of variable indirection. BBaasshh uses the value of the + variable formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; + this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of + the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is + known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expansions + of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point + must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- + tion. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented - below, bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the - colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. + below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is + unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special + _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. If - _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r start- - ing at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are - arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). If - _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used - as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h - evaluates to a number less than zero, and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not @@ and - not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted as an - offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a num- - ber of characters, and the expansion is the characters between - the two offsets. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h posi- - tional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an - indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the - _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. - A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the max- - imum index of the specified array. Substring expansion applied - to an associative array produces undefined results. Note that a - negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one - space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. Substring - indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are - used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If - _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is pre- - fixed to the list. + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **, + or an associative array name, the results differ as described + below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t + and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are + arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). + + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it + is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the + expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. + Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by + at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- + sion. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters + beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of + -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- + sion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. + + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It + is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than + zero. + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by + default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are + used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} @@ -1540,78 +1616,85 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the - expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the - result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with - the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest - matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ - or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of + a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the + result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with + the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ + or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are - replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin- ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with - %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub- - stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution - operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- - duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator - converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, - operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The - ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the - expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only - the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- - ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the - resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each - member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ + operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to upper- + case; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to low- + ercase. The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character + in the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert + only the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is + omitted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is + applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- + scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com- mand name. There are two forms: - $$((_c_o_m_m_a_n_d)) or ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` @@ -1643,136 +1726,141 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All - tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion, - command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be + tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the + arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes - (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form - of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes + (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form + of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file - is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the - expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- - vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as + is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the + expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- + vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IIFFSS - is unset, or its value is exactly <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default, - then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>, and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and - end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any - sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to - delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then - sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and ttaabb are ignored at the - beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is - in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in - IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace - characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters - is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word - splitting occurs. - - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly + <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default, then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>, + and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous + expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the + beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other + than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and + ttaabb are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the + whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace charac- + ter). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any + adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of + IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value + of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no - values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within + values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters - appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an - alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no - matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not - enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, - and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell - option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed - and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- - betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the - character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a - slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is - set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be - matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not - treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill-- - gglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. The file names ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always - ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell - option, so all other file names beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To - get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''', - make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is - disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an + alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are found, and the + shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. If + the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is + removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are + found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If + the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without + regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used + for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or + immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the + shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. When matching a pathname, the slash char- + acter must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' + character is not treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below + under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullll-- + gglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. + + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file- + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching filename + that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the + list of matches. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored + when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a + non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so + all other filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old + behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one + of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when + GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more - directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more + directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that sorts between those two charac- - ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating - sequence and character set, is matched. If the first + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating + sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac- - ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- - acters in range expressions is determined by the current - locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if - set. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or - last character in the set. A ]] may be matched by includ- - ing it as the first character in the set. - - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char- + acters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell + variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpreta- + tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to + [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or + enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be + matched by including it as the first or last character in + the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first + character in the set. + + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. - Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current + the same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several - extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: @@ -1790,23 +1878,26 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may - also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution - environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear - anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections - are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + from left to right. Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or - <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file - descriptor to close. + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- @@ -1816,29 +1907,29 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan- - sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it - expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table: //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -1848,22 +1939,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts - to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts - to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -1871,27 +1962,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name - results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file - descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -1900,11 +1991,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -1916,10 +2007,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee + DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -1930,10 +2024,12 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). + HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard input for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -1942,18 +2038,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or - pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any characters in _w_o_r_d are - quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the - lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all - lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the - character sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote - the characters \\, $$, and ``. + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any charac- + ters in _w_o_r_d are quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal + on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d + is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter + expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac- + ter sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the + characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This - allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This + allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -1961,7 +2057,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN <<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input. + The _w_o_r_d undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and + quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not per- + formed. The result is supplied as a single string to the command on + its standard input. DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator @@ -1982,16 +2082,17 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d - does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard - error are redirected as described previously. + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -1999,7 +2100,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2007,117 +2108,117 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not - available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always - put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- + available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always + put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- pound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, - defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, + defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- - tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with - the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be - deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- - tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- + tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc - EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check - for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. - The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the - same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped - into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc + EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check + for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. + The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the + same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped + into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2145,46 +2246,46 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and - uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers - between 10 and 35. - - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits + greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase + letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, + lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- + sent numbers between 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2223,28 +2324,31 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). + --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. _s_t_r_i_n_g @@ -2254,7 +2358,9 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- + mmaannddss). _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if the strings are not equal. @@ -2359,7 +2465,6 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin @@ -2453,8 +2558,8 @@ EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT just those that precede the command name. When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the - full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi- - ronment. + full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- + ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the @@ -2803,175 +2908,198 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. + ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- - pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, the number of entries in the history list - is not limited. + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is not limited. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it - will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. + kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is + received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. + sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi + insertion (+). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for - instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -2986,51 +3114,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3046,17 +3174,17 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) - Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the - screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3064,95 +3192,100 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to - extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion had - been specified. + extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been + specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See - HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xxCC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the - result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt + _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) - Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of - the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last - character typed was not bound to ddeelleettee--cchhaarr, then return EEOOFF. + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see + above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. @@ -3350,165 +3483,168 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern - is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname - expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, - replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) - Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. + Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- grammable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. - Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being - completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the - third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. No filtering of the generated completions - against the word being completed is performed; the function or command - has complete freedom in generating the matches. - - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions - in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. - - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are + being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- + pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or + command has complete freedom in generating the matches. + + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. + + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- ing the pattern will be removed. @@ -3516,83 +3652,86 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() { . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 } - complete -D -F _completion_loader + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. When the his- - tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character - followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the - preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed - depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When an inter- - active shell exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the his- - tory list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled (see - the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the lines - are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over- - written. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, - the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, time - stamps are written to the history file, marked with the history comment - character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses - the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other his- - tory lines. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to - contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is not set, - no truncation is performed. + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the pre- + ceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is + unwritable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable + is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the + history comment character, so they may be preserved across shell ses- + sions. This uses the history comment character to distinguish time- + stamps from other history lines. After saving the history, the history + file is truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTT-- + FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric + value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- @@ -3678,7 +3817,7 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ @@ -3699,7 +3838,8 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last argument. + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will + expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. @@ -3715,8 +3855,8 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. - hh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. - tt Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. + hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. + tt Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. rr Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename. ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. @@ -3759,9 +3899,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file - names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- - _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not @@ -3791,7 +3931,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. - bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d @@ -3838,6 +3978,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as + input. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. @@ -3870,117 +4013,129 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. - ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the - default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for - the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in - CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in - CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If - _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP - option says to use the physical directory structure instead of - following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett - builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- - lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current - working directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc- - cessful directory change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. - An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty - directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu- - ment, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- - name of the new working directory is written to the standard - output. The return value is true if the directory was success- - fully changed; false otherwise. + ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option + to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully + changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function - lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or file name + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. - The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- - grammable completion code had generated them directly from a + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- + grammable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + default). + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -3988,7 +4143,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -3997,17 +4152,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4016,13 +4171,18 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- - pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY - array variable. + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. @@ -4077,27 +4237,27 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. - ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is - supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes - and values of all variables having the attributes specified by - the additional options. If no other options are supplied with - --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell - variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell - functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi- - nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If - the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source - file name and line number where the function is defined are dis- - played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces - variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even - when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in - all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict - output to variables with the specified attribute or to give - variables attributes: + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having + the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option + will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option + inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function + name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option + is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number + where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF + option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created + or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed + in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The + following options can be used to restrict output to variables + with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss @@ -4109,6 +4269,13 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references and assign- + ments to _n_a_m_e, except for changing the --nn attribute + itself, are performed on the variable referenced by + _n_a_m_e's value. The --nn attribute cannot be applied to + array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions @@ -4124,66 +4291,68 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used - in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, - unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll-- - lloowweedd bbyy ==_v_a_l_u_e,, tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee vvaarriiaabbllee iiss sseett ttoo _v_a_l_u_e.. TThhee - rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt - uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of - the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made - to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt - is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an - attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. - - ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccllppvv]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as with + the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a vari- + able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is + set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment + syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not + take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to + define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + assign a value to an array variable without using the compound + assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to + display a non-existent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. - ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with - zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the - list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting - with zero. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format - uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of - active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr - is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If - the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the ta- - ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the - shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither - the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. - If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark - all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts - operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- - _s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option + means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return + value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing - newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- - tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. - The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- - acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. - The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine - whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. - eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo - interprets the following escape sequences: + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these + escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to + mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape + sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace \\cc suppress further output @@ -4195,89 +4364,88 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are - exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the - export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable - name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to - _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid - option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell - variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- - tion. + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns + an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t - to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may - be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning - with that string) or as a number (an index into the history - list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- - rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the - current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the - last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- - ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for - listing. + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + mand for editing and -16 for listing. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option @@ -4289,10 +4457,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is - ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command - beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- - mand. + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history @@ -4338,7 +4506,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. @@ -4363,7 +4531,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to @@ -4384,7 +4552,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like format --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] hhiissttoorryy --cc @@ -4412,10 +4581,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the - current history. - --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- - ing the history file's contents. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + the current history list. + --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- + writing the history file's contents. --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be @@ -4444,8 +4613,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS status since the user was last notified of their status. --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. - --rr Restrict output to running jobs. - --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. + --rr Display only running jobs. + --ss Display only stopped jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is @@ -4569,37 +4738,41 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories - and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, + and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding - directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory. + new current working directory as if it had been supplied + as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r @@ -4626,128 +4799,149 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to - split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be - used to remove any special meaning for the next character read - and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- - lowing meanings: + split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses + for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back- + slash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning + for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, + if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than - waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read. --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- - _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion - following the decimal point. This option is only effec- - tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or - other special file; it has no effect when reading from - regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if - input is available on the specified file descriptor, - failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 - if the timeout is exceeded. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is - greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as - the argument to --uu. - - rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAppff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is - supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp - option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be - reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the - value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not - a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that - is not a function. + greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign- + ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip- + tor is supplied as the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with + a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. - If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command - executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but - during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it - causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either - _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the - script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a - function and not during execution of a script by .., the return - status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is - executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a + script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is + supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function + and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- + tion resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: - --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are - modified or created for export to the environment of + --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are + modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in - parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of - a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not - exit if the command that fails is part of the command - list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, - part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved - words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list - except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any - command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's - return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero sta- + tus. The shell does not exit if the command that fails + is part of the command list immediately following a + wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the + iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed + in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the + final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, + or if the command's return value is being inverted with + !!. If a compound command other than a subshell returns + a non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was + being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command + containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. @@ -4756,10 +4950,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS that precede the command name. --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- - cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- - taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- - tion. + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + in a separate process group. When a background job com- + pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- + tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. @@ -4809,7 +5003,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS is disabled by default. ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + below for a reference to a document that details + how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. @@ -4858,7 +5054,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical @@ -4894,12 +5090,14 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- - ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- - table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not - each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a - form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- - lowing meanings: + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be + displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options + have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status @@ -4910,10 +5108,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- - play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- - tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled - (unset) by default. + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting @@ -4933,7 +5131,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh @@ -4958,146 +5156,183 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional - command's ==~~ operator. + command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar- + ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur- + rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators. - Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and - _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's - collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see previous item). ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a - command list. + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - @item compat41 If set, bbaasshh, when in posix mode, treats - a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as - a special character. The single quotes must match (an - even number) and the characters between the single - quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of - posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behav- - ior remains as in previous versions. + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + as in previous versions. + ccoommppaatt4422 + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + removal. + ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. + If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + versions through 4.2. + ddiirreexxppaanndd + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing + buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to rreettuurrnn is simulated. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. + gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, the current locale's collating + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match a files and zero or more directories and - subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only - directories and subdirectories match. + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -5105,48 +5340,50 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. + tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] - Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the - conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be - a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries - described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not - accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of - ---- as signifying the end of options. - - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation - depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -5163,76 +5400,79 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim- - ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following - conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command - is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or - uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a - command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return - value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions - obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, + or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + failed command is part of the command list immediately following + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) + option. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to @@ -5252,14 +5492,14 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is - hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the - file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee - prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. - This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp - option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not - consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- - tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if - all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if + the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true + if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and @@ -5302,13 +5542,13 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --xx The maximum number of file locks --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource - (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff - is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, - which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, - and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or - an error occurs while setting a new limit. + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte + blocks; and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The + return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup- + plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with @@ -5327,33 +5567,40 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. - uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. - If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be + If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- - able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- - sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, - LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they - lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently - reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. - - wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] - Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- - tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are + unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- + sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- + only. + + wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.] + Wait for each specified child process and return its termination + status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- - cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n - specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is - 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the - last process or job waited for. + cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process + or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status + is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -5362,16 +5609,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -5380,10 +5627,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command @@ -5393,15 +5640,17 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- - _t_i_e_s, IEEE + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- + http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ + http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e(3) @@ -5416,7 +5665,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -5430,14 +5679,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -5448,11 +5697,11 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed - to _c_h_e_t_@_p_o_._c_w_r_u_._e_d_u. + to _c_h_e_t_._r_a_m_e_y_@_c_a_s_e_._e_d_u. BBUUGGSS It's too big and too slow. @@ -5465,10 +5714,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -5477,4 +5726,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash-4.2 2010 December 28 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 4.3 2014 February 2 BASH(1) @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ .\" .\" Chet Ramey .\" Case Western Reserve University -.\" chet@po.cwru.edu +.\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Tue Dec 28 13:41:43 EST 2010 +.\" Last Change: Sun Feb 2 16:21:40 EST 2014 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2010 December 28" "GNU Bash-4.2" +.TH BASH 1 "2014 February 2" "GNU Bash 4.3" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell .SH SYNOPSIS .B bash [options] -[file] +[command_string | file] .SH COPYRIGHT -.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .SH DESCRIPTION .B Bash is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that @@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ interprets the following options when it is invoked: .PP .PD 0 .TP 10 -.BI \-c "\| string\^" +.B \-c If the .B \-c -option is present, then commands are read from -.IR string . +option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument +.IR command_string . If there are arguments after the -.IR string , +.IR command_string , they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with .BR $0 . .TP @@ -222,6 +222,11 @@ This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as .B \-\-posix Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +See +.SM +.B "SEE ALSO" +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. .TP .B \-\-restricted The shell becomes restricted (see @@ -294,7 +299,7 @@ executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, .B bash reports an error. -Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under .B "Tilde Expansion" in the .SM @@ -348,7 +353,7 @@ behaves as if the following command were executed: but the value of the .SM .B PATH -variable is not used to search for the file name. +variable is not used to search for the filename. .PP If .B bash @@ -419,8 +424,8 @@ The .B \-\-norc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the .B \-\-rcfile -option may be used to force another file to be read, but -\fIrshd\fP does not generally invoke the shell with those options +option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither +\fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. .PP If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the @@ -494,8 +499,8 @@ command: .if t .RS .PP .B -.if n ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] -.if t ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if n ! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if t ! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] .if t .RE .SH "SHELL GRAMMAR" .SS Simple Commands @@ -530,11 +535,12 @@ command (see .SM .B REDIRECTION below). -If \fB|&\fP is used, the standard error of \fIcommand\fP is connected to -\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for -\fB2>&1 |\fP. -This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after any -redirections specified by the command. +If \fB|&\fP is used, \fIcommand\fP's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to +\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for \fB2>&1 |\fP. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by the command. .PP The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, unless the \fBpipefail\fP option is enabled. @@ -646,7 +652,10 @@ AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. .SS Compound Commands .PP -A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following: +A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following. +In most cases a \fIlist\fP in a command's description may be separated from +the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a +newline in place of a semicolon. .TP (\fIlist\fP) \fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell environment (see @@ -686,8 +695,9 @@ Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under .SM .BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words -between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. @@ -699,15 +709,17 @@ lexicographically using the current locale. .if n .sp 1 When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according -to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP. +to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP, +as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled. +The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP. If the shell option .B nocasematch is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match (\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same @@ -722,8 +734,12 @@ If the shell option .B nocasematch is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, +since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the array variable .SM @@ -865,7 +881,7 @@ The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in \fIlist\fP. .TP -\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist;\fP \ +\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; \ [ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \ [ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP The @@ -911,11 +927,11 @@ The format for a coprocess is: .RE .PP This creates a coprocess named \fINAME\fP. -If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fICOPROC\fP. +If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fBCOPROC\fP. \fINAME\fP must not be supplied if \fIcommand\fP is a \fIsimple command\fP (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of the simple command. -When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see .B Arrays below) named \fINAME\fP in the context of the executing shell. The standard output of @@ -933,11 +949,14 @@ command (see below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. +The file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID. The \fBwait\fP builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. .PP +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the \fBcoproc\fP command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of \fIcommand\fP. .SS Shell Function Definitions .PP @@ -960,6 +979,8 @@ That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above. \fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the name of a simple command. +When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIname\fP may not be the name of one of the +POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP. Any redirections (see .SM .B REDIRECTION @@ -1204,6 +1225,9 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the and .B local builtin commands. +When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after +one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these +assignment statement properties. .PP In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to @@ -1220,6 +1244,39 @@ appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and appended to the variable's value. +.PP +A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the +\fB\-n\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands +(see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below) +to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation +is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's +value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +.sp .5 +.RS +.if t \f(CWdeclare -n ref=$1\fP +.if n declare -n ref=$1 +.RE +.sp .5 +inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to \fBref\fP are treated as references and +assignments to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP. +If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the \fB\-n\fP attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin. +Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. .SS Positional Parameters .PP A @@ -1248,8 +1305,12 @@ only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. .PD 0 .TP .B * -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the -expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the .SM @@ -1304,8 +1365,12 @@ expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the subshell. .TP .B ! -Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background -(asynchronous) command. +Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the \fBbg\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B "JOB CONTROL" +below). .TP .B 0 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at @@ -1321,7 +1386,7 @@ option, then .B $0 is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set -to the file name used to invoke +to the filename used to invoke .BR bash , as given by argument zero. .TP @@ -1343,7 +1408,7 @@ The following variables are set by the shell: .PD 0 .TP .B BASH -Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of +Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of .BR bash . .TP .B BASHOPTS @@ -1465,7 +1530,8 @@ The shell function \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP. .TP .B BASH_SUBSHELL -Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. .TP .B BASH_VERSINFO @@ -1812,6 +1878,24 @@ below. .PP .PD 0 .TP +.B BASH_COMPAT +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +See the description of the \fBshopt\fP builtin below under +\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP +for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options +accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin described below (for example, +\fBcompat42\fP means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). +The current version is also a valid value. +.TP .B BASH_ENV If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script, its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to @@ -1821,10 +1905,10 @@ The value of .SM .B BASH_ENV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic -expansion before being interpreted as a file name. +expansion before being interpreted as a filename. .SM .B PATH -is not used to search for the resultant file name. +is not used to search for the resultant filename. .TP .B BASH_XTRACEFD If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP @@ -1860,9 +1944,19 @@ A sample value is .if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP. .if n ".:~:/usr". .TP +.B CHILD_MAX +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. +.TP .B COLUMNS Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the terminal width -when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +.B checkwinsize +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a .SM .BR SIGWINCH . .TP @@ -1870,6 +1964,7 @@ when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). +Each array element contains one possible completion. .TP .B EMACS If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts @@ -1955,15 +2050,19 @@ The name of the file in which command history is saved (see .SM .B HISTORY below). The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP. If unset, the -command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. +command history is not saved when a shell exits. .TP .B HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if -necessary, by removing the oldest entries, -to contain no more than that number of lines. The default -value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when an interactive shell exits. +necessary, +to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of \fBHISTSIZE\fP +after reading any startup files. .TP .B HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines @@ -1986,7 +2085,11 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of The number of commands to remember in the command history (see .SM .B HISTORY -below). The default value is 500. +below). +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. .TP .B HISTTIMEFORMAT If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string @@ -2094,7 +2197,10 @@ This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. .TP .B LINES Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length -for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +.B checkwinsize +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a .SM .BR SIGWINCH . .TP @@ -2117,9 +2223,9 @@ If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. .TP .B MAILPATH -A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. +A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file -may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. +may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: @@ -2163,8 +2269,8 @@ The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs .BR bash . A common value is -.if t \f(CW/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin\fP. -.if n ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''. +.if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP. +.if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. .TP .B POSIXLY_CORRECT If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell @@ -2271,7 +2377,7 @@ The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is included. .IP If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the -value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\t%3lS\(aq\fP. +value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\et%3lS\(aq\fP. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. .PD 0 @@ -2288,10 +2394,11 @@ after .B TMOUT seconds when input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the -number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. +number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the +primary prompt. .B Bash -terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does -not arrive. +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. .TP .B TMPDIR If set, \fBbash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which @@ -2355,16 +2462,12 @@ be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. .PP An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The .I subscript is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. -If -.I subscript -evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as -an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript -of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an indexed array, use .B declare \-a \fIname\fP (see @@ -2387,7 +2490,7 @@ builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form \fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each \fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP. -Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but \fIstring\fP. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned @@ -2399,6 +2502,12 @@ This syntax is also accepted by the .B declare builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above. +When assigning to an indexed array, if +.I name +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +\fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .PP Any element of an array may be referenced using ${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. The braces are required to avoid @@ -2426,14 +2535,28 @@ ${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +If the +.I subscript +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .PP An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. .PP +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} and ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]} +expand to the indices assigned in array variable \fIname\fP. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters \fI@\fP and \fI*\fP within double quotes. +.PP The .B unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or @@ -2476,14 +2599,18 @@ words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: and .IR "pathname expansion" . .PP -The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, -parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and -command substitution -(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname -expansion. +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and pathname expansion. .PP On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: \fIprocess substitution\fP. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. .PP Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions @@ -2521,12 +2648,14 @@ and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed with \fI0\fP to force each term to have the -same width. When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell +same width. +When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character -lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. Note that -both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type. +lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. .PP @@ -2634,7 +2763,7 @@ following a or the first .BR = . In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. -Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to .SM .BR PATH , .SM @@ -2668,10 +2797,12 @@ or when .I parameter is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. +The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above +\fBPARAMETERS\fP) or an array reference (\fBArrays\fP). .PD .PP If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP), -a level of variable indirection is introduced. +it introduces a level of variable indirection. \fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of \fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather @@ -2685,7 +2816,8 @@ introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. .PP -When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below, +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below +(e.g., \fB:-\fP), \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. .PP @@ -2738,33 +2870,50 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} .PD \fBSubstring Expansion\fP. -Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP +Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. -If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of -\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, an indexed array subscripted by +\fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP +and extending to the end of the value. \fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see .SM .B ARITHMETIC EVALUATION below). +.sp 1 If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value -is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP. -If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, and \fIparameter\fP -is not \fB@\fP and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted -as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than -a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the -two offsets. +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +\fIoffset\fP and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the \fB:-\fP expansion. +.sp 1 If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP. +A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than +zero. +.sp 1 If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the \fIlength\fP members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}. A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than +zero. +.sp 1 Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. -Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least -one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. +.sp 1 Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is @@ -2814,6 +2963,12 @@ is an array name subscripted by or .BR @ , the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If +.I parameter +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +\fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of \-1 references the last element. .TP ${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} .PD 0 @@ -2923,6 +3078,9 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP} This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP. The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP is tested against +\fIpattern\fP, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. The \fB^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. @@ -2998,8 +3156,9 @@ The .I expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. -All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string -expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. .PP The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under @@ -3044,7 +3203,8 @@ The shell treats each character of .SM .B IFS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other -expansions into words on these characters. If +expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. +If .SM .B IFS is unset, or its @@ -3122,8 +3282,12 @@ If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a .IR pattern , and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of -file names matching the pattern. -If no matching file names are found, +filenames matching the pattern +(see +.SM +.B "Pattern Matching" +below). +If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option .B nullglob is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. @@ -3167,16 +3331,16 @@ shell options. The .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a .IR pattern . If .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. -The file names +The filenames .B ``.'' and .B ``..'' @@ -3188,10 +3352,10 @@ is set and not null. However, setting .B GLOBIGNORE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the .B dotglob -shell option, so all other file names beginning with a +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a .B ``.'' will match. -To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a .BR ``.'' , make .B ``.*'' @@ -3235,7 +3399,7 @@ Matches any single character. Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a \fIrange expression\fP; -any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the .B [ @@ -3245,11 +3409,24 @@ or a .B ^ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by -the current locale and the value of the +the current locale and the values of the .SM .B LC_COLLATE -shell variable, -if set. +or +.SM +.B LC_ALL +shell variables, if set. +To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where +.B [a\-d] +is equivalent to +.BR [abcd] , +set value of the +.B LC_ALL +shell variable to +.BR C , +or enable the +.B globasciiranges +shell option. A .B \- may be matched by including it as the first or last character @@ -3339,8 +3516,13 @@ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be .I redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell. -Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the -current shell execution environment. The following redirection +Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. +The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a .I simple command or may follow a @@ -3352,7 +3534,8 @@ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater -than 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP. If >&- or <&- is preceded +than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP. +If >&- or <&- is preceded by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file descriptor to close. .PP @@ -3366,9 +3549,10 @@ the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). .PP The word following the redirection operator in the following -descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, -tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic -expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, +pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, .B bash reports an error. @@ -3415,12 +3599,12 @@ File descriptor 2 is duplicated. .B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open -a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. +the corresponding TCP socket. .TP .B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open -a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. +the corresponding UDP socket. .PD .RE .PP @@ -3527,6 +3711,10 @@ This is semantically equivalent to \fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 .RE .PP +When using the second form, \fIword\fP may not expand to a number or +\fB\-\fP. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below) for compatibility +reasons. .SS Appending Standard Output and Standard Error .PP This construct allows both the @@ -3547,6 +3735,8 @@ This is semantically equivalent to .PP \fB>>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 .RE +.PP +(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below). .SS Here Documents .PP This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the @@ -3567,8 +3757,8 @@ The format of here-documents is: .fi .RE .PP -No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, -or pathname expansion is performed on +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on .IR word . If any characters in .I word @@ -3578,9 +3768,9 @@ is the result of quote removal on .IR word , and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If \fIword\fP is unquoted, -all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, -command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter -case, the character sequence +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence .B \e<newline> is ignored, and .B \e @@ -3607,8 +3797,12 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: .fi .RE .PP -The \fIword\fP is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard -input. +The \fIword\fP undergoes +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its +standard input. .SS "Duplicating File Descriptors" .PP The redirection operator @@ -3648,8 +3842,15 @@ is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in .I word do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If +.I word +evaluates to +.BR \- , +file descriptor +.I n +is closed. As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not -expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +expand to one or more digits or \fB\-\fP, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. .SS "Moving File Descriptors" .PP @@ -3963,7 +4164,8 @@ Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where the optional \fIbase\fP is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base. If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used. -The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +When specifying \fIn\fP, +the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -4085,6 +4287,11 @@ True if the shell variable .I varname is set (has been assigned a value). .TP +.B \-R \fIvarname\fP +True if the shell variable +.I varname +is set and is a name reference. +.TP .B \-z \fIstring\fP True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero. .TP @@ -4104,6 +4311,8 @@ is non-zero. .PD True if the strings are equal. \fB=\fP should be used with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance. +When used with the \fB[[\fP command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (\fBCompound Commands\fP). .TP \fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP True if the strings are not equal. @@ -4367,7 +4576,7 @@ When .B bash invokes an external command, the variable .B _ -is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that +is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environment. .SH "EXIT STATUS" .PP @@ -5097,6 +5306,12 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. .TP +.B colored\-stats (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP +environment variable. +.TP .B comment\-begin (``#'') The string that is inserted when the readline .B insert\-comment @@ -5172,8 +5387,12 @@ same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP or \fBnext-history\fP. .TP .B history\-size (0) -Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If -set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is not limited. .TP .B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, @@ -5205,6 +5424,19 @@ the value of .B editing\-mode also affects the default keymap. .TP +.B keyseq\-timeout (500) +Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. +.TP .B mark\-directories (On) If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash appended. @@ -5266,6 +5498,11 @@ possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. .TP +.B show\-mode\-in\-prompt (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, add a character to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi +insertion (+). +.TP .B skip\-completed\-text (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when @@ -5514,7 +5751,7 @@ the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). -The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. .TP .B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e) @@ -5571,14 +5808,22 @@ and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order. .PP .PD 0 .TP -.B delete\-char (C\-d) -Delete the character at point. If point is at the -beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and -the last character typed was not bound to \fBdelete\-char\fP, -then return +.B \fIend\-of\-file\fP (usually C\-d) +The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +.if t \f(CWstty\fP. +.if n ``stty''. +If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns .SM .BR EOF . .TP +.B delete\-char (C\-d) +Delete the character at point. +If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP +commonly is, see above for the effects. +.TP .B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout) Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. @@ -5846,6 +6091,10 @@ and store the definition. .B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e) Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +.TP +.B print\-last\-kbd\-macro () +Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +\fIinputrc\fP file. .PD .SS Miscellaneous .PP @@ -5927,11 +6176,11 @@ will be executed by the shell. .B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g) The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to -generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. .TP .B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *) The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. .TP @@ -6055,10 +6304,12 @@ and .SM .B COMP_CWORD variables are also set. -When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the -name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the -second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument -is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +When the function or command is invoked, +the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. @@ -6069,7 +6320,7 @@ The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the It must put the possible completions in the .SM .B COMPREPLY -array variable. +array variable, one per array element. .PP Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked in an environment equivalent to command substitution. @@ -6143,7 +6394,7 @@ completion function would load completions dynamically: .br } .br -complete -D -F _completion_loader +complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default .br \fP .SH HISTORY @@ -6187,6 +6438,8 @@ is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of .SM .BR HISTFILESIZE . +If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. @@ -6194,7 +6447,7 @@ These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the .SM .B HISTTIMEFORMAT variable. -When an interactive shell exits, the last +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last .SM .B $HISTSIZE lines are copied from the history list to @@ -6230,7 +6483,8 @@ to contain no more than lines. If .SM .B HISTFILESIZE -is not set, no truncation is performed. +is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. .PP The builtin command .B fc @@ -6278,7 +6532,7 @@ is similar to the history expansion in This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the -.B \+H +.B +H option to the .B set builtin command (see @@ -6393,7 +6647,7 @@ history list starting with .IR string . .TP .B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR -Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition in the +Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list containing .IR string . The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if @@ -6442,7 +6696,8 @@ The \fIn\fRth word. The first argument. That is, word 1. .TP .B $ -The last argument. +The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the +zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. .TP .B % The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search. @@ -6475,10 +6730,10 @@ one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. .PP .TP .B h -Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. +Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. .TP .B t -Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. +Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. .TP .B r Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the @@ -6582,7 +6837,7 @@ executed from .IR filename . If .I filename -does not contain a slash, file names in +does not contain a slash, filenames in .SM .B PATH are used to find the directory containing @@ -6638,7 +6893,7 @@ returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any specified \fIjobspec\fP was not found or was started without job control. .TP -\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSV\fP] +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSVX\fP] .PD 0 .TP \fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP] @@ -6733,6 +6988,10 @@ or .SM .BR READLINE_POINT , those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +.TP +.B \-X +List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an @@ -6780,18 +7039,22 @@ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. .TP -\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]]] [\fIdir\fP] -Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. The variable +\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]] [\-@]] [\fIdir\fP] +Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. +if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the .SM .B HOME -is the -default -.IR dir . +shell variable is the default. +Any additional arguments following \fIdir\fP are ignored. The variable .SM .B CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing -.IR dir . +.IR dir : +each directory name in +.SM +.B CDPATH +is searched for \fIdir\fP. Alternative directory names in .SM .B CDPATH @@ -6806,14 +7069,19 @@ then .B CDPATH is not used. The .B \-P -option says to use the physical directory structure instead of -following symbolic links (see also the +option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure +by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and +before processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP (see also the .B \-P option to the .B set builtin command); the .B \-L -option forces symbolic links to be followed. +option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link +after processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP. +If \fI..\fP appears in \fIdir\fP, it is processed by removing the +immediately previous pathname component from \fIdir\fP, back to a slash +or the beginning of \fIdir\fP. If the .B \-e option is supplied with @@ -6821,11 +7089,14 @@ option is supplied with and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return an unsuccessful status. +On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. An argument of .B \- -is equivalent to +is converted to .SM -.BR $OLDPWD . +.B $OLDPWD +before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty directory name from .SM .B CDPATH @@ -6861,7 +7132,7 @@ option is supplied, a description of .I command is printed. The .B \-v -option causes a single word indicating the command or file name +option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke .I command to be displayed; the @@ -6956,6 +7227,10 @@ filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. .TP 8 +.B noquote +Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). +.TP 8 .B nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. @@ -7054,6 +7329,12 @@ used as the possible completions. \fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell environment. +When the function is executed, +the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the .SM @@ -7133,10 +7414,10 @@ is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1. .TP -\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] .PD 0 .TP -\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] .PD Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables. @@ -7146,7 +7427,8 @@ option will display the attributes and values of each .IR name . When .B \-p -is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options are ignored. +is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options, +other than \fB\-f\fP and \fB\-F\fP, are ignored. When .B \-p is supplied without \fIname\fP arguments, it will display the attributes @@ -7200,6 +7482,15 @@ When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. .TP +.B \-n +Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP. +All references and assignments to \fIname\fP, except for changing the +\fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +\fIname\fP's value. +The \fB\-n\fP attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +.TP .B \-r Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. @@ -7224,13 +7515,20 @@ turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP may not be used to destroy an array variable and \fB+r\fP will not remove the readonly attribute. -When used in a function, makes each +When used in a function, +.B declare +and +.B typeset +make each \fIname\fP local, as with the .B local command, -unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied, +unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied. If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP. +When using \fB\-a\fP or \fB\-A\fP and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using .if n ``\-f foo=bar'', @@ -7245,7 +7543,7 @@ an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP. .RE .TP -.B dirs [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] [\fB\-clpv\fP] +.B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. @@ -7257,24 +7555,12 @@ command removes entries from the list. .RS .PD 0 .TP -\fB+\fP\fIn\fP -Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list -shown by -.B dirs -when invoked without options, starting with zero. -.TP -\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP -Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list -shown by -.B dirs -when invoked without options, starting with zero. -.TP .B \-c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. .TP .B \-l -Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a -tilde to denote the home directory. +Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. .TP .B \-p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. @@ -7282,6 +7568,18 @@ Print the directory stack with one entry per line. .B \-v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. .PD .PP The return value is 0 unless an @@ -7290,13 +7588,13 @@ of the directory stack. .RE .TP \fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...] -Without options, each +Without options, remove each .I jobspec -is removed from the table of active jobs. +from the table of active jobs. If .I jobspec -is not present, and neither \fB\-a\fP nor \fB\-r\fP is supplied, -the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +is not present, and neither the \fB\-a\fP nor the \fB\-r\fP option +is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each .I jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that @@ -7307,13 +7605,6 @@ is not sent to the job if the shell receives a .BR SIGHUP . If no .I jobspec -is present, and neither the -.B \-a -nor the -.B \-r -option is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. -If no -.I jobspec is supplied, the .B \-a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the @@ -7327,7 +7618,7 @@ does not specify a valid job. .TP \fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. -The return status is always 0. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The @@ -7467,12 +7758,14 @@ to be executed with an empty environment. If .B \-a is supplied, the shell passes .I name -as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. +If .I command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, -unless the shell option +unless the .B execfail -is enabled, in which case it returns failure. +shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If .I command @@ -7510,7 +7803,7 @@ If no are given, or if the .B \-p option is supplied, a list -of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. +of names of all exported variables is printed. The .B \-n option causes the export property to be removed from each @@ -7531,11 +7824,11 @@ that is not a function. .TP \fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP] .PD -Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from +The first form selects a range of commands from .I first to .I last -is selected from the history list. +from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. .I First and .I last @@ -7589,6 +7882,7 @@ echoed and executed. .sp 1 In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP. +\fICommand\fP is intepreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above. A useful alias to use with this is .if n ``r="fc -s"'', .if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP, @@ -7691,7 +7985,7 @@ can report errors in two ways. If the first character of .I optstring is a colon, .I silent -error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable @@ -7752,7 +8046,7 @@ If the .B \-p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and .I filename -is used as the full file name of the command. +is used as the full filename of the command. The .B \-r option causes the shell to forget all @@ -7856,10 +8150,10 @@ current \fBbash\fP session. .TP .B \-r Read the contents of the history file -and use them as the current history. +and append them to the current history list. .TP .B \-w -Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the +Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the history file's contents. .TP .B \-p @@ -7915,10 +8209,10 @@ List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. .TP .B \-r -Restrict output to running jobs. +Display only running jobs. .TP .B \-s -Restrict output to stopped jobs. +Display only stopped jobs. .PD .PP If @@ -8178,10 +8472,13 @@ causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding .TP .B %(\fIdatefmt\fP)T causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using -\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3). The corresponding -\fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of seconds since the -epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3). +The corresponding \fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual \fBprintf\fP behavior. .PD .PP Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants, @@ -8230,7 +8527,8 @@ starting with zero) is at the top. Adds .I dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the -new current working directory. +new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument +to the \fBcd\fP builtin. .PD .PP If the @@ -8281,7 +8579,8 @@ the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in .SM .B IFS -are used to split the line into words. +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP). The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -8348,14 +8647,18 @@ not echoed. .TP .B \-t \fItimeout\fP Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of -input is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds. +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds. \fItimeout\fP may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option is only effective if \fBread\fP is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. -If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns success if input is available on -the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +If \fBread\fP times out, \fBread\fP saves any partial input read into +the specified variable \fIname\fP. +If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. .TP .B \-u \fIfd\fP @@ -8368,8 +8671,9 @@ are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable .SM .BR REPLY . The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an -invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP. +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP. .RE .TP \fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aAf\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...] @@ -8414,21 +8718,29 @@ is supplied with a that is not a function. .TP \fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP] -Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by -.IR n . +Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by +.I n +to its caller. If .I n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command -executed in the function body. If used outside a function, +executed in the function body. If +.B return +is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the .B . (\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either .I n or the exit status of the last command executed within the -script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a -function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^, -the return status is false. +script as the exit status of the script. +If \fIn\fP is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +The return status is non-zero if +.B return +is supplied a non-numeric argument, or +is used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^ or \fBsource\fP. Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. .TP @@ -8441,7 +8753,7 @@ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. -In \fIposix mode\fP, only shell variables are listed. +In \fIposix\fP mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated @@ -8464,13 +8776,14 @@ immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. .TP 8 .B \-e -Exit immediately if a \fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single -\fIsimple command\fP), a \fIsubshell\fP command enclosed in parentheses, -or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed -by braces (see +Exit immediately if a +\fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single \fIsimple command\fP), +a \fIlist\fP, +or a \fIcompound command\fP +(see .SM .B SHELL GRAMMAR -above) exits with a non-zero status. +above), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a .B while @@ -8490,6 +8803,9 @@ any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return value is being inverted with .BR ! . +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while \fB\-e\fP was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment separately (see @@ -8497,6 +8813,17 @@ separately (see .B "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT" above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context +where \fB\-e\fP is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the \fB\-e\fP setting, even if \fB\-e\fP is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets \fB\-e\fP while executing in +a context where \fB\-e\fP is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. .TP 8 .B \-f Disable pathname expansion. @@ -8516,9 +8843,10 @@ by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see .SM .B JOB CONTROL -above). Background processes run in a separate process -group and a line containing their exit status is printed -upon their completion. +above). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. .TP 8 .B \-n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to @@ -8630,6 +8958,11 @@ Change the behavior of .B bash where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +See +.SM +.B "SEE ALSO" +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. .TP 8 .B privileged Same as @@ -8742,7 +9075,7 @@ style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. .TP 8 .B \-P -If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing +If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as .B cd that change the current working directory. It uses the @@ -8808,7 +9141,12 @@ is greater than or less than zero; otherwise 0. .TP \fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...] -Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +.B \-o +option is used, those available with the +.B \-o +option to the \fBset\fP builtin command. With no options, or with the .B \-p option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with @@ -8845,8 +9183,9 @@ If either .B \-s or .B \-u -is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, the display is limited to -those options which are set or unset, respectively. +is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, +.B shopt +shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset) by default. .PP @@ -8878,7 +9217,7 @@ If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing character, and one character too many. -If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, +If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. .TP 8 @@ -8917,37 +9256,66 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. If set, .B bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted -arguments to the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB=~\fP operator. -.TP 8 -.B compat32 -If set, -.B bash -changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP +arguments to the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB=~\fP operator +and locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and .IR strcmp (3); -bash-4.1 and later -use the current locale's collation sequence and +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and .IR strcoll (3). .TP 8 +.B compat32 +If set, +.B bash +changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to +locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP +conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item). +.TP 8 .B compat40 If set, .B bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP -conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item) +conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see description of +\fBcompat31\fP) and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the +interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. .TP 8 .B compat41 If set, .BR bash , -when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +when in \fIposix\fP mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. .TP 8 +.B compat42 +If set, +.B bash +does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word +expansion using quote removal. +.TP 8 +.B complete_fullquote +If set, +.B bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, +.B bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +.TP 8 .B direxpand If set, .B bash @@ -9050,6 +9418,20 @@ above for a description of .BR FIGNORE . This option is enabled by default. .TP 8 +.B globasciiranges +If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see +.SM +.B Pattern Matching +above) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +.B b +will not collate between +.B A +and +.BR B , +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. +.TP 8 .B globstar If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. @@ -9220,7 +9602,7 @@ is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. .PD 0 .TP \fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP -Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on +Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression .IR expr . Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. @@ -9408,7 +9790,10 @@ is .BR ERR , the command .I arg -is executed whenever a simple command has a non\-zero exit status, +is executed whenever a +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non\-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The .SM @@ -9425,10 +9810,12 @@ statement, part of a command executed in a .B && or .B || -list, or if the command's return value is -being inverted via +list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted using .BR ! . -These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP option. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP (\fB\-e\fP) option. .if t .sp 0.5 .if n .sp 1 Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. @@ -9491,7 +9878,7 @@ If a command is hashed, .B \-p and .B \-P -print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears +print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in .SM .BR PATH . @@ -9606,16 +9993,17 @@ The maximum number of threads .PP If .I limit -is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the +is given, and the .B \-a -option is display only). +option is not used, +\fIlimit\fP is the new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, then .B \-f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for .BR \-t , -which is in seconds, +which is in seconds; .BR \-p , -which is in units of 512-byte blocks, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and .BR \-T , .BR \-b , @@ -9660,15 +10048,15 @@ value is true unless a supplied .I name is not a defined alias. .TP -\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\-\fBn\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] For each .IR name , remove the corresponding variable or function. -If no options are supplied, or the +If the .B \-v option is given, each .I name -refers to a shell variable. +refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be unset. If .B \-f @@ -9676,6 +10064,15 @@ is specified, each .I name refers to a shell function, and the function definition is removed. +If the +.B \-n +option is supplied, and \fIname\fP is a variable with the \fInameref\fP +attribute, \fIname\fP will be unset rather than the variable it +references. +\fB\-n\fP has no effect if the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each \fIname\fP refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is +unset. Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If any of @@ -9701,8 +10098,8 @@ subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a .I name is readonly. .TP -\fBwait\fP [\fIn ...\fP] -Wait for each specified process and return its termination status. +\fBwait\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIn ...\fP] +Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each .I n may be a process @@ -9710,7 +10107,10 @@ ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If .I n is not given, all currently active child processes -are waited for, and the return status is zero. If +are waited for, and the return status is zero. +If the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied, \fBwait\fP waits for any job to +terminate and returns its exit status. +If .I n specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last @@ -9751,7 +10151,7 @@ or specifying command names containing .B / .IP \(bu -specifying a file name containing a +specifying a filename containing a .B / as an argument to the .B . @@ -9818,7 +10218,10 @@ script. .TP \fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey .TP -\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE +\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE -- +http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ +.TP +http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode .TP \fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1) .TP diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index d1b64895..bba7db6c 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ </HEAD> <BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR> -<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2010 December 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 February 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) </TR> </TABLE> <BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A> @@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell <B>bash</B> [options] -[file] +[command_string | file] <A NAME="lbAD"> </A> <H3>COPYRIGHT</H3> -Bash is Copyright © 1989-2010 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. <A NAME="lbAE"> </A> <H3>DESCRIPTION</H3> @@ -76,17 +76,17 @@ interprets the following options when it is invoked: <DL COMPACT> -<DT><B>-c</B><I> string</I> +<DT><B>-c</B> <DD> If the <B>-c</B> -option is present, then commands are read from -<I>string</I>. +option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument +<I>command_string</I>. If there are arguments after the -<I>string</I>, +<I>command_string</I>, they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with <B>$0</B>. @@ -275,6 +275,12 @@ This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as <DD> Change the behavior of <B>bash</B> where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>). +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SEE ALSO</B> + +</FONT> +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. <DT><B>--restricted</B> <DD> @@ -376,7 +382,7 @@ If any of the files exist but cannot be read, <B>bash</B> reports an error. -Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under <B>Tilde Expansion</B> in the @@ -447,7 +453,7 @@ but the value of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> </FONT> -variable is not used to search for the file name. +variable is not used to search for the filename. <P> If @@ -544,8 +550,8 @@ The option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the <B>--rcfile</B> -option may be used to force another file to be read, but -<I>rshd</I> does not generally invoke the shell with those options +option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither +<I>rshd</I> nor <I>sshd</I> generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. <P> @@ -654,7 +660,7 @@ command: <B> </B> -! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +! case coproc do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] </DL> @@ -708,11 +714,12 @@ command (see </FONT> below). -If <B>|&</B> is used, the standard error of <I>command</I> is connected to -<I>command2</I>'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for -<B>2>&1 |</B>. -This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after any -redirections specified by the command. +If <B>|&</B> is used, <I>command</I>'s standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to +<I>command2</I>'s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for <B>2>&1 |</B>. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is +performed after any redirections specified by the command. <P> The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last @@ -869,7 +876,10 @@ executed in the list. <P> -A <I>compound command</I> is one of the following: +A <I>compound command</I> is one of the following. +In most cases a <I>list</I> in a command's description may be separated from +the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a +newline in place of a semicolon. <DL COMPACT> <DT>(<I>list</I>)<DD> <I>list</I> is executed in a subshell environment (see @@ -907,8 +917,9 @@ Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under </FONT> Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words -between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B>; tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B>; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional operators such as <B>-f</B> must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. @@ -922,7 +933,9 @@ lexicographically using the current locale. When the <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B> operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according -to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>. +to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>, +as if the <B>extglob</B> shell option were enabled. +The <B>=</B> operator is equivalent to <B>==</B>. If the shell option <B>nocasematch</B> @@ -930,8 +943,8 @@ is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (<B>==</B>) or does not match (<B>!=</B>) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. <P> @@ -948,8 +961,12 @@ If the shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, +since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the array variable <FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>. @@ -1113,7 +1130,7 @@ on a successful match. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in <I>list</I>. -<DT><B>if</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list;</I> [ <B>elif</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; ] ... [ <B>else</B> <I>list</I>; ] <B>fi</B><DD> +<DT><B>if</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; [ <B>elif</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; ] ... [ <B>else</B> <I>list</I>; ] <B>fi</B><DD> The <B>if </B> @@ -1167,11 +1184,11 @@ The format for a coprocess is: <P> This creates a coprocess named <I>NAME</I>. -If <I>NAME</I> is not supplied, the default name is <I>COPROC</I>. +If <I>NAME</I> is not supplied, the default name is <B>COPROC</B>. <I>NAME</I> must not be supplied if <I>command</I> is a <I>simple command</I> (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of the simple command. -When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) named <I>NAME</I> in the context of the executing shell. @@ -1193,12 +1210,15 @@ command (see below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. +The file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID. The <B>wait</B> builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. <P> +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the <B>coproc</B> command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <I>command</I>. <A NAME="lbAQ"> </A> <H4>Shell Function Definitions</H4> @@ -1224,6 +1244,8 @@ That command is usually a <I>list</I> of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above. <I>compound-command</I> is executed whenever <I>name</I> is specified as the name of a simple command. +When in <I>posix mode</I>, <I>name</I> may not be the name of one of the +POSIX <I>special builtins</I>. Any redirections (see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B> @@ -1560,6 +1582,9 @@ and <B>local</B> builtin commands. +When in <I>posix mode</I>, these builtins may appear in a command after +one or more instances of the <B>command</B> builtin and retain these +assignment statement properties. <P> In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value @@ -1578,6 +1603,41 @@ appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, <I>value</I> is expanded and appended to the variable's value. +<P> + +A variable can be assigned the <I>nameref</I> attribute using the +<B>-n</B> option to the <B>declare</B> or <B>local</B> builtin commands +(see the descriptions of <B>declare</B> and <B>local</B> below) +to create a <I>nameref</I>, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation +is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's +value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<TT>declare -n ref=$1</TT> + +</DL> + +<P> +inside the function creates a nameref variable <B>ref</B> whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to <B>ref</B> are treated as references and +assignments to the variable whose name was passed as <B>$1</B>. +If the control variable in a <B>for</B> loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the <B>-n</B> attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the <B>-n</B> option to the <B>unset</B> builtin. +Otherwise, if <B>unset</B> is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. <A NAME="lbAU"> </A> <H4>Positional Parameters</H4> @@ -1619,8 +1679,12 @@ only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. <DT><B>*</B> <DD> -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the -expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> @@ -1689,8 +1753,13 @@ subshell. <DT><B>!</B> <DD> -Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background -(asynchronous) command. +Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the <B>bg</B> builtin (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +below). <DT><B>0</B> <DD> @@ -1712,7 +1781,7 @@ option, then is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set -to the file name used to invoke +to the filename used to invoke <B>bash</B>, as given by argument zero. @@ -1743,7 +1812,7 @@ The following variables are set by the shell: <DT><B>BASH</B> <DD> -Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of +Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of <B>bash</B>. <DT><B>BASHOPTS</B> @@ -1895,7 +1964,8 @@ The shell function <DT><B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B> <DD> -Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. <DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO</B> @@ -1907,7 +1977,6 @@ this instance of The values assigned to the array members are as follows: <P> <DL COMPACT><DT><DD> - <DL COMPACT> <DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>0] @@ -1936,7 +2005,6 @@ The value of <FONT SIZE=-1><B>MACHTYPE</B>. </FONT> - </DL></DL> <DT><B>BASH_VERSION</B> @@ -2334,6 +2402,25 @@ below. <DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>BASH_COMPAT</B> + +<DD> +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +See the description of the <B>shopt</B> builtin below under +<B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> +for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options +accepted by the <B>shopt</B> builtin described below (for example, +<B>compat42</B> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). +The current version is also a valid value. <DT><B>BASH_ENV</B> <DD> @@ -2347,11 +2434,11 @@ The value of </FONT> is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic -expansion before being interpreted as a file name. +expansion before being interpreted as a filename. <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> </FONT> -is not used to search for the resultant file name. +is not used to search for the resultant filename. <DT><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B> <DD> @@ -2393,11 +2480,23 @@ command. A sample value is <TT>".:~:/usr"</TT>. +<DT><B>CHILD_MAX</B> + +<DD> +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. <DT><B>COLUMNS</B> <DD> Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the terminal width -when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +<B>checkwinsize</B> + +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>. </FONT> @@ -2407,6 +2506,7 @@ when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a An array variable from which <B>bash</B> reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> below). +Each array element contains one possible completion. <DT><B>EMACS</B> <DD> @@ -2514,16 +2614,20 @@ The name of the file in which command history is saved (see </FONT> below). The default value is <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>. If unset, the -command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. +command history is not saved when a shell exits. <DT><B>HISTFILESIZE</B> <DD> The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if -necessary, by removing the oldest entries, -to contain no more than that number of lines. The default -value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when an interactive shell exits. +necessary, +to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of <B>HISTSIZE</B> +after reading any startup files. <DT><B>HISTIGNORE</B> <DD> @@ -2551,7 +2655,11 @@ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B> </FONT> -below). The default value is 500. +below). +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. <DT><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> <DD> @@ -2690,7 +2798,11 @@ This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. <DD> Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the column length -for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the +<B>checkwinsize</B> + +option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>. </FONT> @@ -2720,9 +2832,9 @@ greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. <DT><B>MAILPATH</B> <DD> -A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. +A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file -may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. +may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, <B>$_</B> expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: @@ -2779,7 +2891,7 @@ and is set by the administrator who installs <B>bash</B>. A common value is -<TT>/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin</TT>. +<TT>/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin</TT>. <DT><B>POSIXLY_CORRECT</B> @@ -2914,9 +3026,10 @@ The value of <I>p</I> determines whether or not the fraction is included. <DT><DD> If this variable is not set, <B>bash</B> acts as if it had the -value <B>$aq\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys %3lSaq</B>. +value <B>$aq\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lSaq</B>. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + <DT><B>TMOUT</B> <DD> @@ -2933,11 +3046,12 @@ after </FONT> seconds when input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the -number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. +number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the +primary prompt. <B>Bash</B> -terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does -not arrive. +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. <DT><B>TMPDIR</B> <DD> @@ -3016,6 +3130,7 @@ be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. <P> An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to @@ -3023,12 +3138,6 @@ using the syntax <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>. The <I>subscript</I> is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. -If -<I>subscript</I> - -evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as -an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript -of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an indexed array, use <B>declare -a </B><I>name</I> @@ -3060,7 +3169,7 @@ builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form <I>name</I>=<B>(</B>value<I>1</I> ... value<I>n</I><B>)</B>, where each <I>value</I> is of the form [<I>subscript</I>]=<I>string</I>. -Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <I>string</I>. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned @@ -3075,6 +3184,13 @@ This syntax is also accepted by the builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I> syntax introduced above. +When assigning to an indexed array, if +<I>name</I> + +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +<I>name</I>, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. <P> Any element of an array may be referenced using @@ -3105,17 +3221,33 @@ ${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}. If <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or <B>@</B>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +If the +<I>subscript</I> + +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. <P> An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. <P> +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} and ${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]} +expand to the indices assigned in array variable <I>name</I>. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters <I>@</I> and <I>*</I> within double quotes. +<P> + The <B>unset</B> builtin is used to destroy arrays. <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>] destroys the array element at index <I>subscript</I>. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>, where <I>name</I> is an array, or @@ -3138,6 +3270,10 @@ option to specify an indexed array and a <B>-A</B> option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, +<B>-A</B> + +takes precedence. The <B>read</B> @@ -3175,15 +3311,19 @@ and <P> -The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, -parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and -command substitution -(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname -expansion. +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and pathname expansion. <P> On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: <I>process substitution</I>. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. <P> Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion @@ -3231,12 +3371,14 @@ and <I>incr</I>, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed with <I>0</I> to force each term to have the -same width. When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell +same width. +When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character -lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive. Note that -both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type. +lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. <P> @@ -3377,7 +3519,7 @@ or the first <B>=</B>. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. -Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>, </FONT> @@ -3421,18 +3563,20 @@ or when is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. +The <I>parameter</I> is a shell parameter as described above +<B>PARAMETERS</B>) or an array reference (<B>Arrays</B>). </DL> <P> If the first character of <I>parameter</I> is an exclamation point (<B>!</B>), -a level of variable indirection is introduced. +it introduces a level of variable indirection. <B>Bash</B> uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of <I>parameter</I> as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself. This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>. -The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!\fPfIprefix</B><B>*</B>} and +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>} and ${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. @@ -3442,7 +3586,8 @@ In each of the cases below, <I>word</I> is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. <P> -When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below, +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below +(e.g., <B>:-</B>), <B>bash</B> tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. <P> @@ -3502,33 +3647,50 @@ is substituted. <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}<DD> <B>Substring Expansion</B>. -Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of <I>parameter</I> +Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of the value of <I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>. -If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of -<I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>. +If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, an indexed array subscripted by +<B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +<I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I> +and extending to the end of the value. <I>length</I> and <I>offset</I> are arithmetic expressions (see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B> </FONT> below). +<P> If <I>offset</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value -is used as an offset from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I>. -If <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, and <I>parameter</I> -is not <B>@</B> and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted -as an offset from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I> rather than -a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the -two offsets. +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I>. +If <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I> rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +<I>offset</I> and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the <B>:-</B> expansion. +<P> If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, the result is <I>length</I> positional parameters beginning at <I>offset</I>. +A negative <I>offset</I> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than +zero. +<P> If <I>parameter</I> is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the <I>length</I> members of the array beginning with ${<I>parameter</I>[<I>offset</I>]}. A negative <I>offset</I> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than +zero. +<P> Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. -Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least -one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. +<P> Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If <I>offset</I> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <B>$0</B> is @@ -3580,6 +3742,13 @@ or <B>@</B>, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +<I>parameter</I>, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>#</B><I>word</I>}<DD> <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD> @@ -3703,6 +3872,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <I>parameter</I>. The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of <I>parameter</I> is tested against +<I>pattern</I>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. The <B>^</B> operator converts lowercase letters matching <I>pattern</I> to uppercase; the <B>,</B> operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. @@ -3741,8 +3913,6 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <I>Command substitution</I> allows the output of a command to replace the command name. There are two forms: -<P> - <DL COMPACT><DT><DD> <P> @@ -3808,8 +3978,9 @@ The is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. -All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string -expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. <P> @@ -3868,7 +4039,8 @@ The shell treats each character of </FONT> as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other -expansions into words on these characters. If +expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. +If <FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> </FONT> @@ -3973,8 +4145,13 @@ regarded as a <I>pattern</I>, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of -file names matching the pattern. -If no matching file names are found, +filenames matching the pattern +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B> + +</FONT> +below). +If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option <B>nullglob</B> @@ -4033,19 +4210,19 @@ The <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a <I>pattern</I>. If <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> -is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> is removed from the list of matches. -The file names +The filenames <B>``.''</B> and @@ -4062,11 +4239,11 @@ is set and not null. However, setting to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the <B>dotglob</B> -shell option, so all other file names beginning with a +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a <B>``.''</B> will match. -To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a <B>``.''</B>, make @@ -4123,7 +4300,7 @@ Matches any single character. Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <I>range expression</I>; -any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the <B>[</B> @@ -4136,12 +4313,31 @@ or a then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by -the current locale and the value of the +the current locale and the values of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_COLLATE</B> </FONT> -shell variable, -if set. +or +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_ALL</B> + +</FONT> +shell variables, if set. +To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where +<B>[a-d]</B> + +is equivalent to +<B>[abcd]</B>, + +set value of the +<B>LC_ALL</B> + +shell variable to +<B>C</B>, + +or enable the +<B>globasciiranges</B> + +shell option. A <B>-</B> @@ -4257,8 +4453,13 @@ may be <I>redirected</I> using a special notation interpreted by the shell. -Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the -current shell execution environment. The following redirection +Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. +The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a <I>simple command</I> @@ -4273,7 +4474,8 @@ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<I>varname</I>}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater -than 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>. If >&- or <&- is preceded +than or equal to 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>. +If >&- or <&- is preceded by {<I>varname</I>}, the value of <I>varname</I> defines the file descriptor to close. <P> @@ -4291,9 +4493,10 @@ the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor <P> The word following the redirection operator in the following -descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, -tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic -expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal, +pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, <B>bash</B> @@ -4359,13 +4562,13 @@ File descriptor 2 is duplicated. <DD> If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I> is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open -a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. +the corresponding TCP socket. <DT><B>/dev/udp/</B><I>host</I>/<I>port</I> <DD> If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I> is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open -a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. +the corresponding UDP socket. </DL></DL> @@ -4523,6 +4726,10 @@ This is semantically equivalent to <P> +When using the second form, <I>word</I> may not expand to a number or +<B>-</B>. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see <B>Duplicating File Descriptors</B> below) for compatibility +reasons. <A NAME="lbBN"> </A> <H4>Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</H4> @@ -4553,6 +4760,9 @@ This is semantically equivalent to <B>>></B><I>word</I> 2<B>>&</B>1 </DL> +<P> + +(see <B>Duplicating File Descriptors</B> below). <A NAME="lbBO"> </A> <H4>Here Documents</H4> @@ -4582,8 +4792,8 @@ The format of here-documents is: <P> -No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, -or pathname expansion is performed on +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on <I>word</I>. If any characters in @@ -4597,9 +4807,9 @@ is the result of quote removal on and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If <I>word</I> is unquoted, -all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, -command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter -case, the character sequence +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence <B>\<newline></B> is ignored, and @@ -4640,8 +4850,12 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: <P> -The <I>word</I> is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard -input. +The <I>word</I> undergoes +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its +standard input. <A NAME="lbBQ"> </A> <H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4> @@ -4700,8 +4914,18 @@ If the digits in <I>word</I> do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If +<I>word</I> + +evaluates to +<B>-</B>, + +file descriptor +<I>n</I> + +is closed. As a special case, if <I>n</I> is omitted, and <I>word</I> does not -expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +expand to one or more digits or <B>-</B>, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. <A NAME="lbBR"> </A> <H4>Moving File Descriptors</H4> @@ -5111,7 +5335,8 @@ Otherwise, numbers take the form [<I>base#</I>]n, where the optional <I>base</I> is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base. If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used. -The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +When specifying <I>n</I>, +the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If <I>base</I> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -5263,6 +5488,13 @@ True if the shell variable <I>varname</I> is set (has been assigned a value). +<DT><B>-R </B><I>varname</I> + +<DD> +True if the shell variable +<I>varname</I> + +is set and is a name reference. <DT><B>-z </B><I>string</I> <DD> @@ -5283,6 +5515,8 @@ is non-zero. True if the strings are equal. <B>=</B> should be used with the <B>test</B> command for POSIX conformance. +When used with the <B>[[</B> command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (<B>Compound Commands</B>). <DT><I>string1</I> <B>!=</B> <I>string2</I><DD> True if the strings are not equal. <DT><I>string1</I> <B><</B> <I>string2</I><DD> @@ -5455,7 +5689,6 @@ arguments, if any. The shell has an <I>execution environment</I>, which consists of the following: - <DL COMPACT> <DT>*<DD> open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by @@ -5611,7 +5844,7 @@ When invokes an external command, the variable <B>_</B> -is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that +is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environment. <A NAME="lbCB"> </A> <H3>EXIT STATUS</H3> @@ -6599,6 +6832,13 @@ If set to <B>audible</B>, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline equivalents. +<DT><B>colored-stats (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B> +environment variable. <DT><B>comment-begin (``#'')</B> <DD> @@ -6694,8 +6934,12 @@ or <B>next-history</B>. <DT><B>history-size (0)</B> <DD> -Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If -set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is not limited. <DT><B>horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)</B> <DD> @@ -6734,6 +6978,20 @@ the value of <B>editing-mode</B> also affects the default keymap. +<DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B> + +<DD> +Specifies the duration <I>readline</I> will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, <I>readline</I> will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +<I>readline</I> will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, <I>readline</I> will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. <DT><B>mark-directories (On)</B> <DD> @@ -6808,6 +7066,12 @@ words which have more than one possible completion without any possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +<DT><B>show-mode-in-prompt (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, add a character to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi +insertion (+). <DT><B>skip-completed-text (Off)</B> <DD> @@ -7122,7 +7386,7 @@ the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). -The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. <DT><B>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</B> @@ -7197,16 +7461,25 @@ and <I>emacs</I> as the editor, in that order. <DL COMPACT> -<DT><B>delete-char (C-d)</B> +<DT><B></B><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d) <DD> -Delete the character at point. If point is at the -beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and -the last character typed was not bound to <B>delete-char</B>, -then return +The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +<TT>stty</TT>. + +If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns <FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>. </FONT> +<DT><B>delete-char (C-d)</B> + +<DD> +Delete the character at point. +If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty <B>EOF</B> character, as <B>C-d</B> +commonly is, see above for the effects. <DT><B>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</B> <DD> @@ -7552,6 +7825,11 @@ and store the definition. <DD> Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +<DT><B>print-last-kbd-macro ()</B> + +<DD> +Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +<I>inputrc</I> file. </DL> <A NAME="lbCU"> </A> @@ -7658,12 +7936,12 @@ will be executed by the shell. <DD> The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to -generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions. <DT><B>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</B> <DD> The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, -and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. <DT><B>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</B> @@ -7818,10 +8096,12 @@ and </FONT> variables are also set. -When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the -name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the -second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument -is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +When the function or command is invoked, +the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. @@ -7834,7 +8114,7 @@ It must put the possible completions in the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B> </FONT> -array variable. +array variable, one per array element. <P> Next, any command specified with the <B>-C</B> option is invoked @@ -7922,7 +8202,7 @@ completion function would load completions dynamically: } <BR> -complete -D -F _completion_loader +complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default <BR> </TT> @@ -7980,6 +8260,8 @@ the number of lines specified by the value of <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>. </FONT> +If <B>HISTFILESIZE</B> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. @@ -7988,7 +8270,7 @@ These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the </FONT> variable. -When an interactive shell exits, the last +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last <FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HISTSIZE</B> </FONT> @@ -8033,7 +8315,8 @@ lines. If <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B> </FONT> -is not set, no truncation is performed. +is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, +or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. <P> The builtin command @@ -8248,7 +8531,7 @@ history list starting with <DT><B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B> <DD> -Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition in the +Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list containing <I>string</I>. @@ -8319,7 +8602,8 @@ The first argument. That is, word 1. <DT><B>$</B> <DD> -The last argument. +The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the +zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. <DT><B>%</B> <DD> @@ -8367,11 +8651,11 @@ one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. <DT><B>h</B> <DD> -Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. +Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. <DT><B>t</B> <DD> -Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. +Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail. <DT><B>r</B> <DD> @@ -8504,7 +8788,7 @@ executed from If <I>filename</I> -does not contain a slash, file names in +does not contain a slash, filenames in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> </FONT> @@ -8570,7 +8854,7 @@ is not present, the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used. returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any specified <I>jobspec</I> was not found or was started without job control. -<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-lpsvPSV</B>]<DD> +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-lpsvPSVX</B>]<DD> <DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-q</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-r</B> <I>keyseq</I>]<DD> <DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-f</B> <I>filename</I><DD> @@ -8685,6 +8969,11 @@ or </FONT> those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +<DT><B>-X</B> + +<DD> +List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. </DL> <P> @@ -8739,22 +9028,26 @@ current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or <I>expr</I> does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. -<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>|[<B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>]]] [<I>dir</I>]<DD> -Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>. The variable +<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>|[<B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>]] [-@]] [<I>dir</I>]<DD> +Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>. +if <I>dir</I> is not supplied, the value of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B> </FONT> -is the -default -<I>dir</I>. - +shell variable is the default. +Any additional arguments following <I>dir</I> are ignored. The variable <FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> </FONT> defines the search path for the directory containing -<I>dir</I>. +<I>dir</I>: + +each directory name in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> +</FONT> +is searched for <I>dir</I>. Alternative directory names in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> @@ -8774,8 +9067,9 @@ then is not used. The <B>-P</B> -option says to use the physical directory structure instead of -following symbolic links (see also the +option causes <B>cd</B> to use the physical directory structure +by resolving symbolic links while traversing <I>dir</I> and +before processing instances of <I>..</I> in <I>dir</I> (see also the <B>-P</B> option to the @@ -8784,7 +9078,11 @@ option to the builtin command); the <B>-L</B> -option forces symbolic links to be followed. +option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link +after processing instances of <I>..</I> in <I>dir</I>. +If <I>..</I> appears in <I>dir</I>, it is processed by removing the +immediately previous pathname component from <I>dir</I>, back to a slash +or the beginning of <I>dir</I>. If the <B>-e</B> @@ -8794,13 +9092,16 @@ option is supplied with and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory change, <B>cd</B> will return an unsuccessful status. +On systems that support it, the <B>-@</B> option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. An argument of <B>-</B> -is equivalent to -<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$OLDPWD</B>. +is converted to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$OLDPWD</B> </FONT> +before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty directory name from <FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> @@ -8846,7 +9147,7 @@ option is supplied, a description of is printed. The <B>-v</B> -option causes a single word indicating the command or file name +option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke <I>command</I> @@ -8953,6 +9254,11 @@ Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. +<DT><B>noquote</B> + +<DD> +Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). <DT><B>nospace</B> <DD> @@ -9079,6 +9385,12 @@ used as the possible completions. <DT><B>-F</B> <I>function</I><DD> The shell function <I>function</I> is executed in the current shell environment. +When the function is executed, +the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, +the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed, +and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being +completed on the current command line. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B> @@ -9162,9 +9474,9 @@ must be >= 1. If is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1. -<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFgilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> +<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFgilnrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> -<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFgilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> +<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFgilnrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no <I>name</I>s are given then display the values of variables. @@ -9177,7 +9489,8 @@ option will display the attributes and values of each When <B>-p</B> -is used with <I>name</I> arguments, additional options are ignored. +is used with <I>name</I> arguments, additional options, +other than <B>-f</B> and <B>-F</B>, are ignored. When <B>-p</B> @@ -9244,6 +9557,16 @@ above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Give each <I>name</I> the <I>nameref</I> attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of <I>name</I>. +All references and assignments to <I>name</I>, except for changing the +<B>-n</B> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +<I>name</I>'s value. +The <B>-n</B> attribute cannot be applied to array variables. <DT><B>-r</B> <DD> @@ -9275,14 +9598,23 @@ turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that <B>+a</B> may not be used to destroy an array variable and <B>+r</B> will not remove the readonly attribute. -When used in a function, makes each -<I>name</I> local, as with the +When used in a function, +<B>declare</B> + +and +<B>typeset</B> + +make each +<I>name</I> local, as with the <B>local</B> command, -unless the <B>-gP option is supplied, -If a variable name is followed by =</B><I>value</I>, the value of +unless the <B>-g</B> option is supplied. +If a variable name is followed by =<I>value</I>, the value of the variable is set to <I>value</I>. +When using <B>-a</B> or <B>-A</B> and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using @@ -9298,7 +9630,7 @@ an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <B>-f</B>. </DL> -<DT><B>dirs [+</B><I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>] [<B>-clpv</B>] +<DT><B>dirs [-clpv</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>] <DD> Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. @@ -9314,18 +9646,6 @@ command removes entries from the list. <DL COMPACT><DT><DD> <DL COMPACT> -<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD> -Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list -shown by -<B>dirs</B> - -when invoked without options, starting with zero. -<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD> -Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list -shown by -<B>dirs</B> - -when invoked without options, starting with zero. <DT><B>-c</B> <DD> @@ -9333,8 +9653,8 @@ Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. <DT><B>-l</B> <DD> -Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a -tilde to denote the home directory. +Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. <DT><B>-p</B> <DD> @@ -9344,6 +9664,18 @@ Print the directory stack with one entry per line. <DD> Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD> +Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B> + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD> +Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B> + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. </DL> <P> @@ -9354,15 +9686,15 @@ of the directory stack. </DL> <DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD> -Without options, each +Without options, remove each <I>jobspec</I> -is removed from the table of active jobs. +from the table of active jobs. If <I>jobspec</I> -is not present, and neither <B>-a</B> nor <B>-r</B> is supplied, -the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used. +is not present, and neither the <B>-a</B> nor the <B>-r</B> option +is supplied, the <I>current job</I> is used. If the <B>-h</B> option is given, each <I>jobspec</I> @@ -9377,16 +9709,6 @@ is not sent to the job if the shell receives a If no <I>jobspec</I> -is present, and neither the -<B>-a</B> - -nor the -<B>-r</B> - -option is supplied, the <I>current job</I> is used. -If no -<I>jobspec</I> - is supplied, the <B>-a</B> @@ -9403,7 +9725,7 @@ The return value is 0 unless a does not specify a valid job. <DT><B>echo</B> [<B>-neE</B>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> Output the <I>arg</I>s, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. -The return status is always 0. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If <B>-n</B> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the <B>-e</B> option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The @@ -9581,14 +9903,16 @@ to be executed with an empty environment. If is supplied, the shell passes <I>name</I> -as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. +If <I>command</I> cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, -unless the shell option +unless the <B>execfail</B> -is enabled, in which case it returns failure. +shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If <I>command</I> @@ -9633,7 +9957,7 @@ are given, or if the <B>-p</B> option is supplied, a list -of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. +of names of all exported variables is printed. The <B>-n</B> @@ -9656,13 +9980,13 @@ that is not a function. <DT><B>fc</B> <B>-s</B> [<I>pat</I>=<I>rep</I>] [<I>cmd</I>]<DD> -Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from +The first form selects a range of commands from <I>first</I> to <I>last</I> -is selected from the history list. +from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. <I>First</I> and @@ -9731,6 +10055,7 @@ echoed and executed. <P> In the second form, <I>command</I> is re-executed after each instance of <I>pat</I> is replaced by <I>rep</I>. +<I>Command</I> is intepreted the same as <I>first</I> above. A useful alias to use with this is <TT>r='fc -s'</TT>, @@ -9858,7 +10183,7 @@ can report errors in two ways. If the first character of is a colon, <I>silent</I> -error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable @@ -9936,7 +10261,7 @@ If the option is supplied, no path search is performed, and <I>filename</I> -is used as the full file name of the command. +is used as the full filename of the command. The <B>-r</B> @@ -9990,11 +10315,14 @@ Display the description of each <I>pattern</I> in a manpage-like format <DD> Display only a short usage synopsis for each <I>pattern</I> -</DL></DL> +</DL> +<P> The return status is 0 unless no command matches <I>pattern</I>. +</DL> + <DT><B>history [</B><I>n</I>]<DD> <DT><B>history</B> <B>-c</B><DD> @@ -10055,11 +10383,11 @@ current <B>bash</B> session. <DD> Read the contents of the history file -and use them as the current history. +and append them to the current history list. <DT><B>-w</B> <DD> -Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the +Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the history file's contents. <DT><B>-p</B> @@ -10126,11 +10454,11 @@ leader. <DT><B>-r</B> <DD> -Restrict output to running jobs. +Display only running jobs. <DT><B>-s</B> <DD> -Restrict output to stopped jobs. +Display only stopped jobs. </DL> <P> @@ -10460,10 +10788,13 @@ causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding <DD> causes <B>printf</B> to output the date-time string resulting from using -<I>datefmt</I> as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3). The corresponding -<I>argument</I> is an integer representing the number of seconds since the -epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +<I>datefmt</I> as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3). +The corresponding <I>argument</I> is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual <B>printf</B> behavior. </DL> <P> @@ -10518,7 +10849,8 @@ Adds <I>dir</I> to the directory stack at the top, making it the -new current working directory. +new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument +to the <B>cd</B> builtin. </DL> <P> @@ -10583,7 +10915,8 @@ The characters in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> </FONT> -are used to split the line into words. +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above under <B>Word Splitting</B>). The backslash character (<B>\</B>) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -10666,14 +10999,18 @@ not echoed. <DD> Cause <B>read</B> to time out and return failure if a complete line of -input is not read within <I>timeout</I> seconds. +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within <I>timeout</I> seconds. <I>timeout</I> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option is only effective if <B>read</B> is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. -If <I>timeout</I> is 0, <B>read</B> returns success if input is available on -the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +If <B>read</B> times out, <B>read</B> saves any partial input read into +the specified variable <I>name</I>. +If <I>timeout</I> is 0, <B>read</B> returns immediately, without trying to +read any data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. <DT><B>-u </B><I>fd</I> @@ -10691,11 +11028,12 @@ are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable </FONT> The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <B>read</B> -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an -invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <B>-u</B>. +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <B>-u</B>. </DL> -<DT><B>readonly</B> [<B>-aApf</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>] ...]<DD> +<DT><B>readonly</B> [<B>-aAf</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>] ...]<DD> The given <I>names</I> are marked readonly; the values of these @@ -10715,6 +11053,10 @@ option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the <B>-A</B> option restricts the variables to associative arrays. +If both options are supplied, +<B>-A</B> + +takes precedence. If no <I>name</I> @@ -10722,6 +11064,8 @@ arguments are given, or if the <B>-p</B> option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. The <B>-p</B> @@ -10741,14 +11085,18 @@ is supplied with a that is not a function. <DT><B>return</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> -Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by -<I>n</I>. +Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by +<I>n</I> +to its caller. If <I>n</I> is omitted, the return status is that of the last command -executed in the function body. If used outside a function, +executed in the function body. If +<B>return</B> + +is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the <B>.</B> @@ -10757,9 +11105,15 @@ that script and return either <I>n</I> or the exit status of the last command executed within the -script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a -function and not during execution of a script by <B>.</B>, -the return status is false. +script as the exit status of the script. +If <I>n</I> is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. +The return status is non-zero if +<B>return</B> + +is supplied a non-numeric argument, or +is used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>. Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. <DT><B>set</B> [<B>--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>option-name</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> @@ -10770,7 +11124,7 @@ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. -In <I>posix mode</I>, only shell variables are listed. +In <I>posix</I> mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated @@ -10801,14 +11155,15 @@ effective only when job control is enabled. <DT><B>-e</B> <DD> -Exit immediately if a <I>pipeline</I> (which may consist of a single -<I>simple command</I>), a <I>subshell</I> command enclosed in parentheses, -or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed -by braces (see +Exit immediately if a +<I>pipeline</I> (which may consist of a single <I>simple command</I>), +a <I>list</I>, +or a <I>compound command</I> +(see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B> </FONT> -above) exits with a non-zero status. +above), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a <B>while</B> @@ -10835,6 +11190,9 @@ or if the command's return value is being inverted with <B>!</B>. +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while <B>-e</B> was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on <B>ERR</B>, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment separately (see @@ -10843,6 +11201,18 @@ separately (see </FONT> above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +<P> + + +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context +where <B>-e</B> is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the <B>-e</B> setting, even if <B>-e</B> is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets <B>-e</B> while executing in +a context where <B>-e</B> is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. <DT><B>-f</B> <DD> @@ -10867,9 +11237,10 @@ it (see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B> </FONT> -above). Background processes run in a separate process -group and a line containing their exit status is printed -upon their completion. +above). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. <DT><B>-n</B> <DD> @@ -11026,6 +11397,12 @@ Change the behavior of where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>). +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SEE ALSO</B> + +</FONT> +below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects +bash's behavior. <DT><B>privileged</B> <DD> @@ -11177,7 +11554,7 @@ default when the shell is interactive. <DT><B>-P</B> <DD> -If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing +If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as <B>cd</B> @@ -11261,7 +11638,14 @@ is greater than or less than zero; otherwise 0. <DT><B>shopt</B> [<B>-pqsu</B>] [<B>-o</B>] [<I>optname</I> ...]<DD> -Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +<B>-o</B> + +option is used, those available with the +<B>-o</B> + +option to the <B>set</B> builtin command. With no options, or with the <B>-p</B> @@ -11311,8 +11695,10 @@ If either or <B>-u</B> -is used with no <I>optname</I> arguments, the display is limited to -those options which are set or unset, respectively. +is used with no <I>optname</I> arguments, +<B>shopt</B> + +shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the <B>shopt</B> options are disabled (unset) by default. <P> @@ -11353,7 +11739,7 @@ If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing character, and one character too many. -If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, +If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. <DT><B>checkhash</B> @@ -11402,23 +11788,24 @@ If set, <B>bash</B> changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted -arguments to the <B>[[</B> conditional command's <B>=~</B> operator. -<DT><B>compat32</B> - -<DD> -If set, -<B>bash</B> - -changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the <B>[[</B> +arguments to the <B>[[</B> conditional command's <B>=~</B> operator +and locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B> conditional command's <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and <I>strcmp</I>(3); -bash-4.1 and later -use the current locale's collation sequence and +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and <I>strcoll</I>(3). +<DT><B>compat32</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to +locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B> +conditional command's <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators (see previous item). <DT><B>compat40</B> <DD> @@ -11427,20 +11814,65 @@ If set, changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B> -conditional command's <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators (see previous item) +conditional command's <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators (see description of +<B>compat31</B>) and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the +interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. <DT><B>compat41</B> <DD> -@item compat41 If set, <B>bash</B>, -when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +when in <I>posix</I> mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. +<DT><B>compat42</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word +expansion using quote removal. +<DT><B>complete_fullquote</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, +<B>bash</B> + +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +<DT><B>direxpand</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing +buffer. +If not set, +<B>bash</B> + +attempts to preserve what the user typed. <DT><B>dirspell</B> <DD> @@ -11558,11 +11990,30 @@ above for a description of </FONT> This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>globasciiranges</B> + +<DD> +If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B> + +</FONT> +above) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +<B>b</B> + +will not collate between +<B>A</B> + +and +<B>B</B>, + +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. <DT><B>globstar</B> <DD> If set, the pattern <B>**</B> used in a pathname expansion context will -match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a <B>/</B>, only directories and subdirectories match. <DT><B>gnu_errfmt</B> @@ -11758,6 +12209,7 @@ If set, the <B>echo</B> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. </DL></DL> + <DT><B>suspend</B> [<B>-f</B>]<DD> Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a <FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCONT</B> @@ -11774,7 +12226,7 @@ is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. <DT><B>test</B> <I>expr</I><DD> <DT><B>[</B> <I>expr</I> <B>]</B><DD> -Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on +Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression <I>expr</I>. @@ -12004,7 +12456,10 @@ is the command <I>arg</I> -is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +is executed whenever a +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The <FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B> @@ -12027,11 +12482,13 @@ statement, part of a command executed in a or <B>||</B> -list, or if the command's return value is -being inverted via +list except the command following the final <B>&&</B> or <B>||</B>, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted using <B>!</B>. -These are the same conditions obeyed by the <B>errexit</B> option. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the <B>errexit</B> (<B>-e</B>) option. <P> @@ -12115,7 +12572,7 @@ If a command is hashed, and <B>-P</B> -print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears +print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>. @@ -12265,20 +12722,21 @@ The maximum number of threads If <I>limit</I> -is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the +is given, and the <B>-a</B> -option is display only). +option is not used, +<I>limit</I> is the new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, then <B>-f</B> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for <B>-t</B>, -which is in seconds, +which is in seconds; <B>-p</B>, -which is in units of 512-byte blocks, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and <B>-T</B>, @@ -12334,18 +12792,18 @@ value is true unless a supplied <I>name</I> is not a defined alias. -<DT><B>unset</B> [-<B>fv</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +<DT><B>unset</B> [-<B>fv</B>] [-<B>n</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> For each <I>name</I>, remove the corresponding variable or function. -If no options are supplied, or the +If the <B>-v</B> option is given, each <I>name</I> -refers to a shell variable. +refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be unset. If <B>-f</B> @@ -12355,6 +12813,16 @@ is specified, each refers to a shell function, and the function definition is removed. +If the +<B>-n</B> + +option is supplied, and <I>name</I> is a variable with the <I>nameref</I> +attribute, <I>name</I> will be unset rather than the variable it +references. +<B>-n</B> has no effect if the <B>-f</B> option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each <I>name</I> refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is +unset. Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If any of @@ -12388,8 +12856,8 @@ subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a <I>name</I> is readonly. -<DT><B>wait</B> [<I>n ...</I>]<DD> -Wait for each specified process and return its termination status. +<DT><B>wait</B> [<B>-n</B>] [<I>n ...</I>]<DD> +Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each <I>n</I> @@ -12399,7 +12867,10 @@ in that job's pipeline are waited for. If <I>n</I> is not given, all currently active child processes -are waited for, and the return status is zero. If +are waited for, and the return status is zero. +If the <B>-n</B> option is supplied, <B>wait</B> waits for any job to +terminate and returns its exit status. +If <I>n</I> specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is @@ -12455,7 +12926,7 @@ specifying command names containing <B>/</B> <DT>*<DD> -specifying a file name containing a +specifying a filename containing a <B>/</B> as an argument to the @@ -12538,7 +13009,9 @@ script. <DT><I>Bash Reference Manual</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> <DT><I>The Gnu Readline Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> <DT><I>The Gnu History Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> -<DT><I>Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities</I>, IEEE<DD> +<DT><I>Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities</I>, IEEE --<DD> +<A HREF="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/</A> +<DT><A HREF="http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX">http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX</A> -- a description of posix mode<DD> <DT><I>sh</I>(1), <I>ksh</I>(1), <I>csh</I>(1)<DD> <DT><I>emacs</I>(1), <I>vi</I>(1)<DD> <DT><I>readline</I>(3)<DD> @@ -12643,7 +13116,7 @@ it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to -<I><A HREF="mailto:chet@po.cwru.edu">chet@po.cwru.edu</A></I>. +<I><A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A></I>. <A NAME="lbDH"> </A> <H3>BUGS</H3> @@ -12691,7 +13164,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time. <HR> <TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR> -<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-4.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2010 December 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 February 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) </TR> </TABLE> <HR> @@ -12797,6 +13270,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time. </DL> <HR> This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR> -Time: 28 December 2010 14:30:29 EST +Time: 24 February 2014 08:28:34 EST </BODY> </HTML> diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf Binary files differindex 5bcb0c55..fbc1fde7 100644 --- a/doc/bash.pdf +++ b/doc/bash.pdf diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index fb9aa8c5..27ff5801 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 -%%CreationDate: Fri Jan 28 22:07:07 2011 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 11 10:59:21 2014 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Courier %%+ font Symbol %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 -%%Pages: 72 +%%Pages: 75 %%PageOrder: Ascend -%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () () +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginDefaults @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ setpacking %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default -<< /PageSize [ 595 842 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice +<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice %%EndFeature %%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman %%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold @@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ setpacking %%IncludeResource: font Courier %%IncludeResource: font Symbol grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 -def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron -/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef -/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent +/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent /ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen /period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon /semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O @@ -236,11 +236,11 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0 (bash \255 GNU Bourne-Ag)108 96 Q(ain SHell)-.05 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 112.8 -Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)108 124.8 Q F0([options] [\214le])2.5 E F1 -(COPYRIGHT)72 141.6 Q F0(Bash is Cop)108 153.6 Q -(yright \251 1989-2011 by the Free Softw)-.1 E(are F)-.1 E -(oundation, Inc.)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 170.4 Q F2(Bash)108 182.4 Q F0 -.973(is an)3.474 F F2(sh)3.473 E F0 .973 +Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)108 124.8 Q F0 +([options] [command_string | \214le])2.5 E F1(COPYRIGHT)72 141.6 Q F0 +(Bash is Cop)108 153.6 Q(yright \251 1989-2013 by the Free Softw)-.1 E +(are F)-.1 E(oundation, Inc.)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 170.4 Q F2(Bash) +108 182.4 Q F0 .973(is an)3.474 F F2(sh)3.473 E F0 .973 (-compatible command language interpreter that e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G .973 (cutes commands read from the standard).15 F(input or from a \214le.)108 194.4 Q F2(Bash)5 E F0(also incorporates useful features from the)2.5 E @@ -256,2152 +256,2338 @@ ell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX)3.027 F 1.284(used as options when the shell is in)108 264 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 3.785(d. 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"$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 709.2 Q F0 -.2(bu) -108 727.2 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable is not used to search for the \214le name.).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(2)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E +(2)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in) -3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 -F F1(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917 -(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917(vior of historical v)-.2 F -.917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as)3.417 E .145 +-.35 E(name of a \214le to read and e)108 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 +E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa).15 +G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command were e)-.25 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 102 Q F0 -.2(bu) +108 120 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 136.8 Q +F1(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw) +.1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt) +-3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917 +(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as) +3.417 E .145 (closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) -108 96 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G +108 148.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G 2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) --.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 108 R 1.564 -.15 +-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 160.8 R 1.564 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 (option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 -(cute commands).15 F(from)108 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) -4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F2(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 +(cute commands).15 F(from)108 172.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) +4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F4(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G (he)-5.492 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -.418(When in)108 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918(sa) --2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .418 -(hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 .418 -(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENV)2.918 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F -(alue)-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 144 R .171 +.418(When in)108 184.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918 +(sa)-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.418(hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 +.418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F(alue) +-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 196.8 R .171 (xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) --2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 156 Q F1(sh)3.081 E F0 +-2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 208.8 Q F1(sh)3.081 E F0 .581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 (cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 (ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F1<adad72>3.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 -.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 168 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F +.58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 220.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F (non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F1(sh)2.682 E F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 -(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 -G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 E -F2(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E(When) -108 196.8 Q F1(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F2(posix)3.976 -E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F1(\255\255posix)2.726 E F0 .226 -(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 F -.341(dard for startup \214les.)108 208.8 R .341(In this mode, interacti) -5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 F .341(xpand the)-.15 F -F3(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342(riable and commands are read and) -.25 F -.15(exe)108 220.8 S(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 -E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.) -2.5 E F1(Bash)108 237.6 Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is bein\ -g run with its standard input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223 -(ork connection,)-.1 F .025(as when e)108 249.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 -(cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F2 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1 +(ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 232.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 +E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E +(When)108 249.6 Q F1(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4 +(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F1(\255\255posix)2.726 +E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-) +-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 261.6 R .341 +(In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 +F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F3(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 +(riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 273.6 S +(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5 +(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F1(Bash)108 290.4 +Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \ +input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .025 +(as when e)108 302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 +(cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1 E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F -F2(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F1(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 -E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 261.6 R .134 +F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F1(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 +E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 314.4 R .134 (ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from) -.15 F F2(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133 +.15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133 (hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108 -273.6 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +326.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F1(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F1 <adad6e6f72>2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4 -G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 285.6 Q F1<adad72>2.606 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .106 -(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.606 F(ut)-.2 -E F2 -.1(rs)2.606 G(hd).1 E F0 .106(does not generally in)2.606 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G .306 -.1(ke t).2 H .106(he shell).1 F -(with those options or allo)108 297.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G +G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 338.4 Q F1<adad72>2.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419 +(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.919 F .419 +(ut neither)-.2 F F4 -.1(rs)2.919 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.919 E F4(sshd)2.919 +E F0 .418(generally in)2.919 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +(the shell with those options or allo)108 350.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G (hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207 -(If the shell is started with the ef)108 314.4 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 +(If the shell is started with the ef)108 367.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H 1.208 (ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F F1<ad70>3.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ -read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 326.4 R .535 -(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 338.4 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.959 G -(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 +read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 379.2 R .535 +(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 391.2 Q F5(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.959 G +(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F0 (and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 (riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 -(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 350.4 R(fecti)-.25 E +(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 403.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .904(If the)5.904 F F1<ad70>3.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) -3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 362.4 Q +3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 415.2 Q (vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) --.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) -72 379.2 Q F0(The follo)108 391.2 Q +-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) +72 432 Q F0(The follo)108 444 Q (wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 -E F1(blank)108 403.2 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 --.1(wo)108 415.2 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G +E F1(blank)108 456 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 -.1 +(wo)108 468 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G (equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E (Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108 -427.2 Q F0(A)12.67 E F2(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 +480 Q F0(A)12.67 E F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 (consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) 3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F -(betic character or an underscore.)144 439.2 Q(Also referred to as an)5 -E F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 451.2 Q F0 2.5(Ac) -144 463.2 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5 -(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 -475.2 S 2.5(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 487.2 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 -499.2 Q F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E +(betic character or an underscore.)144 492 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E +F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 504 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 +516 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 +F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 528 S 2.5 +(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 540 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 552 Q F4(tok) +2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E (It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F1 2.5 -(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 511.2 R(<newline>)10 E F5(RESER)72 528 Q -(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F2 .307(Reserved wor)108 540 R(ds)-.37 E F0 +(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 564 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72 580.8 Q +(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 592.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306 (pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w) --.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 552 Q .227 +-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 604.8 Q .227 (ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 (ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0 -(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 564 Q(ord of a)-.1 E F1 -(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1 -11.916(!c)144 580.8 S 9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)-11.916 F -9.415(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5 -(while { } time [[ ]])144 592.8 R F5(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 609.6 Q F1 -(Simple Commands)87 621.6 Q F0(A)108 633.6 Q F2 .388(simple command) -2.888 F F0 .388(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389 -(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 -.389(-separated w)B .389(ords and)-.1 F .816 -(redirections, and terminated by a)108 645.6 R F2(contr)3.316 E .815 -(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F -.815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 -E(and is passed as ar)108 657.6 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 -E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E .175(The return v)108 674.4 R .175 -(alue of a)-.25 F F2 .175(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 -F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F2(n)A F0 .176 -(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F2(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E -F1(Pipelines)87 691.2 Q F0(A)108 703.2 Q F2(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is\ - a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\ -rators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C -(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(3)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 616.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E +F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1 +11.295(!c)144 633.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795 +(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 +(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 +645.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 662.4 Q F1(Simple Commands)87 674.4 Q F0(A) +108 686.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388 +(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25 +F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389 +(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 698.4 R F4 +(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815 +(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 710.4 Q +(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E +(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.) +-2.5 E .175(The return v)108 727.2 R .175(alue of a)-.25 F F4 .175 +(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 F .175 +(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F4(n)A F0 .176 +(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F4(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 -(]] [ ! ])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|) --2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ]) -2.5 E .243(The standard output of)108 100.8 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or mor\ +e commands separated by one of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 +E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E +(format for a pipeline is:)108 108 Q([)144 124.8 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E +F1<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3 +10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .243 +(The standard output of)108 141.6 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244 (is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2) 2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F .643 -(tion is performed before an)108 112.8 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642 +(tion is performed before an)108 153.6 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642 (edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.143 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.142 E F0(belo)2.892 E 3.142(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.142 -E F0(is)3.142 E 1.43(used, the standard error of)108 124.8 R F2(command) -3.93 E F0 1.431(is connected to)3.93 F F2(command2)3.931 E F0 2.531 -.55 -('s s)D 1.431(tandard input through the pipe; it is).55 F 1.197 -(shorthand for)108 136.8 R F1 1.197(2>&1 |)3.697 F F0 6.197(.T)C 1.197 -(his implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after an) --6.197 F 3.696(yr)-.15 G(edirections)-3.696 E -(speci\214ed by the command.)108 148.8 Q .48 -(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 165.6 R .48 +E F0(is)3.142 E(used,)108 165.6 Q F2(command)3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s) +D 1.147(tandard error).55 F 3.647(,i)-.4 G 3.647(na)-3.647 G 1.147 +(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F2(command2) +3.648 E F0 2.248 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028 +(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 177.6 R F1 .028(2>&1 |) +2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028 +(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F +(dard output is performed after an)108 189.6 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G +(edirections speci\214ed by the command.)-2.5 E .48 +(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 206.4 R .48 (xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0 -.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 177.6 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187 +.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 218.4 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187 (is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186 (eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15 -F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 189.6 R .611 +F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 230.4 R .611 (xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611 (he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611 -(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S .55 +(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 242.4 S .55 (it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 (tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F (all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 -213.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 230.4 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv) +254.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 271.2 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv) 2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\ -ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 242.4 S +ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 283.2 S .14(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E F1<ad70>2.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-) -2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 254.4 R .303(When the shell is in) +2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 295.2 R .303(When the shell is in) 5.302 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303 (oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F -.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 266.4 Q .736 +.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 307.2 Q .736 (en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736 (riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.235 (wt)-.25 G(he)-3.235 E 2.225 (timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 -278.4 R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.726 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.476 E F1 2.226 -(Shell V)4.726 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 290.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85 -(When the shell is in)108 307.2 R F2 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F1 -(time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35 -(wline. In)-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.073 +319.2 R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.726 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.476 E F1 2.226 +(Shell V)4.726 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 331.2 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85 +(When the shell is in)108 348 R F2 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F1(time) +3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35(wline. In) +-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.073 (total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108 -319.2 R(The)6.074 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.574 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.324 G +360 R(The)6.074 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.574 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.324 G 1.074(riable may be).25 F -(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 331.2 Q -(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 348 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 372 Q +(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 388.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87 -364.8 Q F0(A)108 376.8 Q F2(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or \ +405.6 Q F0(A)108 417.6 Q F2(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or \ more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.85 F F1(;)2.849 E F0 (,)A F1(&)2.849 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.849 E F0 2.849(,o)C(r)-2.849 E F1(||) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,a)C .349(nd option-)-2.849 F -(ally terminated by one of)108 388.8 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 +(ally terminated by one of)108 429.6 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .96 -(Of these list operators,)108 405.6 R F1(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(||) +(Of these list operators,)108 446.4 R F1(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(||) 3.46 E F0(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15 F .961(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F1(&)3.461 E F0 3.461 (,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F -(dence.)108 417.6 Q 2.5(As)108 434.4 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E +(dence.)108 458.4 Q 2.5(As)108 475.2 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E (wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 (instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 -(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 451.2 R F1(&) -2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 +(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 492 R F1(&)2.529 +E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 (cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 -(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 463.2 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375 +(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 504 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375 (shell does not w)2.875 F .375 (ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376 -(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 475.2 R F1(;)3.349 E F0 .849 +(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 516 R F1(;)3.349 E F0 .849 (are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return) -5.848 F(status is the e)108 487.2 Q(xit status of the last command e) --.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \ -of one of more pipelines separated by the)108 504 R F1(&&)3.437 E F0 -(and)3.437 E F1(||)3.437 E F0 .937(control operators,)3.437 F(respecti) -108 516 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E +5.848 F(status is the e)108 528 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences of on\ +e of more pipelines separated by the)108 544.8 R F1(&&)3.437 E F0(and) +3.437 E F1(||)3.437 E F0 .937(control operators,)3.437 F(respecti)108 +556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G -2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 532.8 Q F1(&&) -2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 549.6 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) +2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 573.6 Q F1(&&) +2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 590.4 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e) -2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 566.4 Q F2 -(command1)144 583.2 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 604.8 -Q F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2 +2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 607.2 Q F2 +(command1)144 624 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 645.6 Q +F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2 (command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.) -.15 F .728(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 -616.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 633.6 Q F0(A)108 645.6 -Q F2(compound command)2.5 E F0(is one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E -(\()108 662.4 Q F2(list)A F0(\))A F2(list)17.11 E F0 .011(is e)2.511 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) --.4 F F4 .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo) -2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 674.4 S 1.064(riable assignments and b) -1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F -3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef) -144 686.4 Q(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E -(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.) -A({)108 703.2 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)3.89 E F0 .401 -(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401(cuted in the current shell en) -.15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list)5.401 E F0 .402 -(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215 -(semicolon. This)144 715.2 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F2 -(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 -(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list) -3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 727.2 R 2.719(et) --.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1 -(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 -E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 -(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(4)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +657.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 674.4 Q F0(A)108 686.4 +Q F2 1.053(compound command)3.553 F F0 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F +3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0 +1.054(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be) +-3.554 F 1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) +108 698.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 +F 1.026(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.3) +72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(4)195.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.1(wo)144 84 S .257(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257 -(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w) --2.756 F .256(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256 -(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list) -2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(\(\()108 112.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 -124.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F --.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F -2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .052(ARITHMETIC EV) -2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 136.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0 .411(If the v)4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is \ -non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F -(is 1.)144 148.8 Q(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G -(lent to).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F4(")A F0(.)A F4([[)108 165.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F4(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 -(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 177.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G +-.35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)17.11 +E F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F +.011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011 +(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo)2.262 E(w\).)-.25 +E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.064(riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064 +(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se) +-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q +(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E +(xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E +F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)3.89 E F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list)5.401 +E F0 .402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F +3.215(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 +F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) +3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.719(et) +-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.719 E +F0(and)2.719 E F3(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F3({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F3(}) +2.719 E F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E +F0 .22(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S +.257(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757 +(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256 +(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F +(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 +(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 +189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1 +-.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.552(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-2.552 E F2 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E +(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.911 F +.411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status\ + is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 +E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 +(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex) +2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)3.8 G (pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 -(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 189.6 R +(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R 4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F2(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 -F(SIONS)144 201.6 Q F3(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 +F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F -F4([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 213.6 Q F4(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 +F3([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 (ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) -.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 -(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 225.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G +(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 -(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F4<ad66>3.581 E F0 -(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 237.6 Q -(When used with)144 255.6 Q F4([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F4(<)2.5 E -F0(and)2.5 E F4(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F3<ad66>3.581 E F0 +(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q +(When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E (xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 -273.6 R F4(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F4(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ +350.4 R F3(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) -3.002 F 1.224(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 -285.6 R 3.724(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F4 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.725 -(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.725 E F0 6.225(.I)C 3.725(ft)-6.225 G 1.225 -(he shell)-3.725 F(option)144 297.6 Q F4(nocasematch)3.405 E F0 .904 -(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.405 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.904(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.751(characters. The)144 309.6 -R .251(return v)2.751 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F -F4(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 F -F4(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .252(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.5(1o)144 321.6 S -2.5(therwise. An)-2.5 F 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \ -to force it to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 -(An additional binary operator)144 339.6 R(,)-.4 E F4(=~)2.743 E F0 +3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 +362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) +-.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) +-3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.007 +(shell option were enabled.)3.507 F(The)6.007 E F3(=)3.507 E F0 1.007 +(operator is equi)3.507 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.007(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.507 +E F0 6.007(.I)C 3.507(ft)-6.007 G 1.007(he shell option)-3.507 F F3 +(nocase-)3.506 E(match)144 386.4 Q F0 .198 +(is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.698 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.198(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.198 E 1.068 +(return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3 +(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F +F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) +144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\ + quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 +(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 -(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F4(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E -F4(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 +(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E +F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 -351.6 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 -(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 363.6 R F1 +440.4 R 1.953(xtended re)-.15 F 1.953(gular e)-.15 F 1.953 +(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 -(otherwise. If)144 375.6 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346 +(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F -(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 387.6 S -.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F4(nocasematch) +(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S +.666(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F3(nocasematch) 3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F --.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .378(the case of alphabetic characters.) -144 399.6 R(An)5.378 E 2.878(yp)-.15 G .378 -(art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.878 F -.265(as a string.)144 411.6 R .265 -(Substrings matched by parenthesized sube)5.265 F .265 -(xpressions within the re)-.15 F .265(gular e)-.15 F .265(xpression are) --.15 F(sa)144 423.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G -.597(he array v)-3.097 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E -(TCH)-.855 E F3(.)A F0 .597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G -(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s) --3.097 E .049(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 435.6 -R .049(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 -F F2 -.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 447.6 Q -(x)-.15 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E -F1(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 465.6 R .786 +-.05(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.) +144 488.4 R(An)5.593 E 3.093(yp)-.15 G .592 +(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2 +E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 +(et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016 +(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.436(,s)-.65 +G 1.936 +(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436 +F 4.435(ets. If)-.1 F 1.935(the pattern is)4.435 F .264 +(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .264(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 +(ariable e)-.25 F .265 +(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.774(as)144 +536.4 S 3.774(tring. Substrings)-3.774 F 1.274 +(matched by parenthesized sube)3.774 F 1.273(xpressions within the re) +-.15 F 1.273(gular e)-.15 F 1.273(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F +(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 +.597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E +F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049 +(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049 +(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 F F2 +-.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x) +-.15 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1 +(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 -477.6 Q F4(\()144 495.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F4(\)) -2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 507.6 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) +602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) +2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F -(operators.)180 519.6 Q F4(!)144 531.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) --.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 543.6 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 555.6 S(pr).2 E -(ession1)-.37 E F4(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 567.6 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) +(operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) +-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E +(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) -.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) -2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 579.6 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F4(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 591.6 S(ue if either).35 +2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) -.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 608.4 Q F4(&&)3.64 E F0 -(and)3.64 E F4(||)3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 -G(luate).25 E F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 -(if the v)3.641 F 1.141(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E +.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(5)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F1(||) +3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 +(if the v)3.641 F 1.141(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E (ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F -(determine the return v)144 620.4 Q(alue of the entire conditional e) --.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F4 -.25(fo)108 637.2 S(r).25 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 -2.5([[)2.5 G F4(in)A F0([)2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(]];])2.5 G F4(do)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F4(done)2.5 E F0 .424 -(The list of w)144 649.2 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.924 +(determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E +(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5 +([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424 +(The list of w)144 124.8 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F -.423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to) -2.923 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 661.2 R F1(list) +.423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to) +2.923 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) 3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F -.653(If the)5.653 F F4(in)3.153 E F1(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 -(is omitted, the)3.153 F F4 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) -144 673.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(list)3.149 E F0 .648 -(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F2 -.666 -(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)-.25 E .153 -(The return status is the e)144 685.2 R .153 +.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) +144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648 +(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).) +-.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 (xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 (cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F -(follo)144 697.2 Q(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.5 E F0 +(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(5)190.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 6 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 -E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236 -(First, the arithmetic e)144 96 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G -(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E +F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 +E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) +144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 (luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.735 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 108 R(ALU) --1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561 -(The arithmetic e)5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F -.592(it e)144 120 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592 -(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 +(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e) +5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e) +3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 +225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F +F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 (luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) 3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 -132 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F +237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G 2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G -.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 144 R .228(alue is the e) --.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2(list)2.728 E F0 -.227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f).15 F .227 -(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 E -.15(ex) -144 156 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1(select)108 -172.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .432 -(The list of w)144 184.8 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.932 -E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F -.433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 -(is printed on the standard error)144 196.8 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 +.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 249.6 R .228 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) +.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 +E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 +(select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 +.432(The list of w)144 290.4 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) +2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) +-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 +(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) -3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 (is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) -144 208.8 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 +144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) -2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 220.8 R .213 +2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 (If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 -F 1.537(played w)144 232.8 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) +F 1.537(played w)144 338.4 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) -.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) -.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 -F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 244.8 R 2.566 +F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.566 (ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) 5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 -F F2(name)144 256.8 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972 +F F2(name)144 362.4 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972 (The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt) -3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E F4 (.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 268.8 R F1(br) +.973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) 2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F -(last command e)144 280.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E +(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 297.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 309.6 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 +2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 (command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596 -(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 321.6 R .595(xpansion \(see) +(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see) -.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E 3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144 -333.6 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092 +439.2 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092 (xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268 -(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 345.6 R -.25 +(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25 (va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G -1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 357.6 R +1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 463.2 R .353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353 (xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517 -(tution, and process substitution.)144 369.6 R 1.517 +(tution, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R 1.517 (If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516 (is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re) -144 381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346 +144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347 -(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 393.6 Q F2(list) +(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 499.2 Q F2(list) 2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the) 2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277 (operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F -.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 405.6 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0 +.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 511.2 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0 .849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0 -(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 417.6 R .078 +(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 523.2 R .078 (xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078 (in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077 (causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F -.227(the statement, if an)144 429.6 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e) +.227(the statement, if an)144 535.2 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e) .65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727 E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e) -5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 441.6 +5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 458.4 Q F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 E -F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 -E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 470.4 Q F1 -(if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E +F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) +2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 -E F0 1.087(is e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 +E F0 1.087(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 (cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) 3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F -.104(command completes.)144 494.4 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) +.104(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) --.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 506.4 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while) -108 523.2 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 -(done)2.5 E(until)108 535.2 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 547.2 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 +628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 +(done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 +(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F2(list-1)144 559.2 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 571.2 R +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ted;).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 -E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 583.2 S .205(it status.).15 +E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .205(it status.).15 F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 (and)2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 595.2 S(cuted in).15 +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 612 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A) -108 624 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) +141.79 E(6)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 (is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 (reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 (coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) -108 636 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G -.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 648 S 2.5(yp).1 G +108 108 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G (ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) -108 664.8 Q F1(copr)144 681.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 +108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 -E F0(])A .922(This creates a coprocess named)108 698.4 R F2 -.27(NA) -3.422 G(ME).27 E F0 5.922(.I)C(f)-5.922 E F2 -.27(NA)3.422 G(ME).27 E F0 -.923(is not supplied, the def)3.422 F .923(ault name is)-.1 F F2(COPR) -3.423 E(OC)-.4 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.923 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 -(must not be supplied if)108 710.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 +E F0(])A .708(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA) +3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 +.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR) +3.209 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.709 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 +(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 -722.4 S .163(rd of the simple command.).1 F .163(When the coproc is e) -5.163 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .163(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F -.163(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.663 E F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(6)190.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(belo)108 84 Q .512(w\) named)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.27 -(NA)3.012 G(ME).27 E F0 .512(in the conte)3.012 F .511(xt of the e)-.15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .511(cuting shell.).15 F .511(The standard output of) -5.511 F F1(command)3.211 E F0 .511(is connected)3.781 F .81 -(via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .811 -(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 -(NA)3.311 G(ME).27 E F0 3.311([0]. The)B .717(standard input of)108 108 -R F1(command)3.417 E F0 .716 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)3.987 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .716(cuting shell, and that \214le).15 F .702 -(descriptor is assigned to)108 120 R F1 -.27(NA)3.202 G(ME).27 E F0 -3.202([1]. This)B .703(pipe is established before an)3.203 F 3.203(yr) --.15 G .703(edirections speci\214ed by the com-)-3.203 F 1.184 -(mand \(see)108 132 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.684 E F0(belo) -3.434 E 3.684(w\). The)-.25 F 1.183 -(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.684 F 1.183 -(guments to shell commands)-.18 F 1.796 -(and redirections using standard w)108 144 R 1.796(ord e)-.1 F 4.297 -(xpansions. The)-.15 F 1.797(process ID of the shell spa)4.297 F 1.797 -(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.797(cute the).15 F .483 -(coprocess is a)108 156 R -.25(va)-.2 G .483(ilable as the v).25 F .483 -(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27(NA)2.983 G(ME).27 E F0 -2.983(_PID. The)B/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(wait)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G -.483(iltin command may be used to).2 F -.1(wa)108 168 S -(it for the coprocess to terminate.).1 E -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 184.8 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 201.6 -Q F0 2.697(As)108 213.6 S .198 -(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G -.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 225.6 S .5 -.25(ew s) --2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E -(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(name)108 242.4 -Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F1(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C -(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F3(function)108 254.4 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 -([\(\)])2.5 E F1(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 -266.4 R F1(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 -(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F3(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F -1.402(If the)6.402 F F3(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 278.4 Q .162 +194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 +(When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44 +(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.671 E 1.171(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA) +3.671 G(ME).27 E F0 1.171(in the conte)3.671 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of) +6.17 F F2(command)3.87 E F0(is)4.44 E 2.029 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.029 +(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27 +(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of) +3.857 F F2(command)4.057 E F0 1.356 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103 +(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27 +(NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103 +(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104 +(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 +R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F +1.271(guments to)-.18 F .515 +(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515 +(ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515 +(\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F +3.637(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.137(process ID of the shell spa)3.637 +F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a) +.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.136(ilable as the v).25 F 1.136(alue of the)-.25 F +-.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 +(_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin command may be used to w).2 E +(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 +(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 +307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1 +G .336(ys returns success.).1 F +(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of) +-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q +F0 2.698(As)108 348 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.698 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 +H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8 +Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C +(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir) +.37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.402(This de\214nes a function named)144 +400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 +(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F +1.403(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.903 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F -(The)5.162 E F1(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) -2.662 F(command)144 290.4 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) -3.354 E F3 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 302.4 +(The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) +2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) +3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F -2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F3 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 -(compound\255command)6.671 E F0 1.671(is e)4.171 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671 -(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(name)4.171 E F0 1.671 -(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 3.008(command. An)144 -326.4 R 3.009(yr)-.15 G .509(edirections \(see)-3.009 F F2(REDIRECTION) -3.009 E F0(belo)2.759 E .509 -(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are)-.25 F .581 -(performed when the function is e)144 338.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.081 -(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.081 G .58 -(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a).15 F .177(synta\ -x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -350.4 R 2.678(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)2.678 G .178(cuted, the).15 F --.15(ex)144 362.4 S .64(it status of a function is the e).15 F .64 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .64 -(cuted in the body).15 F 5.64(.\()-.65 G(See)-5.64 E F2(FUNC-)3.14 E -(TIONS)144 374.4 Q F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 391.2 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 -403.2 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F3(interacti)3.482 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F3(shopt)3.482 E -F0 -.2(bu)108 415.2 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F2 .952(SHELL B) +2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044 +(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2 +(compound\255command)6.67 E F0 1.67(is e)4.17 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671 +(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)4.171 E F0 1.671 +(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 2.753(command. When)144 +460.8 R(in)2.753 E F2 .253(posix mode)2.753 F F0(,)A F2(name)2.753 E F0 +.253(may not be the name of one of the POSIX)2.753 F F2 .252(special b) +2.753 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0(.)A(An)144 472.8 Q 3.241(yr)-.15 G .741 +(edirections \(see)-3.241 F F3(REDIRECTION)3.241 E F0(belo)2.991 E .742 +(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are performed)-.25 F .171 +(when the function is e)144 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cuted. The).15 +F -.15(ex)2.671 G .17 +(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a syntax error).15 +F .704(occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 +496.8 R 3.205(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.205 G .705(cuted, the e).15 +F .705(xit status)-.15 F 1.822(of a function is the e)144 508.8 R 1.821 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.821 +(cuted in the body).15 F 6.821(.\()-.65 G(See)-6.821 E F3(FUNCTIONS) +4.321 E F0(belo)144 520.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 537.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 +549.6 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E +F0 -.2(bu)108 561.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B) 3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952 -(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F3(#)3.451 E +(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 -(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 427.2 R +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 573.6 R .605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) -.15 F F3(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 439.2 Q F0 +.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 585.6 Q F0 1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 -(omments. The)-3.837 F F3(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +(omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 -451.2 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 468 S -.438(OT) -.11 G(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 480 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F +597.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 614.4 S -.438(OT) +.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 626.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 (he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 (ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -492 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 504 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 520.8 -R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288(listed abo) -2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288 -(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 532.8 Q 1.345 -(When the command history e)108 549.6 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 -(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 +638.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 650.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 +667.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 +(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) +2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 679.2 Q 1.345 +(When the command history e)108 696 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 +(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) --.25 F F1(history e)108 561.6 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 -(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F3(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 578.4 Q F1(escape c)2.5 E +-.25 F F2(history e)108 708 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u) +-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 724.8 Q F2(escape c)2.5 E (har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G -(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 595.2 S .474 -(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F3(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 -G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474 -(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F -.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 607.2 -Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053 -(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F3(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553 +(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(7)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 2.974(An)108 84 S .474(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 +5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v) +-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo) +108 96 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053 +(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F1(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553 (wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 -(quoted, the)108 619.2 R F3(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122 +(quoted, the)108 108 R F1(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122 (wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F -(ef)108 631.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 648 R .295 +(ef)108 120 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 136.8 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 660 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 676.8 R .034 +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 +(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 165.6 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 -688.8 S .828(ception of).15 F F3($)3.328 E F0(,)A F3<92>3.328 E F0(,)A -F3(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828 -(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F3(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828 -(he characters)-5.828 F F3($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F3<92>3.328 E F0 +177.6 S .828(ception of).15 F F1($)3.328 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.328 E F0(,)A +F1(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828 +(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F1(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828 +(he characters)-5.828 F F1($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F1<92>3.328 E F0 .827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108 -700.8 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo) -5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 712.8 Q .205 -(wing characters:)-.25 F F3($)2.705 E F0(,)A F3<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F3(") -3.538 E F0(,).833 E F3(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F3(<newline>) +189.6 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo) +5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 201.6 Q .205 +(wing characters:)-.25 F F1($)2.705 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F1(") +3.538 E F0(,).833 E F1(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F1(<newline>) 2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204 (double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081 -(ceding it with a backslash.)108 724.8 R .082(If enabled, history e) -5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F3(!)2.582 E F0 -.082(appearing in double)5.082 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(7)190.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 8 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 84 Q -(The backslash preceding the)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F0 -(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 -100.8 Q F1(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 -H(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ceding it with a backslash.)108 213.6 R .082(If enabled, history e) +5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F1(!)2.582 E F0 +.082(appearing in double)5.082 F(quotes is escaped using a backslash.) +108 225.6 Q(The backslash preceding the)5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 242.4 Q F1(*)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 -117.6 S .212(rds of the form).8 F F1($)2.712 E F0<08>A/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C .211(re treated specially) --2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .211 -(xpands to)-.15 F F3(string)2.711 E F0 2.711(,w)C .211 -(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604 -(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 129.6 R .605 +259.2 S .212(rds of the form).8 F F1($)2.712 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 +2.712<0861>C .211(re treated specially)-2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211 +(he w)-5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .211(xpands to)-.15 F F2(string)2.711 E +F0 2.711(,w)C .211(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604 +(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 271.2 R .605 (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) -108 141.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 153.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1 -(\\b)144 165.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\e)144 177.6 Q(\\E)144 189.6 Q -F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 201.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E -F1(\\n)144 213.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 -225.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 237.6 Q F0(horizontal tab) -29.89 E F1(\\v)144 249.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\) -144 261.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1<5c08>144 273.6 Q F0(single quote) -30.44 E F1(\\")144 285.6 Q F0(double quote)27.67 E F1(\\)144 297.6 Q F3 +108 283.2 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 295.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1 +(\\b)144 307.2 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\e)144 319.2 Q(\\E)144 331.2 Q +F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 343.2 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E +F1(\\n)144 355.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 +367.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 379.2 Q F0(horizontal tab) +29.89 E F1(\\v)144 391.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\) +144 403.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1<5c08>144 415.2 Q F0(single quote) +30.44 E F1(\\")144 427.2 Q F0(double quote)27.67 E F1(\\)144 439.2 Q F2 (nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v) --.25 E(alue)-.25 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x) -144 309.6 Q F3(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F3(HH)2.5 E F0 +-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x) +144 451.2 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 -(\\u)144 321.6 Q F3(HHHH)A F0 1.507 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 333.6 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 345.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 357.6 Q F3(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 369.6 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 381.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\))-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 393.6 Q F3(x)A F0 2.5(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5 -E F3(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 410.4 Q(xpanded result is single-\ -quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 -427.2 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1 -($)A F0(")A F3(string)A F0 .14 +(\\u)144 463.2 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 475.2 R 1.506 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 487.2 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 499.2 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 511.2 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.048 E(HHH)180 523.2 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 535.2 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5 +E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 552 Q(xpanded result is single-qu\ +oted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 +568.8 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1 +($)A F0(")A F2(string)A F0 .14 ("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495 -(to the current locale.)108 439.2 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495 +(to the current locale.)108 580.8 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495 F F1(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 (he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496 -F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 451.2 Q/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 468 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 480 Q F3 -(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F -3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F3(name)3.342 E F0 3.342 +F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 592.8 Q/F4 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 609.6 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 621.6 Q +F2(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F +3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F2(name)3.342 E F0 3.342 (,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E 3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842 -(ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 492 R 3.323 -(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 -5.823(.A)C F3(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)3.503 -F F3(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823(riable has a).25 -F F3(value)108 504 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869 F F3(attrib)2.869 E -(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 +(ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 633.6 R +3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E +F0 5.823(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a) +3.503 F F2(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823 +(riable has a).25 F F2(value)108 645.6 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869 +F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 (utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -(belo)108 516 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 532.8 +(belo)108 657.6 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 674.4 S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754 (alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F 2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005 -F(may be unset only by using the)108 544.8 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 561.6 Q F3(variable)2.79 E F0 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 578.4 -Q F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 595.2 Q F3(value)3.023 E F0 .233 +F(may be unset only by using the)108 686.4 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 703.2 Q F2(variable)2.79 E F0 +(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F2(name)144 720 Q +F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E +(8)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)3.023 E F0 .233 (is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F3(values)3.022 +(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F1(values)3.022 E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 607.2 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 +F .515(and v)108 96 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E F2(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 619.2 Q 2.699 -(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 -(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F3(value) -2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 +-3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 108 +Q 2.699(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F/F3 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then) +-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 (luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 631.2 R .901 -(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F +(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 120 R .901 +(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902 -(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 643.2 R -1.179(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 -(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.178(Special P) +(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 132 R 1.179 +(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.178(Special P) 3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178 -(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 655.2 R 1.148 -(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F1 -(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.649 -E F0(,)A F1(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 667.2 S(adonly).18 E F0 -2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(local)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands.).2 E -.377(In the conte)108 684 R .377 +(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 144 R 1.148 +(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F3 +(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.649 +E F0(,)A F3(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 156 S(adonly).18 E F0 +2.63(,a)C(nd)-2.63 E F3(local)2.63 E F0 -.2(bu)2.63 G .13 +(iltin commands.).2 F .13(When in)5.13 F F1 .129(posix mode)2.629 F F0 +2.629(,t)C .129(hese b)-2.629 F .129 +(uiltins may appear in a command after)-.2 F +(one or more instances of the)108 168 Q F3(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin and retain these assignment statement properties.).2 E .376 +(In the conte)108 184.8 R .376 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 -(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 +(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 (x, the +=)-.15 F .257 -(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 696 R(ariable') +(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 196.8 R(ariable') -.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When) --.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .361 -(for which the)108 708 R F3(inte)2.861 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) -2.861 E .361(ute has been set,)-.2 F F3(value)2.861 E F0 .361(is e)2.861 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .36(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .36 -(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 720 S(riable').25 E 2.888 -(sc)-.55 G .388(urrent v)-2.888 F .388(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389(+= is applied to an array v) -2.889 F .389(ariable using compound)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(8)190.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .186(assignment \(see)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)2.686 -E F0(belo)2.686 E .186(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G -.185(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.685 -(wv)-.25 G .185(alues are)-2.935 F 1.384(appended to the array be)108 96 -R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.885(sm)-.55 G -1.385(aximum inde)-3.885 F 3.885(x\()-.15 G 1.385(for inde)-3.885 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.885(da).15 G 1.385(rrays\) or)-3.885 F .123 -(added as additional k)108 108 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .123 +-.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .36 +(for which the)108 208.8 R F1(inte)2.86 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) +2.86 E .36(ute has been set,)-.2 F F1(value)2.86 E F0 .361(is e)2.861 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .361(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .361 +(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 220.8 S(riable').25 E +2.889(sc)-.55 G .389(urrent v)-2.889 F .389(alue, which is also e)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389 +(+= is applied to an array v)2.889 F .388(ariable using compound)-.25 F +.185(assignment \(see)108 232.8 R F3(Arrays)2.685 E F0(belo)2.685 E .185 +(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185 +(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.686(wv) +-.25 G .186(alues are)-2.936 F 1.385(appended to the array be)108 244.8 +R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.884(sm)-.55 G +1.384(aximum inde)-3.884 F 3.884(x\()-.15 G 1.384(for inde)-3.884 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 3.884(da).15 G 1.384(rrays\) or)-3.884 F .122 +(added as additional k)108 256.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .122 (alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.123(.W)-.65 G .122(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .122(alued v) --.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)2.622 E F0(is e)108 -120 Q(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G -(alue.)-2.75 E F1 -.2(Po)87 136.8 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0 -(A)108 148.8 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is \ -a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit \ -0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 -(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 160.8 R 2.944(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 172.8 Q F1 -(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ - parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F -(The)5.834 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a\ - shell function is e)108 184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333(cuted \(see).15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo)2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E +5.123(.W)-.65 G .123(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .123(alued v) +-.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.623 E F0(is e)108 268.8 Q +(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G +(alue.)-2.75 E 3.383(Av)108 285.6 S .883(ariable can be assigned the) +-3.633 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 +(ute using the)-.2 F F3<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 +(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.382 E F3(local)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 +G .882(iltin com-).2 F .315(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 297.6 R +F3(declar)2.815 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.815 E F3(local)2.815 E F0(belo)2.815 +E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.816 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.816(,o)C +2.816(rar)-2.816 G .316(eference to another v)-2.816 F(ari-)-.25 E 3.335 +(able. This)108 309.6 R(allo)3.335 E .835(ws v)-.25 F .835 +(ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.835(.W)-.65 G(hene) +-5.835 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.335(rt).15 G .835(he nameref v)-3.335 F .835 +(ariable is referenced or)-.25 F .021 +(assigned to, the operation is actually performed on the v)108 321.6 R +.021(ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.522 +(sv)-.55 G 2.522(alue. A)-2.772 F .819 +(nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 +333.6 R .818(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E +.131(ment to the function.)108 345.6 R -.15(Fo)5.131 G 2.631(ri).15 G +.131(nstance, if a v)-2.631 F .132 +(ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 F +.132(gument, run-)-.18 F(ning)108 357.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +(declare -n ref=$1)144 375.6 Q F0 .303 +(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 393.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3 +-.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v)-.25 +F .302(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E 3.318 +(ment. References)108 405.6 R .818(and assignments to)3.318 F F3 -.18 +(re)3.318 G(f).18 E F0 .818 +(are treated as references and assignments to the v)3.318 F .818 +(ariable whose)-.25 F .275(name w)108 417.6 R .275(as passed as)-.1 F F3 +($1)2.775 E F0 5.275(.I)C 2.775(ft)-5.275 G .275(he control v)-2.775 F +.275(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)2.775 G(r).25 E F0 .275 +(loop has the nameref attrib)2.775 F .274(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .274 +(ords can)-.1 F .354(be a list of shell v)108 429.6 R .354 +(ariables, and a name reference will be established for each w)-.25 F +.355(ord in the list, in turn, when)-.1 F .086(the loop is e)108 441.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.586(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)2.586 G .086 +(riables cannot be gi).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(nt).15 G(he)-2.586 E F3 +<ad6e>2.586 E F0(attrib)2.585 E 2.585(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G .885 -.4(r, n).15 H .085(ameref v).4 F .085(ariables can ref-) +-.25 F .883(erence array v)108 453.6 R .883 +(ariables and subscripted array v)-.25 F 3.383(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F +.883(can be unset using the)3.383 F F3<ad6e>3.383 E F0 .884 +(option to the)3.383 F F3(unset)108 465.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.558 G 2.558 +(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)2.558 E F3(unset)2.558 E F0 .058(is e)2.558 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .058(cuted with the name of a nameref v).15 F .057 +(ariable as an ar)-.25 F .057(gument, the v)-.18 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able referenced by the nameref v)108 477.6 Q(ariable will be unset.) +-.25 E F3 -.2(Po)87 494.4 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 +506.4 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is a param\ +eter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0.)3.935 +F(Posi-)5.706 E .445(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 +518.4 R 2.944(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the) +108 530.4 Q F3(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F +.834(Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment state\ +ments.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily r\ +eplaced when a shell function is e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333 +(cuted \(see).15 F F2(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo)2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digi\ -t is e)108 201.6 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F -(braces \(see)108 213.6 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F1(Special P)87 230.4 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675 -(The shell treats se)108 242.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 +t is e)108 559.2 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F +(braces \(see)108 571.2 Q F2(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E +(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 588 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675 +(The shell treats se)108 600 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 (ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 (hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 254.4 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 266.4 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .084 -(ble quotes, it e)144 278.4 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084 -(ord with the v)-.1 F .084 -(alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E -.003(acter of the)144 290.4 R F3(IFS)2.503 E F0 .003(special v)2.253 F -2.503(ariable. That)-.25 F .003(is, ")2.503 F F1($*)A F0 2.503("i)C -2.503(se)-2.503 G(qui)-2.503 E -.25(va)-.25 G .003(lent to ").25 F F1 -($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F2(c)2.703 E F0 -.004(is the \214rst char)2.813 F(-)-.2 E .769(acter of the v)144 302.4 R -.769(alue of the)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.269 E F0 -.25(va)3.019 G 3.269 -(riable. If).25 F F3(IFS)3.268 E F0 .768 -(is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.)3.018 F(If)5.768 E F3 -(IFS)144 314.4 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv) -2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 326.4 Q F0 .605 +(them is not allo)108 612 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 624 Q F0 .223 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .224 +(When the e)5.224 F .224(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .663 +(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 636 R .662 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.081(those w)144 648 R 1.081 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.082(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.582(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.082(the e)3.582 F(xpansion)-.15 E +.915(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 660 R .914 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .914(ord with the v)-.1 F .914 +(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .89 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 672 R F2(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 +(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .891(is, ")3.391 F F3($*)A +F0 3.391("i)C 3.391(se)-3.391 G(qui)-3.391 E -.25(va)-.25 G .891 +(lent to ").25 F F3($1)A F1(c)A F3($2)A F1(c)A F3(...)A F0(",)A(where) +144 684 Q F1(c)3.533 E F0 .832(is the \214rst character of the v)3.643 F +.832(alue of the)-.25 F F2(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332 +(riable. If).25 F F2(IFS)3.332 E F0 .832(is unset, the parameters are) +3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 696 Q(If)5 E F2(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E +(ening separators.)-.15 E F3(@)108 708 Q F0 .605 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606 (When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 -(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 338.4 R .114(xpands to a separate w) --.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F1($@)A F0 2.613("i)C -2.613(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F1 -($1)A F0 2.613("")C F1($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 -(If the double-quoted e)144 350.4 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 -F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135 +(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 720 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 +F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F3($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 +(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F3($1)A F0 +2.613("")C F3($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 +Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(9)195.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .134(If the double-quoted e)144 84 R .134 +(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .151(with the be)144 -362.4 R .151(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e) --.1 F .15(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 -(the last part of the original w)144 374.4 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 -(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F1($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) --2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E -(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 386.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 398.4 Q F0 +96 R .151(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 +F .15(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 +(the last part of the original w)144 108 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 +(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($@) +A F0 2.838("a)C(nd)-2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E +(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 120 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 132 Q F0 (Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?) -108 410.4 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e) +108 144 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 -422.4 Q F0 .882 +156 Q F0 .882 (Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881 (iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 -434.4 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 446.4 Q F0 .214 +168 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 180 Q F0 .214 (Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214 (In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 (xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F -(shell, not the subshell.)144 458.4 Q F1(!)108 470.4 Q F0 -(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 482.4 Q F0 -1.692(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.691 -(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F1(bash)4.191 E -F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 494.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577 -(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F1($0)3.077 E F0 .578 -(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F1(bash)3.078 E -F0 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F1<ad63>3.078 E F0 .369 -(option, then)144 506.4 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369 -(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E -(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214le name used to in)144 518.4 Q -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25 -(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E -F1(_)108 530.4 Q F0 .054 -(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo) --.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .055(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .692(as passed in the en)144 542.4 R .692 +(shell, not the subshell.)144 192 Q F1(!)108 204 Q F0 .499(Expands to t\ +he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\ +her e)32.67 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E +(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 216 Q F1(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 +E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(0)108 228 Q F0 1.691 +(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.692 +(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F1(bash)4.192 E +F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 240 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578 +(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F1($0)3.078 E F0 .578 +(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F1(bash)3.077 E +F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F1<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368 +(option, then)144 252 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar) +2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 +(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E(-)-.2 E +(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 264 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H +2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(_)108 276 +Q F0 .055(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054(he shell or shell script being e).1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691(as passed in the en)144 288 R .691 (vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E -3.191(,e)-.65 G .691(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .691(gument to the) --.18 F(pre)144 554.4 Q .57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07 +3.191(,e)-.65 G .692(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the) +-.18 F(pre)144 300 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071 (xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F --.2(vo)-.4 G .771 -.1(ke e).2 H .571(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 566.4 -S 1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 +-.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e).2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 312 S +1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 (xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F (parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 -578.4 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1(Shell V)87 595.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 -607.2 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 624 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214le name used to in)9.07 E +324 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1(Shell V)87 340.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 +352.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) +108 369.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A -F1 -.3(BA)108 636 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 648 S .049 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) +F1 -.3(BA)108 381.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 393.6 S .049 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad73>2.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 660 R -F1(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad73>2.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 405.6 +R F1(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144 672 -R F3 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as)2.726 F -F2(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977(ft) --5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment) --.4 E(when)144 684 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell opti\ -on in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G -.641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 696 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(9)190.955 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 10 10 +3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477(appearing in)144 +417.6 R F2 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) +2.727 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 +E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976(ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476 +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 429.6 Q F1(bash) +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 +F(This v)144 441.6 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +453.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 +465.6 R F1(bash)2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187 +(fers from)-.25 F F1($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F +(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 477.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 489.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E +F0 1.195(An associati)144 501.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) +.15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\ +iases as main-)-.25 F .025(tained by the)144 513.6 R F1(alias)2.524 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024 +(added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-) +2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 +(df).15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 537.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E +F0 .934(An array v)144 549.6 R .934(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F +F1(bash)3.435 E F0 -.15(exe)144 561.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F +.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ +n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 573.6 S .141(cuted with).15 F F1(.) +2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F1(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa) +-2.641 G 2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 +(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.631(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +585.6 R F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.63 +(only when in)4.88 F -.15(ex)144 597.6 S(tended deb).15 E +(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E +F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E +(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 609.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144 +621.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) +-.25 F F1(bash)3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F +(The)5.98 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at th\ +e top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 633.6 R +1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 645.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) +6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 +(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 +657.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F2 -.27(BA) +4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb) +-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 669.6 Q +F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 681.6 S(SH_CMDS).3 E +F0 .667(An associati)144 693.6 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667(rray v).15 F +.668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of com\ +mands)-.25 F .147(as maintained by the)144 705.6 R F1(hash)2.647 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F .146 +(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F +(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 +(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(10)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .187 -(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 96 R F1(bash)2.687 E F0 -2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188(fers from)-.25 F F1($$) -2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F -(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 -1.195(An associati)144 132 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F -1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases \ -as main-)-.25 F .024(tained by the)144 144 R F1(alias)2.524 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024 -(added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-) -2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) -.15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 168 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 -.935(An array v)144 180 R .935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 -(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 192 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 -(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\ - script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 204 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.)2.642 E F0 -(or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)-2.642 G -2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 -(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 -(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -216 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.131 G -(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 228 S -(tended deb).15 E(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1 -(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 240 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98 -(An array v)144 252 R .979 -(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash) -3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F(The)5.979 E -.275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the\ - stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 264 R 1.424 -(call is at the bottom.)144 276 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 -F F2 -.27(BA)144 288 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets) -6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F -2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F -(description of the)144 300 Q F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the) -2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3 -(BA)108 312 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 324 R .968 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ - the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .146(as maintained by the) -144 336 R F1(hash)2.646 E F0 -.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F -.146(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F -(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 -(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 360 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E -F0 1.243(The command currently being e)144 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 -(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 -(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 +(The command currently being e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 -384 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 -396 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 408 Q +108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +120 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 132 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 420 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692 -(An array v)144 432 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 444 R -F2(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) --3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 456 R F1 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 -E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 468 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F4($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 +(An array v)144 156 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 168 +R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469 +(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E +(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .97 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 180 R F1 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 +E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G +17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F1(${B)144 192 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F3($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 (if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 -480 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 492 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005 -(An array v)144 504 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the) --.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.506 -E F0 .006(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 516 R .007 -(element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) --.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 528 R(x)-.15 E -F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F -F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 -(sion. This)144 540 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1 -.3(BA)108 552 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 564 R .125(ar\ +204 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 216 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006 +(An array v)144 228 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the) +-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 +E F0 .005(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 240 R .007 +(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 252 R(x)-.15 E +F3(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F +F3(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 +(sion. This)144 264 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1 -.3(BA)108 276 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 288 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ -shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 576 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 300 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A -F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 588 Q F1(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 600 S -(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .402 -(Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell en)144 612 R .401 -(vironment is spa)-.4 F 2.901(wned. The)-.15 F .401(initial v)2.901 F -.401(alue is)-.25 F(0.)144 624 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 636 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 -2.644(Ar)144 648 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 +(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F3($i)A F1(]})A +F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 312 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F3($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 +.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 336 R +.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 348 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) +2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 360 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645 +(Ar)144 372 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 -(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 660 S +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144 +(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 384 S (lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 -(BA)144 678 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 -(BA)144 690 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) -144 702 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 714 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A -F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(10)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1 -(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 96 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1(])A -F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE) --.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 108 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 -(Expands to a string describing the v)144 120 Q +(BA)144 402 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 +(BA)144 414 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F3(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) +144 426 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 438 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A +F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 450 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E +F3(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 462 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1 +(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 474 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 486 Q (ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 -132 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 144 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E +498 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 510 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 156 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 522 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 168 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 180 Q F0(The k)144 192 Q .3 +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 534 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 546 Q F0(The k)144 558 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 -H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 204 Q F0 1.208 -(The current command line.)144 216 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 570 Q F0 1.207 +(The current command line.)144 582 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F -2.848(mands in)144 228 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F +2.849(mands in)144 594 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 (yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F0(belo)144 240 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 252 Q F0 .667(The inde) -144 264 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666 -(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(belo)144 606 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 618 Q F0 .666(The inde) +144 630 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 +(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 (ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 -F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 +F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -276 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 288 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15 -F(in)144 300 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +642 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 654 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15 +F(in)144 666 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 -312 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 324 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ +678 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 690 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) --.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 336 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 -2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f) -C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t) --.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 348 Q F0 4.091(,f)C 1.591 -(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np) --4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092 +-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 702 R F3 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 +2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F3(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f) +C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H(abs,).15 E F3(!)144 714 Q F0 4.092(,f)C 1.592 +(or listing alternati)-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np) +-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F3(@)4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092 -F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 360 R F2(%)4.053 E +F 1.591(ord is not)-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 726 R F3(%)4.052 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 -(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 372 S 2.928 -(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 -(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 -384 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 396 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 -1.336(The set of characters that the)144 408 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) -144 420 R F3(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G -(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 432 Q F1(COMP_W)108 444 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F0 .654(An array v)144 456 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E -F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) --.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 468 R +(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(11)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S 2.929(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429(yt)-5.429 G 2.929 +(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929(acilities \(see)-.1 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 96 Q F0 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 108 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 1.335 +(The set of characters that the)144 120 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G(adline).18 +E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) +144 132 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G +(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 144 Q F1(COMP_W)108 156 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F0 .653(An array v)144 168 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E +F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w) +-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333(line. The)144 180 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 -G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 -(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 -480 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 -(db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) -144 492 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 504 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) -144 516 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E +G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F2 +(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144 +192 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332 +(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f) +144 204 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 216 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v) +144 228 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 528 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 540 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 552 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 240 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 252 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 264 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F -1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 564 R 3.594 -(ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 -(members of this array v)144 576 R 1.432 +1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 276 R 3.594 +(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431 +(members of this array v)144 288 R 1.432 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 588 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E +F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 300 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 -F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 600 R -5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 -(ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 612 Q F1(EUID)108 624 -Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H +F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 312 R +5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F2(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851 +(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 324 Q F1(EUID)108 336 +Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 -(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 636 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 648 Q(AME) --.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 660 R .479 +(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 348 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 360 Q(AME) +-.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 372 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 -(The element with inde)144 672 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 684 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F5 -10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 -(ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .034 -(tion is e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.534(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) -2.535 E F3(FUNCN)2.535 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.285 E .335 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 +(The element with inde)144 384 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 396 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F3 +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 +(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .035 +(tion is e)144 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.535(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +2.535 E F2(FUNCN)2.535 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.285 E .335 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.535(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.535 G .035(ect and return an error status.).25 -F(If)5.035 E F3(FUNC-)2.535 E -.18(NA)144 708 S(ME).18 E F0 +F(If)5.034 E F2(FUNC-)2.534 E -.18(NA)144 420 S(ME).18 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E 3.176(This v)144 726 R 3.176(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 --.3(BA)5.675 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)5.675 E F1 -.3(BA)5.675 G -(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 8.175(.E)C 3.175(ach element of)-8.175 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(11)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)144 84 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 .11 -(has corresponding elements in)2.61 F F1 -.3(BA)2.61 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 -(and)2.61 E F1 -.3(BA)2.61 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .11(to describe)2.61 F -10.057(the call stack.)144 96 R -.15(Fo)15.057 G 12.557(ri).15 G -(nstance,)-12.557 E F1(${FUNCN)12.557 E(AME[)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)12.557 G 12.557(sc).1 G 10.057 -(alled from the \214le)-12.557 F F1(${B)144 108 Q(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2 -($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.091(at line number)3.591 F F1(${B)3.591 E -(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.091(.T)C(he)-6.091 E F1(caller) -3.591 E F0 -.2(bu)3.592 G 1.092(iltin displays).2 F -(the current call stack using this information.)144 120 Q F1(GR)108 132 -Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229(An array v)144 144 R 1.228(ariable containing the\ - list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A) --.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E .596(ments to)144 156 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR) -3.096 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G +-2.5 E .11(This v)144 438 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3 +(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 +E F0 5.111(.E)C .111(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 +450 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA) +3.904 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E +F0 1.404(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 462 R -.15(Fo) +5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E +/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G +.012(alled from the \214le)-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4 +($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184(at line number)144 474 R F1(${B)3.684 E +(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller) +3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.183 +(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F(this information.)144 +486 Q F1(GR)108 498 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 510 R 1.228(ar\ +iable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a memb\ +er)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .597(ments to)144 522 R F2(GR) +3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.097 G .597(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E -F3(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F -(cial properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G -2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 180 -Q F0 .356(The history number)144 192 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G -(nde)-2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 -(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 -(HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +F2(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F +(cial properties, e)144 534 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G +2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 546 +Q F0 .355(The history number)144 558 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)-2.855 G +(nde)-2.855 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 +(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F2 +(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 570 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(HOSTN)108 216 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 -(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 228 Q F1 -(HOSTTYPE)108 240 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ - describes the type of machine on which)144 252 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 -.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 264 R(def) -2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 276 Q F0 1.408(Each\ +(HOSTN)108 582 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 +(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 594 Q F1 +(HOSTTYPE)108 606 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ + describes the type of machine on which)144 618 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0 +.222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 630 R(def) +2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 642 Q F0 1.408(Each\ time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ -ber representing the)144 288 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ -arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 300 R .079 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 312 R .307 -(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E -F3(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F -(special properties, e)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 336 Q +ber representing the)144 654 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ +arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 666 R .078 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 678 R .306 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E +F2(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F +(special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 702 Q (CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ -es the system type on which)144 348 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 360 Q F2 +es the system type on which)144 714 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 726 Q F4 (cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 372 Q F0 .294 -(An array v)144 384 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 -(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 -(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 396 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 -(OLDPWD)108 408 Q F0(The pre)144 420 Q(vious w)-.25 E -(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(OPT)108 432 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 444 R 1.627 -(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 -(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 456 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 468 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 480 R 4.152 -(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F -1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 492 -S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 -504 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 516 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 528 Q(ault is system-dependent.) --.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 540 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 -552 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 -(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 -(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 564 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) +141.79 E(12)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)108 84 Q F0 .293(An array v)144 96 +R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0(belo)2.793 E .293 +(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294(xt read by the)-.15 F F1 +(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 +108 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1(OLDPWD)108 120 Q F0(The pre)144 +132 Q(vious w)-.25 E(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 +(command.)2.5 E F1(OPT)108 144 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 156 R +1.627(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the) +-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 168 S(IL).09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 180 Q F0 +1.651(The inde)144 192 R 4.151(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne) +-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F +F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 +(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 204 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 216 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a s\ +tring that describes the operating system on which)144 228 R F1(bash) +2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def) +144 240 Q(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 252 Q -.95(AT) +-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 264 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 +(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F +(the most-recently-e)144 276 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 -(PPID)108 576 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(PPID)108 288 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1(PWD)108 588 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E +F1(PWD)108 300 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(RANDOM)108 600 Q F0 .565 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 612 R .566 -(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01 -(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 624 -R .01(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) -4.51 E F3(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(RANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .566 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 324 R .565 +(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01 +(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 336 +R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) +4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 660 R +-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 360 Q F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 372 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F3 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(READLINE_POINT)108 684 Q F0 .314 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 696 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 +E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 384 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(READLINE_POINT)108 396 Q F0 .313 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 408 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F3 -(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 708 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(12) -185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)108 84 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 -(Set to the line of input read by the)144 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)-.18 -E F1(SECONDS)108 108 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referenced, \ -the number of seconds since shell in)144 120 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 -(cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 132 R .712 -(alue is assigned to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SECONDS)3.212 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .407 -(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 144 R .408 -(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408 -(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 156 Q -.15(ve) +.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0(\(see)2.814 E F2 +(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 432 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 444 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) +-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 456 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ +ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 468 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 +(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 480 R .712 +(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v) +2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 +F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 492 R .408 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407 +(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 504 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 168 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 180 S -.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 516 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 528 S +.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 192 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F -F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174 -(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E -3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 204 R F2 -(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F4 10 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 540 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F +F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173 +(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E +3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 552 R F2 +(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 -5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 216 Q F1(bash) -3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 -F(This v)144 228 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 240 Q -(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 252 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 264 Q F0 +5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02 +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 564 Q F1(bash) +3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 +F(This v)144 576 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 588 Q +(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 600 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 612 Q F0 (Expands to the user ID of the current user)17.67 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 280.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 628.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 -(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 292.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 309.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 -(If this parameter is set when)144 321.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) -3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506 -(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 333.6 R F4 -(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354(he v)-5.354 F .354 -(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)2.854 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected) -2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 345.6 R .525 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214le name.)144 357.6 Q -F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -(is not used to search for the resultant \214le name.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 369.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 381.6 -R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 -F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F -(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 393.6 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 640.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 657.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +1.193(The v)144 669.6 R 1.193(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F +3.693(sc)-.55 G 1.192(ompatibility le)-3.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.692 +(l. See).15 F 1.192(the description of the)3.692 F F1(shopt)3.692 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.692 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 681.6 Q 2.871(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.871 E +F1 .371(SHELL B)2.871 F(UIL)-.1 E .371(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 +(for a description of the v)2.872 F .372(arious compatibility le)-.25 F +(v-)-.25 E .361(els and their ef)144 693.6 R 2.861(fects. The)-.25 F +-.25(va)2.861 G .361 +(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .36 +(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.75 +(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.751 +(is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le) +144 717.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 +(et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078 +(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is) +4.028 E .248(set to a v)144 729.6 R .248(alue that is not one of the v) +-.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .249 +(ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(13)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 1.12(sets the compatibility le)144 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.62(lt) +.15 G 3.619(ot)-3.62 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119 +(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.619(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.619 G +1.119(lid compatibility le).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .575 +(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 96 R/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.076 G .576 +(iltin described belo).2 F 3.076(w\()-.25 G .576(for e)-3.076 F(xam-) +-.15 E(ple,)144 108 Q F1(compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v) +2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5(alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E +(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 +S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506(If this parameter is set when)144 132 R F1(bash) +3.006 E F0 .506(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505 +(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505 +(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .354 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 144 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.355(.T).31 G .355 +(he v)-5.355 F .355(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.855 G +(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .355(is subjected)2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 156 R +.525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 168 Q F3 +-.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) +108 180 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 192 R +.48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F +(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 +F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 204 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) 5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) --.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F2 -.27(BA)144 -405.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) -2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F2 -.27(BA)2.638 -G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \ -empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error) -144 417.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F2 -.27(BA) -144 429.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error\ - \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F -(standard error being closed.)144 441.6 Q F1(CDP)108 453.6 Q -.95(AT) --.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 465.6 R F1(cd)3.747 -E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 -(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 -(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 477.6 R -F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 -(alue is)-.25 F F5(".:~:/usr")144 489.6 Q F0(.)A F1(COLUMNS)108 501.6 Q -F0 .828(Used by the)144 513.6 R F1(select)3.328 E F0 .829(compound comm\ -and to determine the terminal width when printing selection)3.328 F 2.5 -(lists. Automatically)144 525.6 R(set upon receipt of a)2.5 E F2 -(SIGWINCH)2.5 E F3(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 537.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .848 -(An array v)144 549.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E -F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function) -3.348 F(in)144 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 -G(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acility \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(EMA)108 573.6 -Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 585.6 Q F1(bash)2.535 E F0 .035(\214nds this v) -2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 -(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F5(t)2.536 E -F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ta)-2.536 G .036(ssumes that the)-2.536 F -(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 597.6 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 609.6 Q F0(Similar to) -14.89 E F2 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F3(;)A F0 +-.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 +216 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 +F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ +mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 +228 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144 240 S +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \214le des\ +criptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F +(standard error being closed.)144 252 Q F1(CDP)108 264 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G +(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 276 R F1(cd)3.748 E F0 +3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247 +(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795 +(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 288 R F1 +(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796 +(alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 300 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 312 Q F0 +.997(Set the number of e)144 324 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997 +(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 +(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.497(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.497 E -.25(va)144 336 +S 1.077(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 +(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.078 +(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 348 Q +2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E +F1(COLUMNS)108 360 Q F0 .829(Used by the)144 372 R F1(select)3.329 E F0 +.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ +ection)3.329 F 4.506(lists. Automatically)144 384 R 2.006(set if the) +4.506 F F1(checkwinsize)4.506 E F0 2.007 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.506 F 2.307 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +2.007(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 396 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 408 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .848(An array v) +144 420 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E F0 .848 +(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F +(in)144 432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G +.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F1 +(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785 +(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 +444 Q F1(EMA)108 456 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 468 Q F1(bash)2.536 E F0 .036 +(\214nds this v)2.536 F .036(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 +(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.535 E +F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ta)-2.535 G .035(ssumes that the)-2.535 F +(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 480 Q(uf)-.2 E +(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 492 Q F0(Similar to) +14.89 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0 (used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 621.6 Q F0(The def)144 -633.6 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 645.6 Q F0 2.599(Ac)144 657.6 S .098 -(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 -(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F2 -(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 669.6 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 -(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) --.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 -(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 681.6 Q 2.5 -(As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F5(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(FUNCNEST)108 693.6 Q F0 1.78(If set to a numeric v)144 705.6 R 1.78 +2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 504 Q F0(The def)144 516 Q +(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 +E F1(FIGNORE)108 528 Q F0 2.598(Ac)144 540 S .098 +(olon-separated list of suf)-2.598 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 +(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 +(READLINE)2.599 E F0(belo)144 552 Q 2.705(w\). A)-.25 F .205 +(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .204 +(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 564 Q 2.5(As)5 +G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F4(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 +576 Q F0 1.78(If set to a numeric v)144 588 R 1.78 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.28(l. Function).15 F(in)144 717.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.28(l. Function).15 F(in)144 600 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lw) -.15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 -Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(13)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 14 14 +.15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 +612 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 624 S .618(olon-separated list of patterns de\214\ +ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e)-3.118 F(xpan-) +-.15 E 3.131(sion. 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If).2 F .672(this v) +3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 444 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 -(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ - character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 528 Q -F1(HOME)108 540 Q F0 1.27 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 552 R 1.27(ault ar) --.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 -(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 564 S(lue of this v).25 E -(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(HOSTFILE)108 576 Q F0 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 588 R F4 +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 456 Q +F3(HOME)108 468 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 480 R 1.27(ault ar) +-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F3(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 492 S(lue of this v).25 E +(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F3 +(HOSTFILE)108 504 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 516 R F4 (/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 600 R .551 +.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 528 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 612 R 1.059 -(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 624 Q F0 .138 -(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) --2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 -.138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139(alue, or)-.25 F .518 -(does not name a readable \214le,)144 636 R F1(bash)3.018 E F0 .518 -(attempts to read)3.018 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F0 .517 -(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 648 -Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) -2.25 E F1(IFS)108 660 Q F0(The)20.44 E F4 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555 -(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556 -(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 -F -.1(wo)144 672 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 540 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F3(bash)144 552 Q F0 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 +.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517 +(does not name a readable \214le,)144 564 R F3(bash)3.017 E F0 .517 +(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518 +(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 576 +Q(When)5 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) +2.25 E F3(IFS)108 588 Q F0(The)20.44 E F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556 +(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556 +(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 +F -.1(wo)144 600 S(rds with the).1 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E -(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 684 Q -F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 696 R .803 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 -(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) -144 708 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F3(IGNOREEOF)108 612 Q +F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 624 R .803 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F1(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) +144 636 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 -(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 -(on an input line before)144 720 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 +(on an input line before)144 648 R F3(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(14)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 15 15 +(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 660 Q(alue, the def) +-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E +F1(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F3 +(INPUTRC)108 672 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 684 R F3 -.18(re) +3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) +-.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F1(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 696 Q(w\).)-.25 +E F3(LANG)108 708 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F +1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 +(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E +(starting with)144 720 Q F3(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(15)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(no v)144 84 Q(alue, the def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 -E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EOF)2.5 E F0 -(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(INPUTRC)108 96 Q F0 1.435(The \214lename for the)144 108 R F2 -.18(re) -3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c)-.37 E F0(\(see)5.602 E F1(READLINE)3.936 E F0 -(belo)144 120 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2(LANG)108 132 Q F0 1.24 -(Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739 -(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v) --.15 F(ariable)-.25 E(starting with)144 144 Q F2(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(LC_ALL)108 156 Q F0 .973(This v)144 168 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G .973(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F1(LANG)3.473 E -F0 .973(and an)3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F2(LC_)3.473 E F0 --.25(va)3.473 G .974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 180 -Q(.)-.65 E F2(LC_COLLA)108 192 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 204 R .412 -(ariable determines the collation order used when sorting the results o\ -f pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 -216 R 1.464(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F -(within pathname e)144 228 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2 -(LC_CTYPE)108 240 Q F0 1.936(This v)144 252 R 1.936 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_ALL)108 84 Q F0 .974(This v)144 96 R +.974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974(rrides the v).15 F .973 +(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)3.223 F +3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G .973 +(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 108 Q(.)-.65 E F1 +(LC_COLLA)108 120 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 132 R .412(ariable det\ +ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 144 R 1.465 +(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 +156 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 168 Q F0 +1.935(This v)144 180 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 264 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_MESSA)108 276 Q(GES)-.55 E -F0(This v)144 288 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ -ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F2($)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(LC_NUMERIC) -108 300 Q F0(This v)144 312 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F2(LINES)108 324 Q F0 .054 -(Used by the)5.99 F F2(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command to deter\ -mine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F -(Automatically set upon receipt of a)144 336 Q F1(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(MAIL)108 348 Q F0 1.201 +1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 192 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 204 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 216 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) +108 228 Q F0(This v)144 240 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 252 Q F0 .055 +(Used by the)5.99 F F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command to deter\ +mine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 +(Automatically set if the)144 264 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F2(SIGWINCH)144 276 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 288 Q F0 1.201 (If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)8.78 F -F1(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 -(riable is not set,).25 F F2(bash)3.701 E F0 -(informs the user of the arri)144 360 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 +F2(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 +(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.701 E F0 +(informs the user of the arri)144 300 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F2(MAILCHECK)108 372 Q F0 .098 -(Speci\214es ho)144 384 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) --2.598 F F2(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 312 Q F0 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 324 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) +-2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) 5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 396 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066 -(or set to a v)144 408 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\ - equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F F2(MAILP)108 -420 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.815(Ac)144 432 S .314 -(olon-separated list of \214le names to be check)-2.815 F .314 -(ed for mail.)-.1 F .314(The message to be printed when mail)5.314 F -(arri)144 444 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.42(si).15 G 3.42(nap)-3.42 G .92(artic\ -ular \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214le name from the m\ -essage with a)-3.42 F 2.808(`?'. When)144 456 R .308(used in the te) -2.808 F .308(xt of the message,)-.15 F F2($_)2.808 E F0 -.15(ex)2.808 G -.308(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F(Exam-)5.307 E -(ple:)144 468 Q F2(MAILP)144 480 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A -(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F2(Bash)144 492 Q F0 .388 -(supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F -.388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389 +mpt.)144 336 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066 +(or set to a v)144 348 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\ + equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108 +360 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 372 S .49 +(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 +(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) +144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +\214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 396 Q(xt of the message,) +-.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 +(MAILP)144 408 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 420 Q F0 .389 +(supplies a def)2.889 F .389(ault v)-.1 F .389(alue for this v)-.25 F +.389(ariable, b)-.25 F .388 (ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F -(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 504 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F2($USER)A F0 -(\).)A F2(OPTERR)108 516 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 528 R .39(alue 1,) --.25 F F2(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the) -2.889 F F2(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 -F F1 .359(SHELL B)144 540 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 -(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 552 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) -.15 E F2 -.74(PA)108 564 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 -(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587 +(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 432 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0 +(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 444 Q F0 .389(If set to the v)144 456 R .389 +(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 +(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 468 R(UIL) +-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) +5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 480 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 492 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 +(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .588 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 576 R F1 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) -2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 588 S -.536(lue of).25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 600 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 612 R F2(bash)28.829 E F0 -31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F5 10 -/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 624 -Q F0(.)A F2(POSIXL)108 636 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 648 -R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F2(bash) -2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F F3 .472(posix mode) -2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 660 R F2(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 504 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 516 S +.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 528 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F 26.328(administrator who installs)144 540 R F1(bash)28.828 E F0 +31.329(.A)C 26.329(common v)-2.5 F 26.329(alue is)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 +SF(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 552 +Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 564 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 576 +R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash) +2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 588 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 672 Q F2(bash)2.5 -E F0(enables)2.5 E F3(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) --2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F5(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(PR)108 684 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 -(If set, the v)144 696 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)108 84 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 -.676(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 96 R .676 +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 600 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 624 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) +108 636 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 648 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 108 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 660 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) -3.423 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E -(w\).)-.25 E(Characters remo)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 132 Q F0 .064(The v) +3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 684 Q F0 .065(The v) 19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 144 R +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 696 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 156 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118 -(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) -2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) -5.117 E(def)144 168 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 180 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 708 Q F0 .117(The v)19.33 F .117 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) +2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) +5.118 E(def)144 720 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS3)108 84 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) -3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) -144 192 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 204 Q F0 -.101(The v)19.33 F .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 216 Q F0 .291 -(displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F -.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292 -(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 228 Q 2.5(,t) +3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.115 +(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)144 96 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E +F1(PS4)108 108 Q F0 .1(The v)19.33 F .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 +F .1(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 120 Q F0 .292 +(displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F +.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291 +(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 132 Q 2.5(,t) -.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 240 Q F0 .664 -(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 252 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F -.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663 -(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 264 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 144 Q F0 .663 +(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 156 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F +.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664 +(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 168 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 -G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 276 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144 -288 R .826 +G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 180 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144 +192 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 300 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 -(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 312 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 324 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 342 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 354 Q/F3 10 +3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 204 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 216 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 228 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 246 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 258 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 -E F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 378 Q +E F1(%[)144 270 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 282 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.) -13.34 E F1(%P)144 390 Q F0 +13.34 E F1(%P)144 294 Q F0 (The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87 -(The optional)144 406.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +(The optional)144 310.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) -144 418.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 -(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 430.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 -(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 442.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 459.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) +144 322.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 +(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 334.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3 +(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E +F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 346.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 363.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 471.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001 -(If this v)144 488.4 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E -F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E -(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144 -500.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F -2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494 -(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144 -512.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 524.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 536.4 R .941 -(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941 -(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18 -(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 548.4 Q F1 -(select)2.81 E F0 .31(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F -.611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311 -(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 560.4 -R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v) -.15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1 -(wa)144 572.4 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F -F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546 -(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144 -584.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 596.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 -608.4 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 -(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 620.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 632.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 644.4 -R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 656.4 R +F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 375.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 +(If this v)144 392.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) +144 404.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 +(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 +416.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 +428.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 440.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) +-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 +(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 452.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311 +(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F +.885(ing from a terminal.)144 464.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 476.4 +S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 +(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 488.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 500.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 512.4 +R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 524.4 Q 2.5(su) +-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 536.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 +548.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 560.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 668.4 S .366(isting stopped job) -.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F -1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -680.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) -3.805 F(conte)144 692.4 Q 1.132 + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 572.4 S .367(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F +1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +584.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 596.4 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 -(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 704.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) --.15 F F3(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 -(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 716.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 728.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E -F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 +(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 608.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) +-.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 620.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 632.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E +F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) --.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(16)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 17 17 +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 644.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 656.4 Q(.)-.55 +E F1(histchars)108 668.4 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 680.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G +4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F +2.07(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E +(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 692.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E +3.716(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 +(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G +1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e) +144 704.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B +.798(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 716.4 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G +.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 +(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575 +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 728.4 R .575(The def) +5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 +(optional third character is the)3.076 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(17)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .315(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 84 R 2.816(sn)-.55 -G .316(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the) --.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)2.816 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A -F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 96 Q(.)-.55 E F1(histchars)108 108 Q F0 -2.07(The tw)144 120 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07 -(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07(xpansion and tok) --.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.569 E(OR) --.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 132 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 -(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216 -(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G -1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e) -144 144 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 -(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G -(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 156 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G -.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24 -(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576 -(ing one string for another in the command.)144 168 R .575(The def)5.575 -F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575 -(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\ - that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ -char)144 180 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 192 R 1.294 -(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 -(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F -.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 204 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F -.38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F -(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 216 Q F1(Arrays)87 232.8 Q(Bash) -108 244.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) --.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 256.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 268.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.386(enced using inte)108 280.8 R -1.386(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F -1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.687 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.387 -(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 292.8 -Q 2.463(An inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 +-.35 E .223(character which indicates that the remainder of the line is\ + a comment when found as the \214rst char)144 84 R(-)-.2 E 1.293 +(acter of a w)144 96 R 1.293(ord, normally `)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294 +(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38 +(skipped for the remaining w)144 108 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 +(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 120 Q F1(Arrays)87 136.8 Q(Bash) +108 148.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 160.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.328(an array)108 172.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 +(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.387(enced using inte)108 184.8 R +1.387(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F +1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.686 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.386 +(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E .219(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 +196.8 R .219(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5.219 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.719 +(da).15 G .219(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.719 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) +.05 E .52 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 +213.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 (rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462 -(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A -F2(sub-)A(script)108 321.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 5.426(.T)C(he)-5.426 -E F2(subscript)3.266 E F0 .426(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.606 F -.426(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .427(luate to a number) -.25 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sub-)3.267 E(script)108 333.6 Q F0 --.25(eva)3.913 G .733 -(luates to a number less than zero, it is used as an of).25 F .733 -(fset from one greater than the array')-.25 F 3.233(sm)-.55 G(axi-) --3.233 E 1.104(mum inde)108 345.6 R 3.604(x\()-.15 G 1.105 -(so a subcript of -1 refers to the last element of the array\).)-3.604 F -2.705 -.8(To e)6.105 H 1.105(xplicitly declare an inde).65 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(d).15 E(array)108 357.6 Q 3.828(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.828 E F1(declar) -3.828 E 3.828<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0(\(see)3.828 E F3 -1.327(SHELL B)3.827 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.327(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -3.577 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)6.327 E 3.827<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.827 E F2 -(name)3.827 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is)3.827 E -(also accepted; the)108 369.6 Q F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 225.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A +F0 6.548(.T)C(he)-6.548 E F2(subscript)4.388 E F0 1.549 +(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.728 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.549(luate to a number).25 F 6.549(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.349 +E -.15(ex)108 237.6 S 1.98(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +4.48(da).15 G(rray)-4.48 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E +4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 249.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 +G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 +(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E +(Associati)108 266.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -403.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +283.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 (ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 415.2 Q +(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 295.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 432 R +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 312 R F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 (... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F2(value)108 444 Q F0 .122(is of the form [)2.622 F F2 -(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.122(.I)C(nde)-5.122 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.622(da).15 G .122(rray assignments do not require the brack)-2.622 F -.122(et and subscript.)-.1 F .164(When assigning to inde)108 456 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F -.163(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G -2.663(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 468 R -3.91(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41 -(he element assigned is the last inde)-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411 -(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.911 F(Inde)108 480 Q -(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 496.8 Q -.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) --2.5 E .24(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 513.6 R F1(declar) -2.74 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +-4.147 F F2(value)108 324 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.332 F F2 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.833 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.333 E F0(.)A .164 +(When assigning to inde)108 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 +(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 +(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 348 R 3.91 +(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde) +-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) +-3.911 F(Inde)108 360 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E +(When assigning to an associati)108 376.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 393.6 R F1(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 -525.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 -(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 542.4 Q 3.575 -(ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F -F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 -(braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542 -(con\215icts with pathname e)108 554.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 +405.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F2(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) +4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 417.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(of)108 429.6 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 +(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 +(nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 +G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 441.6 Q(An)108 458.4 Q +3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) +-3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075 +(braces are required to a)3.575 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541 +(con\215icts with pathname e)108 470.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 (subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 -(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 -(These subscripts dif)108 566.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 -(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 578.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B -.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 +(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057 +(These subscripts dif)108 482.4 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 494.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B +.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.374(of the)108 590.4 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 +1.375(of the)108 506.4 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 -(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) -3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108 -602.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F -2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758 -(within a w)108 614.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) +3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 +518.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 +(within a w)108 530.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 -(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 -626.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ -t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 -F .227(to the e)108 638.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 +542.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 +F .228(to the e)108 554.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 -(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 -(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 650.4 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 +(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 566.4 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .462(ments in the array)108 662.4 -R 5.462(.R)-.65 G .462(eferencing an array v)-5.462 F .463 -(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .463 -(lent to referencing the array).25 F(with a subscript of 0.)108 674.4 Q -.168(An array v)108 691.2 R .168 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .463(ments in the array)108 578.4 +R 5.463(.R)-.65 G .463(eferencing an array v)-5.463 F .462 +(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .462 +(lent to referencing the array).25 F .233(with a subscript of 0.)108 +590.4 R .233(If the)5.233 F F2(subscript)3.073 E F0 .233 +(used to reference an element of an inde)3.413 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.733 +(da).15 G .233(rray e)-2.733 F -.25(va)-.25 G .233(luates to a num-).25 +F .617(ber less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 602.4 R .917 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.117(oo).15 G .616(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.117 F 3.116(xo)-.15 G 3.116(ft)-3.116 G .616(he array)-3.116 F 3.116 +(,s)-.65 G 3.116(on)-3.116 G -.15(eg)-3.116 G(-).15 E(ati)108 614.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 E 2.5 +(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .168(An array v)108 631.2 R .168 (ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F 2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25 -F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 708 Q F1(unset)2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267 -(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset) -5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 -E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E -(script)108 720 Q F0 6.205(.C)C 1.205(are must be tak)-6.205 F 1.205 -(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.205(id unw).2 F 1.205(anted side ef)-.1 F -1.204(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)6.204 -E F2(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 -E(17)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 +F(alue.)-.25 E .418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 648 R -.15(ey)-.1 +G 2.918(s\().15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F +2.917(alues. ${)-.25 F F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${) +B F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 660 S .749 +(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name) +3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 672 +Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 688.8 Q F1(unset)2.767 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G +(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A +F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) +-.15 E F2(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 700.8 Q F0 6.318(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-6.318 H(ti).15 E 1.618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.318(ubscripts to inde).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.818(da).15 G 1.319 +(rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.818 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.319 +(.C).15 G 1.319(are must be tak)-6.319 F 1.319(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108 +712.8 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298 +(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)5.298 E F2 +(name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F2(name)2.797 E F0 .297 +(is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F1(unset)2.797 E F2 +(name)108 724.8 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E +F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(18)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(where)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0(is an array) -2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.5 E F1(name) -2.5 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E -F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 100.8 Q F2(declar) -3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F2 --.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073 -(iltins each accept a).2 F F2<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073 -(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 -(rray and a)-3.574 F F2<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339 -(option to specify an associati)108 112.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) -.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) --2.838 F F2<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 -(accepts a)108 124.8 R F2<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441 +-.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A +F1(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 +E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>3.573 E F0 +1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G +1.074(rray and a)-3.574 F F1<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339 +(option to specify an associati)108 96 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) +-2.838 F F1<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 +(accepts a)108 108 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 136.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E -(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 153.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 165.6 R 3.26 +-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 120 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ +rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 148.8 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 177.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1 -(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e) -2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 189.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .471(The order of e)108 206.4 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471 -(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G -.47(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E -(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 218.4 Q -(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 235.2 Q -(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.5 E -(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 252 R 1.486 -(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 +E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 E .369 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .37 +(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 172.8 Q F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e) +2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F3(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 +E .419(The order of e)108 189.6 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 +(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 +(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S +.195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F +.196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion.)108 213.6 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 230.4 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.757 E .257 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 242.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) +-.15 E 1.486(Only brace e)108 259.2 R 1.486(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486 +(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 (xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 -(ex)108 264 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F +(ex)108 271.2 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 276 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") --2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 283.2 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") +-2.5 E F1(${)A F3(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2 -(Brace Expansion)87 292.8 Q F1(Br)108.58 304.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F -(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1 +(Brace Expansion)87 300 Q F3(Br)108.58 312 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion) +-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 316.8 Q F1 .415 -(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 324 Q F3 .415(pathname e) +2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 328.8 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 336 R F3(pr)2.651 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 340.8 R -.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G -.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 -(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ -ch resulting string, e)108 352.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) -108 364.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 381.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 -F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 348 R .563 +(wed by an optional)-.25 F F3(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563 +(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(co\ +ntained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each \ +resulting string, e)108 360 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 +372 Q .719(Brace e)108 388.8 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 +(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 393.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) -108 410.4 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 -(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.242 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A -F2(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F1(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F1(y) +108 400.8 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) +108 417.6 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 +(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F3(x)A F1(..)A F3(y)A F1([..)A F3(incr)A +F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F3(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F3(y) 3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) --.15 F(and)108 422.4 Q F1(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G +-.15 F(and)108 429.6 Q F3(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 (xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 -434.4 R F1(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F1(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) +441.6 R F3(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F3(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) -2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 -(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .078 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F3(0)2.577 E F0 .078 (to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 -(same width.)108 446.4 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or) -2.515 E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +(same width.)108 453.6 R .015(When either)5.015 F F3(x)2.515 E F0(or) +2.515 E F3(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 458.4 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 465.6 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 470.4 S .542(pands to each character le) -.15 F .542(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F1 -(y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.542(.N).15 G -.542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.041 E F1(y)3.041 E F0 -.541(must be of)3.041 F .182(the same type.)108 482.4 R .182 -(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.182 F .183 -(ference between each term.)-.25 F .183(The def)5.183 F(ault)-.1 E -(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 494.4 Q .582(Brace e)108 511.2 +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 477.6 S 1.064(pands to each character le) +.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F3(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E +F3(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G +1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983 +(that both)108 489.6 R F3(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F3(y)3.483 E F0 .983 +(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984 +(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) +-.25 E(between each term.)108 501.6 Q(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 518.4 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 (haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 -(are preserv)108 523.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 -(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 +(are preserv)108 530.4 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 +(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 (does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 535.2 Q +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 542.4 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 552 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(\ -xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ - one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 564 R 3.441(alid sequence e) --.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 559.2 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132 +(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ +t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 571.2 R 3.441 +(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 (ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 -(unchanged. A)108 576 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 .255 -(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 +(unchanged. A)108 583.2 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 +.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 (nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 -(sion. T)108 588 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 +(sion. T)108 595.2 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 600 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used as\ - shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) -108 616.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H -(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 645.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 -G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 657.6 Q(cho)144 669.6 Q +F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 607.2 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ +as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) +108 624 R(longer than in the abo)108 636 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:) +.15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 652.8 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G +(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 664.8 Q(cho)144 676.8 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 686.4 R .618 +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 693.6 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 698.4 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 705.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 710.4 Q -.15 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 717.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 722.4 Q F0 .515 +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F3(\214le{1,2})108 729.6 Q F0 .515 (appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) -3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F3 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) +3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 +768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup @@ -2452,9 +2638,9 @@ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E -.281(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.) --.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282 -(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108 +.467(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) +-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 +(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 319.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E @@ -2479,51 +2665,55 @@ Q 1.189 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264 (parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 465.6 R F3(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 -(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 477.6 Q .685 -(If the \214rst character of)108 494.4 R F3(par)3.185 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .685 -(\), a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.186(lo).15 G 3.186(fv)-3.186 G .686 -(ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.436 F F1(Bash)108 506.4 Q F0 .106 -(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 +(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676 +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 477.6 R(The)7.677 E F3(par) +5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo) +5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 489.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) +C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0 +(\).)A .816(If the \214rst character of)108 506.4 R F3(par)3.316 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .816(is an e)3.316 F .816(xclamation point \()-.15 F +F1(!)A F0 .816(\), it introduces a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.316(lo).15 G +3.315(fv)-3.316 G .815(ariable indirection.)-3.565 F F1(Bash)108 518.4 Q +F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 (ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 -E .351(able is then e)108 518.4 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352 +E .352(able is then e)108 530.4 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351 (alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F -.352(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 530.4 Q F0 2.52 -(itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)2.52 E -.02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019 -(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A -F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.519(}a)C(nd)-2.519 E(${)108 542.4 Q F1 -(!)A F3(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65 +.351(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 542.4 Q F0 2.519 +(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir) +2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 +F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1 +(!)A F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.52(}a)C(nd)-2.52 E(${)108 554.4 Q +F1(!)A F3(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65 (w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763 (xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763 -(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 554.4 Q -.334(In each of the cases belo)108 571.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E +(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 566.4 Q +.334(In each of the cases belo)108 583.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 583.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .697 -(When not performing substring e)108 600 R .698 -(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G F1 -(bash)3.848 E F0 .698(tests for a parameter)3.198 F -(that is unset or null.)108 612 Q(Omitting the colon results in a test \ -only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 628.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F1<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 -640.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F3(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F F3 -(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-) --.2 E(wise, the v)144 652.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 664.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A -F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.004(Assign Default V)144 676.8 R(alues) --.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F3(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 -(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)4.845 E -(d)-.37 E F0 2.005(is assigned to)5.275 F F3(par)144 688.8 Q(ameter)-.15 -E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.029 -E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 +F(and arithmetic e)108 595.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09 +(When not performing substring e)108 612 R 1.089 +(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G +(e.g.,)-3.589 E F1(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089 +(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 624 Q(Omittin\ +g the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E +(${)108 640.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 652.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 +E F3(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F +.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) +3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 664.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 676.8 Q F3 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005 +(Assign Default V)144 688.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F3 +(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F +2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004 +(is assigned to)5.274 F F3(par)144 700.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73 +G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 700.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(19)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 712.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(20)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup @@ -2533,9 +2723,9 @@ BP 96 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par) 4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535 (xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F -.662(sage to that ef)144 108 R .662(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 -E F0 .661(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the she\ -ll, if it is not)3.932 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G +.661(sage to that ef)144 108 R .661(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 +E F0 .662(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the she\ +ll, if it is not)3.931 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E (ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 144 R .745 @@ -2545,3454 +2735,3603 @@ ll, if it is not)3.932 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G (xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 156 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 (is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 168 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .797(Substring Expansion) -144 192 R F0 5.797(.E)C .796(xpands to up to)-5.797 F F1(length)3.296 E -F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F1(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .796 -(starting at the character)3.296 F .228(speci\214ed by)144 204 R F1(of) -2.728 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.228(.I)C(f)-5.228 E F1(length)2.728 E F0 .229 -(is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of)-.15 F F1(par) -2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .229(starting at the char)2.729 F(-)-.2 E .433 -(acter speci\214ed by)144 216 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1 -(length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .433 -(are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF .432(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 228 S(ION).855 -E F0(belo)2.925 E 3.175(w\). If)-.25 F F1(of)3.175 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25 -(eva)3.175 G .676(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .676 -(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .676(fset from)-.25 F .103 -(the end of the v)144 240 R .103(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.603 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 5.103(.I)C(f)-5.103 E F1(length)2.603 E F0 -.25(eva)2.603 G -.103(luates to a number less than zero, and).25 F F1(par)2.602 E(ameter) --.15 E F0(is)2.602 E(not)144 252 Q F2(@)3.642 E F0 1.142 -(and not an inde)3.642 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.642(do).15 G 3.642(ra)-3.642 G -(ssociati)-3.642 E 1.443 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.643(,i)-.65 G -3.643(ti)-3.643 G 3.643(si)-3.643 G 1.143(nterpreted as an of)-3.643 F -1.143(fset from the end of the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 264 S .038(lue of).25 -F F1(par)2.538 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .037 -(rather than a number of characters, and the e)2.538 F .037 -(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F .073(the tw)144 276 R 2.573 -(oo)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.573 G 2.573(sets. If).25 F F1(par)2.573 E(ameter) --.15 E F0(is)2.574 E F2(@)2.574 E F0 2.574(,t)C .074(he result is)-2.574 -F F1(length)2.574 E F0 .074(positional parameters be)2.574 F .074 -(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)2.574 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.074(.I)C(f)-5.074 E F1 -(par)144 288 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .205(is an inde)2.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.705(da).15 G .205(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the) --2.705 F F1(length)2.705 E F0 .205(members of the)2.705 F .696(array be) -144 300 R .697(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.197(]}. A)B(ne)3.197 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E --.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.347 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .697(is tak)3.197 F .697 -(en relati)-.1 F .997 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.197(oo).15 G .697 -(ne greater than)-3.197 F 1.404(the maximum inde)144 312 R 3.903(xo)-.15 -G 3.903(ft)-3.903 G 1.403(he speci\214ed array)-3.903 F 6.403(.S)-.65 G -1.403(ubstring e)-6.403 F 1.403(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 F -1.703 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 1.294(produces unde\214ned results.) -144 324 R 1.294(Note that a ne)6.294 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.595 --.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G 1.295 -(set must be separated from the colon by at).25 F .959 -(least one space to a)144 336 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .959 -(id being confused with the :- e).2 F 3.458(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F -(inde)3.458 E .958(xing is zero-based)-.15 F .414 -(unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 -348 R .415(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.915(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of) -2.915 E(f-)-.18 E(set)144 360 Q F0 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.5 E F2($0)2.5 E F0 -(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108 376.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A -(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 388.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E -F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 400.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 -5.085(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) +144 192 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E +F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082 +(character speci\214ed by)144 204 R F1(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082 +(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E +F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 +G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F2(*) +3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 216 Q +1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 +(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length) +3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043 +(substring of the v)144 228 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F1(of) +2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F +.846(end of the v)144 240 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 +E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 252 Q(w\).)-.25 E +(If)144 276 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 +(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F +.045(end of the v)144 288 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G +.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F +(of)144 300 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 312 R +.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 324 Q -.2(vo) +-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 348 Q F1(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959 E +F2(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F1(length)2.959 E +F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) +2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 360 R .095 +(en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096 +(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4 +G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e) +.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .096(luates to).25 F 1.322 +(the last positional parameter)144 372 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)-6.322 +G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if)-3.972 F +F1(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 +(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 384 Q(If)144 408 Q F1(par) +3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014 +(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 +F F1(length)3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 +420 R 1.082(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A +(fset)-.18 E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081 +(en relati)-.1 F 1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater) +-3.581 F 1.079(than the maximum inde)144 432 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft) +-3.579 G 1.079(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti) +-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 +F F1(length)3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F +(number less than zero.)144 444 Q(Substring e)144 468 Q +(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.931(Substring inde)144 492 R +1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in \ +which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 504 Q .306(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F +2.806(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F2($0)2.807 E F0 +.307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 516 Q(${)108 532.8 Q +F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 544.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A +(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 556.8 R +(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084 (ariables whose names be)-.25 F .084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)-2.584 E .257 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 412.8 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 568.8 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258 (is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 424.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 441.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 453.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 465.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) +(within double quotes, each v)144 580.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 597.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 609.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 621.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) -7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036 (ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .595(assigned in)144 477.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 +-.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .595(assigned in)144 633.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 489.6 Q F0 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 645.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -506.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 518.4 S .471 +662.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 674.4 S .471 (rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471 (he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par) -4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 530.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) +4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 686.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) 3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F -(array name subscripted by)144 542.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E -F0 2.5(,t)C(he v)-2.5 E -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -(${)108 559.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -(${)108 571.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F2(Remo)144 583.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 +6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349 +(array name subscripted by)144 698.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) +2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 710.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455 +(is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 722.4 R 1.273 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(21)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(from the end of the array)144 84 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 +E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A(${)108 112.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F2(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 (e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E (d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .151(name e)144 -595.2 R 2.651(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .152(name e)144 +136.8 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .152(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 -(the e)144 607.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 +(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 +(the e)144 148.8 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 (with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 --.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 619.2 +-.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 160.8 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) 5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or) -2.781 E F2(*)2.782 E F0 2.782(,t)C .282(he pattern)-2.782 F(remo)144 -631.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 +2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo)144 +172.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .401(tant list.)144 643.2 R -(If)5.401 E F1(par)4.151 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.631 F +-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 184.8 R +(If)5.402 E F1(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) -2.901 E F0 2.902(,t)C .402(he pattern remo)-2.902 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.902 -(lo).25 G(peration)-2.902 E -(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 655.2 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 672 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 684 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 696 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H -.147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1 -(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 708 -S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 +2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901 +(lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E +(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 196.8 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 213.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 225.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 237.6 Q .346 -.1 +(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he) +-5.146 E F1(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 +249.6 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) -.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 -G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 720 R .226 +G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 261.6 R .226 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(20)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 273.6 S F2 +(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 +1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F2(*)2.541 E F0 +2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 285.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 +(lo).25 G .441 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) +-2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 297.6 R(If) +5.241 E F1(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F2(*)2.74 E +F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G +(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +309.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 326.4 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa) +144 338.4 S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C +(he)-6.106 E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion.)144 350.4 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 +(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 362.4 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 +E F1(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.66 E F0 +2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 +(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 +(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 374.4 R +(If)5.807 E F1(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) +3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306 +F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 386.4 S .62 +(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1 +(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.12 E F0 3.12 +(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .621(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 398.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) +3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) +3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be) +3.753 F 2.678(omitted. If)144 410.4 R F1(par)3.928 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is)3.408 E F2(@)2.678 E F0(or)2.678 E F2(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .179 +(he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) +-2.679 F .619(in turn, and the e)144 422.4 R .619 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F1(par)4.369 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .618(is an array v)3.849 F .618 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)144 434.4 Q F0(or)3.223 E F2(*) +3.223 E F0 3.223(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ + member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion is the resultant list.)144 446.4 Q(${)108 463.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 475.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 487.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A +F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 499.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 +(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 511.2 R F0 5.438(.T)C +.438(his e)-5.438 F .437 +(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) +2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 523.2 Q +F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 535.2 +S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 +(,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 +547.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 +(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F +5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F +-.15(ve)144 559.2 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F +F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61 +(operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F +1.547(letters to lo)144 571.2 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E +F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) +-.15 E -.25(va)144 583.2 S .634(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 +E F2(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 595.2 Q F0 .78 +(is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C +.78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 +(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28 +E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ +n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 607.2 R +(xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 619.2 R(If)5.468 E F1 +(par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.969 E +F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F .005(tion operation is \ +applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 631.2 R .005 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F F2(Command Substitution)87 648 Q +F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 660 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 672 Q F2($\()144 688.8 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 700.8 Q F2<92>144 712.8 Q F1(command) +A F2<92>A(Bash)108 729.6 Q F0 1.709(performs the e)4.209 F 1.709 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)4.209 E F0 +1.708(and replacing the command substitution with the)4.208 F +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(22)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.74(``)144 84 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%).74 E F0 1.521 -.74 -('' c)D .042(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 -E F1(%%)A F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.792 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F1(@)2.542 -E F0(or)2.542 E F1(*)2.542 E F0 2.542(,t)C(he)-2.542 E .441 -(pattern remo)144 96 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.941(lo).25 G .441 -(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --2.941 F .44(xpansion is the)-.15 F .24(resultant list.)144 108 R(If) -5.24 E F2(par)3.99 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .24(is an array v)3.47 F .241 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.741 E F1(*)2.741 E -F0 2.741(,t)C .241(he pattern remo)-2.741 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.741(lo).25 -G(per)-2.741 E(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 120 -Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 136.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 148.8 -S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 -E F2(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 160.8 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 -(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) -3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 172.8 Q F0 5.161(.I)C(f) --5.161 E F2(pattern)2.661 E F0(be)2.661 E .161(gins with)-.15 F F1(/) -2.661 E F0 2.661(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.661 F F2(pattern)2.661 E F0 -.16(are replaced with)2.661 F F2(string)2.66 E F0 5.16(.N)C .16 -(ormally only the)-5.16 F .806(\214rst match is replaced.)144 184.8 R -(If)5.806 E F2(pattern)3.306 E F0(be)3.306 E .806(gins with)-.15 F F1(#) -3.306 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.307(tm)-3.306 G .807(ust match at the be)-3.307 -F .807(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 196.8 S .621 -(lue of).25 F F2(par)3.121 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.621(.I)C(f)-5.621 E F2 -(pattern)3.121 E F0(be)3.121 E .621(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.121 E F0 -3.121(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.121 G .62(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F -.62(xpanded v)-.15 F .62(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 208.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E -F0 6.253(.I)C(f)-6.253 E F2(string)3.753 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) -3.753 F F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F1(/) -3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.254(may be) -3.754 F 2.679(omitted. If)144 220.8 R F2(par)3.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is)3.409 E F1(@)2.679 E F0(or)2.679 E F1(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .178 -(he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) --2.679 F .618(in turn, and the e)144 232.8 R .619 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F2(par)4.369 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .619(is an array v)3.849 F .619 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)144 244.8 Q F0(or)3.224 E F1(*) -3.224 E F0 3.224(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ - member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.224 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion is the resultant list.)144 256.8 Q(${)108 273.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 285.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A -F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2 -(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 321.6 R F0 5.437(.T)C -.437(his e)-5.437 F .438 -(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 333.6 Q -F0 .814(is e)3.314 F .813 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.313 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F F1(^)3.313 E F0 .813(operator con)3.313 F -.15(ve) --.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 345.6 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F2 -(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F1(,)2.681 E F0 .181 -(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181(rts matching uppercase letters) -.15 F .085(to lo)144 357.6 R 2.585(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)2.585 E F0 -(and)2.585 E F1(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F --.15(ve)-.4 G .085(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .085(alue; the)-.25 F F1(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 369.6 Q -F1(,)3.59 E F0 -.15(ex)3.59 G 1.09(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve) --.4 G 1.091(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.091 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.591(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.591 E F0(is)3.591 E -1.121(omitted, it is treated lik)144 381.6 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 -3.621(,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121 -(ry character).15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F2(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0(is)4.35 E F1(@)3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F1(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12 -(he case)-3.62 F 1.335(modi\214cation operation is applied to each posi\ -tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 393.6 R 1.335(xpansion is the) --.15 F 1.308(resultant list.)144 405.6 R(If)6.308 E F2(par)5.058 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.308(is an array v)4.538 F 1.308 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.808 E F0(or)3.808 E F1(*)3.808 E -F0 3.808(,t)C 1.308(he case modi\214cation)-3.808 F -(operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -417.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E F1(Command Substitution) -87 434.4 Q F2 1.697(Command substitution)108 446.4 R F0(allo)4.197 E -1.697(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F -1.698(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 458.4 Q F1($\()144 475.2 Q -F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 487.2 Q F1<92>144 499.2 Q F2 -(command)A F1<92>A(Bash)108 516 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0 -.019(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768 -(dard output of the command, with an)108 528 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768 -(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768 -F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 540 Q 3.219(ym) --.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719 -(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719 -(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1 -(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 552 Q -.25(va)-.25 -G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 -(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ - used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 568.8 R(xcept)-.15 E -.315(when follo)108 580.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1 -<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\ -e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ -sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 592.8 R 1.386(using the $\() -3.886 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +-.35 E .749(standard output of the command, with an)108 84 R 3.249(yt) +-.15 G .749(railing ne)-3.249 F .749(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .75 +(Embedded ne)5.749 F .75(wlines are not deleted,)-.25 F -.2(bu)108 96 S +3.197(tt).2 G(he)-3.197 E 3.197(ym)-.15 G .697(ay be remo)-3.197 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.196(dd).15 G .696(uring w)-3.196 F .696(ord splitting.)-.1 +F .696(The command substitution)5.696 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($\(cat) +3.196 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.196 E F1(\))A F0 .696 +(can be replaced by)3.196 F(the equi)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 +E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.)A +1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backsl\ +ash retains its literal meaning e)108 124.8 R(xcept)-.15 E .315 +(when follo)108 136.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92> +2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \ +\214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\ +b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 148.8 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 +F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G 3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 604.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 621.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +(mand; none are treated specially)108 160.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 177.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 633.6 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 650.4 R .422 +(quotes with backslashes.)108 189.6 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 206.4 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 662.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 679.2 Q F0 -1.035(Arithmetic e)108 691.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 +F(on the results.)108 218.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 235.2 Q F0 +1.035(Arithmetic e)108 247.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 703.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 720 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(21)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 22 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F0 .165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b) -2.905 F .166(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.075 -(treated specially)108 96 R 6.075(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.075 F 1.074 -(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074(go parameter e) --.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074(xpansion, command)-.15 F -(substitution, and quote remo)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5 -(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378 -(The e)108 124.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +(The format for arithmetic e)108 259.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 276 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 292.8 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 +(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166 +(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231 +(treated specially)108 304.8 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231 +(ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) +-.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059 +(tution, and quote remo)108 316.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F +1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F +-.15(ex)108 328.8 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 345.6 +R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) --.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.879 E F1 -.2(ex)108 136.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E --.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 -(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) --.1 E F4(Pr)87 153.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 165.6 Q .971 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971 -(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471 F F1(FIFOs)A -F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F4(/de)3.47 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -.97(method of)3.47 F .021(naming open \214les.)108 177.6 R .021(It tak) -5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E -F0(or)2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 5.021(.T)C .021 -(he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021 -(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .059(nected to a)108 189.6 -R F1(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) +-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 357.6 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) +2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 374.4 Q +(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 386.4 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45 +F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F2 +(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F1(/de)3.471 E +(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 +398.4 R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2 +(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021 +(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 410.4 +R F2(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) -.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar) --5.058 F .058(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .13 -(mand as the result of the e)108 201.6 R 2.63(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) -2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .13 -(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131 -(vide input for)-.15 F F1(list)2.631 E F0(.)A(If the)108 213.6 Q F4(<\() -2.5 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 -(.)A .897(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ -ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896 +-5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131 +(mand as the result of the e)108 422.4 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) +2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13 +(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for) +-.15 F F2(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 434.4 Q F1(<\()2.5 E F2(list)A +F1(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +(.)A .896(When a)108 451.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ +ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897 (ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4 --.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.143 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q -F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F2(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 463.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 480 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 492 R 1.142 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 504 Q +F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 520.8 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 (as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) --.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.788(on these characters.)108 312 R(If)6.788 E F2 -(IFS)4.288 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.038 F 1.789(alue is e)-.25 F -(xactly)-.15 E F4(<space><tab><newline>)4.289 E F0 4.289(,t)C 1.789 -(he def)-4.289 F 1.789(ault, then)-.1 F .022(sequences of)108 324 R F4 -(<space>)2.522 E F0(,)A F4(<tab>)2.522 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F4 -(<newline>)2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021 -(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .021(vious e)-.25 F -(xpan-)-.15 E .585(sions are ignored, and an)108 336 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G -.586(equence of)-3.086 F F2(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586 -(characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .586 -(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 348 Q F2(IFS)3.617 E F0 1.117 -(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117 -(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)3.617 -E F0(and)3.617 E F4(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be) -108 360 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315 -(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.566 E F2(IFS)108 372 Q F0 1.054 -(whitespace character\).)3.304 F(An)6.054 E 3.554(yc)-.15 G 1.054 -(haracter in)-3.554 F F2(IFS)3.554 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F2 -(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(whitespace, along with an)3.303 F 3.553(ya)-.15 G -(djacent)-3.553 E F2(IFS)3.553 E F0 .331 -(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 384 R 2.831(As)5.331 G -.332(equence of)-2.831 F F2(IFS)2.832 E F0 .332 -(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 396 -Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(IFS)2.5 E F0 -(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.879 -(Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R 1.879(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G -F0(or)3.545 E F4 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) --4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878 -(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 424.8 S .176 -(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G -.176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap) -2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677 F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177 -(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 436.8 Q -(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 453.6 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 470.4 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 482.4 R .371 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F4<ad66>2.871 E F0 .371 -(option has been set,)2.871 F F4(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F -.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 -(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F4([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 494.4 R .677 -(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F1(pattern)3.177 E -F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.457 -(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 506.4 R -1.456(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F -(option)108 518.4 Q F4(nullglob)2.537 E F0 .038(is not enabled, the w) -2.537 F .038(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .038(If the)5.038 F F4 -(nullglob)2.538 E F0 .038(option is set, and no matches are)2.538 F .306 -(found, the w)108 530.4 R .306(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.806 -(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F4(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305 -(shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F -.928(is printed and the command is not e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F4(nocaseglob)3.428 -E F0 .929(is enabled, the match is per)3.429 F(-)-.2 E .033 -(formed without re)108 554.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .033 -(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .032 -(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.032 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .104 -(the character)108 566.4 R F4 -.63(``)2.604 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -.104(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.104 F .105 -(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.605(,u)-.65 G -(nless)-2.605 E .888(the shell option)108 578.4 R F4(dotglob)3.388 E F0 -.888(is set.)3.388 F .887 -(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .887(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 590.4 S(plicitly).15 E 6.165 -(.I)-.65 G 3.665(no)-6.165 G 1.165(ther cases, the)-3.665 F F4 -.63(``) -3.665 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166 -(character is not treated specially)6.165 F 6.166(.S)-.65 G 1.166 -(ee the description of)-6.166 F F4(shopt)3.666 E F0(belo)3.666 E(w)-.25 -E(under)108 602.4 Q F2 .478(SHELL B)2.978 F(UIL)-.09 E .478 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.728 F F4 -(nocaseglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.977 -E F0 2.977(,a)C(nd)-2.977 E F4(dotglob)2.977 E F0(shell options.)108 -614.4 Q(The)108 631.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131 -(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F1(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F2(GLO-)2.631 E -(BIGNORE)108 643.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) -4.264 E(remo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(df).15 G .003 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.503 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F4 -.63 -(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F4 -.63(``)2.503 G(..) -.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .004(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .004 -(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.504 E F0(is)2.254 E .046 -(set and not null.)108 667.2 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846 --.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046 -(to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045 -(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F4(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .613 -(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 679.2 R .614 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614 -(will match.)5.614 F 2.214 -.8(To g)5.614 H .614(et the old beha).8 F -.614(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .457(\214le names be)108 691.2 R .457 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F4 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 -.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E F3(.)A F0(The) -4.957 E F4(dotglob)2.956 E F0 .456(option is)2.956 F(disabled when)108 -703.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is unset.)2.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)108 720 S -(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(22)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 +-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) +108 532.8 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.707 E F0 +(,)A .836(the def)108 544.8 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 +(<space>)3.336 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F1 +(<newline>)3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 556.8 R .345 +(vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 +G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 +(characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) +-.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 568.8 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.736 +E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108 +580.8 Q F0(and)3.187 E F1(tab)3.187 E F0 .687(are ignored at the be) +3.187 F .687(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .686 +(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in)-.1 F .276(the v)108 +592.8 R .276(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0(\(an)2.527 E F3(IFS)2.777 +E F0 .277(whitespace character\).)2.527 F(An)5.277 E 2.777(yc)-.15 G +.277(haracter in)-2.777 F F3(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(that is not)2.527 F F3 +(IFS)2.777 E F0 .277(whitespace, along with)2.527 F(an)108 604.8 Q 3.336 +(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-3.336 E F3(IFS)3.336 E F0 .836 +(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)3.086 F 3.335(As)5.835 G +.835(equence of)-3.335 F F3(IFS)3.335 E F0 .835 +(whitespace characters is also)3.085 F(treated as a delimiter)108 616.8 +Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.878 +(Explicit null ar)108 633.6 R 1.878(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G +F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) +-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879 +(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 645.6 S .177 +(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G +.177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap) +2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676 F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176 +(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 657.6 Q +(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 674.4 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 691.2 S +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 703.2 R .37 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37 +(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F +.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0 +2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 715.2 R .677 +(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E +F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 +(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 727.2 R +F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) +2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(23)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(An)108 84 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a patt\ -ern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F -1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 96 R 1.12 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 -(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .576 +-.35 E .009(are found, and the shell option)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008 +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 +.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 96 +R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1 +(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 +F 1.38(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 +108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F +F1(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103 +(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 120 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104 +(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 132 R .378 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377 +(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 144 R(xplicitly)-.15 E +3.078(,u)-.65 G .578(nless the shell option)-3.078 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E +F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .579 +(When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.789(must al)108 +156 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I) +-.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)4.288 +G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788(character is not treated specially) +6.788 F 6.788(.S)-.65 G 1.788(ee the)-6.788 F .165(description of)108 +168 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E/F2 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF .165(SHELL B)2.665 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0 .166(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E +F0(,)A F1(null-)2.666 E(glob)108 180 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 196.8 Q +F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.786 E F0 .286(shell v)2.536 F .285 +(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25 +F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E +F2(GLO-)2.785 E(BIGNORE)108 208.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214\ +lename that also matches one of the patterns in)4.565 F F2(GLOBIGNORE) +4.816 E F0(is)4.566 E(remo)108 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.66(df).15 G .16 +(rom the list of matches.)-2.66 F .16(The \214lenames)5.16 F F1 -.63(``) +2.66 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.16 E F1 -.63(``)2.66 G(..).63 E +-.63('')-.55 G F0 .16(are al)5.79 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .159(ys ignored when).1 +F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.659 E F0(is)2.409 E .045(set and not null.)108 232.8 R +(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2 +(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046(to a non-null v)2.296 F .046 +(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob) +2.546 E F0 .787(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)108 244.8 R +.787(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.287 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +.787(will match.)5.787 F 2.386 -.8(To g)5.787 H .786(et the old beha).8 +F .786(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .641(\214lenames be)108 256.8 R .641 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.141 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +3.141(,m)C(ak)-3.141 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.141 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 +.642(one of the patterns in)5.642 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.142 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)5.142 E F1(dotglob)3.142 E F0 .642 +(option is)3.142 F(disabled when)108 268.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 285.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) +-2.5 E F0(An)108 302.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \ +a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo) +-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 314.4 +R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G +1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F +.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 326.4 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 120 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)144 153.6 -Q F0 .377(Matches an)31 F 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 -(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 165.6 -Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 -E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 -(will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ -.)180 177.6 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E -F0(,)A(tw)180 189.6 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 201.6 Q -F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -([...])144 213.6 Q F0 .578(Matches an)21.84 F 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 -(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .537 -(denotes a)180 225.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.037 G(ng).15 E -3.037(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.237 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.037(;a)C .837 -.15(ny c) --3.037 H .537(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.036(oc)-.1 G -.536(haracters, inclu-)-3.036 F(si)180 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u) -.15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 -(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) -6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 249.6 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F -F1([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F1 -(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123 -(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 261.6 R .895 -(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .258(and the v) -180 273.6 R .257(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)2.757 -E(TE)-.855 E F0 .257(shell v)2.507 F .257(ariable, if set.)-.25 F(A) -5.257 E F1<ad>2.757 E F0 .257(may be matched by includ-)2.757 F .78 -(ing it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)180 285.6 R(A)5.78 -E F1(])3.28 E F0 .78(may be matched by including it as the)3.28 F -(\214rst character in the set.)180 297.6 Q -.4(Wi)180 315.6 S(thin).4 E -F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar) -.15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F2(class)A F1 -(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F2(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) -180 327.6 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 -8.173(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 339.6 R 8.173 -(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 351.6 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 -4.29(Ac)180 363.6 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 338.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 372 Q F0 .376(Matches an) +31 F 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F +.376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377 +(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 384 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 +(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) +-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 +(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ + or more directories and subdirectories.)180 396 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 +F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 408 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G +(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 420 Q F0 +(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...]) +144 432 Q F0 .579(Matches an)21.84 F 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 +(denotes a)180 444 R F3 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) +-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 +(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.185(oc)-.1 G +.685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 +G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 +(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212(If the) +6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 468 R 1.123(wing the)-.25 F F1 +([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a)6.123 F F1 +(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124 +(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 480 R .894 +(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v) +180 492 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) +2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 +(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.976 -.8(To o)5.376 H .376(btain the tra-).8 +F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 504 R .068 +(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.568 E F0 .067(is equi)2.567 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .067(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.567 E F0 2.567(,s)C .067 +(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 516 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0 +.156(shell v)2.656 F .156(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C +2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 +.157(shell option.)2.657 F(A)5.157 E F1<ad>2.657 E F0(may)2.657 E .193(\ +be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) +180 528 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F +(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 540 Q -.4(Wi)180 +558 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch) +3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F3(class)A F1 +(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F3(class)3.071 E F0 +(is one of the follo)180 570 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 582 R 8.173 +(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 594 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.289(Ac)180 606 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) -.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 --.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 375.6 Q -.4(Wi) -180 393.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 -(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F2 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F2(c)A F1(=]) -A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 405.6 R -(the character)180 417.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 435.6 S(thin).4 -E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) -2.5 E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2 -(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 452.4 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 -(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 -464.4 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 +-.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 618 Q -.4(Wi) +180 636 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 +(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F3 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F3(c)A F1(=]) +A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 648 R +(the character)180 660 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 678 S(thin).4 E F1 +([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 +E F3(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3(symbol) +2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the)108 694.8 R F1(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704 +(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108 +706.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F3 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 476.4 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 500.4 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 512.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 524.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 536.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 548.4 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 560.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 572.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 584.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) -.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 596.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches an)180 608.4 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 625.2 -Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 637.2 R 1.112 -(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) -3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 -1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 649.2 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 666 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E -(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616 -(by the shell.)108 690 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and \ -close \214les for the current shell e)5.616 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .617 -(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 702 R(follo)3.275 E -.774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774 -(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .774(simple command)3.614 F F0(or)4.044 E -(may follo)108 714 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G -(edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear) --2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection tha\ -t may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded\ - by a w)108 730.8 R .772(ord of)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 24 24 +108 718.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(24)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .293(the form {)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(varname)A F0 -2.793(}. In)B .293(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F -.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.498<618c>108 96 -S .999(le descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to)-3.498 F F1 -(varname)3.499 E F0 5.999(.I)C 3.499(f>)-5.999 G .999 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.499 F F1(varname)A F0 .999(}, the)B -.25 -(va)108 108 S(lue of).25 E F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108 -124.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ -ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512 -(ion operator is)108 136.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012 -(,t)C .512 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833 +E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 156 Q F2 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 168 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 180 Q F2 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 192 Q(ything e)-.15 +E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E +F1(Quote Remo)87 208.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113 +(After the preceding e)108 220.8 R 1.113 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0 +1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 232.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 249.6 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405 +(by the shell.)108 273.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ +ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to) +-.25 F(dif)108 285.6 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\ + the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02 +(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 297.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E +.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108 +309.6 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 +.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G +.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 321.6 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ +h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ +stead be preceded by a w)108 338.4 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {) +108 350.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 362.4 S +.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F +F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 374.4 Q +F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo)108 +391.2 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ +ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513 +(ion operator is)108 403.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 148.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 415.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .825(The w)108 165.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 -(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 -(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .772 -(jected to brace e)108 177.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .773 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .844 -(sion, quote remo)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F -.843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 -F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.343 E F0 -(reports an error)108 201.6 Q(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 218.4 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 235.2 Q F2(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 252 Q -F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 268.8 -Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 285.6 R F1(dirlist)3.027 -E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 +-2.5 E .824(The w)108 432 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 +(jected to brace e)108 444 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 456 R +.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F +.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 +F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 468 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 484.8 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 501.6 Q F1(>)2.5 +E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 518.4 +Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 +535.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 552 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E +F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 297.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 314.4 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) --.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F -(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 326.4 Q F2(/de)144 343.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A -F0(If)180 355.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 -E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 -E F2(/de)144 367.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) -180 379.2 Q F2(/de)144 391.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 403.2 Q F2(/de)144 415.2 Q -(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 427.2 Q F2(/de) -144 439.2 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 451.2 Q -F1(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.997 E F0 .497 -(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 463.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) --.1 E F2(/de)144 475.2 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If) -180 487.2 Q F1(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.996 E F0 .496 +(output before the standard output w)108 564 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2 +(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 580.8 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F +(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 592.8 Q F1(/de)144 609.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A +F0(If)180 621.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 +E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 +E F1(/de)144 633.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) +180 645.6 Q F1(/de)144 657.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 669.6 Q F1(/de)144 681.6 Q +(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 693.6 Q F1(/de) +144 705.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 717.6 Q +F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 499.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) --.1 E 2.5(Af)108 516 S +(vice name,)180 729.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(25)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.996 +E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496(alid hostname or Internet address, and) +-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497(is an inte)2.997 F .497 +(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af) +108 124.8 S (ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E -(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ -hould be used with care, as the)108 532.8 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 -(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F -(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 544.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87 -561.6 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ +hould be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 +(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 573.6 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 585.6 Q F1 +108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0 +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 602.4 Q([)144 619.2 Q -F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 636 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F0 .174 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 648 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 -(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 660 R -F1(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F1(n)3.684 E F0 -.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F --.15(ex)108 672 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +108 256.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8 +R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F +-.15(ex)108 280.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 688.8 Q([)144 705.6 Q -F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 -(If the redirection operator is)108 722.4 R F2(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C -.154(nd the)-2.654 F F2(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F2(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .658(will f)108 84 R .658 -(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658(xpansion of) --.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G -.657(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) -5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.909 -E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 -F F2(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 -.409(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 +(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 343.2 R +.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 +(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E +F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 -E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 124.8 -S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 136.8 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 148.8 R F1(n)2.973 E F0 +367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 +384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.334 E F0 -.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 -160.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 177.6 Q([)144 194.4 Q -F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 216 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 228 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ -e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F -(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 240 Q -(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E(There are tw)108 -256.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G -(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2 -(&>)144 273.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 285.6 Q F2(>&)144 297.6 Q -F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 314.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0 +.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 +420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 475.2 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 487.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) +-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 +499.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 516 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 +(&>)144 532.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 544.8 Q F1(>&)144 556.8 Q +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 573.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 331.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2 -.25(Ap)87 352.8 S +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 590.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 607.2 R F2(wor) +2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) +-.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G +.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 619.2 Q +F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 636 S (pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 -(This construct allo)108 364.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ -\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) --.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -376.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(This construct allo)108 648 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ +e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F +(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 660 Q +(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E (The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 -393.6 Q F2(&>>)144 410.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -(This is semantically equi)108 427.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(>>)144 444 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87 -460.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ +676.8 Q F1(&>>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 710.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(>>)144 727.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(26)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(\(see)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 +100.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ -ontaining only)108 472.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 484.8 Q F0 .614 -(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 +ontaining only)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delimiter)108.35 +124.8 Q F0 .614(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input for a command.)108 496.8 Q -(The format of here-documents is:)108 513.6 Q F2(<<)144 530.4 Q F0([)A -F2<ad>A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 542.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E -(delimiter)144 554.4 Q F0 .128(No parameter e)108 571.2 R .127 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127 -(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108 -583.2 Q F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G -1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E -F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774 -(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n) --3.275 E F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905 -(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 595.2 R 3.405(xpanded. If) --.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904 -(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694 -(subjected to parameter e)108 607.2 R .695 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195 -(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F -(character sequence)108 619.2 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and) -2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\) -2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 636 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) +F(dard input for a command.)108 136.8 Q +(The format of here-documents is:)108 153.6 Q F1(<<)144 170.4 Q F0([)A +F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 182.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E +(delimiter)144 194.4 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 211.2 R .302 +(ariable e)-.25 F .302(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 +F .301(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .225 +(is performed on)108 223.2 R F2(wor)2.725 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.225(.I).77 G +2.726(fa)-5.225 G .526 -.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F2 +(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0 .226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F2(delimiter)3.076 +E F0 .226(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.726(lo) +.25 G(n)-2.726 E F2(wor)108 235.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.715(,a).77 G .215 +(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.715 F 2.714(xpanded. If) +-.15 F F2(wor)2.714 E(d)-.37 E F0 .214 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.714 F .499 +(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 247.2 R .499 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .5 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 259.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 +E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 +(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 +(If the redirection operator is)108 276 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ - the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 648 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G + the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 288 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G (his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 664.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 676.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F2 -(<<<)144 693.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 710.4 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(is e)2.5 E -(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(25)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 84 Q F0 -(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 129.6 R(If)5.127 E +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 304.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 316.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1 +(<<<)144 333.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 350.4 Q F2(wor)2.893 E(d) +-.37 E F0(under)2.893 E .393(goes brace e)-.18 F .393(xpansion, tilde e) +-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .394(ariable e)-.25 F .394 +(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.148(tution, arithmetic e)108 362.4 R +2.148(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F +2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.147 +(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(formed. The)108 374.4 R(re\ +sult is supplied as a single string to the command on its standard inpu\ +t.)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 391.2 Q F0 +(The redirection operator)108 403.2 Q([)144 420 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 436.8 R(If)5.127 E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -141.6 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G +448.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G 2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 .457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 153.6 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 460.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) 2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) 2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 165.6 Q -(The operator)108 182.4 Q([)144 199.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A +(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 472.8 Q +(The operator)108 489.6 Q([)144 506.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 .444 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 216 R(If) -5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 523.2 R +(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 228 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)4.197 -E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output,\ - a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 240 R 2.597(as)2.597 G -.097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096(is omitted, and)2.596 -F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)2.596 F .096 -(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F -(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 252 Q -(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 268.8 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 280.8 Q([)144 297.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&) -A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G -.535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535 -(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt) --3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2 -(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 326.4 Q F2(digit)5 -E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A -(Similarly)108 343.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) -144 360 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 376.8 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2 -(digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 -2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 -.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 388.8 Q F1 -(Opening File Descriptors f)87 405.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 -(The redirection operator)108 417.6 Q([)144 434.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) -A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 -451.2 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 535.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor) +4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ +utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 547.2 R F2(wor) +3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E +F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254 +(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0 +.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E +.965(not e)108 559.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad> +3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 +(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) +-3.466 F(pre)108 571.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 588 Q +(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 600 Q([)144 +616.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 633.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit) +3.036 E F0 .536(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o) +.24 G 3.036(rt)-3.036 G .535 +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 +.535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 645.6 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 +(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly) +108 662.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 679.2 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2(digit)2.785 E F0 +.285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785 +(rt)-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F +F2(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(27)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 84 Q +(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([) +144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R 1.349 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) -108 463.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G +108 141.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 480 Q F2(Aliases)108 492 Q F0(allo)3.174 E -3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 -(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F0(allo)3.173 +E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 +(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 504 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0 -(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 516 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E -1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 -(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 -F(check)108 528 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 -(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473 -(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A -F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 540 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0 -1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell) --3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 -(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 552 R 1.119 -(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G -1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 -(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 564 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F -.514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 -(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F -.295(not e)108 576 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 -(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 -.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 -(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 588 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F -3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 -(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) --3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 600 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 182.4 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0 +(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 +F(\(see)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 +E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 +(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F +(check)108 206.4 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 +(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 +(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A +F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 218.4 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0 +1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) +-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 +(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 230.4 R 1.12 +(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G +1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 +(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 +F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 +(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F +.296(not e)108 254.4 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 +(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 266.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F +3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543 +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne) +-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 278.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 -E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 616.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 295.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 633.6 R .284 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 312 R .284 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E .284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) -108 645.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 -(Aliases are not e)108 662.4 R 1.22 +108 324 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 +(Aliases are not e)108 340.8 R 1.22 (xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) .15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 -(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 674.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 -E .435 +E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -691.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 -(one complete line of input before e)108 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 +369.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337 +(one complete line of input before e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 -(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 715.2 S .904 -(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 +(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 393.6 S .904 +(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 -(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 -(another command does not tak)108 727.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 +(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161 +(another command does not tak)108 405.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F -1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(26)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 27 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .277(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 84 R .277 +1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277 +(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 417.6 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) -2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 -96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699(\ -xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is \ -e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494 -(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 108 R -.495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085 -(tion are not a)108 120 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 +2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108 +429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F +.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 441.6 +R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084 +(tion are not a)108 453.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 (ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 (cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F --.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F -(rate line, and do not use)108 132 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E -F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 148.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) +-.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F +(rate line, and do not use)108 465.6 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 482.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F2 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 165.6 Q F0 3.467(As)108 177.6 S .967 -(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F -1.002(later e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002 -(the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the lis\ -t of com-)3.502 F .315(mands associated with that function name is e)108 -201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 -F .036(shell; no ne)108 213.6 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 -F .639(function is e)108 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F +(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 +(FUNCTIONS)72 499.2 Q F0 3.468(As)108 511.2 S .968 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 523.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 +(shell; no ne)108 547.2 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 +F .64(function is e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 237.6 -R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F -.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 249.6 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 571.2 +R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 +(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F +.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 583.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E (AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.049(these e)108 278.4 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.548 E(UG) +1.048(these e)108 612 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG) -.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F1(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 (traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F1(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)3.548 E -.09(BU)108 290.4 S(IL) -.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 +3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.549 E -.09(BU)108 624 S(IL).09 +E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F1(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E -.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 302.4 R F3(declar) -2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) --.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 314.4 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 +-.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E +.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 636 R F4(declar)2.92 +E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)-.25 F +F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 648 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F3(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 326.4 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 343.2 S .656 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 660 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 676.8 S .655 (riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) -3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E -3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)108 355.2 Q +3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E +3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 688.8 Q (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E -(The)108 372 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 +(The)108 705.6 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .044(If the b)108 400.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) -2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 -(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 412.8 R 1.011 -(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 -(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 424.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 -(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 +-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(28)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .043(If the b)108 84 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .043(cuted in a function, the function completes and e) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 96 +R 1.012(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc) +-.15 G 1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0 +1.011(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 108 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 436.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E -2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 453.6 R F1 +108 120 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5 +(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 +G(cution.).15 E 1.359 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 136.8 R F1 <ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 465.6 R F1<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 +F0(or)3.858 E F1(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 148.8 R F1<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 (declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.326(\214le and line number)108 477.6 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G -(he)-2.826 E F1(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 -(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327 -(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 489.6 R -1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.798 E -F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797 -(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F .16 -(deleted using the)108 501.6 R F1<ad66>2.66 E F0 .16(option to the)2.66 -F F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .161 -(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name) --.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en) -108 513.6 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G -3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 525.6 Q -(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .371 -(Functions may be recursi)108 542.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) +.327(\214le and line number)108 160.8 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G +(he)-2.827 E F1(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 +(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326 +(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 172.8 R +1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.797 E +F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 +(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161 +(deleted using the)108 184.8 R F1<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the) +2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 +(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25 +F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108 +196.8 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 +(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 208.8 Q +(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .372 +(Functions may be recursi)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) -5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 554.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 237.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 566.4 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E F2(ARITHMETIC EV)72 583.2 Q(ALU)-1.478 E --1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo)108 595.2 R 2.297 -(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.798 E -F0(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 607.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.706 G .206 -(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .206(Arithmetic Expansion)2.706 F F0 2.705 -(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .205(ed-width inte)-.15 -F .205(gers with no)-.15 F .428(check for o)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -(r\215o).15 E 1.728 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .428(hough di).65 F .428 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.429(.T)-.55 G -.429(he operators and their prece-)-5.429 F 1.92(dence, associati)108 -631.2 R(vity)-.25 E 4.42(,a)-.65 G 1.92(nd v)-4.42 F 1.92 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.919(The follo)6.919 F -1.919(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 643.2 Q -.15 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 249.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 +266.4 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298 +(The shell allo)108 278.4 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 +(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0 +(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 290.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205 +(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705 +(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15 +F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428 +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G +.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108 +314.4 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F +1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 326.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 660 Q F1(++)A F5(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25 -(va)144 672 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 -684 Q F5(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F5(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 696 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 708 S F0 -(unary minus and plus)19.6 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(27)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 28 28 +-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 343.2 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25 +(va)144 355.2 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 +367.2 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 379.2 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 391.2 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 403.2 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 +415.2 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 427.2 S F0 +(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 +439.2 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 451.2 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 463.2 Q F0 +(comparison)144 475.2 Q F1(== !=)108 487.2 Q F0(equality and inequality) +13.07 E F1(&)108 499.2 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 511.2 Q F0 +(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 +523.2 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 535.2 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1 +(||)108 547.2 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 559.2 S(pr).2 E F1(?) +A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 571.2 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 583.2 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 595.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 607.2 S +(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 619.2 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 636 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 648 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F +1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 660 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G +1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 +(using the parameter e)108 672 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 684 R 1.389 +(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) +-3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389 +(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is) +3.889 E .332(assigned a v)108 696 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v) +2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832 +(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 +-.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) +2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 708 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406 +(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 724.8 +R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) +-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(29)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(!~)108 84 S F0(logical and bitwise ne) -24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 96 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G -(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 108 S F0(multiplication, di)10.72 E -(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 120 S F0 -(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 132 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 144 Q F0 -(comparison)144 156 Q F1(== !=)108 168 Q F0(equality and inequality) -13.07 E F1(&)108 180 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 192 Q F0 -(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 -204 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 216 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1(||) -108 228 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 240 S -(pr).2 E F1(?)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 252 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 264 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 -(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) --2.5 E F0(assignment)144 276 Q F2 -.2(ex)108 288 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E -F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 300 Q .68(Shell v)108 316.8 R .68 -(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 -(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 328.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 -F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 -(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 340.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G -1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467 -(using the parameter e)108 352.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 -(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389 -(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 364.8 R 1.389 -(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89 -E F2(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2 -F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333 -(assigned a v)108 376.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332 -(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G -.332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 -H(ts).15 E F2(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332 -(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 388.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E -1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 -405.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F -(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 417.6 R 2.613(et)-.1 -G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F2(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F2 -(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533 -(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 429.6 R F2(n)3.033 E F0 .533 -(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F2(base#)3.034 E F0 .534 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .916 -(The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 441.6 R .915 -(wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that)-.25 F(order) -108 453.6 Q 5.67(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.67 E F2(base)3.17 E F0 .67 -(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.17 F .671 -(wercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to)-.25 F -(represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 465.6 Q .235(Operators are e) -108 482.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235(luated in order of precedence.).25 F -(Sub-e)5.234 E .234(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .234(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 494.4 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 511.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 -(Conditional e)108 523.2 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) -2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and) -2.755 E F1([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F -.77(\214le attrib)108 535.2 R .77 +-.35 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 84 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112 +(he form [)-2.612 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(base#)A F0 .112 +(]n, where the optional)B F1(base)2.612 E F0 .113 +(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 +(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 96 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534 +(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F1(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .16(When specifying)108 108 R +F1(n)2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16 +(he digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.66 F .16 +(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943 +(@, and _, in that order)108 120 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base) +3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942 +(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F +(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 132 Q .234 +(Operators are e)108 148.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 160.8 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 177.6 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 +(Conditional e)108 189.6 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F3 +(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F3([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255 +(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 201.6 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.04 -(unary or binary primaries.)108 547.2 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E F2 -(\214le)3.54 E F0(ar)3.54 E 1.041 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F2(/de)3.541 E -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.541(,t)C 1.041(hen \214le)-3.541 F(descriptor)108 -559.2 Q F2(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the) -3.789 E F2(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 -(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F2(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) --.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)3.788 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.788(,o)C(r)-3.788 E F2 -(/de)108 571.2 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C +(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.041 +(unary or binary primaries.)108 213.6 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E F1 +(\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.54 E +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 225.6 +Q F1(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E +F1(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F1 +(/de)108 237.6 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 +(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 588 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 600 Q -1.096(When used with)108 618 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E -F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) -3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 -E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 -630 Q F1<ad61>108 654 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad62>108 666 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1<ad63>108 678 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1<ad64>108 690 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad65>108 702 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad66>108 714 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G -(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E -(gular \214le.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E -(28)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 29 29 +108 254.4 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 266.4 +Q 1.095(When used with)108 284.4 R F3([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 +E F3(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F3(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 +E F3(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +296.4 Q F3<ad61>108 320.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 +E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3<ad62>108 332.4 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F3<ad63>108 344.4 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F3<ad64>108 356.4 Q +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F3<ad65>108 368.4 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists.).15 E F3<ad66>108 380.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G +(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E +(gular \214le.)-.15 E F3<ad67>108 392.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) +10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F3<ad68>108 404.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3<ad6b>108 416.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) +-2.5 E F3<ad70>108 428.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 +E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) +.15 E F3<ad72>108 440.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F3<ad73>108 +452.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F3<ad74> +108 464.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E +F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F3<ad75>108 +476.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F3 +<ad77>108 488.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F3<ad78>108 +500.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F3 +<ad47>108 512.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F3<ad4c>108 524.4 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F3<ad4e>108 536.4 Q F1(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F3 +<ad4f>108 548.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F3<ad53>108 560.4 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 572.4 Q F3 +(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 584.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 596.4 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F3 +(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 608.4 S .039(ue if).35 F F1 +(\214le1)2.539 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039 +(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E +F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .038(does not.) +2.538 F F1(\214le1)108 620.4 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F3(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 632.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E +F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F3 +<ad6f>108 644.4 Q F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 656.4 S .262 +(ue if the shell option).35 F F1(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.) +2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 +F F3<ad6f>2.763 E F0(option to the)144 668.4 Q F3(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3<ad76>108 680.4 Q F1(varname)2.5 +E F0 -.35(Tr)144 692.4 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1 +(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E +F3<ad52>108 704.4 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 716.4 S +(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0 +(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(30)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad67>108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad68>108 96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad6b>108 108 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F1<ad70>108 120 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 -E F1<ad72>108 132 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1<ad73>108 -144 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1<ad74>108 -156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2 -(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1<ad75>108 168 Q -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1<ad77>108 -180 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>108 192 Q F2(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1<ad47>108 204 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) -2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 -(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1<ad4c>108 216 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad4e>108 228 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 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F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2 -(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 -<ad6f>108 336 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 348 S .263 -(ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.) -2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 -F F1<ad6f>2.762 E F0(option to the)144 360 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 -G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1<ad76>108 372 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 384 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 -E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1<ad7a>108 -396 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 408 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2 -(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 420 Q F1<ad6e>108 432 Q F2 -(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 444 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) -2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 460.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2 -(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 472.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 484.8 S(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F1(=)5 E F0 -(should be used with the)2.5 E F1(test)2.5 E F0 -(command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E F2(string1)108 501.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E -F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 513.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 530.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 542.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad7a>108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) +2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 108 Q F1<ad6e>108 120 Q F2(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0 +(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 148.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E +(string1)108 160.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 172.8 S +.862(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 +(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .861 +(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 +184.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 196.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 +(string1)108 213.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 225.6 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 242.4 Q F1(<)2.5 +E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 254.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 559.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 571.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 +E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 271.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 283.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 -588 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 600 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 +300 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(OP)144 312 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 -(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 612 R -F2(ar)144 624 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) +(ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ +s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 324 R +F2(ar)144 336 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) .15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 640.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.613(When a simple command is e)108 652.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 -(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 352.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 +.614(When a simple command is e)108 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) -108 664.8 Q 26(1. The)108 681.6 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849 -(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 +108 376.8 Q 26(1. The)108 393.6 R -.1(wo)4.348 G 1.848 +(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 710.4 R -.1(wo)3.663 G 1.163 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 422.4 R -.1(wo)3.664 G 1.164 (rds that are not v).1 F 1.164 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 -722.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.663(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)3.663 E 3.663(yw)-.15 G 1.163(ords remain)-3.763 F .775(after e)144 +434.4 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(29)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(are the ar)144 84 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 100.8 -R(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26 -(4. The)108 117.6 R(te)3.216 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717 -(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34 -(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 129.6 R .339 +(are the ar)144 446.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 463.2 R +(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 +(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 480 R(te) +3.217 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F +.717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .339 +(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 492 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 141.6 Q -.332(If no command name results, the v)108 158.4 R .332 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 504 Q .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 520.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 170.4 S .757 +2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 532.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 -(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 182.4 -R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 -(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F -(the command e)108 194.4 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 211.2 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 223.2 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.177(ronment. 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If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 264 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 276 Q -(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 292.8 Q F0 .547 -(After a command has been split into w)108 304.8 R .546 +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 +614.4 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 626.4 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 638.4 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 655.2 Q F0 +.546(After a command has been split into w)108 667.2 R .547 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 316.8 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 679.2 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E (en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ -mpts to locate it.)108 333.6 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +mpts to locate it.)108 696 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 345.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F1(FUNCTIONS) -2.746 E F2(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 357.6 Q 2.5 +108 708 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 +(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.746 +E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 720 Q 2.5 (uiltins. 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A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719 +(search of the directories in)108 120 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.) +2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\ +es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 132 R F1(command_not_f)3.455 +E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 144 Q F0 5.277(.I)C 2.777(ft)-5.277 G .277 +(hat function e)-2.777 F .277(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 2.777(dw).1 G .278 +(ith the original command and the original command')-2.777 F 2.778(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.778 G(uments).18 E .776(as its ar)108 156 R .776 (guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 (xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F -.776(If that function is not)5.776 F -(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 458.4 -Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\ -e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 475.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e) -108 487.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 -F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 499.2 Q +.775(If that function is not)5.775 F +(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 168 Q +(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if the\ + command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 184.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198(named program in a separate e)108 +196.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F +.198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 208.8 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 516 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 225.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G -4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 528 R/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 +4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .678(assumed to be a)108 237.6 R/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 -(ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678 -(cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33 -(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 540 R .33 -(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829 -F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329 -(andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 552 R 1.219 +(ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .677(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .677 +(cute it.).15 F(This)5.677 E .329 +(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 249.6 R .329 +(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.83(ws)-.25 G .33(hell had been in)-2.83 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)-2.83 G .33 +(andle the script, with)-2.83 F 1.219(the e)108 261.6 R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F F3(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F1 -(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 564 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F2(\))A -F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) -108 580.8 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F3(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ -e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 592.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ - handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.193(format themselv) -108 604.8 R 3.693(es. 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The)108 302.4 R +.678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpre\ +ter on operating systems that do not handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutable).15 E 1.192(format themselv)108 314.4 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F +(ar)3.693 E 1.193 +(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.193 +(gument follo)-.18 F 1.193(wing the)-.25 F 1.131 +(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 326.4 R +1.13(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.13(wed by the)-.25 F +(command ar)108 338.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F5 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 355.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 +(The shell has an)108 367.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E +(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 +E 32.5<836f>108 384 S 1.405(pen \214les inherited by the shell at in) +-32.5 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.406 +(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F1(exec) +3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 396 S(iltin).2 E 32.5<8374>108 412.8 S +(he current w)-32.5 E(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(,) +A F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri) +-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E 32.5 +<8374>108 429.6 S(he \214le creation mode mask as set by)-32.5 E F1 +(umask)2.5 E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent) +-2.5 E 32.5<8363>108 446.4 S(urrent traps set by)-32.5 E F1(trap)2.5 E +F0 32.5<8373>108 463.2 S .257(hell parameters that are set by v)-32.5 F +.256(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F1(set)2.756 E F0 .256 +(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.756 E +(in the en)144 475.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<8373>108 492 S (hell functions de\214ned during e)-32.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<836f>108 163.2 S +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<836f>108 508.8 S (ptions enabled at in)-32.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def).2 E (ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F1(set)2.5 E -F0 32.5<836f>108 180 S(ptions enabled by)-32.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 32.5 -<8373>108 196.8 S(hell aliases de\214ned with)-32.5 E F1(alias)2.5 E F0 -32.5<8376>108 213.6 S +F0 32.5<836f>108 525.6 S(ptions enabled by)-32.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +32.5<8373>108 542.4 S(hell aliases de\214ned with)-32.5 E F1(alias)2.5 E +F0 32.5<8376>108 559.2 S (arious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v)-32.75 E (alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427 -(When a simple command other than a b)108 230.4 R .426 -(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 -(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) --2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 242.4 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 +F2(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426(When a simple command other than a b)108 576 R +.427(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 +(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) +-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 588 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F -.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 254.4 Q 32.5<8374>108 271.2 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F -3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G +.133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F +(the shell.)108 600 Q 32.5<8374>108 616.8 S 1.055(he shell')-32.5 F +3.555(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 283.2 Q 32.5<8374>108 300 S(he current w)-32.5 E -(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 316.8 S -(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 333.6 S .856(hell v) +-3.556 F(mand)144 628.8 Q 32.5<8374>108 645.6 S(he current w)-32.5 E +(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 662.4 S +(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 679.2 S .857(hell v) -32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 345.6 Q(vironment) --.4 E 32.5<8374>108 362.4 S .307 -(raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .306 -(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 374.4 Q -2.5(Ac)108 391.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 691.2 Q(vironment) +-.4 E 32.5<8374>108 708 S .306 +(raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .307 +(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G .307 +(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 720 Q +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(32)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 2.5(Ac)108 84 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di) +.1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ -ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 408 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 420 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 -F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 -(vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F -.358(reset to the v)108 432 R .358 +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 100.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 112.8 S .244(ubshell en) +-2.744 F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245 +(vironment, e)-.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F +.359(reset to the v)108 124.8 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 444 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 -(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 456 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 -(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 -472.8 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 136.8 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357 +(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .857(made to the subshell en)3.357 F(viron-) +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 148.8 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 +165.6 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F -F1<ad65>3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When) -108 484.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,) -2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0 -(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 501.6 R -.405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404(and job control is not acti) -2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404 -(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197(is the empty \214le)108 -513.6 R F3(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197 -(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 -(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F -(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 525.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ENVIR)72 542.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354(When a program is in)108 554.4 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) --4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 -(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 566.4 Q -F0<ad>A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 -(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.485(The shell pro)108 583.2 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F -3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 595.2 Q .144(viron\ -ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ - it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.643 G(port).2 E F0 .143(to child pro-)3.323 F -2.703(cesses. Ex)108 607.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F -2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) -2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 -(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 619.2 R -3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 631.2 Q .64 +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent) +3.876 F 2.5(shell. When)108 177.6 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1<ad65> +2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 +194.4 R .404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405 +(and job control is not acti)2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405 +(he def)-2.905 F .405(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198 +(is the empty \214le)108 206.4 R F2(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198 +(.O)C .198(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc) +.1 G .197(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) +-2.698 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 218.4 Q/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 235.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353 +(When a program is in)108 247.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G +4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na) +.25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F2(en) +4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354 +(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 259.2 Q F0<ad>A F2(value)A F0 +(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E +1.486(The shell pro)108 276 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.486 +(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985(vironment. On) +-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F +(wn)-.25 E(en)108 288 Q .144(vironment and creates a parameter for each\ + name found, automatically marking it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port) +.2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F 2.704(cesses. Ex)108 300 R .203 +(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1 +(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x) +-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E +1.153(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 312 +R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154 +(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 324 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 643.2 -R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 -(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 -(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F -.3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 655.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 -(airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 -E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 -(dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar) -108 667.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 -684 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .563(simple command)3.403 -F F0 .562 +-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 336 R +3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58(cuted command consists of the shell') +.15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58(nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F +.58(alues may be)-.25 F .301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 348 R +2.801(yp)-.15 G .301(airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G +2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he)-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an) +2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3(dditions via the)-2.8 F F1(export)2.8 E F0(and) +2.8 E F1(declar)108 360 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E +.562(The en)108 376.8 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .562 +(simple command)3.402 F F0 .563 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 696 R .502 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .203(fect only the) --.25 F(en)108 708 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 -724.8 R F1<ad6b>3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F3 -(all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(31)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(the en)108 84 Q +.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 388.8 R .502 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F +.202(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 400.8 Q +(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 417.6 R F1<ad6b> +3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 +.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 429.6 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.396 E F0(in)3.396 E --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.396(sa).1 G 3.397(ne)-3.396 G .897 -(xternal command, the v)-3.547 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.397 E F0 .897 -(is set to the full \214le name of the command and)3.397 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 112.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E/F2 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT ST)72 129.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151 -(The e)108 141.6 R .151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 -(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 153.6 R .347 -(statuses f)2.847 F .347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347 -(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 -F .348(alues abo)-.25 F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 -165.6 Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G .674(xit statuses from shell b)-5.674 F .673 +-.4 E(When)108 446.4 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v) +-3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 +(is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F +(passed to that command in its en)108 458.4 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 +(EXIT ST)72 475.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 487.2 R +.15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) +.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 +(system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 +(tion. Exit)108 499.2 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 511.2 Q 5.673(.E)-.65 G +.673(xit statuses from shell b)-5.673 F .673 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 -F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 177.6 Q +F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 523.2 Q (alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 -194.4 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873 -(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 -(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of) --.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 206.4 R 2.549(An)5.049 G .049 -(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 -(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 218.4 Q F3(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F3(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 235.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 247.2 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 264 Q -(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E(xpansion or redirection, the e) --.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 280.8 R -.081(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F3(true)A F0 2.581 -(\)i)C 2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F3 -(false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08 -(rror occurs while)-2.58 F(the)108 292.8 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G -2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E -(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 309.6 Q -F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 321.6 +540 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 +(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 +(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872(xit status of) +-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 552 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 +(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f) +-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 564 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E .405 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 580.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404 +(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 592.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 609.6 +Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E +(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) +-.15 E .08(Shell b)108 626.4 R .08 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 +2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while) +-2.581 F(the)108 638.4 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 +F -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E +(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 655.2 Q +F0 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 667.2 Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 -(SIGN)72 338.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 350.4 Q F1(bash)3.183 E F0 .683 -(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G -.683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) --3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F -F1 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 -362.4 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E -F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 --.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,) -5.458 F F1(bash)108 374.4 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E/F5 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU) --.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 391.2 -Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 --.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 -403.2 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) -2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 415.2 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 427.2 Q F4 -(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 444 R 2.045(xits by def) --.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 -2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 456 Q F0 1.005 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 468 Q -F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p)5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shel\ +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 +(SIGN)72 684 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 696 Q F1(bash)3.182 E F0 .682 +(is interacti)3.182 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(,i).15 G 3.182(nt)-3.182 G +.682(he absence of an)-3.182 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) +-3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .683(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .683(kill 0) +3.183 F F0 .683(does not kill an)3.183 F(interacti)108 708 Q .758 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458 +(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.708 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.958 G .457(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .457(In all cases,)5.457 F +F1(bash)108 720 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 +(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 +E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 +E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) +141.79 E(33)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(Non-b)108 84 Q 1.064(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065 +(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065 +(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When)108 96 +R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGINT) +3.247 E F0(and)2.997 E F2(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 +F .652(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 108 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 120 Q F2 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3 +(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 +136.8 R 2.046(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F2 +(SIGHUP)4.545 E F3(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045 +(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045 +(hell resends the).15 F F2(SIGHUP)108 148.8 Q F0 1.004 +(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) +6.004 F F2(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) +-.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F2(SIGHUP)108 160.8 +Q F3(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shel\ l from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357 -(jobs table with the)108 480 R F1(diso)3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 -G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E 1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356 -(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4(SIGHUP)108 492 Q F0(using)2.25 -E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 508.8 R F1 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356 +(jobs table with the)108 172.8 R F1(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F2 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357 +(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(SIGHUP)108 184.8 Q F0(using) +2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 201.6 R F1 (huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1 -(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP) +(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F2(SIGHUP) 2.666 E F0 .166(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(login shell e)108 520.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 537.6 Q F1(bash)3.047 E -F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 +(login shell e)108 213.6 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 230.4 Q F1(bash)3.046 E +F0 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546 -(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .662 -(will not be e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .663 +(will not be e)108 242.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 (cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E -F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 -(via the)108 561.6 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ +F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 +(via the)108 254.4 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F -(return immediately with an e)108 573.6 Q +(return immediately with an e)108 266.4 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(JOB CONTR)72 590.4 Q(OL)-.329 E F3 -.25 -(Jo)108 602.4 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 -(refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 -(ly stop \().15 F F3(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 614.4 Q -F3 -.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 +283.2 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 295.2 S 4.568(bc) +.25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti) +5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t) +C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067 +(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 307.2 Q F5 -.37(re)C +(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 -(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) --.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 626.4 Q(ernel')-.1 +(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) +-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 319.2 Q(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E -F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 643.2 R F3(job) -5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785 -(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 655.2 R F1 -(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F3(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 667.2 -Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 684 Q .241(indicating that this job is job num\ -ber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline assoc\ -iated)108 700.8 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 712.8 R .732 +F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 336 R F5(job)5.025 +E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784 +(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784 +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 348 R F1(jobs) +2.84 E F0 2.84(command. When)2.84 F F1(bash)2.84 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F5(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .341(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 360 Q +(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 376.8 Q .241(indicating that this job is job nu\ +mber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline asso\ +ciated)108 393.6 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 405.6 R .733 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.733 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 724.8 Q F3(job) -4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E(GNU Bash-4.2) -72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(32)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 3.062 -.8(To f)108 84 T 1.462 -(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 F 1.463 -(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F .871 -(notion of a)108 96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(curr)3.371 E .871 -(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871 -(.M)C .87(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 -F .023 +5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 417.6 Q F5(job) +4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8 +(To f)108 434.4 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.87(notion of a)108 446.4 R F5(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871 +(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -108 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E -(INT)108 120 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347 -(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for)3.846 E -.4(eg) --.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) --.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 F .145 -(group ID dif)108 132 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 -(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 -(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 144 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66 -(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F4 10 -/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 156 R .551 -(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F4 .551 -(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F -.718(terminal are sent a)108 168 R F2 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F(OU\)) --.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 G -.717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 -(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 180 Q 1.087 -(If the operating system on which)108 196.8 R/F5 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F5(bash) -3.588 E F0 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 -(Ty)108 208.8 S .302(ping the).8 F F1(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 -(character \(typically)3.572 F F5(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +458.4 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 470.4 Q +F3(.)A F0 1.346(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F5(for) +3.847 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.927 E +(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617 +F .146(group ID dif)108 482.4 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 494.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 +10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 506.4 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F +.717(terminal are sent a)108 518.4 R F2 .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.217 F +(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218(st)-.55 +G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H .718 +(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 530.4 Q 1.088 +(If the operating system on which)108 547.2 R F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 +(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.087 +(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 559.2 S +.301(ping the).8 F F5(suspend)3.141 E F0 .301(character \(typically) +3.571 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 -F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 220.8 R F5(bash)4.642 E F0 -7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F1 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 -2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F5(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C -(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 571.2 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F5 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F1(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 -232.8 R(to)108 244.8 Q F5(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +583.2 R(to)108 595.2 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F -F5(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 -(background, the)108 256.8 R F5(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 -(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F -F5(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F5(^Z) -3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 268.8 Q .948(fect immediately) --.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 +F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .894 +(background, the)108 607.2 R F1(fg)3.394 E F0 .895 +(command to continue it in the fore)3.394 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F +F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .895(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.895 E F1(^Z) +3.395 E F0(tak)3.395 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 619.2 Q .949(fect immediately) +-.25 F 3.449(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.449 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) -108 280.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 297.6 R .777 -(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F5 -(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 309.6 -Q F1(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F1(n)3.817 E F0 .957 -(may be referred to as)3.697 F F5(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 +108 631.2 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 648 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 660 Q +F5(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B(number)3.458 E F5(n)3.818 E F0 .957 +(may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 321.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F5(%ce)3.09 E -F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 333.6 Q F5(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 -E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 -(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F5(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 -(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F5(%?ce)3.463 E -F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 -(hand, refers to an)108 345.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 -(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F5(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 +108 672 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E F0 +.59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 684 Q F1(ce)3.464 E F0(job)3.464 E +5.964(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.964 G .963 +(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 +(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E +F0 3.463(,o)C 3.463(nt)-3.463 G .963(he other)-3.463 F .086 +(hand, refers to an)108 696 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 +(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 -(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 357.6 Q F5 -(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 -(he symbols)-5.018 F F5(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F5(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 +(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 708 Q F1(bash) +2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 +(he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F -F1(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) --2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 369.6 R .495 +F5(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) +-2.518 F .494(the last job stopped while it w)108 720 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F -(The)5.494 E F1(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 -(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 381.6 R F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 -5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F5 -(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 -(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E -.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 393.6 R F5 +(The)5.495 E F5(pr)4.245 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .495(ious job).15 F F0 .495 +(may be)3.225 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(34)190.95 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .788(referenced using)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<25ad>3.288 E +F0 5.788(.I)C 3.288(ft)-5.788 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.288 F +F1(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .787 +(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.787(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.787 E +.256(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 96 R F1 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F5(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) -108 405.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F5<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 -(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 +-.1 G .257(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.757 E F0(,)A .411 +(and the pre)108 108 R .411(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>2.911 E F0 +5.411(.A)C .411(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .41 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(rent job)108 417.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 434.4 R -(ground:)-.15 E F5(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) --.15 F F5 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C -(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -446.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F5 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 -(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F -(equi)108 458.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F5 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 475.2 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F -(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 -(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 487.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G -.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 -(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F5<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158 -(option to)2.658 F(the)108 499.2 Q F5(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G -1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F5(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451 -(reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15 -(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F2(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15 -(exe)108 511.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032 -(If an attempt to e)108 528 R(xit)-.15 E F5(bash)2.532 E F0 .032 -(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) --2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F5(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 -(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 540 R F5 -(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 -(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F5(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 -(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 -552 R(The)5.458 E F5(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 -(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) -5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 564 R .604 +(rent job)108 120 Q(.)-.4 E .443 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 136.8 R +(ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for) +-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C +(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 +148.8 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472 +(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F +(equi)108 160.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 177.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) +5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131 +(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158 +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 189.6 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G +.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157 +(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F1<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157 +(option to)2.657 F(the)108 201.6 Q F1(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G +1.451(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)3.951 E F0 1.452 +(reports such changes immediately)3.951 F 6.452(.A)-.65 G 1.752 -.15 +(ny t)-6.452 H 1.452(rap on).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)3.952 E +F0(is)3.702 E -.15(exe)108 213.6 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E +(xits.)-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 230.4 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash) +2.533 E F0 .033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532(,i)-.4 +G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032 +(shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 242.4 R F1 +(shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019 +(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02 +(option is)4.52 F .459(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 +254.4 R(The)5.459 E F1(jobs)2.959 E F0 .458 +(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a) +5.458 F .603(second attempt to e)108 266.4 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 576 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F6 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 592.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 -604.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 -E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F -F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826 -(and the secondary prompt)108 616.8 R F2(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F5(Bash)6.825 E -F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ +(and an)108 278.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 295.2 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 +307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 +E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F +F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.825 +(and the secondary prompt)108 319.2 R F2(PS2)4.325 E F0 1.825 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.075 F F1(Bash)6.826 E +F0(allo)4.326 E 1.826(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\ - are)108 628.8 R(decoded as follo)108 640.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F5(\\a)144 -652.8 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F5(\\d)144 664.8 Q F0 + are)108 331.2 R(decoded as follo)108 343.2 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 +355.2 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F1(\\d)144 367.2 Q F0 (the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F5(\\D{)144 676.8 Q F1(format)A F5(})A F0(the)180 -688.8 Q F1(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F1(strftime) -3.927 E F0 1.427 +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 379.2 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format) +A F1(})A F0(the)180 391.2 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to) +3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -700.8 Q F1(format)2.5 E F0 +403.2 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F5(\\e)144 712.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(33)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\h)144 84 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 96 Q F0 -(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 108 Q F0 +(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 415.2 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F1(\\h)144 427.2 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 439.2 Q F0 +(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 451.2 Q F0 (the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144 -120 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) --2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 132 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1 -(\\r)144 144 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 156 Q F0 +463.2 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) +-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 475.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1 +(\\r)144 487.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 499.2 Q F0 (the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0 (\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 -168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T)144 -180 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1(\\@)144 -192 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1(\\A)144 204 -Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1(\\u)144 216 Q F0 -(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 228 Q F0(the v) -28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V) -144 240 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C -(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\)) --2.5 E F1(\\w)144 252 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115 -(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v) --.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 264 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 -E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 276 Q F0 +511.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T) +144 523.2 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1 +(\\@)144 535.2 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1 +(\\A)144 547.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1 +(\\u)144 559.2 Q F0(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 +571.2 Q F0(the v)28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 583.2 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G +(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 595.2 Q F0 .116(the current w)26 F +.116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.616 E F2($HOME)2.616 +E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115 +(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 607.2 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 +-.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 619.2 Q F0 (the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) -.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) --.25 E F1(\\!)144 288 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1 -(\\#)144 300 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)144 -312 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a) -.15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 324 Q -/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\\\\)144 336 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 348 Q F0 -(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which coul\ -d be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt) -180 360 Q F1(\\])144 372 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters) -29.89 E .119(The command number and the history number are usually dif) -108 388.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F -1.585(position in the history list, which may include commands restored\ - from the history \214le \(see)108 400.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) --.315 E F0(belo)108 412.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the p\ -osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 -(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 424.8 R +-.25 E F1(\\!)144 631.2 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E +F1(\\#)144 643.2 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$) +144 655.2 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H +(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E +(\\)144 667.2 Q F4(nnn)A F0 +(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4(nnn)2.5 E F1 +(\\\\)144 679.2 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 691.2 Q +F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which co\ +uld be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt) +180 703.2 Q F1(\\])144 715.2 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(35)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .12(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 +84 R .119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(p\ +osition in the history list, which may include commands restored from t\ +he history \214le \(see)108 96 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.085 E(OR) +-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 108 Q .541(w\), while the command number \ +is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54 +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 120 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 436.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F --.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 -F(description of the)108 448.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E -F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 465.6 Q F0 .151 +.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 132 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351 +(shell option \(see the)2.852 F(description of the)108 144 Q F2(shopt) +2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F1(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 +160.8 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 477.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 489.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 -(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F1<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209 -(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G -3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 501.6 Q .851 +108 172.8 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F2 +(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 184.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 +(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F2<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208 +(option to the)3.708 F F2 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G +3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 196.8 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F -3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 513.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 208.8 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) --3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 -.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 525.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +-3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 +.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E +(\(see)108 220.8 Q F1 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 537.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 554.4 Q +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E +(emacs)108 232.8 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 249.6 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 566.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 578.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) --.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) --.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 590.4 S .83 -(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 -(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 -(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 -(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H -.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 602.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 -.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) --3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H -(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 631.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 -(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G -.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) -108 643.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G -3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +108 261.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1 +(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 273.6 R +(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153 +(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653 +(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke) +108 285.6 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke) +3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F +F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 +-.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65 +(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 297.6 R F4 .599 +(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599 +(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599 +(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G +.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F +(the Control k)108 309.6 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4 +(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62 +(Readline commands may be gi)108 326.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G +(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619 +(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108 +338.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G +3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 655.2 R 1.018 -(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 667.2 Q +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 350.4 R 1.018 +(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 362.4 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 684 R F3 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 379.2 R F4 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 696 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F -.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4 +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 391.2 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 +F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 708 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 -(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 403.2 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F +.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(34)185.955 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 Q F0 .091(Re\ -adline is customized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(\ -the)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591 -(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 -108 R .196(en from the v)-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196 -(that v)2.696 F .196(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F -F2(~/.inputr)2.696 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F -1.034(program which uses the readline library starts up, the initializa\ -tion \214le is read, and the k)108 120 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035 -(indings and).15 F -.25(va)108 132 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15 -(There are only a fe)6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo) --3.649 F 1.149(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank) -6.149 E .736(lines are ignored.)108 144 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 -(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 -(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 156 R -(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 172.8 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 184.8 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 201.6 S 2.5(re).15 G -(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 218.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 230.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 -242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 254.4 -Q F2(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G -(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2 -(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo) -108 271.2 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F -F2 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F2 -(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0 -(,).73 E F2(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108 283.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2 -(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G -(nd)-2.5 E F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 -(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 300 R .209(ws k)-.25 F +108 415.2 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 432 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ +tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 444 R +F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 456 R .196(en from the v) +-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F1(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G +2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 +(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ +es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ +nd the k)108 468 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25 +(va)108 480 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe) +6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737 +(lines are ignored.)108 492 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a) +-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737(Lines be)5.737 F +.737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .736(indicate conditional) +3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 504 R(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def) +108 520.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987 +(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 +3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may) +3.487 F(add their o)108 532.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15 +(Fo)108 549.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E +(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E +(gument)-.18 E(or)108 578.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 602.4 Q F4(inputr) +2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4(univer)2.5 E +(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo)108 619.2 R +1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F4 -.4(RU) +3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4(ESC)3.761 E +F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0(,).73 E F4 +(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 631.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4(SPC)2.5 E F0 +(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F4 +-.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 648 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 (ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) --.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 312 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1 -(Readline K)87 328.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 340.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 -(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 660 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2 +(Readline K)87 676.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 688.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 (\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) -5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 352.8 R .383(xt of a macro and a k) +5.366 F .382(command or the te)108 700.8 R .383(xt of a macro and a k) -.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383 (equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853 -(\214ed in one of tw)108 364.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 +(\214ed in one of tw)108 712.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 (ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F2(Contr) +(ame, possibly with).15 F F4(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F4(Contr) 3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 376.8 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 393.6 R F1 --.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 -E F2(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542 -(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in) -.15 F 2.5(English. F)108 405.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E -(Control-u: uni)144 429.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 -E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 441.6 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 453.6 Q .698(In the abo)108 470.4 R .998 -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) +141.79 E(36)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 1.541(When using the form)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(ke) +4.041 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function\255name).833 +E F0(or)4.041 E F2(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname) +-.2 E F0 1.542(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.842 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.542 +(pelled out in).15 F 2.5(English. F)108 96 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E +(Control-u: uni)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 132 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E +(Control-o: "> output")144 144 Q .699(In the abo)108 160.8 R .998 -.15 (ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 (is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 482.4 Q F1 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F2 -(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 172.8 Q F1 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2 +(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -494.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 511.2 R F1("k)2.555 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F2(macr) -2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 -(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 523.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +184.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 201.6 R F1("k)2.556 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) +2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 +(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 213.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 535.2 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 -(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 547.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 571.2 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 225.6 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 +(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 237.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 261.6 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 583.2 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 -(In this e)108 612 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) -3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 273.6 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 285.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 +(In this e)108 302.4 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) +3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 624 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G<ad72> -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) -3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F4(Function Key 1) -2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 -640.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 652.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 -664.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 676.8 Q F0 -(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\\\)144 688.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1 -(\\")144 700.8 Q F0(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 712.8 Q F0 -(literal \010)30.44 E(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequenc\ -es, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 729.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable:).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(35) -185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1 -(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)144 108 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1 -(\\f)144 120 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 132 Q F0(ne)27.66 E -(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 144 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 156 -Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 168 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 180 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 314.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 +(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 +(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 331.2 Q F1 +<5c43ad>144 343.2 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 355.2 Q F0 +(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 367.2 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E +F1(\\\\)144 379.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\")144 391.2 Q F0 +(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 403.2 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\ +ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \ +escapes is a)108 420 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 432 Q F0 +(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 444 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)144 +456 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1(\\f)144 468 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 +480 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 492 Q F0(carriage return) +28.78 E F1(\\t)144 504 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 516 Q F0 +-.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 528 Q F2(nnn)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E (alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 -192 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) +540 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) -.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E -2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 -(When entering the te)108 208.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ - quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 -(Unquoted te)108 220.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F -.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 -(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 -232.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 +(When entering the te)108 556.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089 +(Unquoted te)108 568.8 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 +F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +580.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G (ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 249.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 -F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 --.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 261.6 R .346 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045 -(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 273.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +F1(Bash)108 597.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F +.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) +.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 609.6 R .345 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046 +(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 621.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 290.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 302.4 +(Readline V)87 638.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 650.4 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 314.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 331.2 Q F2 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 662.4 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 679.2 Q F2 (variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 -348 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) +696 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) -.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v) -108 360 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F -.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v) +108 708 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F +.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 -(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -384 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 400.8 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 412.8 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) -2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 424.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E -F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 436.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 448.8 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 460.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ -empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 472.8 Q -.15 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 +(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(37)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E -.25(va)108 84 S(lues are:).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bell\255style \(audible\))108 100.8 Q F0 .011 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 112.8 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 +E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 +(rings the bell.)144 124.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A +(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 136.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) +-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 148.8 Q F0 .056 +(If set to)144 160.8 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ +s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 172.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 484.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) --.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 496.8 R -F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 508.8 Q F1 +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(color)108 184.8 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.579(If set to)144 196.8 R F1(On)4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579 +(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58 +(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 208.8 R +(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 +E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(comment\255begin \(`)108 220.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885 +(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 232.8 R F1 +(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 244.8 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 -(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 520.8 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 532.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 256.8 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 268.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr) -108 544.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ +108 280.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\ - that is displayed)144 556.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 568.8 R + that is displayed)144 292.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 304.8 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 (alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 580.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 316.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 592.8 Q F0 .529 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 604.8 R .53 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 328.8 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 340.8 R .53 (wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) -144 616.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) +144 352.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) 3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56 (ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 -628.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ -qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 640.8 S .237 +364.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ +qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 376.8 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G -.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 652.8 Q F1(con)108 -664.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 676.8 +.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 388.8 Q F1(con)108 +400.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 412.8 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 688.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 -F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 700.8 Q F0(\).)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(36)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 37 37 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 -.038(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038 -(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 +144 424.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF .541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 436.8 Q F0(\).)A F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 448.8 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 460.8 R +F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 108 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 120 Q F0 .142 -(Controls whether readline be)144 132 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(Emacs)2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) -5.141 E F0(can be set to either)144 144 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 156 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 -E F0 1.21(When set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 -G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +144 472.8 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 484.8 Q F0 .142 +(Controls whether readline be)144 496.8 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 +F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 +(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 508.8 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 520.8 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 +1.21(When set to)144 532.8 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G +1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 180 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 192 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 -(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 544.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 +G(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 556.8 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 +(When set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 216 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 228 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 580.8 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey) +-2.6 G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 592.8 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 +.64(When set to)144 604.8 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 252 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 616.8 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 264 Q F0(If set to)144 276 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 288 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) -3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ -the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 312 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G -(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history\255size \(0\))108 324 Q F0 .462 -(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 336 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .463 -(If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F -(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 348 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 360 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 -(When set to)144 372 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 628.8 Q F0(If set to)144 640.8 Q F1(On)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E +(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.) +-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 652.8 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G +(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 664.8 R F1(On)3.839 E F0 +3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at the same lo\ +cation on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 676.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0 +(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(0\))108 +688.8 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 700.8 R +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) +-3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 +E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 712.8 R 2.983(we)-.25 G +.483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 +(set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 724.8 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, the number of history entries is not limited.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3) +72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(38)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 39 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(horizontal\255scr)108 84 Q +(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.948 E +F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 384 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 396 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 408 -Q F0 .228(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \ + ne)144 108 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 120 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 132 +Q F0 .227(If set to)144 144 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \ will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\ -rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 432 R -.05 +rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 156 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F -.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F -(synon)144 444 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 456 Q +.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F +(synon)144 168 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 180 Q (ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\ -thout subsequently e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934 -(ing the character as a command.)144 480 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 -(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 492 Q F2 -(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) -108 504 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 -516 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 -(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 528 R F0 2.568(,a)C -(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 -(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 540 R -.25(va)-.25 -G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C +thout subsequently e)144 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935 +(ing the character as a command.)144 204 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 +(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 +(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E F0 +(and)144 216 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.) +2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 228 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02 +(Set the current readline k)144 240 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F +2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021 +(map names is).15 F F2 2.021(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E +.069(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 252 R F0 2.568 +(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 +.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 264 R -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 552 Q(fects the def)-.25 -E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 564 Q -(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 576 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 276 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 288 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 300 R +F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 312 R +1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) +-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea) +-.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 324 R .62 +-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) +2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 336 R .907 +(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 +(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907 +(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 348 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) +.37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 +F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 360 R(alue,)-.25 +E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 +(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 372 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 384 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 588 Q F0(If set to)144 -600 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 408 Q F0(If set to)144 +420 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 612 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 624 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 +(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 432 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E +(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 444 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 636 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 456 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 648 Q F0 .193(This v)144 660 R -.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 672 R .456 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 468 Q F0 .192(This v)144 480 R +.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 492 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 684 Q F1 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 696 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.586(If set to)144 708 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 504 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 516 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.585(If set to)144 528 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 720 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(37)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(output\255meta \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .506 -(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will displ\ -ay characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-) --3.006 F(pre\214x)144 108 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 120 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 132 R F1(On) -3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 +-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 540 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 +.507(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ +ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 576 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 588 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 600 R F1(On) +3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) +3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 144 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 1.318 -(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\ -play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818 -F(order)144 180 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 -E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 192 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E -F0 .699(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 +(tions at a time.)144 612 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 624 Q F0 1.319 +(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ +play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 +F(order)144 648 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 660 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .698(If set to)144 672 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 216 S +-3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 684 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 228 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 240 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E -F0 .304(This alters the def)144 252 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 -(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) -2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 264 R(bell.)144 276 Q F1 -(sho)108 288 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 -(This alters the def)144 300 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 312 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C -4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 696 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(39)190.95 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 84 Q +(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .303(This alters the def) +144 96 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 +F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha) +-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible complet\ +ion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the) +144 108 R(bell.)144 120 Q F1(sho)108 132 Q +(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 144 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F1(sho)144 156 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C +4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 324 R 3.54 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 168 R 3.539 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ -es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 336 Q F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 360 R +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ +s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 180 Q F1 +(sho)108 192 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.019 +(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018 +(dd a character to the be)-3.519 F 1.018 +(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F +(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 216 Q F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 372 Q +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 252 Q 2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 384 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 396 Q +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 264 R +1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 276 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 408 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 420 R F1(On) +(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 288 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 -(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 -(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 432 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 448.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 460.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B +(when listing possible completions.)144 312 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 328.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 340.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 472.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(which allo)108 352.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 501.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 381.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the\ editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 -(or the application using readline.)144 513.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 +(or the application using readline.)144 393.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F -(are required to isolate it.)144 525.6 Q F1(mode)144 542.4 Q F0(The) +(are required to isolate it.)144 405.6 Q F1(mode)144 422.4 Q F0(The) 12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 554.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F +(mode. This)180 434.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 566.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E +3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 446.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E (d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 -(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 578.4 -Q F1(term)144 595.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 +(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 458.4 +Q F1(term)144 475.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 607.2 R +(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 487.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 619.2 Q F1(=)3.232 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 499.2 Q F1(=)3.232 E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -631.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +511.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 648 Q F0(The)180 660 +2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 528 Q F0(The)180 540 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -672 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +552 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 -684 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 +564 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 696 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(ci\214c program.)180 576 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 708 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(38)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 39 39 +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 588 Q +(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 612 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 624 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 +E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 636 Q F1($endif)180 648 Q +($endif)108 664.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e) +-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +($else)108 681.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 +E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 698.4 Q F0 .356 +(This directi)144 710.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 722.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(40)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($if)180 84 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 96 S -(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 108 Q F1($endif)180 120 Q($endif)108 -136.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E -(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else) -108 153.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 170.4 Q F0 .356 -(This directi)144 182.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 194.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 -E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 218.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 -E F1(Sear)87 235.2 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 247.2 R .835 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($include)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 100.8 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835 +(Readline pro)108 112.8 R .835 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E -.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 259.2 Q +.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 124.8 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 -E .697(Incremental searches be)108 276 R .697 +E .697(Incremental searches be)108 141.6 R .697 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 288 R .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 153.6 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 300 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 -(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542 -(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) -108 312 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 +(incremental search requires only as man)108 165.6 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F +5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224 +(acters present in the v)108 177.6 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 324 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 189.6 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .097(mental search.)108 336 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\ -l search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096(When the search is) -5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\ -mes the current line.)108 348 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)108 364.8 T 1.339(nd \ -other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\ - as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675(search backw)108 -376.8 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F -.674(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E -5.674(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 388.8 R .474 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .174 +F .097(mental search.)108 201.6 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 +(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 213.6 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) +108 230.4 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 +(search backw)108 242.4 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 254.4 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E -.541(instance, a)108 400.8 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +.541(instance, a)108 266.4 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 (will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 412.8 -Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 429.6 +(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 278.4 +Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 295.2 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) -3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E -(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 441.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 307.2 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 458.4 R(The searc\ -h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 470.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 487.2 Q F0 1.391 -(The follo)108 499.2 R 1.391 +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 324 R(The search \ +string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the curre\ +nt line.)108 336 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 352.8 Q F0 1.391 +(The follo)108 364.8 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 511.2 R .122 +3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 376.8 R .122 (names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 -(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 523.2 Q F2(point)3.41 E +(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 388.8 Q F2(point)3.41 E F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) -.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 535.2 Q F0 2.5 +.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 400.8 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 552 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E -(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 564 Q F0(Mo)144 576 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 588 Q F0(Mo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve t) --.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 612 S -(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 -636 Q F0(Mo)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E -F1 -.25(fo)108 660 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 672 -Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .522 -(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 684 Q F1(backward\255w)108 696 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) --.1 E F0(Mo)144 708 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 417.6 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 429.6 Q F0(Mo)144 441.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 453.6 Q F0(Mo)144 465.6 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 +477.6 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 489.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 501.6 Q F0(Mo)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 525.6 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 537.6 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) +-.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 549.6 Q F1(backward\255w)108 561.6 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 573.6 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(39)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 40 40 +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 585.6 Q F1(shell\255f)108 597.6 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 609.6 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 +(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) +-.8 F(ters.)144 621.6 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 633.6 Q(ord)-.1 E +F0(Mo)144 645.6 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 +(ord. W)-.1 F .609(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F +(metacharacters.)144 657.6 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 669.6 Q(een \(C\255l\)) +-.18 E F0 .993(Clear the screen lea)144 681.6 R .993 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G +.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 693.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 +705.6 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 +(Refresh the current line.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(41)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord) --.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484 -(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108 -Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 132 Q .908 --.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 -(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 144 Q -F1(clear\255scr)108 156 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 -(Clear the screen lea)144 168 R .993 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G -.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 180 Q F1 -.18(re)108 192 -S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 -204 Q F1(Commands f)87 220.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E -(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 232.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158 -(Accept the line re)144 244.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Commands f)87 84 Q +(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 +96 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 108 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) 5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699 -(according to the state of the)144 256.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F -.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 268.8 Q F1(pr)108 -280.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 -(Fetch the pre)144 292.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 304.8 -Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 316.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 -E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 328.8 Q F0(Mo)144 340.8 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 352.8 Q F0(Mo)144 364.8 Q -.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 -(re v)108 376.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 -1.47(Search backw)144 388.8 R 1.471 -(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.471 -(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 400.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 412.8 S +(according to the state of the)144 120 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR) +3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 +(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 132 Q F1(pr)108 144 +Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0(Fetch the pre)144 +156 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E +(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 168 Q +F0(Fetch the ne)144 180 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E +(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 192 Q F0(Mo)144 204 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 216 Q F0(Mo)144 228 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 +G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 +240 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 +(Search backw)144 252 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 264 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 276 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 -(Search forw)144 424.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 436.8 Q F1 -(non\255incr)108 448.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H -(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) -144 460.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ -sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 472.8 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 484.8 Q -(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 -E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 496.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ -a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 -508.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 520.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) --.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 532.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ - the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the point.)144 544.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 -(history\255sear)108 556.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) -144 568.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ -etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 580.8 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 592.8 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 -604.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 +(Search forw)144 288 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 +F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 +F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 300 Q F1(non\255incr)108 +312 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E +(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw)144 324 R .164(ar\ +d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ +tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 336 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E +(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 348 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) +-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 360 R +1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ +ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 372 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 +384 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 396 R .249(a\ +rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ +f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 408 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 420 Q +(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 432 R .951(ard through \ +the history for the string of characters between the start of the curre\ +nt)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 444 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 456 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 468 +R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 616.8 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 +.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 480 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 (,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794 -(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 628.8 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 492 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 (ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 -(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 640.8 R .282(vious command.) +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 504 R .282(vious command.) -.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 (is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 652.8 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 664.8 Q +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 516 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 528 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 -(Insert the last ar)144 676.8 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 540 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 688.8 S .204(th a numeric ar) -.4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F -(e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi) --5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar) -2.703 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 700.8 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 552 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 +F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 +E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 564 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 712.8 R(An)6.396 E +1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 576 R(An)6.396 E 3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) -.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 724.8 R .791 -.15(ve t) --.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 -(ument switches the direction).18 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(40)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 41 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .494(through the history \(back or forw)144 84 R 2.994 -(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 -(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F(ar)144 96 Q -(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 -108 Q F0 .622(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 120 R .622 +.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 588 R .791 -.15(ve t)-.15 +H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 +(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 +(through the history \(back or forw)144 600 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 +(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 +612 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 624 Q F0 .622 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 636 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 132 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 -(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 648 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansions. See)-.15 F F2(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 +E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 144 Q F0 .939 -(Perform history e)144 156 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 660 Q F0 .939 +(Perform history e)144 672 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) --3.438 F(tion of history e)144 168 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 180 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 192 R 1.626 +-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 696 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 708 R 1.626 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F2 (HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(belo)144 204 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 216 Q F0 .395 -(Perform alias e)144 228 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 240 Q F1 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 252 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 264 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 276 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 288 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +(belo)144 720 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(42) +190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 .395 +(Perform alias e)144 96 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F(See) +5.395 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15 +(ve f)-.15 H .394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.) +144 108 Q F1(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 120 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 132 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 144 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 156 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 300 Q F0 .947 -(Accept the current line for e)144 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 168 Q F0 .947 +(Accept the current line for e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 (cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F -(history for editing.)144 324 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(history for editing.)144 192 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G (ument is ignored.).18 E F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 336 Q F0(In)144 -348 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 204 Q F0(In)144 +216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 -(attempts to in)144 360 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) +(attempts to in)144 228 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) -.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0 (and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 -376.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 -388.8 Q F0 .357(Delete the character at point.)144 400.8 R .358 -(If point is at the be)5.358 F .358 -(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F -(line, and the last character typed w)144 412.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.) -A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 424.8 Q F0 .553 -(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 436.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 -(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F -.552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552(he deleted te).15 F -.552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 448.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 460.8 S -(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 472.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +244.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 256.8 +Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 268.8 R .799 +(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299 +(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592 +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 280.8 R +.592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F +(as the end of input and returns)144 292.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 304.8 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 316.8 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 328.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) +108 340.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 352.8 R +5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 +(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 364.8 Q F1 +-.25(fo)108 376.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 388.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 484.8 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 496.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 -508.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 400.8 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 412.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +424.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278 -(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 520.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 532.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 -(Insert a tab character)144 544.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 556.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 568.8 Q F1 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 580.8 Q F0 .321 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 592.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 +(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 436.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 448.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 +(Insert a tab character)144 460.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 472.8 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 484.8 Q F1 +(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 496.8 Q F0 .321 +(Drag the character before point forw)144 508.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 (ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 (If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -604.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 616.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E +520.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 532.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 628.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 -640.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +(transpose\255w)108 544.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +556.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) -.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) -2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 652.8 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 664.8 Q +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 568.8 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 580.8 Q (ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 -676.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F +592.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 688.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 700.8 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 712.8 Q 1.647 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 616.8 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 628.8 Q 1.647 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 724.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(41)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 640.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 652.8 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 +664.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 676.8 S(rd, b) +.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 +688.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 700.8 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 712.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 +(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 724.8 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 +F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re) +4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895(starts in insert)4.395 F(GNU Bash 4.3) +72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(43)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(capitalize\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 -E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 96 R 1.974(wing\) w) --.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974(ument, capitalize the pre).18 -F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15 -(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 120 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8 -(To)144 132 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F --.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15 -(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)144 144 S .781(th an e).4 F -.781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 -F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 -F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 156 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) -4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 -F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 -(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 168 R -.15(ove)3.969 G -1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E -F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F -.957(pushing the te)144 180 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 -(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 -.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 192 Q -(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 -208.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 220.8 Q F0 -(Kill the te)144 232.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 244.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 256.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 268.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 280.8 +-.35 E 3.969(mode. In)144 84 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469 +(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468 +(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957(pushing the te)144 96 R .957 +(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1 +(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 .958(replace the character)3.458 +F(before point with a space.)144 108 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 124.8 Q +(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 136.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 +148.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 160.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 172.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 184.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 196.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 292.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 208.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -304.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 316.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 328.8 R .728 +220.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 232.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 244.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 340.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 256.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 352.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 364.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 268.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 280.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 376.8 Q +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 292.8 Q (ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 388.8 R .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 304.8 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 400.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 316.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 412.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 424.8 R +108 328.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 340.8 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 436.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 448.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 460.8 R .364 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 352.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 364.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 376.8 R .364 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 -472.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 484.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) -144 496.8 R .166 +388.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 400.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) +144 412.8 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 508.8 Q +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 424.8 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 520.8 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 532.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 -544.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 556.8 Q(xt in the current re) --.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 568.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E -F0(Cop)144 580.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 436.8 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 448.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 +460.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 472.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 484.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E +F0(Cop)144 496.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 604.8 Q 4.8(yt) +(copy\255backward\255w)108 508.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 520.8 Q 4.8(yt) -.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E (fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 -616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 628.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E -(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 +532.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 544.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E +(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 556.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 (ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G -(ward\255w)144 652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 664.8 Q -F0 -1(Ya)144 676.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 688.8 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 700.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +(ward\255w)144 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 580.8 Q +F0 -1(Ya)144 592.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 604.8 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 616.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(42)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 43 43 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Numeric Ar)87 84 Q(guments)-.1 E -(digit\255ar)108 96 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 -.641(Add this digit to the ar)144 108 R .641 +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 633.6 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 645.6 Q +(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 657.6 R .641 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-) --.15 E(ati)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 -(uni)108 132 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779 -(This is another w)144 144 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 +-.15 E(ati)144 669.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 +(uni)108 681.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779 +(This is another w)144 693.6 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 (gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -156 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -168 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +705.6 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +717.6 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 180 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 729.6 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 -(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243 -(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 192 R .243 +(wed by a character that is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(44)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .243(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 84 R .243 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 204 Q .378 +-.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 96 Q .378 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F -.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 216 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) --2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1 -(Completing)87 232.8 Q(complete \(T)108 244.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 256.8 R 1.137 +.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 108 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) +-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 124.8 Q(complete \(T)108 136.8 Q(AB\))-.9 +E F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 148.8 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 268.8 Q .532(xt as a v) +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 160.8 Q .532(xt as a v) -.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 280.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +144 172.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 292.8 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 304.8 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 316.8 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 328.8 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 340.8 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 184.8 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 196.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 208.8 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 220.8 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 232.8 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 -352.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 364.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 -376.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 +244.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 256.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 +268.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.193(possible completions.)144 388.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 +1.193(possible completions.)144 280.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 400.8 R .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 292.8 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 412.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 304.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 424.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +(positions forw)144 316.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 436.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +E(through the list.)144 328.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) 5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 448.8 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 460.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 +(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 340.8 Q F0 .82 +(Identical to)144 352.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 (ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 472.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(menu\255complete)144 364.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) .15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 484.8 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 496.8 R +F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 376.8 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 388.8 R .234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) -2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 508.8 R -.15 +2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 400.8 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 (possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 -(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 520.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 532.8 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 544.8 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 556.8 Q -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 568.8 Q +(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 412.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 424.8 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 436.8 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 448.8 Q +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 460.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 580.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 592.8 Q +(complete\255user)108 472.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 484.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 604.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 616.8 Q +108 496.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 508.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -628.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 -640.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(possible\255v)108 652.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 664.8 Q +520.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 +532.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(possible\255v)108 544.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 556.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 676.8 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 688.8 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 568.8 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 580.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 700.8 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 712.8 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 -Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(43)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 44 44 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F0 -.581(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581 +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 592.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 604.8 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 616.8 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 628.8 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 640.8 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 652.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 132 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 664.8 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 676.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 R .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 688.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 700.8 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 180 Q F1(dab)108 192 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 204 R .611 +(for possible completion matches.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(45)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dab)108 84 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G +(\255expand).15 E F0 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 96 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 216 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 228 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 108 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 120 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 240 R(the list is a)144 252 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 132 R(the list is a)144 144 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 268.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 280.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 292.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 160.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 172.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 184.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 316.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 196.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 208.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 340.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) -.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ - appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 352.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 -E F1(Miscellaneous)87 369.6 Q -.18(re)108 381.6 S<ad72>.18 E + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 244.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 256.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 268.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 +(Miscellaneous)87 285.6 Q -.18(re)108 297.6 S<ad72>.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 -(Read in the contents of the)144 393.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb) --.15 G 1.776(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F -(found there.)144 405.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 417.6 Q F0 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 429.6 R +(Read in the contents of the)144 309.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 +1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 +(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 +321.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 333.6 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 345.6 R 5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 441.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 453.6 Q +(bell\255style)144 357.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 369.6 Q (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 465.6 R F2(x) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 381.6 R F2(x) 4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755 (wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F -(uppercase character)144 477.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 489.6 Q -(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 501.6 Q +(uppercase character)144 393.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 405.6 Q +(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 417.6 Q (xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 (is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 513.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 525.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 537.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 549.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 +(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 429.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 441.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 453.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 465.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F -(return the line to its initial state.)144 561.6 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 573.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 585.6 Q +(return the line to its initial state.)144 477.6 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 489.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 501.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 597.6 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 609.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 513.6 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 525.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 621.6 Q F0(Sw) -144 633.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 537.6 Q F0(Sw) +144 549.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) -144 645.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 657.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 -669.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +144 561.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 +585.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 681.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 693.6 Q -(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 705.6 S 1.044 +144 597.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 609.6 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 621.6 S 1.044 (haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(44)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 633.6 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 645.6 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 657.6 R 2.126 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 669.6 R +.791(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 +(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 681.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G +2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15 +(ve n)-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F +(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ +ing stray characters into the editing b)144 693.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E +5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 705.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(46)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 84 Q F0 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 96 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) --.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 108 R .791 -(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 -(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 120 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 -(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) --.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) --.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 132 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 144 Q(ault, b)-.1 E -(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -156 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 168 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) --.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 --.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 180 Q .098 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 84 Q F0 +-.4(Wi)144 96 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)-.18 F +.481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va) +2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 108 Q .098 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E -.321(the characters at the be)144 192 R .321 +.321(the characters at the be)144 120 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) --.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 204 R F1 +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 132 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 216 R 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 144 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F -1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 228 Q F0 .84 +1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 156 Q F0 .84 (causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 240 Q -.15 +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 168 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 252 Q -(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 264 R .791 +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 180 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 192 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792 -(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 276 -R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\ -ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 288 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .372(The w)144 300 R .372 -(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .371 -(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 312 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 204 +R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\ +le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 216 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) +-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 228 R .176 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 +(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 240 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 336 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 348 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 264 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 276 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 360 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 288 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 372 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 384 Q F0 .627 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 396 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(ex)144 300 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 312 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 324 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) 5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 408 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 336 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 420 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 432 R 1.799 +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 348 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 360 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 444 R .304 +-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 372 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 456 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 468 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 -(Print all of the readline k)144 480 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 384 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 396 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 +(Print all of the readline k)144 408 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G -3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 492 Q +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 420 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 504 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 516 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 528 Q +(\214le.)144 432 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 444 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 456 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 544.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 -556.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 472.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +484.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 568.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +F2(compspec)108 496.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 580.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 508.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 597.6 R .497 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 525.6 R .497 (If the command w)5.497 F .498 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 -609.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +537.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) 5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 621.6 R .823 -(for the w)108 633.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 549.6 R .823 +(for the w)108 561.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F .822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 645.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 573.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 657.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 585.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 (If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0(option to) -108 669.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +108 597.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ - matching w)108 686.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 -(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 698.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) + matching w)108 614.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 626.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 715.2 R +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 643.2 R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F -.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 727.2 R .595 +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 655.2 R .595 (When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(45)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 +(shell v)108 667.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 684 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 +(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584 +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 696 S +.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 +(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 708 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 724.8 Q +.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 +F F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(47)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(shell v)108 84 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 -E F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 100.8 Q 4.084(yc) --.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 -(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad47>4.084 E F0 -1.584(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 -112.8 S .554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 -(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 124.8 Q(ut the)-.2 E F1 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 141.6 Q -.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 -F F2<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 -(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 -153.6 R F1(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 -(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F -.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 -(using brace e)108 165.6 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 -177.6 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -189.6 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 +-.35 E .412(characters in the)108 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.912 E +F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412 +(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .413(Each w)5.412 F .413 +(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092(using brace e)108 96 R .092 +(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092 +(ariable e)-.25 F .091(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F +1.396(metic e)108 108 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F2 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396 +(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 120 Q +.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 (rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 201.6 Q +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 132 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237 -(After these matches ha)108 218.4 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 +(After these matches ha)108 148.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 (een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F2<ad46>3.738 E -F0(and)3.738 E F2<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 230.4 R -.2 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F3<ad46>3.738 E +F0(and)3.738 E F3<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 160.8 R -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 (the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 -(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F1(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F1 -(COMP_KEY)108 242.4 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F2(,)A F1(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F2(,)A F1 +(COMP_KEY)108 172.8 Q F2(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 (va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .158 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 .158 (Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 -254.4 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +184.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F1 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 -(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .608 -(the function or command is in)108 266.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar) --.18 F .609(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108 -278.4 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073 -(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F -.072(ord pre-)-.1 F .607(ceding the w)108 290.4 R .607 -(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .608 -(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 302.4 Q .094 -(ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\ - or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108 -314.4 Q(An)108 331.2 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) --2.937 F F2<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F -2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438 -(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 343.2 Q F2(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956 -(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 +(the function or command is in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F3($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C +2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 208.8 R .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F3($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) +-2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 +(gument \()-.18 F F3($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 220.8 +R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 232.8 R +.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ +tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) +108 244.8 Q(An)108 261.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 +(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F3<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 +(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 +(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 273.6 Q F3 +(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 (It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F1(COMPREPL)108 -355.2 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 372 Q .08 -(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F2 -<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581 -(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081 -(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859 -(stitution. It)108 384 R .359(should print a list of completions, one p\ -er line, to the standard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used) -5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 396 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -.376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 412.8 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F2<ad58>2.877 -E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 424.8 R +285.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 +E(Ne)108 302.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 +(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F3<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081 +(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) +-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 314.4 +R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ +d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 +326.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 343.2 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F3<ad58>2.877 +E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 355.2 R .682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F3(&)3.181 E F0 .681 (in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 -(the w)108 436.8 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G -(iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F0 .523 +(the w)108 367.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(iteral)-3.022 E F3(&)3.022 E F0 .523 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 448.8 R +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 379.2 R (An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) --3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 460.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +-3.349 E F3(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 391.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(d.).15 E(Finally)108 477.6 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H -.586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F2 -<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F2<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587 +(d.).15 E(Finally)108 408 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586 +(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F3<ad50> +3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F3<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587 (options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\ the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \ -possible completions.)108 489.6 Q .247(If the pre)108 506.4 R .247 +possible completions.)108 420 Q .247(If the pre)108 436.8 R .247 (viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 -(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 -(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)108 518.4 Q F0 +(atches, and the)-2.747 F F3 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 +(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)108 448.8 Q F0 (when the compspec w)2.5 E (as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 -(If the)108 535.2 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) -2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(If the)108 465.6 R F3 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 547.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 477.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G (atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 -(By def)108 564 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 +(By def)108 494.4 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F -.631(of possible completions.)108 576 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 E -F2(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 +.631(of possible completions.)108 506.4 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 +E F3(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 (completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 588 R .559 -(If the)5.559 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)3.059 -F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 -(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 600 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 -(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F2(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 518.4 R +.559(If the)5.559 F F3 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 +(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 530.4 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 +(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F3(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F2<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 612 Q F0 1.207 -(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F0 +-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F3<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 542.4 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F3(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F -(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 624 -Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E -.245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desire\ -d, the programmable completion func-)108 640.8 R .633(tions force readl\ -ine to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to di\ -rectories, subject)108 652.8 R 2.761(to the v)108 664.8 R 2.761 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 +554.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 571.2 R .633(tions force\ + readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ + to directories, subject)108 583.2 R 2.761(to the v)108 595.2 R 2.761 +(alue of the)-.25 F F3(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 (readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 676.8 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F3(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 607.2 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E .191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 -693.6 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 -(tion with a def)108 705.6 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F -F2 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 +624 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 +(tion with a def)108 636 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F +F3 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 (ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ - by returning an e)108 717.6 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a) -5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\ -ed with the command on which completion is)108 729.6 R(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(46)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .666(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 84 R .665 + by returning an e)108 648 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a)5.93 +F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated wi\ +th the command on which completion is)108 660 R .666 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 672 R .665 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 96 -R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 G -.084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 108 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 +684 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 +G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 +(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 696 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 -(Fo)108 124.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 +(Fo)108 712.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 136.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 724.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 153.6 Q({)108 165.6 Q 6 -(.")144 177.6 S +E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(48)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 84 Q({)108 96 Q 6 +(.")144 108 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 -189.6 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader)108 201.6 Q/F2 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 230.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371(When the) -108 242.4 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 -(option to the)2.871 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 +120 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 +132 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 160.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 +.371(When the)108 172.8 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .371(\255o history)2.871 +F F0 .371(option to the)2.871 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 (iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 -(the list of commands pre)108 254.4 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 +(the list of commands pre)108 184.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 (The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) 2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 -F .429(mands to sa)108 266.4 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 +F .429(mands to sa)108 196.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 (istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 (HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -278.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 290.4 +208.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 220.8 S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 302.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 232.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 319.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 +108 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -331.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 +261.6 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G -.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .532 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 343.2 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F5 -(HISTFILESIZE)3.032 E F6(.)A F0 .532 -(When the history \214le is read, lines be)5.032 F .532 -(ginning with the his-)-.15 F 1.158(tory comment character follo)108 -355.2 R 1.159(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \ -for the preceding)-.25 F .053(history line.)108 367.2 R .053 -(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.053 F -.052(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.552 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va) -108 379.2 S 4.386(riable. When).25 F 1.886(an interacti)4.386 F 2.187 --.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.887(hell e).15 F 1.887(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 -($HISTSIZE)4.387 E F0 1.887(lines are copied from the history list to) -4.137 F F5($HISTFILE)108 391.2 Q F6(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F3 -(histappend)2.556 E F0 .056 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F3(shopt)2.556 -E F0(under)2.556 E F5 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E -(COMMANDS)108 403.2 Q F0(belo)2.671 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \ -to the history \214le, otherwise the history \214le is o)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.922(rwritten. If).15 F F5(HISTFILE)108 415.2 Q F0 .435(is unse\ -t, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)2.685 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.934(d. If).15 F(the)2.934 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.934 E(T) --.855 E F0 -.25(va)108 427.2 S .916 +.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 273.6 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F3(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 +.658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 285.6 S +.142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 297.6 Q 1.605 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 +(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098 +(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 309.6 R .098 +(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F +.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 321.6 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E +F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 +(hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 +($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 +(copied from the history list to)108 333.6 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A +F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108 +345.6 Q F0(under)2.582 E F5 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 +(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F +.196(history \214le is o)108 357.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If) +.15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ + unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 +(If the)108 369.6 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 +G .584 (riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 -F .917(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.417(,s)-.4 G(o) --3.417 E(the)108 439.2 Q 3.083(ym)-.15 G .583(ay be preserv)-3.083 F -.583(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .582 -(This uses the history comment character to distinguish time-)5.583 F -.986(stamps from other history lines.)108 451.2 R .986(After sa)5.986 F -.986(ving the history)-.2 F 3.486(,t)-.65 G .987 -(he history \214le is truncated to contain no more)-3.486 F(than)108 -463.2 Q F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.5 E F0 2.5(lines. If)2.25 F F5(HISTFILESIZE) -2.5 E F0(is not set, no truncation is performed.)2.25 E 1.294(The b)108 -480 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see)3.794 E F5 1.293 -(SHELL B)3.794 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.543 E -1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F -.15(exe)108 492 S -.673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The)5.673 E F3(history) -3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673 +F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 381.6 R +3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 +(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 +(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 393.6 +R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G +1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 405.6 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E +F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 417.6 Q +(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E 1.294 +(The b)108 434.4 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see) +3.794 E F5 1.293(SHELL B)3.794 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F +F0(belo)3.543 E 1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F +-.15(exe)108 446.4 S .673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The) +5.673 E F3(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673 (iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .28 -(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 504 R .279 +(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 458.4 R .279 (When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va) --.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 516 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 532.8 +-.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 470.4 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 487.2 R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) -3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.986 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 544.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 499.2 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G .458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) -.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 -(cmdhist)108 556.8 Q F0 .75 +(cmdhist)108 511.2 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 568.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 523.2 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G 1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 -.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 580.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 535.2 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 -(description of the)108 592.8 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 +(description of the)108 547.2 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F (UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -604.8 Q F2(HIST)72 621.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E -(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 633.6 R .611 +559.2 Q F2(HIST)72 576 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION) +-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 588 R .611 (xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611 (xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871 -(describes what syntax features are a)108 645.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 +(describes what syntax features are a)108 600 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 (ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87 (ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F -2.013(can be disabled using the)108 657.6 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 +2.013(can be disabled using the)108 612 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 (option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 (iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 669.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F -.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E -(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 686.4 R 1.306 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 624 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def) +-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 640.8 R 1.306 (xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209 -(commands, insert the ar)108 698.4 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21 +(commands, insert the ar)108 652.8 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 710.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 -727.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(47)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 664.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 +681.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ +s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 693.6 S 3.2 +(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 +(arts. The)-3.2 F .7 +(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) +3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 705.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ +tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 +(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 717.6 R F4 +-.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F4(wor) +3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F4(modi\214er)108 729.6 +Q(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 +(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 +(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F +(ashion)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(49)190.95 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.1(wo)108 84 S 3.2(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 -F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2(arts. The)-3.2 F .7 -(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) -3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 96 R 1.868(second is to select portio\ -ns of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 -(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 108 R/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F1(wor) -3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F1(modi\214er)108 120 Q -(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 -(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 -(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F -(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 132 R -.15(ve) --.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352 -(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625 -(one w)108 144 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 +-.35 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ral).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E +F0 .352(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 +F .625(one w)108 96 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 (pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 156 Q/F2 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F (backslash \()2.5 E F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G (nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 -E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 184.8 T +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 136.8 T 3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 (extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 213.6 Q -.15 +F0(will also inhibit e)108 148.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 165.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 225.6 R F2 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 177.6 R F2 (histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) 3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\ -stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 237.6 R +stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 189.6 R 5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F -1.516(is reloaded into the)108 249.6 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E +1.516(is reloaded into the)108 201.6 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 (fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 261.6 +(adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 213.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 273.6 S -.25(ff).2 G +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 225.6 S -.25(ff).2 G 1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F2<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161 (option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 285.6 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 237.6 S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F2<ad73>2.555 E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G .056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 297.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(end of the history list without actually e)108 249.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 314.4 R 2.2 +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 266.4 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) -.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 -326.4 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +278.4 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) .15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F -(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 338.4 Q F2 -(Ev)87 355.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 367.2 R -.15(ve) +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 290.4 Q F2 +(Ev)87 307.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 319.2 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) -108 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 -(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 396 Q +108 331.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 +(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 348 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo) -.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew) --4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 408 Q +-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 360 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 420 Q F1(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 432 Q +E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 372 Q F1(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 384 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)21.97 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 -E F2(!!)108 444 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E -(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 456 Q F1(string)A +E F2(!!)108 396 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E +(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 408 Q F1(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\ - in the history list starting with)9.33 F F1(string)144 468 Q F0(.).22 E -F2(!?)108 480 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.304(Refer to the most recent \ -command preceding the current postition in the history list containing) -144 492 R F1(string)144 504 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E + in the history list starting with)9.33 F F1(string)144 420 Q F0(.).22 E +F2(!?)108 432 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent \ +command preceding the current position in the history list containing) +144 444 R F1(string)144 456 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E (wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^) -108 521 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784 -(Quick substitution.)144 528 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 +108 473 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784 +(Quick substitution.)144 480 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 (vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1 (string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 540 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 492 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 (string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 552 Q F0 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 504 Q F0 (The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75 -(Wo)87 568.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 580.8 S 1.313 +(Wo)87 520.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 532.8 S 1.313 (rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) -.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 (separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.53(from the w)108 592.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +.53(from the w)108 544.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F2<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) -3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 -(are numbered from the be)108 604.8 R 1.3 +(are numbered from the be)108 556.8 R 1.3 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 -F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 616.8 Q -F2 2.5(0\()108 633.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 645.6 Q +F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 568.8 Q +F2 2.5(0\()108 585.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 597.6 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F1(n)108.36 657.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^) -108 669.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 -E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 681.6 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F2(%) -108 693.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1 -(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 705.6 Q F2<ad>A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar) +F1(n)108.36 609.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^) +108 621.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 +E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 633.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)31 F 2.564(ord. This) +-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064 +(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063 +(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 645.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F2 +(%)108 657.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1 +(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 669.6 Q F2<ad>A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar) 20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 -E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 717.6 Q F0 .316 -(All of the w)31 F .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315 +E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 681.6 Q F0 .315 +(All of the w)31 F .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315 (This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1(1\255$)A F0 2.815 -('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.815 E F0 .315 -(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 729.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(48)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 +('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.816 E F0 .316 +(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 693.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108 +705.6 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<78ad>108 +717.6 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 +E F2(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(50)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(x*)108 84 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 96 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 -E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 112.8 Q -(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 129.6 Q F0 .183 -(After the optional w)108 141.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 -G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F -.184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 153.6 Q F1(h) -108 170.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H -(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1 -(t)108 182.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 194.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E -(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 206.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a) --.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 218.4 -Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 230.4 Q F0 +-.35 E(If a w)108 84 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)87 100.8 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 +112.8 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 124.8 Q F1(h)108 +141.6 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) +108 153.6 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) +108 165.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C +(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 177.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 +-.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1 +(p)108 189.6 Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E +(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 201.6 Q F0 (Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.) --.1 E F1(x)108 242.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 +-.1 E F1(x)108 213.6 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks) -2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 254.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A -F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 266.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E -F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 +2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 225.6 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A +F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 237.6 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E +F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 (in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721 -(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 -278.4 R .617 +(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 +249.6 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617 -F .666(be quoted in)144 290.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) +5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 +F .666(be quoted in)144 261.6 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) 3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E -F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 302.4 R -(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 -F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775 -(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 314.4 Q F2(string) +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 273.6 R +(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 +F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774 +(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 285.6 Q F2(string) 2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 -(&)108 326.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 -(g)108 338.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) -.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897 -('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 350.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) --.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218 -(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09 -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 362.4 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089 -(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 374.4 Q F0 -(.)A F1(G)108 386.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 -2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 403.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 415.2 +(&)108 297.6 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 +(g)108 309.6 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 321.6 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 +(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 +(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 333.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 +(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 345.6 Q F0(.)A +F1(G)108 357.6 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 +('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 374.4 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 386.4 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 427.2 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F1<adad>2.534 E F0 -.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E +receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 398.4 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F1<adad>2.533 E F0 +.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E -F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F .077(do not treat)108 439.2 R F1<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E +F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) +.2 F .078(do not treat)108 410.4 R F1<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E 5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0 (,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let) 2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G -.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .32(ments be)108 451.2 -R .32(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.82 E F0 .32(without requiring)2.82 F -F1<adad>2.82 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b)-5.319 F .319 -(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .319(guments b)-.18 F .319 -(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.143(accepting options interpret ar) -108 463.2 R 1.143(guments be)-.18 F 1.143(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad> +.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108 +422.4 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.819 E F0 .319 +(without requiring)2.819 F F1<adad>2.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b) +-5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32 +(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar) +108 434.4 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad> 3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143 -(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.644 E F0 1.144(to pre)3.644 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 1.144(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 475.2 Q F1(:)108 -493.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 505.2 R -.452(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F -(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an) -3.221 F 2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 -517.2 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 534 Q F2 +(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 446.4 Q F1(:)108 +464.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 476.4 R +.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F +(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) +3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 +488.4 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 505.2 Q F2 (\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 -546 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0 -(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 558 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from) -.15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.68 -(status of the last command e)144 570 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.68(cuted from) -.15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2(\214lename)6.09 -E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608(names in)144 582 -R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 +517.2 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E +F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 529.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02 +(cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02 +(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F +(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 541.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f) +-6.458 E F2(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458 +(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 553.2 R/F4 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 (are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) -3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 594 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.333 -(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832(is not in)3.333 F F2 .832 -(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832 -(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981 -(\214le is found in)144 606 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 +3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 565.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 +.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 +(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 +(\214le is found in)144 577.2 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 618 -S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 -E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612 -(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 -(\214lename)144 630 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841 -(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.) -2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716 -(status of the last command e)144 642 R .716 +(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 +589.2 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F +(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F +2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 +(\214lename)144 601.2 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842 +(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.) +2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716 +(status of the last command e)144 613.2 R .716 (xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 654 Q -F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 670.8 Q F0([)2.5 +.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 625.2 +Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 642 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 682.8 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 +(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 654 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 (guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E -F2(name)144 694.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E +F2(name)144 666 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 706.8 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 678 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value) 5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395 (ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054 -(stitution when the alias is e)144 718.8 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 +(stitution when the alias is e)144 690 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .053(is sup-)2.553 -F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 730.8 R 1.314 +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 702 R 1.314 (alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(49)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(51)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(bg)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 -E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 112.8 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E -F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 124.8 Q F0 .671 -(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 -(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 -(when job control is disabled or)144 136.8 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 148.8 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E F1(bind)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 96 R F2 +(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 108 Q F0 .672 +(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 +(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 +(when job control is disabled or)144 120 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 132 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E +F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 <ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2 (function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 189.6 Q F0 +F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 172.8 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) +(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 225.6 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 237.6 R F1 -.18(re) -2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) -2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 249.6 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F -.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 -(.inputr)144 261.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484 -(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F -.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 -(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 273.6 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 +(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 208.8 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 220.8 R F1 -.18(re) +2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 +(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 232.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F +.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 +(.inputr)144 244.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F +.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 256.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144 -285.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 297.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G -(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) -.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E -F2 -.1(ke)180 309.6 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 +268.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 280.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) +.15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E +F2 -.1(ke)180 292.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 321.6 Q F0 4.43(,a)C(nd)-4.43 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429 -E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929 -(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929 -(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar) -180 333.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 345.6 Q F0 +(vi\255command)180 304.8 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert) +4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.929(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 +1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F2 +(emacs\255standar)180 316.8 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 328.8 Q F0 (List the names of all)27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 357.6 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 +(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 340.8 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 369.6 +(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 352.8 Q F0(List current)24.19 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 381.6 Q F0(Display)26.41 +(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 364.8 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 393.6 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad53>144 405.6 Q +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 376.8 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad53>144 388.8 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) -.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 417.6 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 400.8 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G (adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 429.6 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 412.8 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 441.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 -453.6 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A -F1<ad71>144 465.6 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 477.6 Q +(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 +436.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A +F1<ad71>144 448.8 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 460.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H -(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 489.6 Q F2(function) -2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 501.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G -(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144 513.6 Q -F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 525.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 +(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 472.8 Q F2(function) +2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 484.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G +(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144 496.8 Q +F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 508.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 -(.)A F1<ad78>144 537.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 549.6 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 +(.)A F1<ad78>144 520.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 532.8 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F -(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 561.6 Q F0 1.764(is e) -4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 +(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 544.8 Q F0 1.765(is e) +4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 -(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 573.6 S(adline).18 E -F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 +(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 556.8 S(adline).18 E +F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 -(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180 -585.6 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 +568.8 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 (cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 597.6 Q/F4 9 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 580.8 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) -144 614.4 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144 +592.8 Q F0 .829(List all k)23.08 F 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 604.8 Q(The return v) +144 621.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 631.2 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 -(Exit from within a)144 643.2 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +E F1(br)108 638.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 650.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 (while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.554 -E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 655.2 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 662.4 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 (xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -667.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 684 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 696 Q .793 +674.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 691.2 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 703.2 Q .793 (ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 -(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 708 -R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 720 R -.57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T) --.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(50)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 51 51 +(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 +715.2 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +727.2 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(52)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup @@ -6020,2367 +6359,2556 @@ ent e)144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) (cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 (does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 184.8 Q (alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]]] [)A F1(dir)A F0(]) -A .21(Change the current directory to)144 213.6 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21 -(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E -F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21 -(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.777(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 225.6 R -F1(dir)3.276 E F0 5.776(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.776 E 1.076 -.15(ve d)-.25 -H .776(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.276 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E -F0 .764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 237.6 R 3.264(An)5.764 G -.764(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 249.6 -Q 2.974(,i)-.65 G .474(.e., `)-2.974 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C -5.474(.I).74 G(f)-5.474 E F1(dir)3.324 E F0(be)3.704 E .474 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F0 .473(is not used. The)2.724 F F2<ad50>2.973 E F0 .473 -(option says to use)2.973 F .579(the ph)144 261.6 R .579 -(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 -(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F2<ad50>3.08 E F0 .58 -(option to the)3.08 F F2(set)144 273.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.717 G .217 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>2.717 E F0 .217 -(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.717 F 2.716(wed. If)-.25 F -(the)2.716 E F2<ad65>2.716 E F0 .216(option is sup-)2.716 F 1.086 -(plied with)144 285.6 R F2<ad50>3.586 E F0 3.586(,a)C 1.086 -(nd the current w)-3.586 F 1.087 -(orking directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-)-.1 F -.44(cessful directory change,)144 297.6 R F2(cd)2.94 E F0 .44 -(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.94 F .44(An ar)5.44 F .44 -(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>2.94 E F0 .44(is equi)2.94 F -.25(va)-.25 G .44 -(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)144 309.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.044 -(If a non-empty directory name from)5.544 F F3(CDP)3.544 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.045(is used, or if)3.295 F F2<ad>3.545 E F0 1.045 -(is the \214rst ar)3.545 F(gument,)-.18 E .021(and the directory change\ - is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 321.6 R 2.521(ww) --.25 G .021(orking directory is writ-)-2.621 F .165 -(ten to the standard output.)144 333.6 R .165(The return v)5.165 F .165 -(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F .165(as successfully changed; f) --.1 F(alse)-.1 E(otherwise.)144 345.6 Q F2(command)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 -E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Run)144 374.4 Q F1(command)2.957 E F0(with)3.527 E F1(ar) -3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 +<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F1 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 213.6 R F1(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F1(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is) +-.25 F 1.036(the def)144 225.6 R 3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G +1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F1 +(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E +.849(the search path for the directory containing)144 237.6 R F1(dir) +3.349 E F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.35 E +-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F1(dir)144 249.6 +Q F0 5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 +(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .664 +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 261.6 Q F3(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.662(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F +4.162(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662 +(.I).74 G(f)-6.662 E F1(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E 1.663 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 273.6 Q -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0 .347(is not used. The)2.598 F F2<ad50>2.847 E F0 .347 +(option causes)2.847 F F2(cd)2.847 E F0 .347(to use the ph)2.847 F .347 +(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 +(symbolic links while tra)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir) +3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F1(..)3.62 E F0 +(in)3.62 E F1(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F2<ad50>3.62 E F0 +.395(option to the)144 297.6 R F2(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>2.895 E F0 .395 +(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) +-.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 309.6 R F1 +(..)2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F1(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F1(..) +2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F1(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 +(ti)-2.943 G 2.944(sp)-2.943 G .444(rocessed by remo)-2.944 F(ving)-.15 +E .744(the immediately pre)144 321.6 R .744 +(vious pathname component from)-.25 F F1(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744 +(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)3.244 E +F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 333.6 R F2<ad65>3.965 E F0 1.465 +(option is supplied with)3.965 F F2<ad50>3.965 E F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465 +(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 +(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .468 +(determined after a successful directory change,)144 345.6 R F2(cd)2.968 +E F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) +5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 357.6 R F2<ad40>2.836 E F0 .336 +(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .337 +(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) +144 369.6 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 +(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F +.106(empty directory name from)144 381.6 R F3(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F2<ad>2.607 E F0 .107 +(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .107(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F +.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 393.6 R 2.538 +(ww)-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.) +-2.638 F(The return v)144 405.6 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E +(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 +422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 434.4 Q F1(command)2.956 E F0(with) +3.527 E F1(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 (suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 -(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 386.4 R F3 --.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 +(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 446.4 R F3 +-.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 (cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.202 E F0(is) -3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 398.4 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 -(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.201 E F0(is) +3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 458.4 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 +(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.399 E .174(either the)144 410.4 R F2<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2 -<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1 -(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F2<ad76>2.675 E -F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.11(as)144 422.4 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F -.61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F -F2<ad56>144 434.4 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F2<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 446.4 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 -(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 +5.4 E .175(either the)144 470.4 R F2<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F2<ad76> +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F1(command) +2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F2<ad76>2.674 E F0 .174 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 482.4 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 +(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F2 +<ad56>144 494.4 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F2<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 506.4 R F1(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1 -(command)144.2 458.4 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 470.4 S +(command)144.2 518.4 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 530.4 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2 -(compgen)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 499.2 R +(compgen)108 547.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 559.2 R F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 -E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 -(accepted by the)144 511.2 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 +(accepted by the)144 571.2 R F2(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) -3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 523.2 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F +3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 583.2 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F F2<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F2<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) 3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 -F(grammable completion f)144 535.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) +F(grammable completion f)144 595.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) -.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) --.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 559.2 R .352 +-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 619.2 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -571.2 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 583.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 607.2 Q +631.2 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 643.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 667.2 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 -(complete)108 624 Q F0([)3.728 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C F2 -<ad6f>-3.728 E F1(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.728 E +(complete)108 684 Q F0([)3.729 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C F2 +<ad6f>-3.729 E F1(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.729 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad41>-3.728 E F1(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad47> --3.728 E F1(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad57>-3.729 E F1(wor)3.729 -E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad46>-3.729 E F1(func-)3.729 E(tion)108 -636 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 648 Q F2 +-3.728 E F1(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad57>-3.728 E F1(wor)3.728 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad46>-3.728 E F1(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 +696 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 708 Q F2 <ad58>A F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) -A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 -660 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.633(Specify ho)144 672 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 -(uments to each).18 F F1(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 -F .634(If the)5.634 F F2<ad70>3.134 E F0 .634 -(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144 -684 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F -.139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) -144 696 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1 -(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E -F1(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.347 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 708 R(The)6.347 E F2 -<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.346(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 -F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 720 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E -3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(51)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 52 52 +A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name ...)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(53)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 3.455(ac)144 84 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre) --3.455 F .955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955(option indicates that)3.455 F .064 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 96 R(`empty') --.74 E 2.565('c)-.74 G .065(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.565 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 108 Q 1.438 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete \255pr)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 96 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 +F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 +108 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F +.14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 +120 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) +2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 +(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 132 R(The)6.347 E F1 +<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 +F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 144 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E +3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F +3.455(ac)144 156 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F +.955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 168 R(`empty') +-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 180 Q 1.437 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -132 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 144 Q +204 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 216 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(.)A .555(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 168 R .855 -.15(ve t) +F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 240 R .856 -.15(ve t) -.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F -.555(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.056 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.056 E F0 -3.056(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F1<ad58>3.056 E F0 .723 -(options \(and, if necessary)144 180 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1 -<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E F1<ad53>3.223 E F0 .722 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 192 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 204 Q/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 216 Q F2(comp-option) -2.79 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291 -(ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291 -(vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.) -184 228 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 -240 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 252 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) -2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F -(matches.)224 264 Q F1(default)184 276 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')10 F -5.375(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 -(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 288 Q F1(dir)184 300 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ -etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 312 Q F1(\214lenames)184 -324 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 336 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ -\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E -.134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 348 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 -(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 -(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 360 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 372 Q F1(nospace) -184 384 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 -(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F -.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 396 Q F1(plusdirs) -184 408 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.583(completion is attempted and an)224 420 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 432 -Q F1<ad41>144 444 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 456 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 -(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +.555(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 +3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722 +(options \(and, if necessary)144 252 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 +<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 264 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 276 Q F2 +(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 288 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') +.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 300 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 312 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 324 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 +.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 336 Q +F1(default)184 348 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef) +-5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no) +-.1 F(matches.)224 360 Q F1(dir)184 372 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\ +tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 384 Q F1 +(\214lenames)184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 408 S .137(ll readline that the co\ +mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 +G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 420 R 2.634 +(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F +.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 432 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 444 Q F1(noquote) +184 456 Q F0 -.7(Te)5.55 G .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 468 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nospace)184 480 Q F0 +-.7(Te)6.11 G .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 +(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 +492 Q F1(plusdirs)184 504 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G +1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name) +-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 516 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G +.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 +528 Q F1<ad41>144 540 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 552 Q F2(action)2.5 E +F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -468 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 480 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 492 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 504 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 516 S(iltin).2 E F0 +564 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 576 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 588 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 600 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 612 S(iltin).2 E F0 (Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 528 -Q F0(Command names.)224 540 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 552 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 564 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 576 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 588 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -600 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -612 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) --.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -624 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(function)184 636 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 648 Q F1 -(gr)184 660 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -672 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 684 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 696 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 708 -Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(52)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 53 53 +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 624 +Q F0(Command names.)224 636 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 648 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 660 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 672 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 684 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +696 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +708 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 +768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(54)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(job)184 84 Q F0 -(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 96 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 108 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) --.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -120 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 132 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 144 Q -F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E -F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 156 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 168 Q F0 -(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 180 Q F0 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\214le)184 84 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 96 +Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 108 Q F1(gr)184 120 Q(oup)-.18 E F0 +(Group names.)14.62 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.) +A F1(helptopic)184 132 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 144 Q F1 +(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 156 Q F0 +(Hostnames, as tak)224 168 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(job)184 180 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +-.1(ke)184 192 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 204 Q(ed w)-.15 E +2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(running)184 216 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 228 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.) +10.67 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt) +184 240 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1 +<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.) +.2 E F1(shopt)184 252 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E +F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 264 Q F0 +(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 276 Q F0 (Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) -.15 E F1(user)184 192 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 204 S +.15 E F1(user)184 288 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 300 S (riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 216 Q/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 228 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 312 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 324 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 240 Q F1<ad46>144 252 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.18 -(The shell function)184 264 R F2(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681 -(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932 -(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 276 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 -288 S(riable.).25 E F1<ad47>144 300 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 -(The pathname e)184 312 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 -E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) --.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q F1<ad50>144 336 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) -184 348 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +184 336 Q F1<ad46>144 348 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +(The shell function)184 360 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 372 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 384 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 396 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 408 R +.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +-.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 420 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1<ad47>144 432 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 444 R +1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 456 Q +F1<ad50>144 468 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 480 Q(e\214x)-.37 E +F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 360 Q F1<ad53>144 372 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 492 Q F1<ad53>144 504 Q F3(suf)2.5 E 2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 384 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 -(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008 -(each resultant w)184 408 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 -F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F -(resultant list which match the w)184 420 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E -F1<ad58>144 432 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 444 Q F0 .455 -(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F -.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 456 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 468 Q F2(\214lterpat) -3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 -(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 480 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 496.8 R .467 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 516 Q F3(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 528 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 +(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 +(each resultant w)184 540 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 +F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F +(resultant list which match the w)184 552 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E +F1<ad58>144 564 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 576 Q F0 .456 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 588 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 600 Q F3(\214lterpat) +3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 612 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 628.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0 -(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 -(plied without a)144 508.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 520.8 Q F0 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 640.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 652.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 549.6 R -F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 -.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 561.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 573.6 Q F2(name) -3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) -5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 585.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +F1(compopt)108 669.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3 +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 681.6 R +F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 693.6 R F3(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 705.6 Q F3(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 717.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.228(the `)144 597.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 729.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 609.6 R 2.177 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F1<ad45>4.677 E F0 2.178 -(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `) -144 621.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +no)-3.727 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(55)190.95 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 2.178(completion has pre)144 84 R 2.178(viously been de\214ned.) +-.25 F(The)7.178 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) +144 96 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.388(The return v)144 645.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.387 +E 1.387(The return v)144 120 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 657.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 132 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 674.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 686.4 R 1.753 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 148.8 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 160.8 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 -(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754 -(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 698.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 -1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 +(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 172.8 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 10 /Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 -(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 710.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514 -(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is) -3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 -Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(53)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 54 54 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 184.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 +(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 196.8 Q F1(declar)108 213.6 +Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 +(typeset)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 237.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) +3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 249.6 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 +(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 261.6 Q F2(name)2.774 E +F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 +<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 +(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) +2.775 F(without)144 273.6 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 285.6 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) +-.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682 +E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 +297.6 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62 +(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 +309.6 R(The)6.29 E F1<ad46>3.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display \ +of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 +(name and attrib)144 321.6 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) +5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 +(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C +.948(he source)-3.448 F 1.342(\214le name and line number where the fun\ +ction is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 333.6 R(The)6.342 E F1 +<ad46>3.842 E F0(option)3.842 E(implies)144 345.6 Q F1<ad66>3.892 E F0 +6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F +1.391(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 357.6 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 +1.882(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F +(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 369.6 +R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 +F 1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 381.6 Q(utes:)-.2 E +F1<ad61>144 393.6 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 +(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 405.6 Q +F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 +H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 417.6 Q F0(Use function names only) +26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 429.6 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 441.6 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 453.6 Q +F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 465.6 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 477.6 +Q F0(Gi)24.74 E 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) +3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E +1.033(That other v)180 489.6 R 1.033(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 +F 1.033(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)3.533 E F0 6.033(.A)C 1.033 +(ll references and assignments to)-6.033 F F2(name)180 501.6 Q F0 4.032 +(,e)C 1.532(xcept for changing the)-4.182 F F1<ad6e>4.032 E F0(attrib) +4.032 E 1.532(ute itself, are performed on the v)-.2 F 1.533 +(ariable refer)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(enced by)180 513.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 1.1 +-.55('s v)D 2.5(alue. The).3 F F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(attrib)2.5 E +(ute cannot be applied to array v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 +525.6 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly) +-5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v) +-7.547 F 2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F +(assignment statements or unset.)180 537.6 Q F1<ad74>144 549.6 Q F0(Gi) +26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E +F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429 +(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 +E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)180 561.6 Q +(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.) +-.25 E F1<ad75>144 573.6 Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 +(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F +(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 585.6 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 +E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 597.6 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 +E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 614.4 R +2.62(ft)-.25 G .12(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F +.121(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F +.645(to destro)144 626.4 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) +-3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 +(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 638.4 Q F1 +(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 +E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 +(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 +(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.283 +(is supplied.)144 650.4 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 +(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144 +662.4 R F1<ad61>3.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F1<ad41>3.426 E F0 .927 +(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.426 F .927 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 674.4 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 +(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 +(option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) +144 686.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C +2.929(na)-2.929 G .429(ttempt is)-2.929 F .063(made to assign a v)144 +698.4 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .062 +(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 710.4 R F1 +(Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 722.4 S .172 +(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171 +(ariable, an)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(56) +190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -F1(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70> --2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) --2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 108 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E -F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764 -(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25 -(va)144 120 S 3.482(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982 -(option will display the attrib)3.482 F .982(utes and v)-.2 F .983 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.483 E F0 5.983(.W).18 G(hen)-5.983 E F1 -<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983(is used)3.483 F(with)144 132 Q F2(name)3.58 E F0 -(ar)3.58 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F(When) -6.079 E F1<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2(name) -3.579 E F0(ar)3.579 E(gu-)-.18 E .15(ments, it will display the attrib) -144 144 R .15(utes and v)-.2 F .151(alues of all v)-.25 F .151 -(ariables ha)-.25 F .151(ving the attrib)-.2 F .151 -(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .047(additional options.)144 156 R .047 -(If no other options are supplied with)5.047 F F1<ad70>2.547 E F0(,)A F1 -(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .046(will display the attrib)2.546 F .046 -(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 168 S 1.362(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.862 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.862 E F0 1.363 -(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.862 F(The)6.363 -E F1<ad46>3.863 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of function de\ -\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 180 R 2.422(utes are) --.2 F 2.663(printed. If)144 192 R(the)2.663 E F1(extdeb)2.663 E(ug)-.2 E -F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.663 F F1(shopt)2.664 E F0 2.664 -(,t)C .164(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.288 -(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 204 R(The) -6.288 E F1<ad46>3.788 E F0 1.288(option implies)3.788 F F1<ad66>3.788 E -F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F1<ad67>3.788 E F0(option)3.788 E .49 -(forces v)144 216 R .49 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.991(nw).15 G(hen)-2.991 E F1(declar)2.991 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.491(is e)2.991 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .491(cuted in a).15 F .125 -(shell function.)144 228 R .125(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.125 -F .125(The follo)5.125 F .124 -(wing options can be used to restrict output)-.25 F(to v)144 240 Q -(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 -.15 -(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1<ad61>144 252 Q F0 -(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 -G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 264 Q F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see) --.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 -276 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 288 Q F0 -.557(The v)27.52 F .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 -(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION) -180 300 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G -(erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -F1<ad6c>144 312 Q F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909 -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 -(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer) --.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 324 R(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E -(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad72>144 336 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2 -(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547 -(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 348 Q F1 -<ad74>144 360 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) -2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 -(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) --.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) -180 372 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E -(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 384 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909 -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 -(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-) --.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 396 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E -(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 408 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E -F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 424.8 R -2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 -F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F -.644(to destro)144 436.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) --3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) -3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 -(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F 1.186(tion, mak)144 448.8 -R 1.186(es each)-.1 F F2(name)3.686 E F0 1.186(local, as with the)3.686 -F F1(local)3.686 E F0 1.186(command, unless the)3.686 F F1<ad67>3.686 E -F0 1.186(option is supplied, If a)3.686 F -.25(va)144 460.8 S .117 -(riable name is follo).25 F .118(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 2.618(,t) -C .118(he v)-2.618 F .118(alue of the v)-.25 F .118(ariable is set to) --.25 F F2(value)2.618 E F0 5.118(.T)C .118(he return v)-5.118 F .118 -(alue is 0)-.25 F 2.794(unless an in)144 472.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G 2.793(li\ -d option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function usin\ -g).25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF<ad66>5.293 E(foo=bar)144 484.8 Q F0 3.992(,a) -C 3.993(na)-3.992 G 1.493(ttempt is made to assign a v)-3.993 F 1.493 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.493(ariable, an attempt is made to)-.25 F -1.183(assign a v)144 496.8 R 1.183(alue to an array v)-.25 F 1.183 -(ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)3.682 E F0(abo)144 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .096(\), one of the) -.15 F F2(names)2.597 E F0 .097(is not a v)2.597 F .097(alid shell v)-.25 -F .097(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.597(fr)-.25 -G(eadonly)-2.597 E .659(status for a readonly v)144 520.8 R .658 -(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.158(fa)-.25 G .658 -(rray status for an array v)-3.158 F .658(ariable, or)-.25 F -(an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 532.8 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [+)108 549.6 -Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(\255clpv])-2.5 E F0 --.4(Wi)144 561.6 S .328 +-.35 E .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 84 R 3.46(fa)-.25 G .96 +(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 96 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 124.8 S .329 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 573.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 585.6 Q +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 136.8 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 148.8 Q F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 597.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 609.6 Q F1<ad>144 621.6 Q F2 +2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1<ad63>144 160.8 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 +<ad6c>144 172.8 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .881 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +184.8 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 196.8 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 +208.8 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ +\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 +G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 220.8 Q F1(+)144 232.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.565 +(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 244.8 Q F1<ad>144 256.8 Q F2 (n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 633.6 Q F1<ad63>144 645.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 -<ad6c>144 657.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F -.324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F -(tory)180 669.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 681.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 -693.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ -\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772 -G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 705.6 Q 1.706(The return v)144 722.4 R 1.706 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.707 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)4.207 E F0(inde)4.207 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.207(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-4.207 G 1.707(ond the end of the).15 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(54)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(directory stack.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)108 100.8 Q -(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 112.8 S -.295(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 --.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295 -(is not present,)3.105 F .422(and neither)144 124.8 R F1<ad61>2.922 E F0 -(nor)2.922 E F1<ad72>2.922 E F0 .422(is supplied, the shell')2.922 F -2.922(sn)-.55 G .422(otion of the)-2.922 F F2(curr)2.923 E .423(ent job) --.37 F F0 .423(is used.)2.923 F .423(If the)5.423 F F1<ad68>2.923 E F0 -.423(option is)2.923 F(gi)144 136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .141(n, each).15 F -F2(jobspec)4.381 E F0 .141(is not remo)2.951 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df) -.15 G .141(rom the table, b)-2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141 -(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.641 E F0 .14 -(is not sent to the)2.39 F .004(job if the shell recei)144 148.8 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .004 -(If no)4.504 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(is present, and neither the) -2.814 F F1<ad61>2.504 E F0 .005(nor the)2.504 F F1<ad72>2.505 E F0 .005 -(option is)2.505 F 1.229(supplied, the)144 160.8 R F2(curr)3.729 E 1.229 -(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229(is used.)3.729 F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F2 -(jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229(is supplied, the)4.039 F F1<ad61>3.729 E F0 -1.228(option means to remo)3.729 F 1.528 -.15(ve o)-.15 H(r).15 E .656 -(mark all jobs; the)144 172.8 R F1<ad72>3.156 E F0 .657 -(option without a)3.156 F F2(jobspec)4.897 E F0(ar)3.467 E .657 -(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The)5.657 E -(return v)144 184.8 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 -(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 201.6 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.395(Output the)144 213.6 R F2(ar)2.895 E(g)-.37 E F0 .395 -(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895 -(wline. The)-.25 F .394(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .394 -(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.394 E F1<ad6e>2.894 E F0 .548 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 225.6 R .548(wline is suppressed.) --.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 237.6 Q -.053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1 -<ad45>2.553 E F0 .052(option disables the interpretation of these)2.552 -F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G -4.002(ns)-4.002 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.002 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502 -(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.003(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.003 -E F0(shell)4.003 E .009 -(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 261.6 R -F1(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.509 G .009(pands these escape characters) -.15 F .659(by def)144 273.6 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659 -(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659 -(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66 -(interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 285.6 Q -F1(\\a)144 297.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 309.6 Q F0 -(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 321.6 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E -F1(\\e)144 333.6 Q(\\E)144 345.6 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1 -(\\f)144 357.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 369.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E -2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 381.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E -F1(\\t)144 393.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 405.6 Q F0 -.15 -(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 417.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1 -(\\0)144 429.6 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 268.8 Q .258(The return v)144 +285.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 297.6 Q F1(diso)108 314.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 326.4 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15 +(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122 +(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 +F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 F .096 +(neither the)144 338.4 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F1 +<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E +.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 +<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) +.15 F F2(jobspec)144 350.4 Q F0 .672(is not remo)3.482 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.172(df).15 G .672(rom the table, b)-3.172 F .672(ut is mark)-.2 F .672 +(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.172 E F0 .673 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.922 F .962(shell recei)144 362.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 +<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 374.4 R F1 +<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 386.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F1(echo)108 403.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 415.2 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 +(error occurs.)144 427.2 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .308(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 +439.2 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +6.348 E F1<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 451.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 +(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 +463.2 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 +F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 +(these escape characters by def)144 475.2 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E +F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .716 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +(interprets the follo)144 487.2 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 499.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 511.2 Q F0(backspace) +27.66 E F1(\\c)144 523.2 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144 +535.2 Q(\\E)144 547.2 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 559.2 +Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 571.2 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G +(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 583.2 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 +595.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 607.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 619.2 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 +631.2 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E (alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 441.6 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 643.2 Q F2(HH)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 453.6 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 465.6 R 1.506 +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 655.2 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 667.2 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 477.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 489.6 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 501.6 R .547 +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 679.2 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 691.2 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 703.2 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 513.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 530.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C -F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 542.4 R -.278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 -(the same name as a shell b)144 554.4 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 566.4 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989 -(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 -(abled; otherwise,)144 578.4 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +3.048 E(HHH)180 715.2 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(57)190.95 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5 +(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278 +(Enable and disable b)144 96 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278 +(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278 +(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833(the same name as a shell b)144 +108 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834 +(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.334 +(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99(the shell normally searches for b)144 120 R +.989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 +.989(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 +(abled; otherwise,)144 132 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F -F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 590.4 R .081(uiltin v) --.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) -2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 -(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 602.4 S 1.524 +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 144 R +.081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 +(enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 156 S 1.524 (iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 614.4 Q F1<ad64> +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 168 Q F1<ad64> 2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F .367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) -5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 626.4 R F1<ad70> +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 180 R F1<ad70> 2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -638.4 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +192 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 (is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F (If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 650.4 R 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 204 R 1.916 (uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 -(enabled. If)144 662.4 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(enabled. If)144 216 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 (is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) 2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F -(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 674.4 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 +(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 228 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 (is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 -686.4 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 703.2 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 715.2 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C -.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F -.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 727.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 240 +Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 256.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(The)144 268.8 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 280.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(55)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(or only null ar)144 84 Q(guments,)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF --2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1(exec)108 100.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 292.8 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 112.8 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 321.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 124.8 R .176 +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 333.6 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 136.8 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 345.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 -.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 148.8 Q F0 .638 +.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 357.6 Q F0 .638 (to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 160.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 369.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 172.8 Q .617 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .317(hell e).15 F -.317(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .318 -(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505 -(ure. An)144 184.8 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005 -(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 196.8 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 +.15 F(non-interacti)144 381.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 393.6 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) +-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 405.6 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 (edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 (ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 208.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 417.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 237.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 266.4 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 278.4 R -F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F -.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 290.4 R(the)2.627 E F1 -<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) -.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) -5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 -(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 302.4 Q F0 .659 -(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.159 F .66 -(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F1<ad6e>3.16 E F0 -(option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 314.4 R 1.587 -(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586 -(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G -1.586(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.586(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 326.4 Q -F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he v)-2.803 F .303(alue of the v) --.25 F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .304 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294 -(option is encountered, one of the)144 338.4 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293 -(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .293(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 -350.4 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 446.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E +F1(export)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name) +-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 475.2 Q +F0 .256(The supplied)144 487.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 +F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 +(commands. If)144 499.2 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127 +(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> +144 511.2 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F +.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 +<ad6e>2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 523.2 S +1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G +1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 535.2 S .741(lue of the v) +.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 547.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 559.2 Q F1(fc)108 576 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477(Fix Command.)144 391.2 R .478 -(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E -(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478 -(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 403.2 R F2 -.45 -(Fi)5.882 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.062 E F2(last)3.472 E F0 .882 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F -.881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 -415.2 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an) -.15 F(of)144 427.2 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F -(If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276 -(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092 -(for listing \(so that)144 439.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092 -(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72> -4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .093(is not)3.273 F -(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 451.2 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 475.2 -Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 +588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 600 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +612 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) +144 624 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F +2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315(is used as an of) +144 636 R .315(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E +F2(last)2.904 E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F +(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 648 R F4 .948 +(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) +3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) +144 660 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 684 Q +F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 487.2 R .438(If the) -5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 696 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E -F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 -(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 511.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E -F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 -F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 -(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 523.2 R .951 -(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F --.15(exe)144 535.2 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 559.2 R -F2(command)2.539 E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by) -2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04(.A)C(useful)-2.5 E .406 -(alias to use with this is)144 571.2 R F4 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0 -2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F4 6.406(rc)2.906 -G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F .406(ginning with) --.15 F F4(cc)144 583.2 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F4(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 607.2 R .142 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 -(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 619.2 -R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 -(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 -(cuted or f).15 F .788 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -643.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 -(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 655.2 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 -684 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 -(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 696 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G .617 -(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 708 Q .362 -(ground, or f)-.15 F .362(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) --.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F -F2(jobspec)145.74 720 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004 -(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w) -2.814 F .004(as started without job control.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(56)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 57 57 +.335(the editor gi)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 +(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) +.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F +(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E 1.668(the v)144 720 R 1.668(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)4.168 +E F0 -.25(va)3.918 G 1.668(riable is used, and the v).25 F 1.669 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)4.169 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)3.919 E F3(FCEDIT)4.169 +E F0 1.669(is not set.)3.919 F(If)6.669 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(58)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 -96 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 -(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 108 R .149 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 120 Q .578 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +-.35 E .187(neither v)144 84 R .187(ariable is set,)-.25 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(vi)4.353 E F0 .187(is used.)4.353 F .187 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.187 F +-.15(exe)144 96 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 120 R F1 +(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F1<8c72>2.847 +E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .346 +(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E +(typing)144 144 Q F2 7.165(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165 +(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166(ginning with)-.15 F F2(cc)3.666 +E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F2(r)3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F(mand.)144 156 Q .142 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 180 R .142 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 192 R +.454(If the)5.454 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 228 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F3(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F3(fg)108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 256.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 268.8 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 280.8 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 292.8 Q +F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F1(jobspec) +4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004 +(as started without job control.)-.1 F F3(getopts)108 309.6 Q F1 +(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F3(getopts)144 +321.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F1 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 333.6 R .15 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 345.6 Q .579 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665 -(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) -4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 -(option in the shell v)144 144 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 3.296 -(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e) -3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G -.797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 156 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) -4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 -(or a shell script is in)144 168 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 -(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 -(into the v)144 180 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 -.803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 -(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 192 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 357.6 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F3(getopts) +4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797 +(option in the shell v)144 369.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.297 E F0 +3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G +3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 381.6 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND) +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 +(or a shell script is in)144 393.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F3 +(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803 +(into the v)144 405.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A +F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 +(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 417.6 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 204 Q -2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 228 R F1(getopts)4.543 -E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 240 Q F0 +2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 429.6 +Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 453.6 R F3(getopts) +4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 465.6 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 264 Q F0 2.392 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 -276 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 300 Q F0 1.166 -(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F -1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 -(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.263 -(reporting is used.)144 312 R 1.263 -(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 324 -R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) --.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F -(will be displayed, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 -G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) -2.72 E .666(If an in)144 360 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) -.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E -F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 -(and unsets)144 372 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 -(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 -(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 -384 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 408 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) --.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() -3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 -(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 420 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 -E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If) -5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1 -(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 432 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 -E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 -E F1(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902 +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 489.6 Q F0 2.393 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F1(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F3(getopts)144 +501.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 525.6 Q F0 1.165 +(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166 +(is a colon,)3.886 F F1(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.071 +(reporting is used.)144 537.6 R 1.071 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 549.6 +R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 561.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F1(optstring)2.73 E F0 +(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 585.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667 +(lid option is seen,).25 F F3(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into) +3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .666 +(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 +597.6 R F4(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3(getopts)2.899 +E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 +(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 609.6 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 +633.6 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 +1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.741 +(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F F1(name)144 645.6 +Q F0(,).18 E F4(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F3 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F3(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 657.6 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F4 +(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3 +(getopts)144 681.6 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 468 Q F1(hash)108 484.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 496.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) -3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 508.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .099(If the)144 520.8 -R F1<ad70>2.599 E F0 .099 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.599 F F2 -(\214lename)4.508 E F0 .098(is used as the full \214le name)2.778 F -1.711(of the command.)144 532.8 R(The)6.711 E F1<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711 -(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F1<ad64>4.212 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 544.8 R .833 +3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 693.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 +768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(59)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 60 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858(Each time)144 +96 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858 +(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name)3.718 E F0 .858 +(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956(the directories in)144 108 R F1 +($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An) +5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 120 R +F1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712 +(of the command.)144 132 R(The)6.712 E F1<ad72>4.212 E F0 1.711 +(option causes the shell to for)4.212 F 1.711 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F1<ad64>4.211 E F0 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 144 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F1<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 556.8 R F2(name) -3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F -F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -568.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 -.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 +3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 156 R F2(name) +3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F +F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 +168 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795 +(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 <ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 -(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -580.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 592.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322 -(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F -.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 604.8 Q F2(name)2.86 -E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 -633.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 -645.6 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 657.6 Q F1 -<ad64>144 669.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 681.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 180 +R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .934 +(n, or if).15 F(only)144 192 Q F1<ad6c>2.821 E F0 .321 +(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F +.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 204 Q F2(name)2.86 E +F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) +.25 E F1(help)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 +232.8 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +.866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 +244.8 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 256.8 Q F1 +<ad64>144 268.8 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 280.8 Q F0(Display the description of each) 21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) --2.5 E F1<ad73>144 693.6 Q F0 +-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 292.8 Q F0 (Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E -F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 710.4 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 -E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(n)A F1(])A(history \255c)108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E -(fset)-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0 -(])A F1(history \255p)108 132 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A -2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 156 -S .752 +F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 309.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 326.4 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 338.4 Q(history \255d)108 350.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A +F1(history \255p)108 374.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 386.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +398.4 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 168 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 410.4 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 180 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 -(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 192 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 422.4 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 +(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 434.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 204 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 446.4 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 216 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 -E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F0 +(not, the v)144 458.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 470.4 Q F0 (Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144 -240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) -180 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 264 Q F0 .599 -(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.099('h)-.74 G .598 -(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.099 F .598 -(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 276 Q F0 -(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F0 .854(Read \ -the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\ -rent history list.)24.74 F .773 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E -(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77>144 -336 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) --2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .625 +482.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) +180 494.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 506.4 Q F0 .598 +(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 +(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599 +(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 518.4 Q F0 +(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 530.4 Q F0 .854(Rea\ +d the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the c\ +urrent history list.)24.74 F .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 542.4 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 554.4 Q F1<ad72>144 566.4 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)25.86 E F1<ad77> +144 578.4 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o) +23.08 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 590.4 Q F0 .626 (Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475 +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 602.4 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .362 -(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +(normal history e)180 614.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 626.4 Q F0 +.363(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 638.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 655.2 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .415 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416 -(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .416 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 667.2 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 679.2 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 691.2 R .416 +(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ -, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -(is)2.999 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E -F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E -(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1 -(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command) -2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E -(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 +, an in)144 703.2 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is) +3 E(supplied as an ar)144 715.2 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 +E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(GNU Bash 4.3) +72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(60)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(jobs)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 +2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x) +108 96 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 +E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 (obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0 +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 120 Q F0 (List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1 -<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F -.194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1<ad70>144 -561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0 -(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0 -(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec) -4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) --.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25 +<ad6e>144 132 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) +24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F +.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 144 Q F1<ad70>144 +156 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 168 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 180 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 196.8 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0 +.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) +-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 208.8 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 631.2 R F1 -<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 225.6 R F1 +<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 237.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +F1(kill)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 <ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2 -(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119 -(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2 -(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318 -(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 -(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 -1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) +(kill \255l)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 +G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 278.4 R F2 +(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 +(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 +(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 +(either a case-insensiti)144 290.4 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 +(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 302.4 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 720 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F -F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 -F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F -F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) -.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 59 59 +1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 314.4 Q .523(gument of)-.18 +F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) +5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) +.18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 +(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 326.4 +R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 338.4 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F +F1<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 350.4 +R F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F +.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F +(occurs or an in)144 362.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.) +.25 E F1(let)108 379.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 391.2 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 +(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 +(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F +(the last)144 403.2 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G +(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.) +2.5 E F1(local)108 420 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 432 S 2.56(re) +.15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named) +-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value) +2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F +(an)144 444 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 +(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +456 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 468 Q F0 1.165 +(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) +6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 +(within a function.)144 480 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 F +F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 492 Q +F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 +508.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(map\214le)108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac) +2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([) +2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 +E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 549.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) +-2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 561.6 R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 +1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.749 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 +573.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6e> +144 585.6 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 597.6 Q F0(Be)22.52 E +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 609.6 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +<ad74>144 621.6 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E +(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 633.6 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 645.6 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E +(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum) +2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 657.6 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 674.4 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 686.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 +G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 698.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 710.4 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 727.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2) +141.79 E(61)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28 -(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .377 -(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 108 R -F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F -.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .593(alse if an error)-.1 F -(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 -E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196 -(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25 -(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06 -(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06 -(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) --5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.152(yo) --.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar) -3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653 -(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -213.6 Q F1(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H -.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F --.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.164 -(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) -6.165 F F2(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233 -(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233 -F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F --.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144 -249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2 -Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1 -(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43> --2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum) -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 295.2 S -(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f> --2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1 -(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.851 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F1(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 319.2 -R F2<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 -E F1(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) --6.248 F(ha)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e>144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G -2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1 -(count)2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0 -(Be)22.52 E(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde) -2.82 E(x)-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 -E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2 -<ad74>144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E -(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 391.2 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2<ad43>144 403.2 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E -(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum) -2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 415.2 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1 -(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 -(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 444 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G -2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ -ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 -(as additional ar)144 456 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 468 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 484.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 -(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 501.6 Q F0 1.906 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) -4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 513.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(map\214le)144 84 Q F0 1.905 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(arr)4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 96 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F2(popd)108 530.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 542.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 -(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G -.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 -G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 -554.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 -(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 -(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 566.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 578.4 Q F0 .551 +F1(popd)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) +.15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 +(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G +.299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 +136.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 148.8 Q F1<ad6e>144 160.8 Q F0 .551 (Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 590.4 Q F2(+)144 602.4 Q F1(n)A -F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 172.8 Q F1(+)144 184.8 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F -F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -614.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +196.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 626.4 Q F1(n)A F0 -(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E F0 -1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 -638.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 -E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 655.2 R F2(popd) -3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643 -(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F2(popd)5.643 -E F0 .415(returns f)144 667.2 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G -.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 -(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 679.2 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F2(printf)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad76>A F1(var)2.5 E F0(]) -A F1(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437 -(Write the formatted)144 708 R F1(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 -(to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F1(format)3.936 -E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F2<ad76>3.936 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 720 R(ariable)-.25 -E F1(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)2.626 -F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(59)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 60 60 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(output.)144 84 Q(The)144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format) -3.018 E F0 .517(is a character string which contains three types of obj\ -ects: plain characters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standar\ -d output, character escape sequences, which are con)144 120 R -.15(ve) --.4 G .704(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and forma\ -t speci\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 132 R -.036(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(ar)144 144 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F1 -(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-) --.25 E(ing e)144 156 Q(xtensions:)-.15 E F2(%b)144 168 Q F0(causes)20.44 -E F2(printf)5.115 E F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 -(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F1(ar) -5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 180 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F2(\\c) -3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F2<5c08>3.108 -E F0(,)A F2(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F2(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 +-.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 208.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 +1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) +-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 +(zero. F)180 220.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 +E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 +237.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 +(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) +3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 249.6 R .416 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 261.6 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 +(Write the formatted)144 290.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 +E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 302.4 R(ariable) +-.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) +2.626 F(output.)144 314.4 Q(The)144 338.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ +s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ +cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ +er escape sequences, which are con)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 362.4 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 374.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 386.4 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 398.4 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F1(printf)5.115 E +F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) +5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 410.4 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c) +3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F1<5c08>3.108 +E F0(,)A F1(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F1(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 (are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be) -180 192 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F2(\\0)2.5 E F0 -(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F2(%q)144 204 Q F0(causes)20.44 -E F2(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F1(ar)2.51 -E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 216 Q F2(%\()144 228 Q F1(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F0(causes)180 -240 Q F2(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F1(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 252 R F1 -(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F1(ar) +180 422.4 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F1(\\0)2.5 E F0 +(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F1(%q)144 434.4 Q F0(causes) +20.44 E F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2 +(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell) +2.51 F(input.)180 446.4 Q F1(%\()144 458.4 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 +(causes)180 470.4 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 482.4 R F2 +(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -264 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F -.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 276 Q(as in) --.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(Ar)144 292.8 Q .464(guments to n\ -on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 304.8 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +494.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F +.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .847 +(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 506.4 R .847 +(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348 +F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 518.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 +G .355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G +2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354 +(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 530.4 Q +(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 547.2 Q .463(guments to non-string format s\ +peci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 559.2 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 316.8 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 333.6 Q F1(format)3.424 E -F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F1(ar)3.423 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format) -3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F1(ar)144 345.6 Q(guments)-.37 E -F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 571.2 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 588 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 +.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 600 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 +.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) -.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 357.6 Q(The return v)5 E -(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(pushd) -108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C -<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A F2(pushd)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 -2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ -rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 398.4 R 3.139(wt) --.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F 1.315(stack the current w)144 410.4 R -1.315(orking directory)-.1 F 6.315(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.715 F -1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.316(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.816(od)-.1 G -1.316(irectories and)-3.816 F .872 -(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 422.4 R 5.871(.A) --.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .871(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.171 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H .871(he follo).15 F .871(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 434.4 Q -F2<ad6e>144 446.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ +.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 612 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) +108 628.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 640.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ +irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 652.8 R 3.14(wt) +-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 664.8 R 1.316 +(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315 +(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315 +(irectories and)-3.815 F .871 +(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 676.8 R 5.871(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 688.8 Q +F1<ad6e>144 700.8 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F -(only the stack is manipulated.)180 458.4 Q F2(+)144 470.4 Q F1(n)A F0 -1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.768 E F0 1.267 -(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by) --.25 F F2(dirs)180 482.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 494.4 Q F1(n)A F0 -.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(only the stack is manipulated.)180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(62)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.767 E F0 1.268 +(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by) +-.25 F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F1<ad>144 108 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 +F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)180 506.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 518.4 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F1(dir)2.85 E F0 -(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25 -G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .489(If the)144 535.2 -R F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F2(dirs) -2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488 -(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039 -(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 547.2 R F1(dir)3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G -3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F2(pushd)3.54 E F0 -1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847(stack is empty)144 559.2 -R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent directory stack element i\ -s speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 -571.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 -588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 600 R .845 +F F1(dirs)180 120 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 +E F2(dir)144.35 132 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc) +-.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 144 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 160.8 R F1(pushd)2.989 +E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 172.8 R F2(dir) +3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,) +-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847 +(stack is empty)144 184.8 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ + directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 196.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 225.6 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 -612 R F2<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 -(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2(set) -2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) -144 624 R(the)3.263 E F2<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763 +237.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 +(enabled. If)144 249.6 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 636 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 648 Q F2 -.18(re)108 664.8 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)3.816 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad61>-3.816 E F1(aname) -3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad64>-3.816 E F1(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2 -<ad69>-3.816 E F1(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad6e>-3.816 E F1 -(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.817 E F1(nc) -3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad70>-3.817 E F1(pr)3.817 E -(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad74>-3.817 E F1(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817 -(][)C F2<ad75>-3.817 E F1(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 676.8 Q F1(name)A F0 -(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ -\214le descriptor)144 688.8 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 700.8 Q F2<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039 + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 261.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 273.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 290.4 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816 E F2 +(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816 +(][)C F1<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e> +-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E +F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr) +3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 +3.817(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 302.4 Q F2(name)A +F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ +e \214le descriptor)144 314.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 326.4 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039 (option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) --.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038 -(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42 -(and so on, with lefto)144 712.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 +-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42 +(and so on, with lefto)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 (ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 -(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) -.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 724.8 R .541(wer w) +(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) +.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 350.4 R .541(wer w) -.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ -ames are assigned empty)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(60)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E -.25(va)144 84 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F .011(characters in)2.511 F -/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011 -(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011 -(backslash character \()2.511 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m) -C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891(be used to remo)144 96 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -2.191 -.15(ny s).15 H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F -(Options, if supplied, ha)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 120 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname) -2.5 E F0 1.049(The w)180 132 R 1.049 +ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 362.4 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F +.857(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857 +(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857 +(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .754(uses for e)144 374.4 R +.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F1 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753 +(backslash character \()3.253 F F1(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .753(ay be)-3.253 +F .075(used to remo)144 386.4 R .375 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .375 -.15(ny s).15 +H .075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .076 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.076 E +(if supplied, ha)144 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 410.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 422.4 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F3(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F3 -(aname)180.33 144 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 -(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 -E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 156 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0 -(The \214rst character of)180 168 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0 +-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F +F2(aname)180.33 434.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 446.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0(The \214rst character of)180 458.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F2<ad65>144 180 Q F0 .373 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F1(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218 -(to obtain the line.)180 192 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) -5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F -(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G -(diting settings.)-2.5 E F2<ad69>144 216 Q F3(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If) -10.78 E F2 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F3(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 -(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) --.25 F(ing be)180 228 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144 240 Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har) --.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 252 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394 -(returns after reading)3.894 F F3(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 -(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of) --.1 F(input, b)180 264 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 -E F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 -(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2<ad4e>144 276 -Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 288 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269 -(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E -(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 -(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 300 R F2 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.275 F 1.003 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 312 R -F2 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F3(nc)3.502 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 324 Q F2<ad70>144 336 Q -F3(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 348 Q F3(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 +F1<ad65>144 470.4 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re) +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 +(to obtain the line.)180 482.4 R .218 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E +(acti)180 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E +F1<ad69>144 506.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 +G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te) +2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E +.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 518.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 +530.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 542.4 S(ad).18 E +F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E +F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 +(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q +(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +<ad4e>144 566.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 578.4 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 590.4 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 602.4 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 614.4 Q F1<ad70> +144 626.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 638.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E +(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 (ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) --.25 F(an)180 360 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F -(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2 -<ad72>144 372 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F(the line.)180 384 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G +-.25 F(an)180 650.4 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +<ad72>144 662.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F(the line.)180 674.4 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G (ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) --.25 E F2<ad73>144 396 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 -<ad74>144 408 Q F3(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 420 Q F2 -.18(re)3.548 G -(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.548 F 1.048 -(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F3(timeout) -180 432 Q F0(seconds.)3.497 E F3(timeout)5.997 E F0 .997 -(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.497 F(wing) --.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 444 R .576(This option is only ef) -5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)3.076 G -(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .142 -(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 456 R .142 -(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.141 E -F3(timeout)2.641 E F0 .141(is 0,)2.641 F F2 -.18(re)180 468 S(ad).18 E -F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.613 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113 -(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .114 -(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 480 Q -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 -E F2<ad75>144 492 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor) -14.46 E F3(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 508.8 R F3(names)3.052 E F0 -.192(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable) --.25 E F1(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191 -(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.343 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 520.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad) +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 686.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 +<ad74>144 698.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 722.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(63)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(with a fractional portion follo)180 84 Q(wing the decimal point.) +-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 +E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is reading input\ + from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 96 R +.506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 108 R .59(gular \214les.) +-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1 +-.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 +-.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F +-.25(va)180 120 S(riable).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0 +5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re) +2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27 +(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12 +(The e)180 132 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G +1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G +1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 144 R -.15(ex)2.5 G +(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E +F1<ad75>144 156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 +E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 172.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191 +(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 184.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) .18 E F0 1.343 -(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.843 F -(128\), or an in)144 532.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F2 -<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 549.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A -F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G(n).15 E F3(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 -(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F3(names)3.63 E F0 +(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871 +(128\), a v)144 196.8 R .871 +(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F +.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E +(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 208.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 +<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 +(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 -573.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F2<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F3 -(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 585.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) --.1 F F2<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +249.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097 +(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) --3.334 F F2<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 597.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F2<ad41>3.277 E -F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F3(name) -3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 609.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F2<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521 +-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 621.6 R(The)5.296 E F2 +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 <ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 633.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -645.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) --3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F3(wor) +144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 657.6 R F3(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) --.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F2<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F3(name)144.36 669.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 686.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 698.4 R .587 -(xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F3(n)3.087 -E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F3(n)3.447 E F0 .587 -(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335 -(that of the last command e)144 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335 -(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G -1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe) -144 722.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)3.294 E F0(\() -5.794 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 -(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .795 -(cuting that script).15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 -E(61)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 +144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .469 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E +F1 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466 +(side a function, b)144 398.4 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F1(sour) +A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F +.088(stop e)144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)2.947 E F0 .087 +(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 422.4 R .613 +(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F2(n)3.113 E F0 .613 +(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613 +(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 434.4 R +.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F1 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01 +(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 446.4 S .409 +(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41 +(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F1(sour)2.91 E +(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41 +(ommand associated with the).15 F F1(RETURN)144 458.4 Q F0(trap is e)2.5 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F1(set)108 475.2 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E +F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E +F1(set)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 499.2 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F +.835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835 +(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 511.2 +R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 523.2 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 +.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 535.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) +-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 547.2 R 1.623 +(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) +144 559.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 571.2 Q +F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539 +(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54 +(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 583.2 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.) +-.4 E F1<ad62>144 595.2 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 607.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 619.2 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 631.2 Q +F2 1.294(compound command)3.794 F F0(\(see)3.794 E F3 1.294 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.794 F F0(abo)3.544 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.793(\), e).15 F +1.293(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 +643.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 655.2 Q +1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 +-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 667.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 +(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 679.2 R +F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) +-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E +-.25(va)184 691.2 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 703.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 715.2 R 2.677 +(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 +(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 +(option applies to)2.678 F 3.325(the shell en)184 727.2 R 3.325 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F 3.325(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F F3(COMMAND)5.824 E F0(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 +E(64)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .246(and return either)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.106 E -F0 .246(or the e)2.986 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .245 -(xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 96 R .082 -(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 -(cution of a script by).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)2.582 E F0 2.582 -(,t).833 G .082(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 108 R 4.806 -(alse. An)-.1 F 4.806(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.806 -F F2(RETURN)4.805 E F0 2.305(trap is e)4.805 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.305 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E -(resumes after the function or script.)144 120 Q F2(set)108 136.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F2(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E F1 -(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F2 -(set)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(+o) --2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 160.8 S .835(thout options, the name and v).4 F -.835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .836 -(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 172.8 -R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 184.8 R F1 .447(posix mode) -2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 -(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 -(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531 -(locale. When)144 196.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F -3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An) --.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623 -(after option processing are treated as v)144 208.8 R 1.624 -(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 220.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)2.5 E F0(,)A -F2 2.5(... $)2.5 F F1(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 232.8 Q -F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539 -(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F -.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 244.8 Q -(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2<ad62>144 256.8 Q F0 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F -2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 268.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2<ad65>144 280.8 Q F0 -.511(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F1(pipeline)3.011 E F0 .511 -(\(which may consist of a single)3.011 F F1 .51(simple command)3.01 F F0 -3.01(\), a)B F1(sub-)3.01 E(shell)184 292.8 Q F0 .872 -(command enclosed in parentheses, or one of the commands e)3.372 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .872(cuted as part of a).15 F .399 -(command list enclosed by braces \(see)184 304.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.399(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.899 F F0(abo)2.649 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.899(\)e).15 G -.399(xits with a non-zero)-3.049 F 3.968(status. The)184 316.8 R 1.468 -(shell does not e)3.968 F 1.468(xit if the command that f)-.15 F 1.468 -(ails is part of the command list)-.1 F .57(immediately follo)184 328.8 -R .57(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.07 E F0(or)3.07 E F2(until)3.07 E F0 -.1 -(ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .569 -(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F2(elif)3.069 E F0(reserv) -184 340.8 Q .909(ed w)-.15 F .909(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.409(yc)-.15 G -.909(ommand e)-3.409 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .909(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.409 -E F0(or)3.409 E F2(||)3.41 E F0 .91(list e)3.41 F .91(xcept the command) --.15 F(follo)184 352.8 Q .05(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)2.55 E F0(or) -2.55 E F2(||)2.55 E F0 2.55(,a)C .35 -.15(ny c)-2.55 H .049 -(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .049(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F -(s)-.55 E .372(return v)184 364.8 R .372(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .372(rted with).15 F F2(!)2.872 E F0 5.372(.A)C .372(trap on) --2.5 F F2(ERR)2.872 E F0 2.872(,i)C 2.873(fs)-2.872 G .373(et, is e) --2.873 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .373(cuted before the shell).15 F -.15(ex)184 -376.8 S 2.897(its. This).15 F .397(option applies to the shell en)2.897 -F .396(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .396(vironment sepa-)-.4 F -.19(rately \(see)184 388.8 R F3 .19(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.69 F -(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.44 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .19 -(\), and may cause subshells).15 F(to e)184 400.8 Q(xit before e)-.15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F2<ad66> -144 412.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2<ad68>144 -424.8 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738 -(ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184 436.8 Q(ault.)-.1 -E F2<ad6b>144 448.8 Q F0 .513(All ar)28.74 F .514 +-.35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .106(EXECUTION ENVIR)184 84 R(ONMENT)-.27 E +F0(abo)2.356 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .107(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 +F .107(xit before e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E +(all the commands in the subshell.)184 96 Q 2.042 +(If a compound command or shell function e)184 114 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<ad65>4.542 E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435 +(ignored, none of the commands e)184 126 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 +(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .194 +(body will be af)184 138 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F2<ad65>2.694 E F0 +.193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F2 +<ad65>2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 150 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F2<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89 +(while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E +(where)184 162 Q F2<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 174 Q F2 +<ad66>144 186 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2<ad68> +144 198 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F +4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 210 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F2<ad6b>144 222 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 460.8 Q F2 -<ad6d>144 472.8 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .149 -(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F -.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .636 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 484.8 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F -(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .637 -(processes run in a)3.136 F .642 -(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 496.8 R .641 -(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 508.8 Q F2 -<ad6e>144 520.8 Q F0 .652(Read commands b)28.74 F .652(ut do not e)-.2 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -532.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 -E F2<ad6f>144 544.8 Q F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 556.8 Q F1 -(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 -(allexport)184 568.8 Q F0(Same as)224 580.8 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(braceexpand)184 592.8 Q F0(Same as)224 604.8 Q F2<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(emacs)184 616.8 Q F0 .089 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 234 Q F2 +<ad6d>144 246 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 258 R F1 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 270 R .679 +(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ +s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 282 S(it status.).15 E F2<ad6e>144 294 Q F0 .653 +(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 +(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 306 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2<ad6f>144 318 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 330 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 342 Q F0 +(Same as)224 354 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 366 Q F0 +(Same as)224 378 Q F2<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(emacs)184 390 Q F0 .089 (Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This) -.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 628.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G -.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 640.8 R(also af)2.5 E -(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err)184 652.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E -F2<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(errtrace)184 664.8 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F2<ad45> -2.5 E F0(.)A F2(functrace)184 676.8 Q F0(Same as)224 688.8 Q F2<ad54>2.5 -E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 700.8 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F2<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(62)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 63 63 +(when the shell is interacti)224 402 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F0 2.5(option. This)224 414 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err) +184 426 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F2<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(errtrace)184 438 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F2<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(functrace) +184 450 Q F0(Same as)224 462 Q F2<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 474 Q +F0(Same as)9.43 E F2<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(histexpand)184 486 Q F0 +(Same as)224 498 Q F2<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(history)184 510 Q F0 .586 +(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587 +(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(HIST)3.087 E +(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is) +5.087 F(on by def)224 522 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 534 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 546 R +1.657(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF +(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) +.15 E(\(see)224 558 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 570 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as) +224 582 Q F2<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(monitor)184 594 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F2 +<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noclob)184 606 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 618 Q F2 +<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noexec)184 630 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F2<ad6e>2.5 E +F0(.)A F2(noglob)184 642 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 +(nolog)184 654 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F2(notify)184 666 Q F0 +(Same as)15 E F2<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(nounset)184 678 Q F0(Same as)6.66 +E F2<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(onecmd)184 690 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F2<ad74>2.5 +E F0(.)A F2(ph)184 702 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F2<ad50>2.5 E +F0(.)A F2(pipefail)184 714 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 726 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(65)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histexpand)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F1 -<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history)184 108 Q F0 .587(Enable command history) -10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E -(Y)-.315 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F -(on by def)224 120 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(ignor)184 132 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 144 R 1.656 -(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) -4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 -156 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 168 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 180 Q F1 -<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 192 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 204 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 216 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 228 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(noglob)184 240 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 -252 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify)184 264 Q F0(Same as)15 E -F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 276 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 288 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(ph)184 300 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(pipefail)184 312 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 -(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 324 R -1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 336 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 348 Q F0 -2.091(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 360 Q -/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 372 Q(vileged) --.1 E F0(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 396 S -(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 408 Q F0 -1.465(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.966 -(ace. This)-.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F -(interf)224 420 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0 -(.)A F1(xtrace)184 432 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 -450 Q F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F5 -(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 -(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 -462 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F5(option\255name)3.571 E F0 -3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 -(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 474 Q F1<ad70> -144 486 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.072(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.822 E -.1 -(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071 -(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 498 R 1.501 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 510 -S(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 -(and)2.775 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524 -(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 522 R .379 -(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 534 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 546 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 +-.35 E -.15(ex)224 84 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(posix)184 96 Q F0 2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1 +(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif) +-.1 F 2.091(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212 +(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212 +(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 120 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 +132 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 144 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +156 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 168 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as) +7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 180 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965(ace. This)-.1 +F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 192 Q +(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace)184 +204 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 222 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 +E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053 +(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553(alues of the current options are printed.) +-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 234 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F +F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set) +3.571 E F0 1.071(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 246 Q F1<ad70> +144 258 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 270 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 282 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 294 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 306 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> -2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 558 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G -.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 570 Q F1<ad74>144 582 Q F0 +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 330 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1<ad74>144 354 Q F0 (Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15 -E F1<ad75>144 594 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .043(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ +E F1<ad75>144 366 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an) --.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 606 R 2.683 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182 +-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 378 R 2.682 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 -(able or parameter)184 618 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(able or parameter)184 390 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -630 Q F1<ad76>144 642 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) --.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 654 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 -(xpanding each)-.15 F F5 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) +402 Q F1<ad76>144 414 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) +-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 426 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 +(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) 2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E -F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 666 R F1 +F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 438 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)3.736 E F3(,)A F0(follo) -3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 678 Q +(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo) +3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 450 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -<ad42>144 690 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 +<ad42>144 462 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 702 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 714 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E -F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 474 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 486 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E +F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 -2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -5.436(tors. This)184 726 R 2.936(may be o)5.436 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.936 -(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection).15 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(operator)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of) -2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad45>144 96 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F -2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 120 Q F1 -<ad48>144 132 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 -(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 144 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 156 Q F0 1.165 -(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821 -(that change the current w)184 168 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 -(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 180 R(def)2.686 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 498 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) +.15 F(tor)184 510 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 522 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) +-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 546 Q F1 +<ad48>144 558 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 570 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 582 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 594 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 606 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 192 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 -204 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 618 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 +630 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 228 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 240 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 654 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 666 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 252 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad> -2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 264 Q F0 1.945 -(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g) --.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944 -(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 276 R F1 -<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945 -(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no) -3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 288 Q .425(The options are of)144 -304.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 678 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 +690 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2 +(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 702 R +F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 +(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) +3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 714 Q .425(The options are of)144 +730.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 316.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 +768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(66)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .178(to be turned of)144 84 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 328.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 340.8 Q F1(shift)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 369.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 -.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G -.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 381.6 Q F1($#)2.583 -E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 393.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 -.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F -(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 405.6 R -.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 -.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 417.6 Q F1(shopt)108 434.4 Q F0([) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa) +-.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 108 Q F1(shift)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 +136.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....) +2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F +(bers)144 148.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#) +2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082 +(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H +.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f) +-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 160.8 +R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06 +(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143 +(positional parameters are not changed.)144 172.8 R .144 +(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144 +(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 184.8 Q F1(shopt)108 201.6 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 446.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222 -(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F -(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1 -<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\ -ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 458.4 R(The) -144 470.4 Q F1<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\ -d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options) -5.328 F(ha)144 482.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) --.25 E F1<ad73>144 494.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 -E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 506.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2 -(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 518.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\ -put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2 -(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 530.4 R .255 -(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256 -(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1 -<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F -(all)180 542.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.) -2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 554.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2 -(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0 -(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128 -(If either)144 571.2 R F1<ad73>2.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F1<ad75>2.628 E F0 -.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127 -(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023 -(are set or unset, respecti)144 583.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023 -(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0 -1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 595.2 Q(ault.) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 213.6 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 225.6 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 237.6 R .826 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F +.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 249.6 R(The)5.945 E +F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) +3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 261.6 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 273.6 Q +F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 285.6 +Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 +297.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255 +(set or unset.)180 309.6 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E +F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 +(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 321.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 333.6 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 350.4 R F1 +<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233 +(set or unset, respecti)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) +-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 +2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 374.4 Q(ault.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -612 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +391.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) 4.044 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 624 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) --.25 F(option.)144 636 Q(The list of)144 652.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 670.8 Q F0 .2 +144 403.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 415.2 Q(The list of)144 432 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 450 Q F0 .2 (If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 682.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 462 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 694.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 706.8 R .155 +F1(cdable_v)144 474 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 486 R .155 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 718.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(64)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdspell)144 84 Q F0 1.055 +(name of a v)184 498 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 510 Q F0 +1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) 10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 96 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +(corrected. The)184 522 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 108 R 4.352 -.65(y. I) --.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552 -(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F -(the command proceeds.)184 120 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 132 Q F0 2.079 -(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)4.579 E F0 2.079 +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 534 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F +(the command proceeds.)184 546 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 558 Q F0 2.079 +(If set,)184 570 R F1(bash)4.579 E F0 2.079 (checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F 2.08 -(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 156 S(cute it.).15 E +(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 582 S(cute it.).15 E (If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 168 Q -F0 .449(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 594 Q +F0 .449(If set,)184 606 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 (lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 192 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 618 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 204 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 216 Q -.1(wa)-.1 +(attempted without an interv)184 630 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 642 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 228 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 -240 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 654 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 +666 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G -.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 252 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E -F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 -264 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa) +.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 678 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E +F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 +690 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa) 3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -276 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 288 Q -F0 .419(If set,)184 300 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)2.919 -F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar) --.15 F(guments)-.18 E(to the)184 312 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 -(conditional command')2.5 E(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.5 E F0(operator)2.5 E(.) --.55 E F1(compat32)144 324 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 336 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 -1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 -(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.265 -(string comparison when using the)184 348 R F1([[)3.766 E F0 1.266 -(conditional command')3.766 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.766 E F0(and)3.766 E F1(>) -3.766 E F0 3.766(operators. Bash)3.766 F -.15(ve)184 360 S .513 -(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and).15 F/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.012 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .512 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the).19 F(current locale')184 372 Q 2.5 -(sc)-.55 G(ollation sequence and)-2.5 E F4(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 -(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat40)144 384 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 396 R F1(bash) -3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F -1.41(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 -(string comparison when using the)184 408 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +702 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q +(2014 February 2)141.79 E(67)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat31)144 84 Q F0 .419(If set,)184 96 R +F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)2.919 F .419(vior to that of v) +-.2 F .42(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E +.462(to the)184 108 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F +(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 +(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 +(using the)184 120 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) +-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) +3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821 +(use ASCII collation and)184 132 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E +(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') +.19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 144 Q F2(str)2.5 +E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 156 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 +168 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 +(string comparison when using the)184 180 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 (conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) -2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\) and the ef)184 -420 Q(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(compat41)144 432 Q -F0 1.443(If set,)184 444 R F1(bash)3.943 E F0 3.943(,w)C 1.444 -(hen in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter) --3.943 F -.15(ex)184 456 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F -5.959(.T)-.55 G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.458(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 468 +2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\).)184 192 Q F1 +(compat40)144 204 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409 +(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 +(string comparison when using the)184 228 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 +(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) +4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 240 R +F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) +-.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 +252 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 +(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 264 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 276 Q F0 1.483(If set,) +184 288 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F2(posix) +3.983 E F0 1.484 +(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 +(ex)184 300 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G +.958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 +(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 312 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 -(posix mode through v)184 480 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +(posix mode through v)184 324 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) 5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 492 Q F1(dirspell)144 504 Q -F0 .858(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 336 Q F1(compat42)144 348 Q +F0 1.796(If set,)184 360 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +(does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 372 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 384 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 +396 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214le\ +names and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 +(forming completion.)184 408 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E +F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +420 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 432 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 444 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 456 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +468 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 480 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 492 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 504 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +516 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 528 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 540 Q F0 .858(If set,)7.77 F +F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 516 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 528 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 552 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 564 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 (includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) -.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 540 Q F0 1.386 +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 576 Q F0 1.386 (If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 (hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 552 Q +1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 588 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 564 Q F0 -.717(If set, aliases are e)184 576 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 -F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .716 -(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 588 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 600 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 -(If set, beha)184 612 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E -(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 624 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.25 E -F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 -G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 636 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 648 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 600 Q F0 +.717(If set, aliases are e)184 612 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 +F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 624 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(extdeb)144 636 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 648 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 +660 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1 +(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 672 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 684 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 660 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 672 Q F0 .84 +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 696 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 708 Q F0 .84 (If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 (trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 684 S .488 +(exe)220 720 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 696 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 --.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 708 Q -F2 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G -(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904(are updated as described in their descriptions) -3.154 F(abo)220 720 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(65)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 66 66 +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(68)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(5.)184 84 Q F0 1.359 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sour)220 84 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 +(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 96 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)28.5 G +(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 108 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 120 Q F0 1.359 (Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 (command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 -96 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F2 10 +132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 (DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) -184 108 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805 -(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 120 -Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F2 +184 144 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805 +(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 156 +Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3 (command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E F1(extglob)144 132 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 +2.5 E F1(extglob)144 168 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 144 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 156 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 168 R -F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 -E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) --4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 180 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 192 Q F0 +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 180 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 192 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 204 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F3(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 216 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 228 Q F0 1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 (ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 204 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 216 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.936(If set, the suf)184 228 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 -(ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 -(when performing w)184 240 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 -(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947(pletions. See)184 252 R F3 -.447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f) --.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def)184 -264 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 276 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F -F1(**)3.019 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte) --.15 F .518(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 288 R .431 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 240 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 252 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 264 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 276 R .32 +(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 +(pletions. See)184 288 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 +F(enabled by def)184 300 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 312 Q F0 +2.519(If set, range e)184 324 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 336 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 +(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 348 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 360 R F1(A) +3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F +.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 372 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globstar)144 384 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)3.019 E F0 +.519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 396 R .431 (If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -300 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 312 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 324 Q F1(histappend)144 -336 Q F0 .676 +408 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 420 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 432 Q F1(histappend)144 +444 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -348 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 360 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 372 Q(eedit)-.18 -E F0 .575(If set, and)184 384 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +456 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 468 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 480 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .575(If set, and)184 492 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 (is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 (he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 396 Q F1(histv)144 408 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 -(If set, and)184 420 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +(tory substitution.)184 504 Q F1(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 +(If set, and)184 528 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 432 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 444 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 456 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 468 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +(hostcomplete)144 564 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 576 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 -480 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +588 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F3(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 492 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 504 Q F0(If set,) -184 516 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 600 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 612 Q F0(If set,) +184 624 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 528 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 -.33(If set, allo)184 540 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 636 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 +.33(If set, allo)184 648 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 552 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 -H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 564 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 576 Q F0 1.212 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 660 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 672 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 684 Q F0 1.212 (If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15 G 1.212(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not)-3.712 F -.15 -(exe)184 588 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 600 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F +(exe)184 696 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 708 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F -(with embedded ne)184 612 Q -(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(login_shell)144 624 Q F0 .486 -(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -636 R F3(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 648 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 660 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 -672 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 684 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E F2(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) --.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 696 -Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 -(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 -(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F3 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 720 Q -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(66)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 +(with embedded ne)184 720 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(69)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 96 -R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti) -2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F --.15(ex)184 108 S(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion) -.1 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 -1.194(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194 -(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F(while e)184 144 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([[)2.5 E F0 -(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 156 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 -168 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(login_shell)144 84 Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +96 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo) +2.736 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 108 S +(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 120 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814 +(If set, and a \214le that)184 132 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 144 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 +(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 156 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 168 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E +F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 180 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 192 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 216 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 228 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +240 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 +F(while e)184 252 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 264 Q F0 +.854(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 (ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 (thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) --3.355 E -.15(ex)184 180 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) -.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 192 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 -(If set, the programmable completion f)184 204 R .677(acilities \(see) +-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 288 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 300 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 312 R .677(acilities \(see) -.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 216 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 228 Q(omptv) --.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 240 R 1.448 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 324 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 336 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 348 R 1.448 (go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) --.15 F -.15(ex)184 252 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 360 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) --.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 264 Q(ault.)-.1 E -F1 -.18(re)144 276 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +-.15 F F2(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 384 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 288 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 300 Q 4.178 +184 396 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 408 Q 4.178 (w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F 1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) -184 312 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +184 420 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 324 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 336 R F1 +F1(shift_v)144 432 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 444 R F1 (shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 348 Q F1(sour) -144 360 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 372 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 456 Q F1(sour) +144 468 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 480 R F1(sour)3.271 E (ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) -3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 384 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) --.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 396 Q F0(If set, the)184 408 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +184 492 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 504 Q F0(If set, the)184 516 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 -E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 424.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001 -(Suspend the e)144 436.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 +E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 532.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001 +(Suspend the e)144 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 (cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) -3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 448.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023 +3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 556.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023 (option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) -5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 460.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 568.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E F1(test)108 477.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) -108 489.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 -(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G -(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188 -(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 501.6 R 3.688 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F -1.889(described abo)144 513.6 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -(CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89 -(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 525.6 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 543.6 R .785 +E F1(test)108 585.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 597.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)6.77 F .878 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 609.6 +S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079 +(primaries described abo)144 621.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 633.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 651.6 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 555.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 +(dence. The)144 663.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 567.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 579.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(used when there are \214v)144 675.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 687.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E -(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 591.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 699.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 603.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 615.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 627.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 639.6 S -(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -651.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 668.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E -(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 686.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 698.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(67)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 68 68 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 711.6 Q +(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(70)190.95 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E 2.5(1a)144 84 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 96 Q +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)144 84 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(a)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S +(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E +F2(o)A F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S(ue if either).35 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 136.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 -.25 +(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 154.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 166.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 178.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 190.8 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 -120 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C -.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 -F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 132 R .38 +E 2.5(2a)144 202.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 214.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 226.8 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 -144 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 +238.8 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 (the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F -.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 156 Q +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 250.8 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 168 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 180 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 262.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 274.8 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 192 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A -F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 204 R .578(xpression is the res\ -ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) --.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 216 R(The)6.332 E F1<ad61>3.832 E F0(and) -3.832 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 286.8 R 1.155 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 298.8 R .578(xpression i\ +s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F +(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 310.8 R(The)6.332 E F2<ad61>3.832 +E F0(and)3.832 E F2<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 228 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F -.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 -(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 -E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 240 R 3.021 -(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F -(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 252 Q -.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 -(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 -F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 264 Q -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 276 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 288 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 -(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 -(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 300 R 4.147 -(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E -(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 312 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 324 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 -E 1.635(The e)180 336 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F -(abo)180 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 366 Q F1(test) -2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 382.8 Q F0 +(three ar)180 322.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 +F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F +.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 +334.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third) +3.021 F(ar)180 346.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 +E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E +(wise, the e)180 358.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 +370.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 382.8 R +.384(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 +(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar) +.05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648 +(posed of the remaining ar)180 394.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 +G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +406.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 418.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) +-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 430.8 R 1.635 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 +442.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 460.8 Q F2(test)2.5 E +F0(or)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F2(times)108 477.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 394.8 -Q F1(trap)108 411.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.702(The command)144 423.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 -(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 -(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) -144 435.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E -F0 3.108(,e)C .608 + processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 489.6 +Q F2(trap)108 506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F1(ar) +A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 +518.4 R F1(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203 +(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F1(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f) +-5.703 E F1(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609 +(absent \(and there is a single)144 530.4 R F1(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108 +(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F2<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 447.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) -144.34 459.6 Q F0 .581 +.658(\(the v)144 542.4 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F1(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F1(sigspec) +144.34 554.4 Q F0 .581 (is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 -(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 471.6 R -F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 483.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 -E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F1(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F2<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 566.4 R +F1(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 578.4 R F2<ad70>3.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 495.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +(signal. The)144 590.4 R F2<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F -4.311(bers. Each)144 507.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +4.311(bers. Each)144 602.4 R F1(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F1(signal.h)A F0 1.81 (>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 519.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 537.6 R F4 -(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 -(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +(names are case insensiti)144 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F3(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 632.4 R F1 +(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 +(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 549.6 Q -(UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 +1.649(If a)6.649 F F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 644.4 Q +(UG)-.09 E F4(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F1(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 -(command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 561.6 Q F4 +-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.667 E F0 +(command,)3.667 E F1(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 656.4 Q F1 (select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 -(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.646 E F0 .147 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 -(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 573.6 R F2 .146 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 668.4 R F3 .146 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 585.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) --.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 -(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 597.6 Q F4(ar) +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F2(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 680.4 Q F2(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)3.2 E(UG) +-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3 +(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 692.4 Q F1(ar) 3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 609.6 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 627.6 R F4(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is) -3.738 E F2(ERR)3.429 E F3(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F4(ar)3.759 E -(g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero) --3.429 F -.15(ex)144 639.6 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F -1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F2(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 -(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008 -(ailed com-)-.1 F .324 -(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 651.6 R .324 -(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 -(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F .151(in an)144 -663.6 R F4(if)2.661 E F0 .151(statement, part of a command e)4.611 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.651 E F0(or)2.651 E F1(||) -2.651 E F0 .151(list, or if the command')2.651 F 2.651(sr)-.55 G .151 -(eturn v)-2.651 F(alue)-.25 E(is being in)144 675.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 -E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 -(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -693.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 705.6 R .662 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 717.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) --.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2) -72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(68)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 69 69 +.643(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F2(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 704.4 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .521(If a)144 722.4 R F1(sigspec)3.361 E F0(is) +3.331 E F3(ERR)3.021 E F4(,)A F0 .522(the command)2.771 F F1(ar)3.352 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .522(is e)3.242 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .522(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.022(raap).15 G .522(ipeline \(which may consist of a) +-3.022 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(71)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0 -(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 -E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G -(ach)-2.673 E F2(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +-.35 E .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command retu\ +rns a non\255zero e)144 84 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451 +(the follo)144 96 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F +.388(mand list immediately follo)144 108 R .388(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F2(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke) +2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(if)2.897 E F0 .387(statement, part)4.847 F .777 +(of a command e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&) +3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 .778(list e)3.278 F .778 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.278 +E F0(or)3.278 E F2(||)3.278 E F0 3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28 +(command in a pipeline b)144 132 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command') +-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F2(!)3.78 E F0(.)A +(These are the same conditions obe)144 144 Q(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err) +2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +162 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 174 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 186 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 +E(y)-.15 E F3(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 +202.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 214.8 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F3(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F1<ad74>144 108 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 -.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E -F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 -(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086 +F2<ad74>144 226.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F3(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F3 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F3(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F3 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F3 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F3(name)144.36 238.8 Q F0 .086 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F3 (name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 250.8 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F -F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855 -(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 +F2<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 262.8 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F3(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) -144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G -.641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F1 -<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 -(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 168 R F2(name)2.612 E -F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 -(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2 -(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 -(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1<ad50> -2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444 -(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4 --.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .444(If the) -4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944 E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 192 R F1 -(type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 -G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427 -(and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426 -(option is not also used.)2.926 F .426 -(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548(consulted when using) -144 216 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)-5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0 -.549(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1 -(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 228 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 -(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E -(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 244.8 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 256.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +144 274.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 +G .641(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E +F2<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F1 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .112(search for each)144 286.8 R F3(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 +(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F4 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 +-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F3(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) +.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F2<ad70>2.613 E +F0(and)144 298.8 Q F2<ad50>3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F +.73(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in) +-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73 +(If the)5.23 F F2<ad61>144 310.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2 +(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F3(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T) +.18 G(his)-6.749 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 322.8 R F2<ad70> +3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .743 +(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 334.8 R F2<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F2<ad66>3.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) +144 346.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type) +5.326 E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 +(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 358.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 375.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A +(Pro)144 387.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 +G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.943(that allo)144 268.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F -(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 +.944(that allo)144 399.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F +(The)5.944 E F2<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +144 411.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 292.8 R .425 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E -F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -304.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 423.6 R .426 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F2<ad48>2.925 E +F0(nor)2.925 E F2<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +435.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.741(of the special v)144 316.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +.742(of the special v)144 447.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 459.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F3(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 340.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0 -.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 +F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 471.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0 +.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 352.8 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -<ad61>144 364.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144 -376.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E -F1<ad63>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E -F1<ad64>144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) --.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 412.8 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 483.6 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 +<ad61>144 495.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2<ad62>144 +507.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E +F2<ad63>144 519.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E +F2<ad64>144 531.6 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) +-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 543.6 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2<ad66>144 555.6 Q F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children) -26.97 E F1<ad69>144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) -27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E -(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 460.8 Q F0 +26.97 E F2<ad69>144 567.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) +27.52 E F2<ad6c>144 579.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E +(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 591.6 Q F0 (The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 472.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 603.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 -484.8 Q F1<ad70>144 496.8 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 -<ad71>144 508.8 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144 -520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 -532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 544.8 Q F0 -(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 556.8 Q +24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 615.6 Q F2<ad70>144 627.6 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2 +<ad71>144 639.6 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F2<ad72>144 +651.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F2<ad73>144 +663.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F2<ad74>144 675.6 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2<ad75>144 687.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 568.8 Q F0 .47 +(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 699.6 Q F0 .47 (The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -580.8 Q F1<ad78>144 592.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E -F1<ad54>144 604.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 -621.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343 -(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343 -(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .175(option is gi) -144 633.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.675 E F0 .175 -(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 645.6 -Q F1<ad70>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.516 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,) -A F1<ad62>2.515 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.515 E F0 2.515(,a)C(nd)-2.515 E F1 -<ad75>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015(hich are unscaled v)-2.515 F(al-)-.25 E -3.787(ues. The)144 657.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 +711.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(72)190.95 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 73 73 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad78>144 84 Q F0 +(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 96 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 112.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66> +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144 +136.8 R F1<ad70>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,) +A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1 +<ad75>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144 +148.8 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083 +F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 -669.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +160.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 <ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 698.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 189.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 710.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -722.4 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 +pted by)144 201.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +213.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 -(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2010 December 28)135.965 E(69)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E .547(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 84 R .547 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 225.6 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547 -(option is supplied, and)3.047 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 96 -Q F0 .552 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 -F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 108 Q +(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 237.6 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 249.6 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 136.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +(unalias)108 266.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 278.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +F(remo)144 290.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 165.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 -(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 177.6 S 3.107 -(re).15 G(ach)-3.107 E F2(name)3.107 E F0 3.107(,r).18 G(emo)-3.107 E -.907 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .607(he corresponding v).15 F .607 -(ariable or function.)-.25 F .606(If no options are supplied, or the) -5.607 F F1<ad76>144 189.6 Q F0 .304(option is gi)2.804 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.164 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F -2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .305 -(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.305 E F1<ad66>144 201.6 Q F0 .46 -(is speci\214ed, each)2.96 F F2(name)3.32 E F0 .459 -(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.14 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(d. Each).15 F .902(unset v)144 213.6 R .902 -(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902 -(rom the en)-3.402 F .903(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F -(If)5.903 E(an)144 225.6 Q 6.916(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.916 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMP_W)6.916 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM) -6.665 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)6.665 E F4(,)A F3 -(HISTCMD)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)6.665 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)144 -237.6 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.522 E F3(DIRST)2.772 E -.495(AC)-.81 -G(K).495 E F0 .272(are unset, the)2.522 F 2.772(yl)-.15 G .272 -(ose their special properties, e)-2.772 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.772(ni).15 G -2.772(ft)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E 2.773(ya)-.15 G .273(re subsequently) --2.773 F 2.5(reset. 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SF(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869 +(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869 +(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 187.2 Q F0 +(speci\214cation.)2.25 E(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 204 Q +(Shell b)108 220.8 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E 1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 679.2 R .39 -(process suspension is attempted.)108 691.2 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 -(mand in the sequence.)108 703.2 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ -place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) --.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 715.2 Q -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(71)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 72 72 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) --.35 E(Array v)108 84 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.) --.15 E(There may be only one acti)108 100.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) -135.965 E(72)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +re not handled gracefully when)108 237.6 R .389 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 249.6 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) +108 261.6 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ +ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F +(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 273.6 Q(Array v)108 290.4 +Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 307.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 +E(75)190.95 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi Binary files differindex 5494dbf1..f56627f8 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.dvi +++ b/doc/bashref.dvi diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index ee634229..6f927076 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ <HTML> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> -<!-- Created on December, 28 2010 by texi2html 1.64 --> +<!-- Created on February, 24 2014 by texi2html 1.64 --> <!-- Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author) Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> @@ -27,27 +27,28 @@ Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P> This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010). +the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014). +The Bash home page is <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</A>. </P><P> -This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010, +This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014, of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>, -for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.2. +for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.3. </P><P> Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<TT>`sh'</TT>), the Korn Shell (<TT>`ksh'</TT>), and the C-shell (<TT>`csh'</TT> and its successor, -<TT>`tcsh'</TT>). The following menu breaks the features up into -categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the -feature. +<TT>`tcsh'</TT>). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and +which are specific to Bash. </P><P> This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in @@ -67,14 +68,14 @@ reference on shell behavior. to use it.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line editing features.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences between Bash and historical versions of /bin/sh.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ reference on shell behavior. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <A NAME="Introduction"></A> @@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ reference on shell behavior. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 1.1 What is Bash? </H2> @@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ and Windows platforms. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 1.2 What is a shell? </H2> @@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands (<EM>builtins</EM>) implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. For example, <CODE>cd</CODE>, <CODE>break</CODE>, <CODE>continue</CODE>, and -<CODE>exec</CODE>) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +<CODE>exec</CODE> cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. The <CODE>history</CODE>, <CODE>getopts</CODE>, <CODE>kill</CODE>, or <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, @@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ described in this manual. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 2. Definitions </H1> @@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ Words may not include unquoted <CODE>metacharacters</CODE>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 3. Basic Shell Features </H1> @@ -427,7 +428,7 @@ and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.1 Shell Syntax </H2> @@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ available for further inspection or processing. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.1.1 Shell Operation </H3> @@ -532,7 +533,7 @@ status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>). <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.1.2 Quoting </H3> @@ -560,9 +561,9 @@ Each of the shell metacharacters (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Def has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. When the command history expansion facilities are being used -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the <VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, usually <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, must be quoted -to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for +to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for more details concerning history expansion. </P><P> @@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ There are three quoting mechanisms: the <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.1.2.1 Escape Character </H4> @@ -605,7 +606,7 @@ the input stream and effectively ignored). <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes </H4> @@ -628,7 +629,7 @@ between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes </H4> @@ -669,7 +670,7 @@ when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Para <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting </H4> @@ -738,7 +739,7 @@ been present. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation </H4> @@ -777,7 +778,7 @@ fashion: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.1.3 Comments </H3> @@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ a shell interactive. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.2 Shell Commands </H2> @@ -846,7 +847,7 @@ some other grouping. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.1 Simple Commands </H3> @@ -877,7 +878,7 @@ the command was terminated by signal <VAR>n</VAR>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.2 Pipelines </H3> @@ -892,7 +893,7 @@ the control operators <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP>. <A NAME="IDX25"></A> <A NAME="IDX26"></A> The format for a pipeline is -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<CODE>time</CODE> [<CODE>-p</CODE>]] [<CODE>!</CODE>] <VAR>command1</VAR> [ [<CODE>|</CODE> or <CODE>|&</CODE>] <VAR>command2</VAR> <small>...</small>] +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[time [-p]] [!] <VAR>command1</VAR> [ | or |& <VAR>command2</VAR> ] <small>...</small> </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe @@ -902,9 +903,11 @@ connection is performed before any redirections specified by the command. </P><P> -If <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP> is used, the standard error of <VAR>command1</VAR> is connected to -<VAR>command2</VAR>'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for -<CODE>2>&1 |</CODE>. This implicit redirection of the standard error is +If <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP> is used, <VAR>command1</VAR>'s standard error, in addition to +its standard output, is connected to +<VAR>command2</VAR>'s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for <CODE>2>&1 |</CODE>. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the command. </P><P> @@ -962,7 +965,7 @@ returning a value. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.3 Lists of Commands </H3> @@ -1037,7 +1040,7 @@ executed in the list. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.4 Compound Commands </H3> @@ -1058,6 +1061,11 @@ Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. </P><P> +In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be +separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be +followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. +</P><P> + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. </P><P> @@ -1073,7 +1081,7 @@ to group commands and execute them as a unit. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs </H4> @@ -1093,18 +1101,24 @@ command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. <A NAME="IDX28"></A> <A NAME="IDX29"></A> The syntax of the <CODE>until</CODE> command is: +<P> + <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>until <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done -</pre></td></tr></table>Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as <VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed in <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>, or zero if none was executed. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>while</CODE> <DD><A NAME="IDX30"></A> The syntax of the <CODE>while</CODE> command is: +<P> + <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>while <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done -</pre></td></tr></table><P> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as <VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status of zero. @@ -1118,7 +1132,9 @@ The syntax of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is: <P> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>for <VAR>name</VAR> [ [in [<VAR>words</VAR> <small>...</small>] ] ; ] do <VAR>commands</VAR>; done -</pre></td></tr></table>Expand <VAR>words</VAR>, and execute <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each member +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Expand <VAR>words</VAR>, and execute <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each member in the resultant list, with <VAR>name</VAR> bound to the current member. If <SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is not present, the <CODE>for</CODE> command executes the <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each positional parameter that is @@ -1133,7 +1149,9 @@ An alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is also supported: </P><P> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> )) ; do <VAR>commands</VAR> ; done -</pre></td></tr></table>First, the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated according +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +First, the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated according to the rules described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). The arithmetic expression <VAR>expr2</VAR> is then evaluated repeatedly until it evaluates to zero. @@ -1142,8 +1160,6 @@ executed and the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr3</VAR> is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in <VAR>commands</VAR> that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. -</P><P> - </DL> <P> @@ -1162,7 +1178,7 @@ may be used to control loop execution. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs </H4> @@ -1207,7 +1223,7 @@ zero if no condition tested true. The syntax of the <CODE>case</CODE> command is: <P> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>case <VAR>word</VAR> in [ [(] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [| <VAR>pattern</VAR>]<small>...</small>) <VAR>command-list</VAR> ;;]<small>...</small> esac</CODE> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>case <VAR>word</VAR> in [ [(] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [| <VAR>pattern</VAR>]<small>...</small>) <VAR>command-list</VAR> ;;]<small>...</small> esac </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> <CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to @@ -1233,6 +1249,8 @@ There may be an arbitrary number of <CODE>case</CODE> clauses, each terminated by a <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;&'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`;;&'</SAMP>. The first pattern that matches determines the command-list that is executed. +It's a common idiom to use <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> as the final pattern to define the +default case, since that pattern will always match. </P><P> Here is an example using <CODE>case</CODE> in a script that could be used to @@ -1331,28 +1349,30 @@ the conditional expression <VAR>expression</VAR>. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>. Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words -between the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]]'</SAMP>; tilde expansion, parameter and +between the <CODE>[[</CODE> and <CODE>]]</CODE>; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional operators such as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. </P><P> -When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort +When used with <CODE>[[</CODE>, the <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. </P><P> When the <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP> operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according -to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>. +to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>, +as if the <CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option were enabled. +The <SAMP>`='</SAMP> operator is identical to <SAMP>`=='</SAMP>. If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> (see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (<SAMP>`=='</SAMP>) or does not match (<SAMP>`!='</SAMP>)the pattern, and 1 otherwise. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. </P><P> An additional binary operator, <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP>, is available, with the same @@ -1367,8 +1387,12 @@ If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> (see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, +since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the array variable <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE>. The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index 0 is the portion of the string @@ -1377,6 +1401,57 @@ The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index <VAR>n</VAR> is the portion string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression. </P><P> +For example, the following will match a line +(stored in the shell variable <VAR>line</VAR>) +if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of +any number, including zero, of +space characters, zero or one instances of <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, then a <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +That means values like <SAMP>`aab'</SAMP> and <SAMP>` aaaaaab'</SAMP> will match, as +will a line containing a <SAMP>`b'</SAMP> anywhere in its value. +</P><P> + +Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful +way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the +shell. +It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally +without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular +expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal. +Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. +For example, the following is equivalent to the above: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' +[[ $line =~ $pattern ]] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression +grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning. +This means that in the pattern <SAMP>`xxx.txt'</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> matches any +character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the +pattern <SAMP>`"xxx.txt"'</SAMP> it can only match a literal <SAMP>`.'</SAMP>. +Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes +are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special +meaning from the following character. +The following two sets of commands are <EM>not</EM> equivalent: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pattern='\.' + +[[ . =~ $pattern ]] +[[ . =~ \. ]] + +[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] +[[ . =~ '\.' ]] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because +in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched. +In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from +<SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, so the literal <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> matches. +If the string in the first examples were anything other than <SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, say +<SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, the pattern would not match, because the quoted <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> in the +pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. +</P><P> + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: </P><P> @@ -1398,11 +1473,11 @@ This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. <DT><CODE><VAR>expression1</VAR> || <VAR>expression2</VAR></CODE> <DD>True if either <VAR>expression1</VAR> or <VAR>expression2</VAR> is true. </DL> +<P> + The <CODE>&&</CODE> and <CODE>||</CODE> operators do not evaluate <VAR>expression2</VAR> if the value of <VAR>expression1</VAR> is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -1417,7 +1492,7 @@ value of the entire conditional expression. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands </H4> @@ -1478,7 +1553,7 @@ The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.5 Coprocesses </H3> @@ -1493,7 +1568,7 @@ established between the executing shell and the coprocess. </P><P> The format for a coprocess is: -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>coproc</CODE> [<VAR>NAME</VAR>] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>redirections</VAR>] +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>coproc [<VAR>NAME</VAR>] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>redirections</VAR>] </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> This creates a coprocess named <VAR>NAME</VAR>. @@ -1503,27 +1578,30 @@ command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>); ot the first word of the simple command. </P><P> -When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>) -named <VAR>NAME</VAR> in the context of the executing shell. +named <CODE>NAME</CODE> in the context of the executing shell. The standard output of <VAR>command</VAR> is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to <VAR>NAME</VAR>[0]. +and that file descriptor is assigned to <CODE>NAME</CODE>[0]. The standard input of <VAR>command</VAR> is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to <VAR>NAME</VAR>[1]. +and that file descriptor is assigned to <CODE>NAME</CODE>[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. +The file descriptors are not available in subshells. </P><P> The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is -available as the value of the variable <VAR>NAME</VAR>_PID. +available as the value of the variable <CODE>NAME</CODE>_PID. The <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. </P><P> +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the <CODE>coproc</CODE> command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>. </P><P> @@ -1538,50 +1616,66 @@ The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.2.6 GNU Parallel </H3> <!--docid::SEC24::--> <P> +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. +</P><P> + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether -they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. +they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU +Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations +(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify +the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace <CODE>xargs</CODE> or feed +commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash. </P><P> For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use. </P><P> -For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a specified -string: -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string -</pre></td></tr></table>The <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is required to preserve the lines' order. +For example, it is easy to replace <CODE>xargs</CODE> to gzip all html files in the +current directory and its subdirectories: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip +</pre></td></tr></table>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names, +use find's <SAMP>`-print0'</SAMP> option and parallel's <SAMP>`-0'</SAMP> option. </P><P> -Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text file: -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>cat file | parallel -k echo {} append_string -</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> - You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the number of files is too large to process with one <CODE>mv</CODE> invocation: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ls | parallel mv {} destdir </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input. +While using <CODE>ls</CODE> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to +deal with all filenames. +If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +as alluded to above. +</P><P> + This will run as many <CODE>mv</CODE> commands as there are files in the current -directory. You can emulate a parallel <CODE>xargs</CODE> by adding the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> -option: -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ls | parallel -X mv {} destdir +directory. +You can emulate a parallel <CODE>xargs</CODE> by adding the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> option: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read -from a file (in this case, filenames): -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> for x in $(cat list); do - do-something1 $x config-$x - do-something2 < $x - done | process-output +from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line): +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre> while IFS= read -r x; do + do-something1 "$x" "config-$x" + do-something2 < "$x" + done < file | process-output </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas: @@ -1592,18 +1686,40 @@ Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" </pre></td></tr></table>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending -in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +(We use <CODE>ls</CODE> for brevity here; using <CODE>find</CODE> as above is more +robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) +Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be +written as </P><P> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in the output. For instance, the following command <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute -</pre></td></tr></table>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. Using -the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option, as we saw above +</pre></td></tr></table>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. +Adding the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute </pre></td></tr></table>will ensure that the output of <CODE>traceroute foss.org.my</CODE> is displayed first. </P><P> +Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, +similar to <SAMP>`cat file | bash'</SAMP>. +It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell +commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. +Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <TT>`file'</TT> contains a list of +shell commands, one per line, +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>parallel -j 10 < file +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is +supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time. +</P><P> + <A NAME="Shell Functions"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC25"></A> @@ -1615,7 +1731,7 @@ the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option, as we saw above <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.3 Shell Functions </H2> @@ -1633,8 +1749,13 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. Functions are declared using this syntax: <A NAME="IDX45"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]<BR>or<BR> -<CODE>function</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR> [()] <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ] +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +or +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>function <VAR>name</VAR> [()] <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ] </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> This defines a shell function named <VAR>name</VAR>. The reserved @@ -1647,6 +1768,9 @@ That command is usually a <VAR>list</VAR> enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command listed above. <VAR>compound-command</VAR> is executed whenever <VAR>name</VAR> is specified as the name of a command. +When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>), +<VAR>name</VAR> may not be the same as one of the special builtins +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>). Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with the shell function are performed when the function is executed. </P><P> @@ -1723,8 +1847,8 @@ the function and the commands it invokes. </P><P> Function names and definitions may be listed with the -<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE> -builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> (<CODE>typeset</CODE>) +builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE> will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> @@ -1756,7 +1880,7 @@ By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.4 Shell Parameters </H2> @@ -1800,6 +1924,9 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the <CODE>alias</CODE>, <CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>typeset</CODE>, <CODE>export</CODE>, <CODE>readonly</CODE>, and <CODE>local</CODE> builtin commands. +When in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>), these builtins may appear +in a command after one or more instances of the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin +and retain these assignment statement properties. </P><P> In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value @@ -1819,6 +1946,38 @@ When applied to a string-valued variable, <VAR>value</VAR> is expanded and appended to the variable's value. </P><P> +A variable can be assigned the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute using the +<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) +to create a <VAR>nameref</VAR>, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation +is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's +value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare -n ref=$1 +</pre></td></tr></table>inside the function creates a nameref variable <VAR>ref</VAR> whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to <VAR>ref</VAR> are treated as references and +assignments to the variable whose name was passed as <CODE>$1</CODE>. +</P><P> + +If the control variable in a <CODE>for</CODE> loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +Otherwise, if <CODE>unset</CODE> is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. +</P><P> + <A NAME="Positional Parameters"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC27"></A> @@ -1830,7 +1989,7 @@ appended to the variable's value. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.4.1 Positional Parameters </H3> @@ -1866,7 +2025,7 @@ digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.4.2 Special Parameters </H3> @@ -1882,8 +2041,13 @@ only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. <A NAME="IDX46"></A> <DT><CODE>*</CODE> <DD><A NAME="IDX47"></A> -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the -expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +<A NAME="IDX48"></A> +($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable. That is, <CODE>"$*"</CODE> is equivalent @@ -1895,10 +2059,11 @@ If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. <P> -<A NAME="IDX48"></A> +<A NAME="IDX49"></A> <DT><CODE>@</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX49"></A> -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +<DD><A NAME="IDX50"></A> +<A NAME="IDX51"></A> +($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>"$1" "$2" <small>...</small></CODE>. @@ -1911,46 +2076,53 @@ When there are no positional parameters, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> and expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). <P> -<A NAME="IDX50"></A> +<A NAME="IDX52"></A> <DT><CODE>#</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX51"></A> -Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +<DD><A NAME="IDX53"></A> +<A NAME="IDX54"></A> +($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. <P> -<A NAME="IDX52"></A> +<A NAME="IDX55"></A> <DT><CODE>?</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX53"></A> -Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +<DD><A NAME="IDX56"></A> +<A NAME="IDX57"></A> +($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. <P> -<A NAME="IDX54"></A> +<A NAME="IDX58"></A> <DT><CODE>-</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX55"></A> -(A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +<DD><A NAME="IDX59"></A> +<A NAME="IDX60"></A> +($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, by the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option). <P> -<A NAME="IDX56"></A> +<A NAME="IDX61"></A> <DT><CODE>$</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX57"></A> -Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a <CODE>()</CODE> subshell, it +<DD><A NAME="IDX62"></A> +<A NAME="IDX63"></A> +($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a <CODE>()</CODE> subshell, it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. <P> -<A NAME="IDX58"></A> +<A NAME="IDX64"></A> <DT><CODE>!</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX59"></A> -Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background -(asynchronous) command. +<DD><A NAME="IDX65"></A> +<A NAME="IDX66"></A> +($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the <CODE>bg</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX60"></A> +<A NAME="IDX67"></A> <DT><CODE>0</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX61"></A> -Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +<DD><A NAME="IDX68"></A> +<A NAME="IDX69"></A> +($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the name of that file. If Bash is started with the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), @@ -1959,10 +2131,11 @@ executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. <P> -<A NAME="IDX62"></A> +<A NAME="IDX70"></A> <DT><CODE>_</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX63"></A> -(An underscore.) +<DD><A NAME="IDX71"></A> +<A NAME="IDX72"></A> +($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment or argument list. @@ -1985,7 +2158,7 @@ When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.5 Shell Expansions </H2> @@ -1994,6 +2167,8 @@ When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into <CODE>token</CODE>s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +</P><P> + <UL> <LI>brace expansion <LI>tilde expansion @@ -2021,16 +2196,18 @@ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> -The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, -parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and -command substitution -(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename -expansion. +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and filename expansion. </P><P> On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion -available: <VAR>process substitution</VAR>. This is performed at the -same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +available: <VAR>process substitution</VAR>. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. </P><P> @@ -2057,7 +2234,7 @@ is performed. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.1 Brace Expansion </H3> @@ -2067,9 +2244,9 @@ is performed. Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to <VAR>filename expansion</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>), -but the file names generated need not exist. +but the filenames generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <VAR>preamble</VAR>, -followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce expression +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional <VAR>postscript</VAR>. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and @@ -2091,12 +2268,14 @@ and <VAR>incr</VAR>, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed with <SAMP>`0'</SAMP> to force each term to have the -same width. When either <VAR>x</VAR> or <VAR>y</VAR> begins with a zero, the shell +same width. +When either <VAR>x</VAR> or <VAR>y</VAR> begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character -lexicographically between <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive. Note that -both <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> must be of the same type. +lexicographically between <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. </P><P> @@ -2141,7 +2320,7 @@ above example: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion </H3> @@ -2185,7 +2364,7 @@ left unchanged. Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> or the first <SAMP>`='</SAMP>. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. -Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to <CODE>PATH</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>, and the shell assigns the expanded value. </P><P> @@ -2223,8 +2402,6 @@ The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: <DT><CODE>~-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> <DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs -<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP> -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -2239,7 +2416,7 @@ The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion </H3> @@ -2261,22 +2438,23 @@ expansion. </P><P> The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<VAR>parameter</VAR>}. -The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted. The braces are required -when <VAR>parameter</VAR> +The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted. +The <VAR>parameter</VAR> is a shell parameter as described above +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>) or an array reference (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>). +The braces are required when <VAR>parameter</VAR> is a positional parameter with more than one digit, -or when <VAR>parameter</VAR> -is followed by a character that is not to be +or when <VAR>parameter</VAR> is followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. </P><P> If the first character of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an exclamation point (!), -a level of variable indirection is introduced. +it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of <VAR>parameter</VAR> as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself. This is known as <CODE>indirect expansion</CODE>. -The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix</VAR><BR>} +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*} and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to @@ -2288,7 +2466,7 @@ parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. </P><P> When not performing substring expansion, using the form described -below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +below (e.g., <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP>), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both <VAR>parameter</VAR>'s existence and that its value @@ -2329,35 +2507,160 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of <DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>}</CODE> <DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>:<VAR>length</VAR>}</CODE> -<DD>Expands to up to <VAR>length</VAR> characters of <VAR>parameter</VAR> +<DD>This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +It expands to up to <VAR>length</VAR> characters of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>. -If <VAR>length</VAR> is omitted, expands to the substring of -<VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, an indexed array subscripted by +<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If <VAR>length</VAR> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of +<VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR> +and extending to the end of the value. <VAR>length</VAR> and <VAR>offset</VAR> are arithmetic expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). -This is referred to as Substring Expansion. <P> If <VAR>offset</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value -is used as an offset from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>. -If <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, and <VAR>parameter</VAR> -is not <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted -as an offset from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> rather than -a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the -two offsets. +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +If <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +<VAR>offset</VAR> and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP> expansion. +</P><P> + +Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and +subscripted arrays: +</P><P> + +@verbatim +$ string=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${string:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${string:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${string: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${string: -7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${string: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${string: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${1:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${1:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${1: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${1: -7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${1: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${1: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${array[0]:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${array[0]: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} +bcdef +</P><P> + If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the result is <VAR>length</VAR> positional parameters beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>. +A negative <VAR>offset</VAR> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero. +</P><P> + +The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional +parameters: +</P><P> + +@verbatim +$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${7:0} +</P><P> + +$ echo ${7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${ -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${0} +./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${0:2} +./bash 1 +$ echo ${ -7:0} +</P><P> + If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an indexed array name subscripted by <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the result is the <VAR>length</VAR> members of the array beginning with <CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>[<VAR>offset</VAR>]}</CODE>. A negative <VAR>offset</VAR> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero. +</P><P> + +These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed +arrays: +</P><P> + +@verbatim +$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) +$ echo ${array[@]:7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${array[@]:0} +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:0:2} +0 1 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} +</P><P> + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. </P><P> -Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least -one space to avoid being confused with the <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP> expansion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If <VAR>offset</VAR> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <CODE>$@</CODE> is @@ -2389,6 +2692,11 @@ If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the value subst is the number of positional parameters. If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array name subscripted by <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +<VAR>parameter</VAR>, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. <P> <DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>#<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> @@ -2457,6 +2765,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <DD>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <VAR>parameter</VAR>. The <VAR>pattern</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is tested against +<VAR>pattern</VAR>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. The <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> operator converts lowercase letters matching <VAR>pattern</VAR> to uppercase; the <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. @@ -2472,8 +2783,6 @@ If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -2488,7 +2797,7 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.4 Command Substitution </H3> @@ -2540,7 +2849,7 @@ filename expansion are not performed on the results. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion </H3> @@ -2556,8 +2865,9 @@ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. -All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command -substitution, and quote removal. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. </P><P> @@ -2578,7 +2888,7 @@ failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.6 Process Substitution </H3> @@ -2619,7 +2929,7 @@ expansion. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.7 Word Splitting </H3> @@ -2632,7 +2942,8 @@ word splitting. </P><P> The shell treats each character of <CODE>$IFS</CODE> as a delimiter, and splits -the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters +as field terminators. If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is unset, or its value is exactly <CODE><space><tab><newline></CODE>, the default, then sequences of <CODE> <space></CODE>, <CODE><tab></CODE>, and <CODE><newline></CODE> @@ -2673,7 +2984,7 @@ is performed. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.8 Filename Expansion </H3> @@ -2681,10 +2992,10 @@ is performed. <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell matches patterns.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> -<A NAME="IDX64"></A> -<A NAME="IDX65"></A> -<A NAME="IDX66"></A> -<A NAME="IDX67"></A> +<A NAME="IDX73"></A> +<A NAME="IDX74"></A> +<A NAME="IDX75"></A> +<A NAME="IDX76"></A> <P> After word splitting, unless the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option has been set @@ -2693,7 +3004,8 @@ After word splitting, unless the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option has been set If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a <VAR>pattern</VAR>, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of -file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, +filenames matching the pattern (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>). +If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option <CODE>nullglob</CODE> is disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the <CODE>nullglob</CODE> option is set, and no matches are found, the word @@ -2707,7 +3019,7 @@ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <CODE>dotglob</CODE> is set. -When matching a file name, the slash character must always be +When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> character is not treated specially. </P><P> @@ -2746,7 +3058,7 @@ is unset. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H4> 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching </H4> @@ -2777,7 +3089,7 @@ directories and subdirectories. <DT><CODE>[<small>...</small>]</CODE> <DD>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a <VAR>range expression</VAR>; -any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the <SAMP>`['</SAMP> is a <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> @@ -2786,8 +3098,8 @@ may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A <SAMP>`]'</SAMP> may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by -the current locale and the value of the <CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> shell variable, -if set. +the current locale and the values of the +<CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> and <CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> shell variables, if set. <P> For example, in the default C locale, <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is equivalent to @@ -2796,7 +3108,8 @@ these locales <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is typically not equivalent to <SAMP>`[abc it might be equivalent to <SAMP>`[aBbCcDdxXyYz]'</SAMP>, for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by setting the <CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> or -<CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> environment variable to the value <SAMP>`C'</SAMP>. +<CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> environment variable to the value <SAMP>`C'</SAMP>, or enable the +<CODE>globasciiranges</CODE> shell option. </P><P> Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, <VAR>character classes</VAR> can be specified @@ -2862,7 +3175,7 @@ sub-patterns: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.5.9 Quote Removal </H3> @@ -2885,7 +3198,7 @@ result from one of the above expansions are removed. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.6 Redirections </H2> @@ -2895,7 +3208,11 @@ result from one of the above expansions are removed. Before a command is executed, its input and output may be <VAR>redirected</VAR> using a special notation interpreted by the shell. -Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. @@ -2961,16 +3278,14 @@ redirections, as described in the following table: <DT><CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> <DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR> -is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP -connection to the corresponding socket. +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. <P> <DT><CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> <DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR> -is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP -connection to the corresponding socket. -<P> - +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. </DL> <P> @@ -2992,7 +3307,7 @@ internally. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.1 Redirecting Input </H3> @@ -3018,7 +3333,7 @@ The general format for redirecting input is: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.2 Redirecting Output </H3> @@ -3054,7 +3369,7 @@ is attempted even if the file named by <VAR>word</VAR> exists. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output </H3> @@ -3081,7 +3396,7 @@ The general format for appending output is: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error </H3> @@ -3101,7 +3416,10 @@ standard error: </pre></td></tr></table>Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent to <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>><VAR>word</VAR> 2>&1 -</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> +</pre></td></tr></table>When using the second form, <VAR>word</VAR> may not expand to a number or +<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. +</P><P> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC45"></A> @@ -3113,7 +3431,7 @@ This is semantically equivalent to <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error </H3> @@ -3129,7 +3447,8 @@ The format for appending standard output and standard error is: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>&>><VAR>word</VAR> </pre></td></tr></table>This is semantically equivalent to <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>>><VAR>word</VAR> 2>&1 -</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> +</pre></td></tr></table>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). +</P><P> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC46"></A> @@ -3141,7 +3460,7 @@ The format for appending standard output and standard error is: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.6 Here Documents </H3> @@ -3159,15 +3478,15 @@ The format of here-documents is: <VAR>delimiter</VAR> </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> -No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, -or filename expansion is performed on +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on <VAR>word</VAR>. If any characters in <VAR>word</VAR> are quoted, the <VAR>delimiter</VAR> is the result of quote removal on <VAR>word</VAR>, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If <VAR>word</VAR> is unquoted, -all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, -command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter -case, the character sequence <CODE>\newline</CODE> is ignored, and <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence <CODE>\newline</CODE> is ignored, and <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> must be used to quote the characters <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>``'</SAMP>. </P><P> @@ -3189,7 +3508,7 @@ natural fashion. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.7 Here Strings </H3> @@ -3198,8 +3517,12 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><<< <VAR>word</VAR> </pre></td></tr></table><P> -The <VAR>word</VAR> is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard -input. +The <VAR>word</VAR> undergoes +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its +standard input. </P><P> <HR SIZE="6"> @@ -3212,7 +3535,7 @@ input. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors </H3> @@ -3226,8 +3549,8 @@ is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If <VAR>word</VAR> -evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed. If -<VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. <P> The operator @@ -3236,8 +3559,10 @@ The operator <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If <VAR>word</VAR> +evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed. As a special case, if <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, and <VAR>word</VAR> does not -expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +expand to one or more digits or <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. </P><P> @@ -3251,7 +3576,7 @@ error are redirected as described previously. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors </H3> @@ -3279,7 +3604,7 @@ or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing </H3> @@ -3303,7 +3628,7 @@ is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.7 Executing Commands </H2> @@ -3336,7 +3661,7 @@ is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion </H3> @@ -3403,7 +3728,7 @@ were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution </H3> @@ -3480,7 +3805,7 @@ the command to complete and collects its exit status. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment </H3> @@ -3613,7 +3938,7 @@ shell as modified by redirections. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.4 Environment </H3> @@ -3655,7 +3980,7 @@ not just those that precede the command name. </P><P> When Bash invokes an external command, the variable <SAMP>`$_'</SAMP> -is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that +is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environment. </P><P> @@ -3670,7 +3995,7 @@ command in its environment. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.5 Exit Status </H3> @@ -3681,7 +4006,7 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the <VAR>waitpid</VAR> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and -compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. </P><P> @@ -3727,7 +4052,7 @@ All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 3.7.6 Signals </H3> @@ -3792,7 +4117,7 @@ which the trap is executed. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 3.8 Shell Scripts </H2> @@ -3868,7 +4193,7 @@ under another shell. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 4. Shell Builtin Commands </H1> @@ -3903,7 +4228,7 @@ Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>), the directory stack (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>), the command history -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>). </P><P> @@ -3934,7 +4259,7 @@ require <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to prevent this interpretation. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins </H2> @@ -3947,16 +4272,20 @@ These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>: (a colon)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX68"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX77"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>: [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Do nothing beyond expanding <VAR>arguments</VAR> and performing redirections. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Do nothing beyond expanding <VAR>arguments</VAR> and performing redirections. The return status is zero. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>. (a period)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX69"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>. <VAR>filename</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Read and execute commands from the <VAR>filename</VAR> argument in the +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Read and execute commands from the <VAR>filename</VAR> argument in the current shell context. If <VAR>filename</VAR> does not contain a slash, the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is used to find <VAR>filename</VAR>. When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched @@ -3968,34 +4297,63 @@ The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are executed. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to <CODE>source</CODE>. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>break</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX70"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX79"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>break [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Exit from a <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, <CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Exit from a <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, <CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop. If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop is exited. <VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>cd</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX71"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [<VAR>directory</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Change the current working directory to <VAR>directory</VAR>. -If <VAR>directory</VAR> is not given, the value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> shell -variable is used. -If the shell variable <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> exists, it is used as a search path. +<DD><A NAME="IDX80"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<VAR>directory</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Change the current working directory to <VAR>directory</VAR>. +If <VAR>directory</VAR> is not supplied, the value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> +shell variable is used. +Any additional arguments following <VAR>directory</VAR> are ignored. +If the shell variable +<CODE>CDPATH</CODE> exists, it is used as a search path: +each directory name in <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is searched for +<VAR>directory</VAR>, with alternative directory names in <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> +separated by a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>). If <VAR>directory</VAR> begins with a slash, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is not used. -<P> +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +are resolved while <CODE>cd</CODE> is traversing <VAR>directory</VAR> and before +processing an instance of <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> in <VAR>directory</VAR>. +</P><P> + +By default, or when the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option is supplied, symbolic links +in <VAR>directory</VAR> are resolved after <CODE>cd</CODE> processes an instance +of <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> in <VAR>directory</VAR>. +</P><P> + +If <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>directory</VAR>, it is processed by removing the +immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning +of <VAR>directory</VAR>. +</P><P> -The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic -links are followed by default or with the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option. If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is supplied with <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory change, <CODE>cd</CODE> will return an unsuccessful status. -If <VAR>directory</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, it is equivalent to <CODE>$OLDPWD</CODE>. +</P><P> + +On systems that support it, the <SAMP>`-@'</SAMP> option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. +</P><P> + +If <VAR>directory</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, it is converted to <CODE>$OLDPWD</CODE> +before the directory change is attempted. </P><P> If a non-empty directory name from <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is used, or if @@ -4009,30 +4367,36 @@ non-zero otherwise. </P><P> <DT><CODE>continue</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX72"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX81"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>continue [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, <CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop. If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the execution of the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop is resumed. <VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>eval</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX73"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX82"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>eval [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status of <CODE>eval</CODE>. If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is zero. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>exec</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX74"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX83"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>exec [-cl] [-a <VAR>name</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]] -</pre></td></tr></table>If <VAR>command</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +If <VAR>command</VAR> is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. If the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <VAR>command</VAR>. @@ -4041,32 +4405,41 @@ The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option causes <VAR>command</VAR> to be executed with an em environment. If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is supplied, the shell passes <VAR>name</VAR> as the zeroth argument to <VAR>command</VAR>. +If <VAR>command</VAR> +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the <CODE>execfail</CODE> shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If no <VAR>command</VAR> is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>exit</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX75"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX84"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>exit [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Exit the shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's parent. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Exit the shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's parent. If <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on <CODE>EXIT</CODE> is executed before the shell terminates. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>export</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX76"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX85"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>export [-fn] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] -</pre></td></tr></table>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> to be passed to child processes +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> to be passed to child processes in the environment. If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, the <VAR>name</VAR>s refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option means to no longer mark each <VAR>name</VAR> for export. If no <VAR>names</VAR> are supplied, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is given, a -list of exported names is displayed. +list of names of all exported variables is displayed. The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. -<P> +</P><P> The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is supplied @@ -4074,12 +4447,14 @@ with a name that is not a shell function. </P><P> <DT><CODE>getopts</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX77"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX86"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>getopts <VAR>optstring</VAR> <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table><CODE>getopts</CODE> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<CODE>getopts</CODE> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. <VAR>optstring</VAR> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an -argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) and question mark (<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>) may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, <CODE>getopts</CODE> @@ -4094,7 +4469,7 @@ When an option requires an argument, The shell does not reset <CODE>OPTIND</CODE> automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to <CODE>getopts</CODE> within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. -<P> +</P><P> When the end of options is encountered, <CODE>getopts</CODE> exits with a return value greater than zero. @@ -4109,7 +4484,7 @@ given in <VAR>args</VAR>, <CODE>getopts</CODE> parses those instead. <CODE>getopts</CODE> can report errors in two ways. If the first character of <VAR>optstring</VAR> is a colon, <VAR>silent</VAR> -error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable <CODE>OPTERR</CODE> @@ -4132,9 +4507,11 @@ If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, then a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) is placed in </P><P> <DT><CODE>hash</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX87"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>hash [-r] [-p <VAR>filename</VAR>] [-dt] [<VAR>name</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Each time <CODE>hash</CODE> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Each time <CODE>hash</CODE> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the commands specified as <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in @@ -4155,12 +4532,14 @@ If no arguments are given, or if only <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not found or an invalid option is supplied. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>pwd</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX79"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX88"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pwd [-LP] -</pre></td></tr></table>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain symbolic links. If the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain @@ -4168,20 +4547,25 @@ symbolic links. The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>readonly</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX80"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readonly [-aApf] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] <small>...</small> -</pre></td></tr></table>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> as readonly. +<DD><A NAME="IDX89"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] <small>...</small> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> as readonly. The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell function. The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to an indexed array variable; the <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to an associative array variable. +If both options are supplied, <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> takes precedence. If no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are given, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of +the set of readonly names. The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of @@ -4189,28 +4573,37 @@ the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the <VAR>name</VAR> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, or the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>return</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX81"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX90"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>return [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Cause a shell function to exit with the return value <VAR>n</VAR>. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <VAR>n</VAR> +to its caller. If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. -This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed -with the <CODE>.</CODE> (or <CODE>source</CODE>) builtin, returning either <VAR>n</VAR> or +<CODE>return</CODE> may also be used to terminate execution of a script +being executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> (<CODE>source</CODE>) builtin, +returning either <VAR>n</VAR> or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. Any command associated with the <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. -The return status is non-zero if <CODE>return</CODE> is used outside a function +The return status is non-zero if <CODE>return</CODE> is supplied a non-numeric +argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution of a script by <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>shift</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX82"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX91"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>shift [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <VAR>n</VAR>. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Shift the positional parameters to the left by <VAR>n</VAR>. The positional parameters from <VAR>n</VAR>+1 <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE> are renamed to <CODE>$1</CODE> <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>. Parameters represented by the numbers <CODE>$#</CODE> to <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>+1 @@ -4221,19 +4614,24 @@ are not changed. If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is greater than <CODE>$#</CODE> or less than zero, non-zero otherwise. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>test</CODE> <DD><DT><CODE>[</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX83"></A> -<A NAME="IDX84"></A> -Evaluate a conditional expression <VAR>expr</VAR>. +<DD><A NAME="IDX92"></A> +<A NAME="IDX93"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>test <VAR>expr</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Evaluate a conditional express +ion <VAR>expr</VAR> and return a status of 0 +(true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>. <CODE>test</CODE> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> as signifying the end of options. -<P> +</P><P> When the <CODE>[</CODE> form is used, the last argument to the command must be a <CODE>]</CODE>. @@ -4321,16 +4719,20 @@ operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. </P><P> <DT><CODE>times</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX85"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX94"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>times -</pre></td></tr></table>Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. The return status is zero. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>trap</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX86"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX95"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>trap [-lp] [<VAR>arg</VAR>] [<VAR>sigspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>The commands in <VAR>arg</VAR> are to be read and executed when the +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The commands in <VAR>arg</VAR> are to be read and executed when the shell receives signal <VAR>sigspec</VAR>. If <VAR>arg</VAR> is absent (and there is a single <VAR>sigspec</VAR>) or equal to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, each specified signal's disposition is reset @@ -4347,7 +4749,7 @@ The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix is optional. -<P> +</P><P> If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>0</CODE> or <CODE>EXIT</CODE>, <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed when the shell exits. @@ -4364,15 +4766,21 @@ each time a shell function or a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or </P><P> If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>ERR</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> -is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following an <CODE>until</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE> keyword, part of the test following the <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>elif</CODE> reserved words, -part of a command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list, +part of a command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list +except the command following the final <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE>, +any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return status is being inverted using <CODE>!</CODE>. -These are the same conditions obeyed by the <CODE>errexit</CODE> option. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the <CODE>errexit</CODE> (<SAMP>`-e'</SAMP>) +option. </P><P> Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. @@ -4385,9 +4793,11 @@ valid signal. </P><P> <DT><CODE>umask</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX87"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX96"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>umask [-p] [-S] [<VAR>mode</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Set the shell process's file creation mask to <VAR>mode</VAR>. If +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Set the shell process's file creation mask to <VAR>mode</VAR>. If <VAR>mode</VAR> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the <CODE>chmod</CODE> command. If <VAR>mode</VAR> is @@ -4398,7 +4808,7 @@ If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, and <VAR>mode</VAR> is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if no <VAR>mode</VAR> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. -<P> +</P><P> Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number of the umask is subtracted from <CODE>7</CODE>. Thus, a umask of <CODE>022</CODE> @@ -4406,13 +4816,22 @@ results in permissions of <CODE>755</CODE>. </P><P> <DT><CODE>unset</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX88"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>unset [-fv] [<VAR>name</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Each variable or function <VAR>name</VAR> is removed. -If no options are supplied, or the <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is given, each -<VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell variable. +<DD><A NAME="IDX97"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>unset [-fnv] [<VAR>name</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Remove each variable or function <VAR>name</VAR>. +If the <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is given, each +<VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved. If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is given, the <VAR>name</VAR>s refer to shell functions, and the function definition is removed. +If the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option is supplied, and <VAR>name</VAR> is a variable with +the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute, <VAR>name</VAR> will be unset rather than the +variable it references. +<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> has no effect if the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is +unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is readonly. </DL> @@ -4429,7 +4848,7 @@ The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is readonly. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands </H2> @@ -4444,8 +4863,8 @@ Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>alias</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX89"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>alias [<CODE>-p</CODE>] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +<DD><A NAME="IDX98"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>alias [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> Without arguments or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, <CODE>alias</CODE> prints @@ -4458,8 +4877,8 @@ Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>. </P><P> <DT><CODE>bind</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX90"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-lpsvPSV] +<DD><A NAME="IDX99"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-lpsvPSVX] bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-q <VAR>function</VAR>] [-u <VAR>function</VAR>] [-r <VAR>keyseq</VAR>] bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -f <VAR>filename</VAR> bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -x <VAR>keyseq:shell-command</VAR> @@ -4555,6 +4974,11 @@ of the insertion point. If the executed command changes the value of <CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> or <CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE>, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-X</CODE> +<DD>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. </DL> <P> @@ -4563,22 +4987,26 @@ error occurs. </P><P> <DT><CODE>builtin</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX91"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>builtin [<VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>]] -</pre></td></tr></table>Run a shell builtin, passing it <VAR>args</VAR>, and return its exit status. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Run a shell builtin, passing it <VAR>args</VAR>, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The return status is non-zero if <VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> is not a shell builtin command. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>caller</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX92"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX101"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>caller [<VAR>expr</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins). -<P> +</P><P> Without <VAR>expr</VAR>, <CODE>caller</CODE> displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. @@ -4595,9 +5023,11 @@ call stack. </P><P> <DT><CODE>command</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX93"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>command [-pVv] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Runs <VAR>command</VAR> with <VAR>arguments</VAR> ignoring any shell function +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Runs <VAR>command</VAR> with <VAR>arguments</VAR> ignoring any shell function named <VAR>command</VAR>. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the <CODE>PATH</CODE> are executed. @@ -4609,7 +5039,7 @@ that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. The return status in this case is 127 if <VAR>command</VAR> cannot be found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR> otherwise. -<P> +</P><P> If either the <SAMP>`-V'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is supplied, a description of <VAR>command</VAR> is printed. The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option @@ -4620,8 +5050,8 @@ zero if <VAR>command</VAR> is found, and non-zero if not. </P><P> <DT><CODE>declare</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX94"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +<DD><A NAME="IDX103"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> Declare variables and give them attributes. If no <VAR>name</VAR>s @@ -4630,8 +5060,8 @@ are given, then display the values of variables instead. The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option will display the attributes and values of each <VAR>name</VAR>. -When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is used with <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, additional options -are ignored. +When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is used with <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, additional options, +other than <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP>, are ignored. </P><P> When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is supplied without <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, <CODE>declare</CODE> @@ -4651,7 +5081,7 @@ the function is defined are displayed as well. </P><P> The <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> option forces variables to be created or modified at -the global scope, even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function. +the global scope, even when <CODE>declare</CODE> is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. </P><P> @@ -4684,6 +5114,16 @@ converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. <P> +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Give each <VAR>name</VAR> the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of <VAR>name</VAR>. +All references and assignments to <VAR>name</VAR>, except for changing the +<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +<VAR>name</VAR>'s value. +The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute cannot be applied to array variables. +<P> + <DT><CODE>-r</CODE> <DD>Make <VAR>name</VAR>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. @@ -4718,6 +5158,11 @@ If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. </P><P> +When using <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. +</P><P> + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using <SAMP>`-f foo=bar'</SAMP>, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, @@ -4730,11 +5175,13 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>. </P><P> <DT><CODE>echo</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX95"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX104"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo [-neE] [<VAR>arg</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Output the <VAR>arg</VAR>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Output the <VAR>arg</VAR>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. -The return status is always 0. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. @@ -4744,7 +5191,7 @@ The <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not <CODE>echo</CODE> expands these escape characters by default. <CODE>echo</CODE> does not interpret <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to mean the end of options. -<P> +</P><P> <CODE>echo</CODE> interprets the following escape sequences: <DL COMPACT> @@ -4785,9 +5232,11 @@ escape characters by default. <P> <DT><CODE>enable</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX96"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <VAR>filename</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. @@ -4795,7 +5244,7 @@ If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is used, the <VAR>name</VAR>s become disabled. Otherwise <VAR>name</VAR>s are enabled. For example, to use the <CODE>test</CODE> binary found via <CODE>$PATH</CODE> instead of the shell builtin version, type <SAMP>`enable -n test'</SAMP>. -<P> +</P><P> If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, or no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments appear, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list @@ -4820,13 +5269,15 @@ or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. </P><P> <DT><CODE>help</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX97"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>help [-dms] [<VAR>pattern</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Display helpful information about builtin commands. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Display helpful information about builtin commands. If <VAR>pattern</VAR> is specified, <CODE>help</CODE> gives detailed help on all commands matching <VAR>pattern</VAR>, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. -<P> +</P><P> Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: </P><P> @@ -4845,19 +5296,23 @@ The return status is zero unless no command matches <VAR>pattern</VAR>. </P><P> <DT><CODE>let</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX98"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>let <VAR>expression</VAR> [<VAR>expression</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>The <CODE>let</CODE> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +<DD><A NAME="IDX107"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>let <VAR>expression</VAR> [<VAR>expression</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The <CODE>let</CODE> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell variables. Each <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the rules given below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>. If the last <VAR>expression</VAR> evaluates to 0, <CODE>let</CODE> returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>local</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX99"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX108"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>local [<VAR>option</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small> -</pre></td></tr></table>For each argument, a local variable named <VAR>name</VAR> is created, +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +For each argument, a local variable named <VAR>name</VAR> is created, and assigned <VAR>value</VAR>. The <VAR>option</VAR> can be any of the options accepted by <CODE>declare</CODE>. <CODE>local</CODE> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable @@ -4865,24 +5320,30 @@ The <VAR>option</VAR> can be any of the options accepted by <CODE>declare</CODE> children. The return status is zero unless <CODE>local</CODE> is used outside a function, an invalid <VAR>name</VAR> is supplied, or <VAR>name</VAR> is a readonly variable. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>logout</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX109"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>logout [<VAR>n</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Exit a login shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Exit a login shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's parent. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>mapfile</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX101"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>mapfile [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [ --C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, +<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>mapfile [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] + [-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied. The variable <CODE>MAPFILE</CODE> is the default <VAR>array</VAR>. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>-n</CODE> @@ -4923,13 +5384,15 @@ is not an indexed array. </P><P> <DT><CODE>printf</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX111"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>printf [-v <VAR>var</VAR>] <VAR>format</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Write the formatted <VAR>arguments</VAR> to the standard output under the +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Write the formatted <VAR>arguments</VAR> to the standard output under the control of the <VAR>format</VAR>. The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable <VAR>var</VAR> rather than being printed to the standard output. -<P> +</P><P> The <VAR>format</VAR> is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character @@ -4942,20 +5405,23 @@ interprets the following extensions: <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>%b</CODE> -<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the +<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR>, -(except that <SAMP>`\c'</SAMP> terminates output, backslashes in +except that <SAMP>`\c'</SAMP> terminates output, backslashes in <SAMP>`\''</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\"'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`\?'</SAMP> are not removed, and octal escapes -beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits). +beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits. <DT><CODE>%q</CODE> -<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the +<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> in a format that can be reused as shell input. <DT><CODE>%(<VAR>datefmt</VAR>)T</CODE> -<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the date-time string resulting from using -<VAR>datefmt</VAR> as a format string for <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3). The corresponding -<VAR>argument</VAR> is an integer representing the number of seconds since the -epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the date-time string resulting from using +<VAR>datefmt</VAR> as a format string for <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3). +The corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual <CODE>printf</CODE> behavior. </DL> <P> @@ -4973,9 +5439,12 @@ non-zero on failure. </P><P> <DT><CODE>read</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX103"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>read [-ers] [-a <VAR>aname</VAR>] [-d <VAR>delim</VAR>] [-i <VAR>text</VAR>] [-n <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-N <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-p <VAR>prompt</VAR>] [-t <VAR>timeout</VAR>] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +<DD><A NAME="IDX112"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>read [-ers] [-a <VAR>aname</VAR>] [-d <VAR>delim</VAR>] [-i <VAR>text</VAR>] [-n <VAR>nchars</VAR>] + [-N <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-p <VAR>prompt</VAR>] [-t <VAR>timeout</VAR>] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option, and the first word is assigned to the first <VAR>name</VAR>, the second word to the second <VAR>name</VAR>, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned @@ -4983,15 +5452,17 @@ to the last <VAR>name</VAR>. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable -are used to split the line into words. +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>). The backslash character <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable <CODE>REPLY</CODE>. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <CODE>read</CODE> -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an -invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>. -<P> +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>. +</P><P> Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: </P><P> @@ -5055,48 +5526,56 @@ not echoed. <DT><CODE>-t <VAR>timeout</VAR></CODE> <DD>Cause <CODE>read</CODE> to time out and return failure if a complete line of -input is not read within <VAR>timeout</VAR> seconds. +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within <VAR>timeout</VAR> seconds. <VAR>timeout</VAR> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option is only effective if <CODE>read</CODE> is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. -If <VAR>timeout</VAR> is 0, <CODE>read</CODE> returns success if input is available on -the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +If <CODE>read</CODE> times out, <CODE>read</CODE> saves any partial input read into +the specified variable <VAR>name</VAR>. +If <VAR>timeout</VAR> is 0, <CODE>read</CODE> returns immediately, without trying to +read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. <P> <DT><CODE>-u <VAR>fd</VAR></CODE> <DD>Read input from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR>. -<P> - </DL> <P> <DT><CODE>readarray</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX104"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readarray [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [ --C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, +<DD><A NAME="IDX113"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readarray [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] + [-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied. -<P> +</P><P> A synonym for <CODE>mapfile</CODE>. </P><P> <DT><CODE>source</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX114"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>source <VAR>filename</VAR> -</pre></td></tr></table>A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). -<P> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +</P><P> <DT><CODE>type</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>type [-afptP] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>For each <VAR>name</VAR>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +For each <VAR>name</VAR>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. -<P> +</P><P> If the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> prints a single word which is one of <SAMP>`alias'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`function'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`builtin'</SAMP>, @@ -5117,7 +5596,7 @@ The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option forces a path search for each <VAR>name</VAR>, even </P><P> If a command is hashed, <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> print the hashed value, -not necessarily the file that appears first in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>. +which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>. </P><P> If the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> returns all of the places @@ -5135,19 +5614,25 @@ if any are not found. </P><P> <DT><CODE>typeset</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX107"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>The <CODE>typeset</CODE> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn -shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the <CODE>declare</CODE> -builtin command. -<P> +<DD><A NAME="IDX116"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The <CODE>typeset</CODE> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +shell. +It is a synonym for the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin command. +</P><P> <DT><CODE>ulimit</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX108"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [<VAR>limit</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table><CODE>ulimit</CODE> provides control over the resources available to processes +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +<CODE>ulimit</CODE> provides control over the resources available to processes started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows: +</P><P> + <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>-S</CODE> <DD>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. @@ -5233,13 +5718,12 @@ some systems, to its children. <DT><CODE>-T</CODE> <DD>The maximum number of threads. -<P> - </DL> <P> -If <VAR>limit</VAR> is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; -the special <VAR>limit</VAR> values <CODE>hard</CODE>, <CODE>soft</CODE>, and +If <VAR>limit</VAR> is given, and the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option is not used, +<VAR>limit</VAR> is the new value of the specified resource. +The special <VAR>limit</VAR> values <CODE>hard</CODE>, <CODE>soft</CODE>, and <CODE>unlimited</CODE> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; @@ -5249,9 +5733,9 @@ is printed, unless the <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> option is supplied. When setting new limits, if neither <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte -increments, except for <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>, which is in seconds, <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>, -which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which -are unscaled values. +increments, except for <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>, which is in seconds; <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and <SAMP>`-T'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which are unscaled values. </P><P> The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, @@ -5259,15 +5743,13 @@ or an error occurs while setting a new limit. </P><P> <DT><CODE>unalias</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX109"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX118"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>unalias [-a] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small> ] </pre></td></tr></table><P> Remove each <VAR>name</VAR> from the list of aliases. If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is supplied, all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>. -</P><P> - </DL> <P> @@ -5282,7 +5764,7 @@ Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior </H2> @@ -5306,7 +5788,7 @@ Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 4.3.1 The Set Builtin </H3> @@ -5320,7 +5802,7 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>set</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> @@ -5349,11 +5831,11 @@ immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. <P> <DT><CODE>-e</CODE> -<DD>Exit immediately if a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>), which may consist -of a single simple command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>), -a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A>), -or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed -by braces (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A>) +<DD>Exit immediately if +a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>), which may consist of a single simple command +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>), +a list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), +or a compound command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A>) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a <CODE>while</CODE> or <CODE>until</CODE> keyword, @@ -5362,6 +5844,9 @@ part of any command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> lis the command following the final <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE>, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return status is being inverted with <CODE>!</CODE>. +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE>, if set, is executed before the shell exits. <P> @@ -5370,6 +5855,17 @@ separately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Env subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. </P><P> +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where +<SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> setting, even if <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> while executing in +a context where <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. +</P><P> + <DT><CODE>-f</CODE> <DD>Disable filename expansion (globbing). <P> @@ -5387,6 +5883,9 @@ the command name. <DT><CODE>-m</CODE> <DD>Job control is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. <P> <DT><CODE>-n</CODE> @@ -5436,7 +5935,7 @@ This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>. <P> <DT><CODE>history</CODE> -<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>. +<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>. This option is on by default in interactive shells. <P> @@ -5524,9 +6023,9 @@ processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is not supplied, these actions +real user (group) id, and the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. @@ -5573,12 +6072,12 @@ The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is normally not inherited in such cases. <P> <DT><CODE>-H</CODE> -<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>). This option is on by default for interactive shells. <P> <DT><CODE>-P</CODE> -<DD>If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as +<DD>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as <CODE>cd</CODE> which change the current directory. The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands @@ -5647,7 +6146,7 @@ The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin </H3> @@ -5660,15 +6159,20 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>shopt</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX111"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX120"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<VAR>optname</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +<SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option is used, those available with the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> +option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). With no options, or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: -<P> +</P><P> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>-s</CODE> @@ -5695,7 +6199,7 @@ non-zero otherwise. <P> If either <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> -is used with no <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments, the display is limited to +is used with no <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments, <CODE>shopt</CODE> shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. </P><P> @@ -5750,7 +6254,7 @@ The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. <DT><CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> <DD>If set, Bash checks the window size after each command -and, if necessary, updates the values of + and, if necessary, updates the values of <CODE>LINES</CODE> and <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>. <P> @@ -5764,34 +6268,72 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. <DT><CODE>compat31</CODE> <DD>If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted -arguments to the conditional command's <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> operator. +arguments to the conditional command's <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> operator +and with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE> +conditional command's <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). <P> <DT><CODE>compat32</CODE> <DD>If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP> -conditional command's <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators. -Bash versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); -bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). +string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE> +conditional command's <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators (see previous item). <P> <DT><CODE>compat40</CODE> <DD>If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP> -conditional command's <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators (see previous item) +string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE> +conditional command's <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators (see description +of <CODE>compat31</CODE>) and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the +interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. <P> <DT><CODE>compat41</CODE> -<DD>If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +<DD>If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions. <P> +<DT><CODE>compat42</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word +expansion using quote removal. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>complete_fullquote</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, Bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>direxpand</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing +filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing +buffer. +If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. +<P> + <DT><CODE>dirspell</CODE> <DD>If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion @@ -5881,9 +6423,19 @@ See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a descripti This option is enabled by default. <P> +<DT><CODE>globasciiranges</CODE> +<DD>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +<SAMP>`b'</SAMP> will not collate between <SAMP>`A'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`B'</SAMP>, +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. +<P> + <DT><CODE>globstar</CODE> <DD>If set, the pattern <SAMP>`**'</SAMP> used in a filename expansion context will -match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, only directories and subdirectories match. <P> @@ -6022,8 +6574,6 @@ The return status when listing options is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR> are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an <VAR>optname</VAR> is not a valid shell option. -</P><P> - </DL> <P> @@ -6038,7 +6588,7 @@ When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 4.4 Special Builtins </H2> @@ -6087,7 +6637,7 @@ shift trap unset <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 5. Shell Variables </H1> @@ -6116,7 +6666,7 @@ Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables </H2> @@ -6129,65 +6679,65 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX112"></A> +<A NAME="IDX121"></A> <DT><CODE>CDPATH</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX113"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX122"></A> A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command. <P> -<A NAME="IDX114"></A> +<A NAME="IDX123"></A> <DT><CODE>HOME</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX124"></A> The current user's home directory; the default for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX116"></A> +<A NAME="IDX125"></A> <DT><CODE>IFS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX126"></A> A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits words as part of expansion. <P> -<A NAME="IDX118"></A> +<A NAME="IDX127"></A> <DT><CODE>MAIL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX128"></A> If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. <P> -<A NAME="IDX120"></A> +<A NAME="IDX129"></A> <DT><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX121"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX130"></A> A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail -arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with +arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with a <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>. When used in the text of the message, <CODE>$_</CODE> expands to the name of the current mail file. <P> -<A NAME="IDX122"></A> +<A NAME="IDX131"></A> <DT><CODE>OPTARG</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX123"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX132"></A> The value of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin. <P> -<A NAME="IDX124"></A> +<A NAME="IDX133"></A> <DT><CODE>OPTIND</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX125"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX134"></A> The index of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin. <P> -<A NAME="IDX126"></A> +<A NAME="IDX135"></A> <DT><CODE>PATH</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX127"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX136"></A> A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <CODE>PATH</CODE> indicates the @@ -6196,17 +6746,17 @@ A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. <P> -<A NAME="IDX128"></A> +<A NAME="IDX137"></A> <DT><CODE>PS1</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX129"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX138"></A> The primary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`\s-\v\$ '</SAMP>. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for the complete list of escape sequences that are expanded before <CODE>PS1</CODE> is displayed. <P> -<A NAME="IDX130"></A> +<A NAME="IDX139"></A> <DT><CODE>PS2</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX131"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX140"></A> The secondary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`> '</SAMP>. <P> @@ -6224,7 +6774,7 @@ The secondary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`> '</SAMP>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 5.2 Bash Variables </H2> @@ -6242,15 +6792,15 @@ variables for controlling the job control facilities <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX132"></A> +<A NAME="IDX141"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX133"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX142"></A> The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. <P> -<A NAME="IDX134"></A> +<A NAME="IDX143"></A> <DT><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX135"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX144"></A> A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). @@ -6261,17 +6811,17 @@ starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. <P> -<A NAME="IDX136"></A> +<A NAME="IDX145"></A> <DT><CODE>BASHPID</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX137"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX146"></A> Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This differs from <CODE>$$</CODE> under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. <P> -<A NAME="IDX138"></A> +<A NAME="IDX147"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX139"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX148"></A> An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as maintained by the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin. (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). @@ -6279,9 +6829,9 @@ Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. <P> -<A NAME="IDX140"></A> +<A NAME="IDX149"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX141"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX150"></A> An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed @@ -6294,9 +6844,9 @@ for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin). <P> -<A NAME="IDX142"></A> +<A NAME="IDX151"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX143"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX152"></A> An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is @@ -6308,9 +6858,9 @@ for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin). <P> -<A NAME="IDX144"></A> +<A NAME="IDX153"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX145"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX154"></A> An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands as maintained by the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). @@ -6318,31 +6868,50 @@ Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. <P> -<A NAME="IDX146"></A> +<A NAME="IDX155"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX147"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX156"></A> The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. <P> -<A NAME="IDX148"></A> +<A NAME="IDX157"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX158"></A> +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>, for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If <CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If <CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE> is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options +accepted by the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin described above (for example, +<VAR>compat42</VAR> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). +The current version is also a valid value. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX159"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX149"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX160"></A> If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file to read before executing the script. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX150"></A> +<A NAME="IDX161"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX151"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX162"></A> The command argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option. <P> -<A NAME="IDX152"></A> +<A NAME="IDX163"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX153"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX164"></A> An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files where each corresponding member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR> was invoked. <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file @@ -6352,9 +6921,9 @@ referenced within another shell function). Use <CODE>LINENO</CODE> to obtain the current line number. <P> -<A NAME="IDX154"></A> +<A NAME="IDX165"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX155"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX166"></A> An array variable whose members are assigned by the <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> binary operator to the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). @@ -6365,9 +6934,9 @@ string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only. <P> -<A NAME="IDX156"></A> +<A NAME="IDX167"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX157"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX168"></A> An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the corresponding shell function names in the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> array variable are defined. @@ -6375,16 +6944,17 @@ The shell function <CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> is defined in the file <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE> and called from <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE> <P> -<A NAME="IDX158"></A> +<A NAME="IDX169"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX159"></A> -Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +<DD><A NAME="IDX170"></A> +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. <P> -<A NAME="IDX160"></A> +<A NAME="IDX171"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX161"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX172"></A> A readonly array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>) whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: @@ -6414,20 +6984,18 @@ The values assigned to the array members are as follows: <DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</CODE> <DD>The value of <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>. -<P> - </DL> <P> -<A NAME="IDX162"></A> +<A NAME="IDX173"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX163"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX174"></A> The version number of the current instance of Bash. <P> -<A NAME="IDX164"></A> +<A NAME="IDX175"></A> <DT><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX165"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX176"></A> If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash will write the trace output generated when <SAMP>`set -x'</SAMP> is enabled to that file descriptor. @@ -6442,35 +7010,47 @@ descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. <P> -<A NAME="IDX166"></A> +<A NAME="IDX177"></A> +<DT><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX178"></A> +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX179"></A> <DT><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX167"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX180"></A> Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the terminal width -when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the <CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> option is enabled +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX168"></A> +<A NAME="IDX181"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX169"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX182"></A> An index into <CODE>${COMP_WORDS}</CODE> of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX170"></A> +<A NAME="IDX183"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX171"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX184"></A> The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX172"></A> +<A NAME="IDX185"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX173"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A> The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, @@ -6480,9 +7060,9 @@ commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX174"></A> +<A NAME="IDX187"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX175"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A> Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion function to be called: <VAR>TAB</VAR>, for normal completion, @@ -6496,25 +7076,25 @@ commands invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX176"></A> +<A NAME="IDX189"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX177"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A> The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current completion function. <P> -<A NAME="IDX178"></A> +<A NAME="IDX191"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX179"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A> The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word separators when performing word completion. If <CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. <P> -<A NAME="IDX180"></A> +<A NAME="IDX193"></A> <DT><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX181"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A> An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using @@ -6523,24 +7103,25 @@ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX182"></A> +<A NAME="IDX195"></A> <DT><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX183"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A> An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +Each array element contains one possible completion. <P> -<A NAME="IDX184"></A> +<A NAME="IDX197"></A> <DT><CODE>COPROC</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX185"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A> An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX186"></A> +<A NAME="IDX199"></A> <DT><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX187"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A> An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin. @@ -6552,49 +7133,49 @@ If <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. <P> -<A NAME="IDX188"></A> +<A NAME="IDX201"></A> <DT><CODE>EMACS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX189"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A> If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts with value <SAMP>`t'</SAMP>, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. <P> -<A NAME="IDX190"></A> +<A NAME="IDX203"></A> <DT><CODE>ENV</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX191"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A> Similar to <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE>; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX192"></A> +<A NAME="IDX205"></A> <DT><CODE>EUID</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX193"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A> The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. <P> -<A NAME="IDX194"></A> +<A NAME="IDX207"></A> <DT><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX195"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A> The editor used as a default by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin command. <P> -<A NAME="IDX196"></A> +<A NAME="IDX209"></A> <DT><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX197"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A> A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion. -A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> -is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is <SAMP>`.o:~'</SAMP> <P> -<A NAME="IDX198"></A> +<A NAME="IDX211"></A> <DT><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX199"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A> An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing @@ -6616,17 +7197,17 @@ The <CODE>caller</CODE> builtin displays the current call stack using this information. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX200"></A> +<A NAME="IDX213"></A> <DT><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX201"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A> If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. <P> -<A NAME="IDX202"></A> +<A NAME="IDX215"></A> <DT><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX203"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A> A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one @@ -6634,9 +7215,9 @@ of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>, it is removed from the list of matches. <P> -<A NAME="IDX204"></A> +<A NAME="IDX217"></A> <DT><CODE>GROUPS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX205"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A> An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> have no effect and return an error status. @@ -6644,11 +7225,11 @@ If <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. <P> -<A NAME="IDX206"></A> +<A NAME="IDX219"></A> <DT><CODE>histchars</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX207"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A> Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick -substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>). The first character is the <VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, that is, the character which signifies the start of a history expansion, normally <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. The second character is the @@ -6661,17 +7242,17 @@ remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. <P> -<A NAME="IDX208"></A> +<A NAME="IDX221"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX209"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A> The history number, or index in the history list, of the current command. If <CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. <P> -<A NAME="IDX210"></A> +<A NAME="IDX223"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX211"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A> A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on the history list. If the list of values includes <SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP>, lines which begin @@ -6692,28 +7273,31 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX212"></A> +<A NAME="IDX225"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX213"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A> The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The default value is <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX214"></A> +<A NAME="IDX227"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX215"></A> -The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this -variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if -necessary, by removing the oldest entries, -to contain no more than that number of lines. +<DD><A NAME="IDX228"></A> +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. +When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, +if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines +by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when an interactive shell exits. -The default value is 500. +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of <CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> +after reading any startup files. <P> -<A NAME="IDX216"></A> +<A NAME="IDX229"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX217"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX230"></A> A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete @@ -6735,16 +7319,19 @@ Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of <CODE>ignoreboth</CODE>. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX218"></A> +<A NAME="IDX231"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX219"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX232"></A> The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. -The default value is 500. +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. <P> -<A NAME="IDX220"></A> +<A NAME="IDX233"></A> <DT><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX221"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX234"></A> If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to print the time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin. @@ -6754,9 +7341,9 @@ This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. <P> -<A NAME="IDX222"></A> +<A NAME="IDX235"></A> <DT><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX223"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX236"></A> Contains the name of a file in the same format as <TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell @@ -6770,21 +7357,21 @@ Bash attempts to read When <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is unset, the hostname list is cleared. <P> -<A NAME="IDX224"></A> +<A NAME="IDX237"></A> <DT><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX225"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX238"></A> The name of the current host. <P> -<A NAME="IDX226"></A> +<A NAME="IDX239"></A> <DT><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX227"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX240"></A> A string describing the machine Bash is running on. <P> -<A NAME="IDX228"></A> +<A NAME="IDX241"></A> <DT><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX229"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX242"></A> Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <CODE>EOF</CODE> character as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of consecutive <CODE>EOF</CODE> characters that can be read as the @@ -6795,30 +7382,30 @@ If the variable does not exist, then <CODE>EOF</CODE> signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. <P> -<A NAME="IDX230"></A> +<A NAME="IDX243"></A> <DT><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX231"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX244"></A> The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default of <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX232"></A> +<A NAME="IDX245"></A> <DT><CODE>LANG</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX233"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX246"></A> Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with <CODE>LC_</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX234"></A> +<A NAME="IDX247"></A> <DT><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX235"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX248"></A> This variable overrides the value of <CODE>LANG</CODE> and any other <CODE>LC_</CODE> variable specifying a locale category. <P> -<A NAME="IDX236"></A> +<A NAME="IDX249"></A> <DT><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX237"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX250"></A> This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, @@ -6826,51 +7413,53 @@ and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX238"></A> +<A NAME="IDX251"></A> <DT><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX239"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX252"></A> This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX240"></A> +<A NAME="IDX253"></A> <DT><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX241"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX254"></A> This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted strings preceded by a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX242"></A> +<A NAME="IDX255"></A> <DT><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX243"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX256"></A> This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. <P> -<A NAME="IDX244"></A> +<A NAME="IDX257"></A> <DT><CODE>LINENO</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX245"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX258"></A> The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. <P> -<A NAME="IDX246"></A> +<A NAME="IDX259"></A> <DT><CODE>LINES</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX247"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX260"></A> Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the column length -for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the <CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> option is enabled +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a <CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX248"></A> +<A NAME="IDX261"></A> <DT><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX249"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX262"></A> A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is executing, in the standard GNU <VAR>cpu-company-system</VAR> format. <P> -<A NAME="IDX250"></A> +<A NAME="IDX263"></A> <DT><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX251"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX264"></A> How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the files specified in the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> or <CODE>MAIL</CODE> variables. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check @@ -6879,87 +7468,87 @@ If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. <P> -<A NAME="IDX252"></A> +<A NAME="IDX265"></A> <DT><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX253"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX266"></A> An array variable created to hold the text read by the <CODE>mapfile</CODE> builtin when no variable name is supplied. <P> -<A NAME="IDX254"></A> +<A NAME="IDX267"></A> <DT><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX255"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX268"></A> The previous working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. <P> -<A NAME="IDX256"></A> +<A NAME="IDX269"></A> <DT><CODE>OPTERR</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX257"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX270"></A> If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin command. <P> -<A NAME="IDX258"></A> +<A NAME="IDX271"></A> <DT><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX259"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX272"></A> A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. <P> -<A NAME="IDX260"></A> +<A NAME="IDX273"></A> <DT><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX261"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX274"></A> An array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>) containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). <P> -<A NAME="IDX262"></A> +<A NAME="IDX275"></A> <DT><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX263"></A> -If this variable is in the environment when <CODE>bash</CODE> starts, the shell +<DD><A NAME="IDX276"></A> +If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell enters POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>) before reading the startup files, as if the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> invocation option had been supplied. -If it is set while the shell is running, <CODE>bash</CODE> enables POSIX mode, +If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, as if the command <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>set -o posix</CODE> </pre></td></tr></table>had been executed. <P> -<A NAME="IDX264"></A> +<A NAME="IDX277"></A> <DT><CODE>PPID</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX265"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX278"></A> The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is readonly. <P> -<A NAME="IDX266"></A> +<A NAME="IDX279"></A> <DT><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX267"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX280"></A> If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the printing of each primary prompt (<CODE>$PS1</CODE>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX268"></A> +<A NAME="IDX281"></A> <DT><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX269"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX282"></A> If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <CODE>\w</CODE> and <CODE>\W</CODE> prompt string escapes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. <P> -<A NAME="IDX270"></A> +<A NAME="IDX283"></A> <DT><CODE>PS3</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX271"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX284"></A> The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the <CODE>select</CODE> command. If this variable is not set, the <CODE>select</CODE> command prompts with <SAMP>`#? '</SAMP> <P> -<A NAME="IDX272"></A> +<A NAME="IDX285"></A> <DT><CODE>PS4</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX273"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX286"></A> The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). The first character of <CODE>PS4</CODE> is replicated multiple times, as @@ -6967,43 +7556,43 @@ necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is <SAMP>`+ '</SAMP>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX274"></A> +<A NAME="IDX287"></A> <DT><CODE>PWD</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX275"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX288"></A> The current working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. <P> -<A NAME="IDX276"></A> +<A NAME="IDX289"></A> <DT><CODE>RANDOM</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX277"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX290"></A> Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds the random number generator. <P> -<A NAME="IDX278"></A> +<A NAME="IDX291"></A> <DT><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX279"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX292"></A> The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX280"></A> +<A NAME="IDX293"></A> <DT><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX281"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX294"></A> The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX282"></A> +<A NAME="IDX295"></A> <DT><CODE>REPLY</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX283"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX296"></A> The default variable for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin. <P> -<A NAME="IDX284"></A> +<A NAME="IDX297"></A> <DT><CODE>SECONDS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX285"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX298"></A> This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value @@ -7011,17 +7600,17 @@ becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment. <P> -<A NAME="IDX286"></A> +<A NAME="IDX299"></A> <DT><CODE>SHELL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX287"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX300"></A> The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. <P> -<A NAME="IDX288"></A> +<A NAME="IDX301"></A> <DT><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX289"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX302"></A> A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). @@ -7032,16 +7621,16 @@ starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. <P> -<A NAME="IDX290"></A> +<A NAME="IDX303"></A> <DT><CODE>SHLVL</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX291"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX304"></A> Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. <P> -<A NAME="IDX292"></A> +<A NAME="IDX305"></A> <DT><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX293"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX306"></A> The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <CODE>time</CODE> reserved word should be displayed. @@ -7094,9 +7683,9 @@ If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX294"></A> +<A NAME="IDX307"></A> <DT><CODE>TMOUT</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX295"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A> If set to a value greater than zero, <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> is treated as the default timeout for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). The <CODE>select</CODE> command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) terminates @@ -7105,22 +7694,23 @@ from a terminal. <P> In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as -the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary -prompt when the shell is interactive. -Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does -not arrive. +the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing +the primary prompt. +Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX296"></A> +<A NAME="IDX309"></A> <DT><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX297"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A> If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. <P> -<A NAME="IDX298"></A> +<A NAME="IDX311"></A> <DT><CODE>UID</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX299"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX312"></A> The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. <P> @@ -7138,14 +7728,14 @@ The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 6. Bash Features </H1> <!--docid::SEC69::--> <P> -This section describes features unique to Bash. +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. </P><P> <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> @@ -7159,7 +7749,7 @@ This section describes features unique to Bash. <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Substituting one command for another.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Array Variables.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">History of visited directories.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Controlling the PS1 string.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing the various prompt strings.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A more controlled mode of shell execution.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Making Bash behave more closely to what the POSIX standard specifies.</TD></TR> @@ -7177,7 +7767,7 @@ This section describes features unique to Bash. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.1 Invoking Bash </H2> @@ -7266,8 +7856,6 @@ POSIX mode. <DT><CODE>--version</CODE> <DD>Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -7276,9 +7864,10 @@ invocation which are not available with the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin. </P><P> <DL COMPACT> -<DT><CODE>-c <VAR>string</VAR></CODE> -<DD>Read and execute commands from <VAR>string</VAR> after processing the -options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the +<DT><CODE>-c</CODE> +<DD>Read and execute commands from the first non-option <VAR>argument</VAR> +after processing the options, then exit. +Any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with <CODE>$0</CODE>. <P> @@ -7334,17 +7923,15 @@ that may be reused as input. <DD>A <CODE>--</CODE> signals the end of options and disables further option processing. Any arguments after the <CODE>--</CODE> are treated as filenames and arguments. -<P> - </DL> <P> -<A NAME="IDX300"></A> +<A NAME="IDX313"></A> A <EM>login</EM> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or one invoked with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX301"></A> +<A NAME="IDX314"></A> An <EM>interactive</EM> shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is specified, without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and whose input and output are both @@ -7376,7 +7963,7 @@ in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.2 Bash Startup Files </H2> @@ -7385,7 +7972,7 @@ in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. -Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>). </P><P> @@ -7440,7 +8027,7 @@ the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi</CODE> </pre></td></tr></table>but the value of the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is not used to search for the -file name. +filename. </P><P> As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the @@ -7505,8 +8092,8 @@ file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>. The <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the <SAMP>`--rcfile'</SAMP> option may be used to force another file to be read, but -<CODE>rshd</CODE> does not generally invoke the shell with those options or -allow them to be specified. +neither <CODE>rshd</CODE> nor <CODE>sshd</CODE> generally invoke the shell with those +options or allow them to be specified. </P><P> <A NAME="SEC78"></A> @@ -7515,12 +8102,12 @@ allow them to be specified. <P> If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is not supplied, no startup +real user (group) id, and the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. </P><P> @@ -7535,7 +8122,7 @@ the same, but the effective user id is not reset. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.3 Interactive Shells </H2> @@ -7560,7 +8147,7 @@ the same, but the effective user id is not reset. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? </H3> @@ -7594,7 +8181,7 @@ when an interactive shell is started. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? </H3> @@ -7636,7 +8223,7 @@ fi <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior </H3> @@ -7682,11 +8269,11 @@ standard input when reading a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> <P> <LI> -Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) -and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>) +Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) +and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>) are enabled by default. Bash will save the command history to the file named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE> -when an interactive shell exits. +when a shell with history enabled exits. <P> <LI> @@ -7777,7 +8364,7 @@ printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Va <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions </H2> @@ -7798,7 +8385,7 @@ If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is one of descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. </P><P> -When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort +When used with <CODE>[[</CODE>, the <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The <CODE>test</CODE> command uses ASCII ordering. </P><P> @@ -7917,6 +8504,10 @@ option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63" <DD>True if the shell variable <VAR>varname</VAR> is set (has been assigned a value). <P> +<DT><CODE>-R <VAR>varname</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if the shell variable <VAR>varname</VAR> is set and is a name reference. +<P> + <DT><CODE>-z <VAR>string</VAR></CODE> <DD>True if the length of <VAR>string</VAR> is zero. <P> @@ -7929,9 +8520,13 @@ option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63" <DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> == <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> <DD><DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> = <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> <DD>True if the strings are equal. -<SAMP>`='</SAMP> should be used with the <CODE>test</CODE> command for POSIX conformance. +When used with the <CODE>[[</CODE> command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). <P> +<SAMP>`='</SAMP> should be used with the <CODE>test</CODE> command for POSIX conformance. +</P><P> + <DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> != <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> <DD>True if the strings are not equal. <P> @@ -7952,8 +8547,6 @@ is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to <VAR>arg2</VAR>, respectively. <VAR>Arg1</VAR> and <VAR>arg2</VAR> may be positive or negative integers. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -7968,7 +8561,7 @@ may be positive or negative integers. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.5 Shell Arithmetic </H2> @@ -8082,9 +8675,10 @@ Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading <SAMP>`0x'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`0X'</SAMP> denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [<VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE>]<VAR>n</VAR>, where the optional <VAR>base</VAR> is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic -base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base. If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is -omitted, then base 10 is used. -The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base. +If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying <VAR>n</VAR>, +he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`_'</SAMP>, in that order. If <VAR>base</VAR> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -8107,7 +8701,7 @@ rules above. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.6 Aliases </H2> @@ -8133,8 +8727,9 @@ aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias <CODE>ls</CODE> to <CODE>"ls -F"</CODE>, for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the -replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a -space or tab character, then the next command word following the +replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +<VAR>blank</VAR>, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. </P><P> @@ -8187,7 +8782,7 @@ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.7 Arrays </H2> @@ -8201,20 +8796,18 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic -expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) and are zero-based; +expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>)) and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. </P><P> An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>name[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR> </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> The <VAR>subscript</VAR> is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. -If <VAR>subscript</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as -an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript -of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an array, use <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR> </pre></td></tr></table>The syntax @@ -8233,10 +8826,10 @@ an array. </P><P> Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>name=(value<VAR>1</VAR> <small>...</small> value<VAR>n</VAR>) +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>=(<VAR>value1</VAR> <VAR>value2</VAR> <small>...</small> ) </pre></td></tr></table>where each <VAR>value</VAR> is of the form <CODE>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=</CODE><VAR>string</VAR>. -Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <VAR>string</VAR>. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned @@ -8248,53 +8841,75 @@ When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. This syntax is also accepted by the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the -<CODE>name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]=</CODE><VAR>value</VAR> syntax introduced above. +<CODE><VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR></CODE> syntax introduced above. +</P><P> + +When assigning to an indexed array, if <VAR>name</VAR> +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +<VAR>name</VAR>, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. </P><P> Any element of an array may be referenced using -<CODE>${name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>. +<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE>. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the <VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the word expands to all members of the array <VAR>name</VAR>. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, -<CODE>${name[*]}</CODE> expands to a single word with +<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[*]}</CODE> expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the -<CODE>IFS</CODE> variable, and <CODE>${name[@]}</CODE> expands each element of +<CODE>IFS</CODE> variable, and <CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE> expands each element of <VAR>name</VAR> to a separate word. When there are no array members, -<CODE>${name[@]}</CODE> expands to nothing. +<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE> expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>. -<CODE>${#name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE> expands to the length of -<CODE>${name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>. +<CODE>${#<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE> expands to the length of +<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE>. If <VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. +If the <VAR>subscript</VAR> +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the array, +and an index of -1 refers to the last element. </P><P> An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. </P><P> +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]} and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[*]} expand to the indices +assigned in array variable <VAR>name</VAR>. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> within double quotes. +</P><P> + The <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin is used to destroy arrays. -<CODE>unset</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>] +<CODE>unset <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]</CODE> destroys the array element at index <VAR>subscript</VAR>. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename expansion. -<CODE>unset</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR>, where <VAR>name</VAR> is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> also removes the +<CODE>unset <VAR>name</VAR></CODE>, where <VAR>name</VAR> is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> also removes the entire array. </P><P> The <CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>local</CODE>, and <CODE>readonly</CODE> builtins each accept a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option to specify an indexed array and a <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option to specify an associative array. +If both options are supplied, <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> takes precedence. The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin accepts a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the standard input into @@ -8314,7 +8929,7 @@ reused as input. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.8 The Directory Stack </H2> @@ -8350,7 +8965,7 @@ as the value of the <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins </H3> @@ -8360,37 +8975,41 @@ as the value of the <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>dirs</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX302"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>dirs [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-clpv] -</pre></td></tr></table>Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +<DD><A NAME="IDX315"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>dirs [-clpv] [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories are added to the list with the <CODE>pushd</CODE> command; the <CODE>popd</CODE> command removes directories from the list. +</P><P> + <DL COMPACT> -<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> -<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the -list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting -with zero. -<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> -<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the -list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting -with zero. <DT><CODE>-c</CODE> <DD>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. <DT><CODE>-l</CODE> -<DD>Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a -tilde to denote the home directory. +<DD>Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. <DT><CODE>-p</CODE> <DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per line. <DT><CODE>-v</CODE> <DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting +with zero. </DL> <P> <DT><CODE>popd</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX303"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>popd [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-n] +<DD><A NAME="IDX316"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>popd [-n] [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and <CODE>cd</CODE> @@ -8399,23 +9018,25 @@ When no arguments are given, <CODE>popd</CODE> removes the top directory from the stack and performs a <CODE>cd</CODE> to the new top directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with -<CODE>dirs</CODE>; i.e., <CODE>popd</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>popd +0</CODE>. +<CODE>dirs</CODE>; that is, <CODE>popd</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>popd +0</CODE>. +</P><P> + <DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. <DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> <DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero. <DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> <DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero. -<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> -<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories -from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. </DL> <P> -<A NAME="IDX304"></A> +<A NAME="IDX317"></A> <DT><CODE>pushd</CODE> -<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pushd [-n] [<VAR>+N</VAR> | <VAR>-N</VAR> | <VAR>dir</VAR> ] +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pushd [-n] [<VAR>+N</VAR> | <VAR>-N</VAR> | <VAR>dir</VAR>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack @@ -8436,16 +9057,14 @@ the list by rotating the stack. list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>, starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. <DT><CODE><VAR>dir</VAR></CODE> -<DD>Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then -executes the equivalent of `<CODE>cd</CODE> <VAR>dir</VAR>'. -<CODE>cd</CODE>s to <VAR>dir</VAR>. +<DD>Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making +it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument +to the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. </DL> -<P> - </DL> <P> -<A NAME="Printing a Prompt"></A> +<A NAME="Controlling the Prompt"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC89"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> @@ -8456,7 +9075,7 @@ executes the equivalent of `<CODE>cd</CODE> <VAR>dir</VAR>'. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.9 Controlling the Prompt </H2> @@ -8470,7 +9089,7 @@ value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. </P><P> In addition, the following table describes the special characters which -can appear in the prompt variables: +can appear in the prompt variables <CODE>PS1</CODE> to <CODE>PS4</CODE>: </P><P> <DL COMPACT> @@ -8539,7 +9158,7 @@ embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. The command number and the history number are usually different: the history number of a command is its position in the history list, which may include commands restored from the history file -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current shell session. </P><P> @@ -8561,7 +9180,7 @@ expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.10 The Restricted Shell </H2> @@ -8633,7 +9252,7 @@ the shell spawned to execute the script. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode </H2> @@ -8700,6 +9319,13 @@ name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. <P> <LI> +The <CODE>command</CODE> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment +statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; +when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment +statement expansion properties when preceded by <CODE>command</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> The default history file is <TT>`~/.sh_history'</TT> (this is the default value of <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>). <P> @@ -8748,6 +9374,11 @@ causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. <P> <LI> +Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special +builtins. +<P> + +<LI> POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. <P> @@ -8789,7 +9420,7 @@ a value to a readonly variable. <P> <LI> -A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. <P> @@ -8805,6 +9436,11 @@ Process substitution is not available. <P> <LI> +While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the +<SAMP>`#'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> special parameters. +<P> + +<LI> Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. <P> @@ -8917,6 +9553,13 @@ not interrupt the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. <P> +<LI> +The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap +has been set. +If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <CODE>read</CODE>, the trap +handler executes and <CODE>read</CODE> returns an exit status greater than 128. +<P> + </OL> <P> @@ -8943,7 +9586,7 @@ the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin to be fully conformant. Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying the <SAMP>`--enable-strict-posix-default'</SAMP> to <CODE>configure</CODE> when building -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A>). +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A>). </P><P> <A NAME="Job Control"></A> @@ -8957,7 +9600,7 @@ the <SAMP>`--enable-strict-posix-default'</SAMP> to <CODE>configure</CODE> when <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 7. Job Control </H1> @@ -8988,7 +9631,7 @@ Bash allows you to access its facilities. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 7.1 Job Control Basics </H2> @@ -9069,7 +9712,7 @@ previous job with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For example, <SAMP>`%ce'</SAMP> refers -to a stopped <CODE>ce</CODE> job. Using <SAMP>`%?ce'</SAMP>, on the +to a stopped <CODE>ce</CODE> job. Using <SAMP>`%?ce'</SAMP>, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string <SAMP>`ce'</SAMP> in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an error. @@ -9111,7 +9754,7 @@ Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 7.2 Job Control Builtins </H2> @@ -9121,30 +9764,34 @@ Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>bg</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX305"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX318"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Resume each suspended job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the background, as if it +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Resume each suspended job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the background, as if it had been started with <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any <VAR>jobspec</VAR> was not found or specifies a job that was started without job control. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>fg</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX306"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>fg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Resume the job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the foreground and make it the current job. +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Resume the job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the foreground and make it the current job. If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, <VAR>jobspec</VAR> does not specify a valid job or <VAR>jobspec</VAR> specifies a job that was started without job control. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>jobs</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX307"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>jobs [-lnprs] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>] jobs -x <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] </pre></td></tr></table><P> @@ -9168,11 +9815,11 @@ the user was last notified of their status. <P> <DT><CODE>-r</CODE> -<DD>Restrict output to running jobs. +<DD>Display only running jobs. <P> <DT><CODE>-s</CODE> -<DD>Restrict output to stopped jobs. +<DD>Display only stopped jobs. </DL> <P> @@ -9189,10 +9836,12 @@ passing it <VAR>argument</VAR>s, returning its exit status. </P><P> <DT><CODE>kill</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX321"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>kill [-s <VAR>sigspec</VAR>] [-n <VAR>signum</VAR>] [-<VAR>sigspec</VAR>] <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> kill -l [<VAR>exit_status</VAR>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Send a signal specified by <VAR>sigspec</VAR> or <VAR>signum</VAR> to the process +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Send a signal specified by <VAR>sigspec</VAR> or <VAR>signum</VAR> to the process named by job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or process ID <VAR>pid</VAR>. <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> (with or without the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix) @@ -9206,45 +9855,51 @@ is zero. status of a process terminated by a signal. The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>wait</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX309"></A> -<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>wait [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> ...] -</pre></td></tr></table>Wait until the child process specified by each process ID <VAR>pid</VAR> +<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>wait [-n] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Wait until the child process specified by each process ID <VAR>pid</VAR> or job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> exits and return the exit status of the last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. +If the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option is supplied, <CODE>wait</CODE> waits for any job to +terminate and returns its exit status. If neither <VAR>jobspec</VAR> nor <VAR>pid</VAR> specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>disown</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>disown [-ar] [-h] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] -</pre></td></tr></table>Without options, each <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is removed from the table of +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Without options, remove each <VAR>jobspec</VAR> from the table of active jobs. If the <SAMP>`-h'</SAMP> option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is marked so that <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> is not sent to the job if the shell receives a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>. -If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not present, and neither the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> -option is supplied, the current job is used. +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not present, and neither the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> nor the +<SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option is supplied, the current job is used. If no <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is supplied, the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means to remove or mark all jobs; the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option without a <VAR>jobspec</VAR> argument restricts operation to running jobs. -<P> +</P><P> <DT><CODE>suspend</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX311"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>suspend [-f] -</pre></td></tr></table>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a <CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option can be used to override this and force the suspension. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -9264,7 +9919,7 @@ supplied process IDs. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 7.3 Job Control Variables </H2> @@ -9273,9 +9928,9 @@ supplied process IDs. <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX312"></A> +<A NAME="IDX325"></A> <DT><CODE>auto_resume</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX313"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A> This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. If this variable exists then single word simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption @@ -9297,7 +9952,7 @@ analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID. </DL> <P> -<A NAME="IDX314"></A> +<A NAME="IDX327"></A> </P><P> <A NAME="Command Line Editing"></A> @@ -9306,12 +9961,12 @@ analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID. <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> < </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 8. Command Line Editing </H1> @@ -9346,6 +10001,8 @@ Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <SAMP>`-o emacs'</SAMP> or a specific command.</TD></TR> <TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands to specify how to complete arguments for a particular command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example shell function for + generating possible completions.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> @@ -9357,10 +10014,10 @@ Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <SAMP>`-o emacs'</SAMP> or <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing </H2> @@ -9419,7 +10076,7 @@ some keyboards. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.2 Readline Interaction </H2> @@ -9458,7 +10115,7 @@ regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials </H3> @@ -9520,7 +10177,7 @@ than the character to the left of the cursor.) <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands </H3> @@ -9564,15 +10221,15 @@ operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands </H3> <!--docid::SEC101::--> <P> -<A NAME="IDX315"></A> -<A NAME="IDX316"></A> +<A NAME="IDX328"></A> +<A NAME="IDX329"></A> </P><P> <EM>Killing</EM> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save @@ -9592,7 +10249,7 @@ that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. -<A NAME="IDX317"></A> +<A NAME="IDX330"></A> </P><P> Here is the list of commands for killing text. @@ -9649,7 +10306,7 @@ the prior command is <KBD>C-y</KBD> or <KBD>M-y</KBD>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.2.4 Readline Arguments </H3> @@ -9684,7 +10341,7 @@ which will delete the next ten characters on the input line. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History </H3> @@ -9692,7 +10349,7 @@ which will delete the next ten characters on the input line. <P> Readline provides commands for searching through the command history -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: <EM>incremental</EM> and <EM>non-incremental</EM>. </P><P> @@ -9747,7 +10404,7 @@ typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.3 Readline Init File </H2> @@ -9800,7 +10457,7 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax </H3> @@ -9851,11 +10508,11 @@ A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables. </P><P> -<A NAME="IDX318"></A> +<A NAME="IDX331"></A> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>bell-style</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A> Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to <SAMP>`none'</SAMP>, Readline never rings the bell. If set to <SAMP>`visible'</SAMP>, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. @@ -9864,21 +10521,30 @@ the terminal's bell. <P> <DT><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline equivalents. <P> +<DT><CODE>colored-stats</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX334"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays possible completions using different +colors to indicate their file type. +The color definitions are taken from the value of the <CODE>LS_COLORS</CODE> +environment variable. +The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + <DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX321"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A> The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the <CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value is <CODE>"#"</CODE>. <P> <DT><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX336"></A> The number of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal @@ -9888,21 +10554,21 @@ The default value is -1. <P> <DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, and <VAR>completion-ignore-case</VAR> is enabled, Readline treats hyphens (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>) and underscores (<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>) as equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion. <P> <DT><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX325"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A> The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are @@ -9910,7 +10576,7 @@ replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. <P> <DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A> The number of possible completions that determines when the user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater than this value, @@ -9922,7 +10588,7 @@ The default limit is <CODE>100</CODE>. <P> <DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX327"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a @@ -9930,14 +10596,14 @@ meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX328"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A> If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX329"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A> The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be @@ -9951,7 +10617,7 @@ keyboard. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX330"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A> When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. @@ -9965,13 +10631,13 @@ The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX331"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, the history code attempts to place the point (the current cursor position) at the same location on each history line retrieved with <CODE>previous-history</CODE> @@ -9979,13 +10645,17 @@ or <CODE>next-history</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>history-size</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A> -Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If -set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A> +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. +If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries +are saved. +If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not +limited. +By default, the number of history entries is not limited. <P> <DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX334"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A> This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width @@ -9994,8 +10664,8 @@ this variable is set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A> -<A NAME="IDX336"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A> +<A NAME="IDX350"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The @@ -10004,7 +10674,7 @@ synonym for this variable. <P> <DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A> The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>). If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and @@ -10012,7 +10682,7 @@ If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and <P> <DT><CODE>keymap</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX352"></A> Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are <CODE>emacs</CODE>, @@ -10029,20 +10699,37 @@ The value of the <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable also affects the default keymap. <P> +<DT><CODE>keyseq-timeout</CODE> +<DD>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an +ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using +the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer +key sequence). +If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter +but complete key sequence. +Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is +available on the current input source (<CODE>rl_instream</CODE> by default). +The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that +Readline will wait one second for additional input. +If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a +non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to +decide which key sequence to complete. +The default value is <CODE>500</CODE>. +<P> + <DT><CODE>mark-directories</CODE> <DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed directory names have a slash appended. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A> This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified. This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default. <P> <DT><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX354"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed names which are symbolic links to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of <CODE>mark-directories</CODE>). @@ -10050,7 +10737,7 @@ The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A> This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to match files whose names begin with a <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> (hidden files) when performing filename completion. @@ -10060,21 +10747,21 @@ This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default. <P> <DT><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX356"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX358"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default. @@ -10087,7 +10774,7 @@ The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when <CODE>accept-line</CODE> is executed. By default, history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across @@ -10095,7 +10782,7 @@ calls to <CODE>readline</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX360"></A> This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, words which have more than one possible completion cause the @@ -10104,7 +10791,7 @@ The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A> This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to <VAR>show-all-if-ambiguous</VAR>. If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, @@ -10115,8 +10802,16 @@ of ringing the bell. The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> +<DT><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX362"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, add a character to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs (<SAMP>`@'</SAMP>), vi command (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>), +or vi insertion (<SAMP>`+'</SAMP>). +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + <DT><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline @@ -10131,7 +10826,7 @@ The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. <P> <DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX364"></A> If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type is appended to the filename when listing possible completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. @@ -10297,7 +10992,7 @@ insert a single <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> into the line: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs </H3> @@ -10382,7 +11077,7 @@ For example, the following directive reads from <TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>: <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.3.3 Sample Init File </H3> @@ -10400,7 +11095,7 @@ binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. # -# First, include any systemwide bindings and variable +# First, include any system-wide bindings and variable # assignments from /etc/Inputrc $include /etc/Inputrc @@ -10505,7 +11200,7 @@ $endif <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands </H2> @@ -10549,74 +11244,74 @@ The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <EM>region</EM>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3> <!--docid::SEC109::--> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX350"></A> +<A NAME="IDX365"></A> <DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX366"></A> Move to the start of the current line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX352"></A> +<A NAME="IDX367"></A> <DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX368"></A> Move to the end of the line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX354"></A> +<A NAME="IDX369"></A> <DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX370"></A> Move forward a character. <P> -<A NAME="IDX356"></A> +<A NAME="IDX371"></A> <DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX372"></A> Move back a character. <P> -<A NAME="IDX358"></A> +<A NAME="IDX373"></A> <DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX374"></A> Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of letters and digits. <P> -<A NAME="IDX360"></A> +<A NAME="IDX375"></A> <DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX376"></A> Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of letters and digits. <P> -<A NAME="IDX362"></A> +<A NAME="IDX377"></A> <DT><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX378"></A> Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. <P> -<A NAME="IDX364"></A> +<A NAME="IDX379"></A> <DT><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX380"></A> Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. <P> -<A NAME="IDX366"></A> +<A NAME="IDX381"></A> <DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX382"></A> Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. <P> -<A NAME="IDX368"></A> +<A NAME="IDX383"></A> <DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX384"></A> Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. <P> @@ -10634,7 +11329,7 @@ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History </H3> @@ -10642,9 +11337,9 @@ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. <P> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX370"></A> +<A NAME="IDX385"></A> <DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX386"></A> Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of @@ -10653,81 +11348,104 @@ If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. <P> -<A NAME="IDX372"></A> +<A NAME="IDX387"></A> <DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX388"></A> Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command. <P> -<A NAME="IDX374"></A> +<A NAME="IDX389"></A> <DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX390"></A> Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. <P> -<A NAME="IDX376"></A> +<A NAME="IDX391"></A> <DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-<)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX392"></A> Move to the first line in the history. <P> -<A NAME="IDX378"></A> +<A NAME="IDX393"></A> <DT><CODE>end-of-history (M->)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX394"></A> Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. <P> -<A NAME="IDX380"></A> +<A NAME="IDX395"></A> <DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX396"></A> Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. <P> -<A NAME="IDX382"></A> +<A NAME="IDX397"></A> <DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX398"></A> Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. <P> -<A NAME="IDX384"></A> +<A NAME="IDX399"></A> <DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX400"></A> Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. <P> -<A NAME="IDX386"></A> +<A NAME="IDX401"></A> <DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX402"></A> Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. <P> -<A NAME="IDX388"></A> +<A NAME="IDX403"></A> <DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX404"></A> Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX390"></A> +<A NAME="IDX405"></A> <DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX406"></A> +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string must match at the beginning of a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX407"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX408"></A> +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX409"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX410"></A> Search backward through the history for the string of characters -between the start of the current line and the point. This -is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX392"></A> +<A NAME="IDX411"></A> <DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX412"></A> Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>, @@ -10738,9 +11456,9 @@ Once the argument <VAR>n</VAR> is computed, the argument is extracted as if the <SAMP>`!<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified. <P> -<A NAME="IDX394"></A> +<A NAME="IDX413"></A> <DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX414"></A> Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>. @@ -10768,7 +11486,7 @@ as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text </H3> @@ -10776,46 +11494,55 @@ as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified. <P> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX396"></A> + +<A NAME="IDX415"></A> +<DT><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX416"></A> +The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by +<CODE>stty</CODE>. If this character is read when there are no characters +on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline +interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX417"></A> <DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A> -Delete the character at point. If point is at the -beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and -the last character typed was not bound to <CODE>delete-char</CODE>, then -return EOF. +<DD><A NAME="IDX418"></A> +Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the +same character as the tty EOF character, as <KBD>C-d</KBD> +commonly is, see above for the effects. <P> -<A NAME="IDX398"></A> +<A NAME="IDX419"></A> <DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX420"></A> Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means to kill the characters instead of deleting them. <P> -<A NAME="IDX400"></A> +<A NAME="IDX421"></A> <DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX422"></A> Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. <P> -<A NAME="IDX402"></A> +<A NAME="IDX423"></A> <DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX424"></A> Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example. <P> -<A NAME="IDX404"></A> +<A NAME="IDX425"></A> <DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX426"></A> Insert yourself. <P> -<A NAME="IDX406"></A> +<A NAME="IDX427"></A> <DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX428"></A> Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion point @@ -10824,39 +11551,39 @@ transposes the last two characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. <P> -<A NAME="IDX408"></A> +<A NAME="IDX429"></A> <DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX430"></A> Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX410"></A> +<A NAME="IDX431"></A> <DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX432"></A> Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. <P> -<A NAME="IDX412"></A> +<A NAME="IDX433"></A> <DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX434"></A> Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. <P> -<A NAME="IDX414"></A> +<A NAME="IDX435"></A> <DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX436"></A> Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. <P> -<A NAME="IDX416"></A> +<A NAME="IDX437"></A> <DT><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX438"></A> Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only @@ -10887,7 +11614,7 @@ By default, this command is unbound. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking </H3> @@ -10896,121 +11623,121 @@ By default, this command is unbound. <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX418"></A> +<A NAME="IDX439"></A> <DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX440"></A> Kill the text from point to the end of the line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX420"></A> +<A NAME="IDX441"></A> <DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX442"></A> Kill backward to the beginning of the line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX422"></A> +<A NAME="IDX443"></A> <DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX444"></A> Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX424"></A> +<A NAME="IDX445"></A> <DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX446"></A> Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. By default, this is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX426"></A> +<A NAME="IDX447"></A> <DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX448"></A> Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX428"></A> +<A NAME="IDX449"></A> <DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX450"></A> Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX430"></A> +<A NAME="IDX451"></A> <DT><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX452"></A> Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-forward-word</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX432"></A> +<A NAME="IDX453"></A> <DT><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX454"></A> Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-backward-word</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX434"></A> +<A NAME="IDX455"></A> <DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX456"></A> Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. <P> -<A NAME="IDX436"></A> +<A NAME="IDX457"></A> <DT><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX458"></A> Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. <P> -<A NAME="IDX438"></A> +<A NAME="IDX459"></A> <DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX460"></A> Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX440"></A> +<A NAME="IDX461"></A> <DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX462"></A> Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX442"></A> +<A NAME="IDX463"></A> <DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX464"></A> Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked right away. By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX444"></A> +<A NAME="IDX465"></A> <DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX466"></A> Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX446"></A> +<A NAME="IDX467"></A> <DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX468"></A> Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. By default, this command is unbound. <P> -<A NAME="IDX448"></A> +<A NAME="IDX469"></A> <DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX470"></A> Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. <P> -<A NAME="IDX450"></A> +<A NAME="IDX471"></A> <DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX472"></A> Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>. </DL> @@ -11027,23 +11754,23 @@ the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments </H3> <!--docid::SEC113::--> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX452"></A> +<A NAME="IDX473"></A> <DT><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX474"></A> Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument. <P> -<A NAME="IDX454"></A> +<A NAME="IDX475"></A> <DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX476"></A> This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. @@ -11070,7 +11797,7 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You </H3> @@ -11078,9 +11805,9 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key. <P> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX456"></A> +<A NAME="IDX477"></A> <DT><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX478"></A> Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the @@ -11090,25 +11817,25 @@ command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. <P> -<A NAME="IDX458"></A> +<A NAME="IDX479"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX480"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point. When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used for display to the value of <CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>, the value of the environment variable <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>, or the screen width, in that order. <P> -<A NAME="IDX460"></A> +<A NAME="IDX481"></A> <DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX482"></A> Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX462"></A> +<A NAME="IDX483"></A> <DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX484"></A> Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list @@ -11123,17 +11850,17 @@ This command is intended to be bound to <KBD>TAB</KBD>, but is unbound by default. <P> -<A NAME="IDX464"></A> +<A NAME="IDX485"></A> <DT><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX486"></A> Identical to <CODE>menu-complete</CODE>, but moves backward through the list of possible completions, as if <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> had been given a negative argument. <P> -<A NAME="IDX466"></A> +<A NAME="IDX487"></A> <DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX488"></A> Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to @@ -11141,64 +11868,64 @@ If at the end of the line, behaves identically to This command is unbound by default. <P> -<A NAME="IDX468"></A> +<A NAME="IDX489"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX490"></A> Attempt filename completion on the text before point. <P> -<A NAME="IDX470"></A> +<A NAME="IDX491"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX492"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. <P> -<A NAME="IDX472"></A> +<A NAME="IDX493"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX494"></A> Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. <P> -<A NAME="IDX474"></A> +<A NAME="IDX495"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX496"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. <P> -<A NAME="IDX476"></A> +<A NAME="IDX497"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX498"></A> Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. <P> -<A NAME="IDX478"></A> +<A NAME="IDX499"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX500"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. <P> -<A NAME="IDX480"></A> +<A NAME="IDX501"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX502"></A> Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. <P> -<A NAME="IDX482"></A> +<A NAME="IDX503"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX504"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. <P> -<A NAME="IDX484"></A> +<A NAME="IDX505"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX506"></A> Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell @@ -11206,32 +11933,32 @@ functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. <P> -<A NAME="IDX486"></A> +<A NAME="IDX507"></A> <DT><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX508"></A> List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. <P> -<A NAME="IDX488"></A> +<A NAME="IDX509"></A> <DT><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX510"></A> Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. <P> -<A NAME="IDX490"></A> +<A NAME="IDX511"></A> <DT><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX512"></A> Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. <P> -<A NAME="IDX492"></A> +<A NAME="IDX513"></A> <DT><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX514"></A> Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>). @@ -11251,33 +11978,40 @@ enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros </H3> <!--docid::SEC115::--> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX494"></A> +<A NAME="IDX515"></A> <DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX516"></A> Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. <P> -<A NAME="IDX496"></A> +<A NAME="IDX517"></A> <DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX518"></A> Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and save the definition. <P> -<A NAME="IDX498"></A> +<A NAME="IDX519"></A> <DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX520"></A> Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. <P> +<A NAME="IDX521"></A> +<DT><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX522"></A> +Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the +<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. +<P> + </DL> <P> @@ -11292,94 +12026,94 @@ in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands </H3> <!--docid::SEC116::--> <DL COMPACT> -<A NAME="IDX500"></A> +<A NAME="IDX523"></A> <DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX524"></A> Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. <P> -<A NAME="IDX502"></A> +<A NAME="IDX525"></A> <DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX526"></A> Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of <CODE>bell-style</CODE>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX504"></A> +<A NAME="IDX527"></A> <DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX528"></A> If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. <P> -<A NAME="IDX506"></A> +<A NAME="IDX529"></A> <DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX530"></A> Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing <KBD>M-f</KBD>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX508"></A> +<A NAME="IDX531"></A> <DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX532"></A> Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX510"></A> +<A NAME="IDX533"></A> <DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX534"></A> Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE> command enough times to get back to the beginning. <P> -<A NAME="IDX512"></A> +<A NAME="IDX535"></A> <DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX536"></A> Perform tilde expansion on the current word. <P> -<A NAME="IDX514"></A> +<A NAME="IDX537"></A> <DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX538"></A> Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. <P> -<A NAME="IDX516"></A> +<A NAME="IDX539"></A> <DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX540"></A> Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. <P> -<A NAME="IDX518"></A> +<A NAME="IDX541"></A> <DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX542"></A> A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. <P> -<A NAME="IDX520"></A> +<A NAME="IDX543"></A> <DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX544"></A> A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. <P> -<A NAME="IDX522"></A> +<A NAME="IDX545"></A> <DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX546"></A> Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is @@ -11389,9 +12123,9 @@ stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. <P> -<A NAME="IDX524"></A> +<A NAME="IDX547"></A> <DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX548"></A> Without a numeric argument, the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if @@ -11406,115 +12140,115 @@ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. <P> -<A NAME="IDX526"></A> +<A NAME="IDX549"></A> <DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX550"></A> Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. <P> -<A NAME="IDX528"></A> +<A NAME="IDX551"></A> <DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX552"></A> Print all of the settable variables and their values to the Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. <P> -<A NAME="IDX530"></A> +<A NAME="IDX553"></A> <DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX554"></A> Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. <P> -<A NAME="IDX532"></A> +<A NAME="IDX555"></A> <DT><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX556"></A> The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. <P> -<A NAME="IDX534"></A> +<A NAME="IDX557"></A> <DT><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX558"></A> The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before pathname expansion. <P> -<A NAME="IDX536"></A> +<A NAME="IDX559"></A> <DT><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX560"></A> The list of expansions that would have been generated by <CODE>glob-expand-word</CODE> is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before pathname expansion. <P> -<A NAME="IDX538"></A> +<A NAME="IDX561"></A> <DT><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX562"></A> Display version information about the current instance of Bash. <P> -<A NAME="IDX540"></A> +<A NAME="IDX563"></A> <DT><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX564"></A> Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX542"></A> +<A NAME="IDX565"></A> <DT><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX543"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX566"></A> Perform history expansion on the current line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX544"></A> +<A NAME="IDX567"></A> <DT><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX568"></A> Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX546"></A> +<A NAME="IDX569"></A> <DT><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX547"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX570"></A> Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>). <P> -<A NAME="IDX548"></A> +<A NAME="IDX571"></A> <DT><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX549"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX572"></A> Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. <P> -<A NAME="IDX550"></A> +<A NAME="IDX573"></A> <DT><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX551"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX574"></A> A synonym for <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE>. <P> -<A NAME="IDX552"></A> +<A NAME="IDX575"></A> <DT><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX553"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX576"></A> Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. <P> -<A NAME="IDX554"></A> +<A NAME="IDX577"></A> <DT><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX555"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX578"></A> Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke @@ -11533,10 +12267,10 @@ as the editor, in that order. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.5 Readline vi Mode </H2> @@ -11571,10 +12305,10 @@ so forth. <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.6 Programmable Completion </H2> @@ -11645,10 +12379,11 @@ When the command or function is invoked, the <CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE>, assigned values as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). If a shell function is being invoked, the <CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> and <CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variables are also set. -When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the +When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the -second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument -is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument +($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command +line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. @@ -11659,7 +12394,7 @@ The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the <CODE>compgen</CODE> and <CODE>compopt</CODE> builtins described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array -variable. +variable, one per array element. </P><P> Next, any command specified with the <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> option is invoked @@ -11736,9 +12471,9 @@ completion function would load completions dynamically: <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>_completion_loader() { - . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 } -complete -D -F _completion_loader +complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default </pre></td></tr></table></P><P> <A NAME="Programmable Completion Builtins"></A> @@ -11747,25 +12482,26 @@ complete -D -F _completion_loader <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> < </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins </H2> <!--docid::SEC119::--> <P> -Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion -facilities. +Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion +facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to +be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening. </P><P> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>compgen</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX556"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX579"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compgen [<VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>word</VAR>]</CODE> </pre></td></tr></table><P> @@ -11791,7 +12527,7 @@ matches were generated. </P><P> <DT><CODE>complete</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX557"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX580"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR>] [-DE] [-A <VAR>action</VAR>] [-G <VAR>globpat</VAR>] [-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR>] [-F <VAR>function</VAR>] [-C <VAR>command</VAR>] [-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR>] [-P <VAR>prefix</VAR>] [-S <VAR>suffix</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE> @@ -11856,6 +12592,11 @@ This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP>. <P> +<DT><CODE>noquote</CODE> +<DD>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames +(quoting filenames is the default). +<P> + <DT><CODE>nospace</CODE> <DD>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. @@ -11984,6 +12725,10 @@ used as the possible completions. <DT><CODE>-F <VAR>function</VAR></CODE> <DD>The shell function <VAR>function</VAR> is executed in the current shell environment. +When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are +being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word +preceding the word being completed, as described above +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array variable. <P> @@ -12029,7 +12774,7 @@ an error occurs adding a completion specification. </P><P> <DT><CODE>compopt</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX558"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX581"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compopt</CODE> [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-DE] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR>] </pre></td></tr></table>Modify completion options for each <VAR>name</VAR> according to the <VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s @@ -12057,25 +12802,164 @@ specification exists, or an output error occurs. </DL> <P> -<A NAME="IDX559"></A> -</P><P> - -<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A> +<A NAME="A Programmable Completion Example"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> <A NAME="SEC120"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> < </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.8 A Programmable Completion Example </H2> +<!--docid::SEC120::--> +<P> + +The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions <CODE>complete</CODE> and <CODE>compgen</CODE> provide is to use +a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <CODE>complete -F</CODE>. +</P><P> + +The following function provides completions for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. +It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when +used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as <CODE>$2</CODE> +to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the +<CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> array variable; the current word is indexed by the +<CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variable. +</P><P> + +The function relies on the <CODE>complete</CODE> and <CODE>compgen</CODE> builtins +to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash <CODE>cd</CODE> +does beyond accepting basic directory names: +tilde expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>), +searching directories in <VAR>$CDPATH</VAR>, which is described above +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>), +and basic support for the <CODE>cdable_vars</CODE> shell option +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). +<CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> modifies the value of <VAR>IFS</VAR> so that it contains only +a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs -- +<CODE>compgen</CODE> prints the possible completions it generates one per line. +</P><P> + +Possible completions go into the <VAR>COMPREPLY</VAR> array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves +the completions from there when the function returns. +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre># A completion function for the cd builtin +# based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package +_comp_cd() +{ + local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS + local cur _skipdot _cdpath + local i j k + + # Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname + case "$2" in + \~*) eval cur="$2" ;; + *) cur=$2 ;; + esac + + # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion + if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then + # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop + IFS=$'\n' + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH + else + IFS=$'\n' + _skipdot=false + # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to . + _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.} + for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do + if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi + k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}" + for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do + COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory + done + done + $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + fi + + # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions + if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") ) + fi + + return 0 +} +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +We install the completion function using the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to +<CODE>complete</CODE>: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre># Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories; +# use the bash default completion for other arguments +complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some +of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash +and Readline what to do. The <SAMP>`-o filenames'</SAMP> option tells Readline +that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted +appropriately. That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to +filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to +extend <CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> to append a slash if we're using directories found +via <VAR>CDPATH</VAR>: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). +The <SAMP>`-o nospace'</SAMP> option tells Readline to not append a space +character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it. +The <SAMP>`-o bashdefault'</SAMP> option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" +completions -- possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline +set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion +for words beginning with <SAMP>`{'</SAMP>, completions containing pathname +expansion patterns (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>), and so on. +</P><P> + +Once installed using <CODE>complete</CODE>, <CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> will be called every +time we attempt word completion for a <CODE>cd</CODE> command. +</P><P> + +Many more examples -- an extensive collection of completions for most of +the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands -- are available as part of the +bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux +distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives +at <A HREF="http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/">http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/</A>. There are ports for +other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. +</P><P> + +An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash +in the <TT>`examples/complete'</TT> subdirectory. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX582"></A> +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC121"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 9. Using History Interactively </H1> -<!--docid::SEC120::--> +<!--docid::SEC121::--> <P> This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library @@ -12086,30 +12970,30 @@ see the GNU Readline Library Manual. </P><P> <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command history.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate the command history.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <A NAME="Bash History Facilities"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC121"></A> +<A NAME="SEC122"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 9.1 Bash History Facilities </H2> -<!--docid::SEC121::--> +<!--docid::SEC122::--> <P> When the <SAMP>`-o history'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin @@ -12132,17 +13016,18 @@ file named by the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable (default <TT>`~/.bash_history'< The file named by the value of <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> variable. -When an interactive shell exits, the last +When a shell with history enabled exits, the last <CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE> lines are copied from the history list to the file named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>. If the <CODE>histappend</CODE> shell option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is overwritten. If <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> -is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is -not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated -to contain no more than <CODE>$HISTFILESIZE</CODE> -lines. If <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> is not set, no truncation is performed. +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than <CODE>$HISTFILESIZE</CODE> lines. +If <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or +a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. </P><P> If the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> is set, the time stamp information @@ -12179,20 +13064,20 @@ See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a de <A NAME="Bash History Builtins"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC122"></A> +<A NAME="SEC123"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 9.2 Bash History Builtins </H2> -<!--docid::SEC122::--> +<!--docid::SEC123::--> <P> Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the @@ -12202,13 +13087,15 @@ history list and history file. <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>fc</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX560"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX583"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>fc [-e <VAR>ename</VAR>] [-lnr] [<VAR>first</VAR>] [<VAR>last</VAR>]</CODE> <CODE>fc -s [<VAR>pat</VAR>=<VAR>rep</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR>]</CODE> </pre></td></tr></table><P> -Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from <VAR>first</VAR> to -<VAR>last</VAR> is selected from the history list. Both <VAR>first</VAR> and +The first form selects a range of commands from <VAR>first</VAR> to +<VAR>last</VAR> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes +them. +Both <VAR>first</VAR> and <VAR>last</VAR> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the @@ -12228,6 +13115,7 @@ When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, <VAR>command</VAR> is re-executed after each instance of <VAR>pat</VAR> in the selected command is replaced by <VAR>rep</VAR>. +<VAR>command</VAR> is intepreted the same as <VAR>first</VAR> above. </P><P> A useful alias to use with the <CODE>fc</CODE> command is <CODE>r='fc -s'</CODE>, so @@ -12236,7 +13124,7 @@ and typing <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> re-executes the last command (see section <A HREF="b </P><P> <DT><CODE>history</CODE> -<DD><A NAME="IDX561"></A> +<DD><A NAME="IDX584"></A> <TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>history [<VAR>n</VAR>] history -c history -d <VAR>offset</VAR> @@ -12282,12 +13170,12 @@ file since the beginning of the current Bash session. <P> <DT><CODE>-r</CODE> -<DD>Read the current history file and append its contents to +<DD>Read the history file and append its contents to the history list. <P> <DT><CODE>-w</CODE> -<DD>Write out the current history to the history file. +<DD>Write out the current history list to the history file. <P> <DT><CODE>-p</CODE> @@ -12314,20 +13202,20 @@ the value of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable is used. <A NAME="History Interaction"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC123"></A> +<A NAME="SEC124"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 9.3 History Expansion </H2> -<!--docid::SEC123::--> +<!--docid::SEC124::--> <P> The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar @@ -12383,35 +13271,35 @@ writing the history file. </P><P> <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <A NAME="Event Designators"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC124"></A> +<A NAME="SEC125"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 9.3.1 Event Designators </H3> -<!--docid::SEC124::--> +<!--docid::SEC125::--> <P> An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. -<A NAME="IDX562"></A> +<A NAME="IDX585"></A> </P><P> <DL COMPACT> @@ -12464,20 +13352,20 @@ with <VAR>string2</VAR>. Equivalent to <A NAME="Word Designators"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC125"></A> +<A NAME="SEC126"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 9.3.2 Word Designators </H3> -<!--docid::SEC125::--> +<!--docid::SEC126::--> <P> Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. @@ -12559,20 +13447,20 @@ previous command is used as the event. <A NAME="Modifiers"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC126"></A> +<A NAME="SEC127"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H3> 9.3.3 Modifiers </H3> -<!--docid::SEC126::--> +<!--docid::SEC127::--> <P> After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more @@ -12641,20 +13529,20 @@ or with <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. <A NAME="Installing Bash"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC127"></A> +<A NAME="SEC128"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> 10. Installing Bash </H1> -<!--docid::SEC127::--> +<!--docid::SEC128::--> <P> This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on @@ -12666,38 +13554,38 @@ MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. </P><P> <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various systems.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more than one kind of system from the same source tree.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU programs.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when building Bash.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <A NAME="Basic Installation"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC128"></A> +<A NAME="SEC129"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.1 Basic Installation </H2> -<!--docid::SEC128::--> +<!--docid::SEC129::--> <P> These are installation instructions for Bash. @@ -12771,9 +13659,9 @@ to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to considered for the next release. </P><P> -The file <TT>`configure.in'</TT> is used to create <CODE>configure</CODE> +The file <TT>`configure.ac'</TT> is used to create <CODE>configure</CODE> by a program called Autoconf. You only need -<TT>`configure.in'</TT> if you want to change it or regenerate +<TT>`configure.ac'</TT> if you want to change it or regenerate <CODE>configure</CODE> using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. @@ -12787,20 +13675,20 @@ a different kind of computer), type <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP>. <A NAME="Compilers and Options"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC129"></A> +<A NAME="SEC130"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.2 Compilers and Options </H2> -<!--docid::SEC129::--> +<!--docid::SEC130::--> <P> Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking @@ -12825,20 +13713,20 @@ is available. <A NAME="Compiling For Multiple Architectures"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC130"></A> +<A NAME="SEC131"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures </H2> -<!--docid::SEC130::--> +<!--docid::SEC131::--> <P> You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the @@ -12877,20 +13765,20 @@ directories for other architectures. <A NAME="Installation Names"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC131"></A> +<A NAME="SEC132"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.4 Installation Names </H2> -<!--docid::SEC131::--> +<!--docid::SEC132::--> <P> By default, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will install into @@ -12911,20 +13799,20 @@ Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. <A NAME="Specifying the System Type"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC132"></A> +<A NAME="SEC133"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.5 Specifying the System Type </H2> -<!--docid::SEC132::--> +<!--docid::SEC133::--> <P> There may be some features <CODE>configure</CODE> can not figure out @@ -12943,20 +13831,20 @@ values of each field. <A NAME="Sharing Defaults"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC133"></A> +<A NAME="SEC134"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.6 Sharing Defaults </H2> -<!--docid::SEC133::--> +<!--docid::SEC134::--> <P> If you want to set default values for <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts to @@ -12972,20 +13860,20 @@ but not all <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts do. <A NAME="Operation Controls"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC134"></A> +<A NAME="SEC135"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.7 Operation Controls </H2> -<!--docid::SEC134::--> +<!--docid::SEC135::--> <P> <CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes the following options to control how it @@ -13028,20 +13916,20 @@ options. <SAMP>`configure --help'</SAMP> prints the complete list. <A NAME="Optional Features"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC135"></A> +<A NAME="SEC136"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> 10.8 Optional Features </H2> -<!--docid::SEC135::--> +<!--docid::SEC136::--> <P> The Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> has a number of <SAMP>`--enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP> @@ -13139,7 +14027,8 @@ the following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using <SAMP>`enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>. </P><P> -All of the following options except for <SAMP>`disabled-builtins'</SAMP> and +All of the following options except for <SAMP>`disabled-builtins'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`directpand-default'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`xpg-echo-default'</SAMP> are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. @@ -13164,7 +14053,7 @@ that behaves like the C language <CODE>for</CODE> statement <DT><CODE>--enable-bang-history</CODE> <DD>Include support for <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history substitution -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>). <P> <DT><CODE>--enable-brace-expansion</CODE> @@ -13210,6 +14099,12 @@ This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. <DD>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). <P> +<DT><CODE>--enable-direxpand-default</CODE> +<DD>Cause the <CODE>direxpand</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) +to be enabled by default when the shell starts. +It is normally disabled by default. +<P> + <DT><CODE>--enable-directory-stack</CODE> <DD>Include support for a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack and the <CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins @@ -13238,6 +14133,13 @@ above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>. above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled. <P> +<DT><CODE>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</CODE> +<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>globasciiranges</VAR> shell option described +above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled. +This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching +bracket expressions. +<P> + <DT><CODE>--enable-help-builtin</CODE> <DD>Include the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). @@ -13245,7 +14147,7 @@ variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A <DT><CODE>--enable-history</CODE> <DD>Include command history and the <CODE>fc</CODE> and <CODE>history</CODE> -builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>). +builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>). <P> <DT><CODE>--enable-job-control</CODE> @@ -13327,8 +14229,6 @@ which makes the Bash <CODE>echo</CODE> behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 3. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of the escape sequences that <CODE>echo</CODE> recognizes. -<P> - </DL> <P> @@ -13343,20 +14243,20 @@ information about its effect. <A NAME="Reporting Bugs"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC136"></A> +<A NAME="SEC137"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> << </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> A. Reporting Bugs </H1> -<!--docid::SEC136::--> +<!--docid::SEC137::--> <P> Please report all bugs you find in Bash. @@ -13396,25 +14296,25 @@ the template it provides for filing a bug report. </P><P> Please send all reports concerning this manual to -<A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A>. +<A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A>. </P><P> <A NAME="Major Differences From The Bourne Shell"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC137"></A> +<A NAME="SEC138"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> << </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell </H1> -<!--docid::SEC137::--> +<!--docid::SEC138::--> <P> Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and @@ -13453,7 +14353,7 @@ manipulate it. <P> <LI> -Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the +Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the <CODE>history</CODE> and <CODE>fc</CODE> builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it. @@ -13461,7 +14361,7 @@ value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it. <LI> Bash implements <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history expansion -(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>). <P> <LI> @@ -13574,7 +14474,7 @@ the value of <CODE>var</CODE>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#S <P> <LI> -The expansion <CODE>${!<VAR>prefix}*</VAR></CODE> expansion, which expands to +The expansion <CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}</CODE> expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). <P> @@ -13616,6 +14516,12 @@ This closes a longstanding shell security hole. <P> <LI> +The filename expansion bracket expression code uses <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> +to negate the set of characters between the brackets. +The Bourne shell uses only <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<LI> Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, including <VAR>character classes</VAR>, <VAR>equivalence classes</VAR>, and <VAR>collating symbols</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). @@ -13778,7 +14684,7 @@ builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). <P> <LI> -The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> (<CODE>xtrace</CODE>) option displays commands other than +The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> (<SAMP>`xtrace'</SAMP>) option displays commands other than simple commands when performing an execution trace (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). <P> @@ -13895,20 +14801,20 @@ More features unique to Bash may be found in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bas </P><P> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC138"></A> +<A NAME="SEC139"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell </H2> -<!--docid::SEC138::--> +<!--docid::SEC139::--> <P> Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from @@ -13980,20 +14886,20 @@ The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <CODE>jsh</CODE> <A NAME="GNU Free Documentation License"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC139"></A> +<A NAME="SEC140"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> << </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> << </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> >> </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> C. GNU Free Documentation License </H1> -<!--docid::SEC139::--> +<!--docid::SEC140::--> <P> <center> @@ -14530,9 +15436,9 @@ provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. </OL> <P> -<A NAME="SEC140"></A> +<A NAME="SEC141"></A> <H2> ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents </H2> -<!--docid::SEC140::--> +<!--docid::SEC141::--> <P> To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of @@ -14571,49 +15477,49 @@ to permit their use in free software. <A NAME="Indexes"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC141"></A> +<A NAME="SEC142"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1> D. Indexes </H1> -<!--docid::SEC141::--> +<!--docid::SEC142::--> <P> <BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the variable you want.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR> -<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC147">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in this manual.</TD></TR> </TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <A NAME="Builtin Index"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC142"></A> +<A NAME="SEC143"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> > </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> > </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands </H2> -<!--docid::SEC142::--> +<!--docid::SEC143::--> <table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A> <A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A> @@ -14662,105 +15568,105 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_."></A>.</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX69"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_:"></A>:</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_["></A>[</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX305"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX556"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX557"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX558"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX579"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX580"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX581"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX310"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX76"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX560"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX306"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX583"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX561"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX584"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX307"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX308"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX311"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="bt_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX309"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> </TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A> @@ -14809,20 +15715,20 @@ to permit their use in free software. <A NAME="Reserved Word Index"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC143"></A> +<A NAME="SEC144"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words </H2> -<!--docid::SEC143::--> +<!--docid::SEC144::--> <table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#rw_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> <A HREF="bashref.html#rw_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A> @@ -14938,20 +15844,20 @@ to permit their use in free software. <A NAME="Variable Index"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC144"></A> +<A NAME="SEC145"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> D.3 Parameter and Variable Index </H2> -<!--docid::SEC144::--> +<!--docid::SEC145::--> <table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> <A HREF="bashref.html#vr_#" style="text-decoration:none"><b>#</b></A> @@ -15014,302 +15920,317 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_!"></A>!</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX64"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX65"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_#"></A>#</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_$"></A>$</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66"><CODE>$!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>$#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX63"><CODE>$$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>$*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX60"><CODE>$-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX69"><CODE>$0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>$@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>$_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_*"></A>*</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_-"></A>-</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_0"></A>0</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX60"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_?"></A>?</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_@"></A>@</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX63"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX327"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>colored-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX328"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX329"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX331"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX21"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX288"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX288"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX361"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX362"><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX363"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX22"><CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX23"><CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX305"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX306"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX307"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX308"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX309"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX310"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX311"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="vr_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX364"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> </TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> @@ -15372,20 +16293,20 @@ to permit their use in free software. <A NAME="Function Index"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC145"></A> +<A NAME="SEC146"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> < </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> > </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> << </A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC147"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC147"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> D.4 Function Index </H2> -<!--docid::SEC145::--> +<!--docid::SEC146::--> <table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> <A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> @@ -15431,250 +16352,258 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX547"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX569"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX570"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX361"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX561"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX562"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX549"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX550"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX553"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX554"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX551"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX552"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX554"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX555"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX577"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX578"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX555"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX556"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX557"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX558"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX559"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX560"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX548"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX549"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX571"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX572"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX565"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX566"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX550"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX551"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX547"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX548"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX573"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX574"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX567"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX568"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX552"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX553"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX575"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX576"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX364"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX362"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX363"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX563"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX564"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> </TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> @@ -15720,20 +16649,20 @@ to permit their use in free software. <A NAME="Concept Index"></A> <HR SIZE="6"> -<A NAME="SEC146"></A> +<A NAME="SEC147"></A> <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> -<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> < </A>]</TD> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> < </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ > ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H2> D.5 Concept Index </H2> -<!--docid::SEC146::--> +<!--docid::SEC147::--> <table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> <A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> @@ -15791,8 +16720,8 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">background</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">Bourne shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">brace expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX2">builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> @@ -15801,7 +16730,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">command editing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command execution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command search</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">command substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX26">command timing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> @@ -15815,7 +16744,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">commands, simple</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">comments, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">completion builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3">control operator</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">coprocess</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> @@ -15826,16 +16755,16 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">editing command lines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">evaluation, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">execution environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">expansion, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">expansion, brace</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX64">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">expansion, parameter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX65">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">expansion, tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">expressions, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR> @@ -15843,23 +16772,23 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5">field</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX6">filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">foreground</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">functions, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX562">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX559">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX585">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX582">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX11">identifier</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">initialization file, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">interaction, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">internationalization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> @@ -15869,12 +16798,12 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315">killing text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX328">killing text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">localization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">matching, pattern</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR> @@ -15893,7 +16822,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">parameters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">parameters, positional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">parameters, special</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67">pathname expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX76">pathname expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">pattern matching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">pipeline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX1">POSIX</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> @@ -15909,7 +16838,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">quoting, ANSI</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314">Readline, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX327">Readline, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">redirection</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX15">reserved word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">restricted shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD></TR> @@ -15935,14 +16864,14 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">variable, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX331">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX20">word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">word splitting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> <TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> -<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316">yanking text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX329">yanking text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> <TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> </TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> @@ -15995,7 +16924,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1>Table of Contents</H1> @@ -16267,67 +17196,69 @@ to permit their use in free software. <BR> <A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A> <BR> +<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A> +<BR> </UL> -<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A> +<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A> <BR> <UL> -<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A> +<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A> +<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A> +<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A> <BR> <UL> -<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A> +<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.2 Word Designators</A> +<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.2 Word Designators</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.3 Modifiers</A> +<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">9.3.3 Modifiers</A> <BR> </UL> </UL> -<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A> +<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A> <BR> <UL> -<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A> +<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.2 Compilers and Options</A> +<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.2 Compilers and Options</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A> +<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.4 Installation Names</A> +<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.4 Installation Names</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A> +<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A> +<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.7 Operation Controls</A> +<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.7 Operation Controls</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A> +<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A> <BR> </UL> -<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A> +<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> +<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> <BR> <UL> -<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A> +<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A> <BR> </UL> -<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> +<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A> +<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A> <BR> <UL> -<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A> +<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A> +<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A> +<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.4 Function Index</A> +<A NAME="TOC146" HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.4 Function Index</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC146" HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.5 Concept Index</A> +<A NAME="TOC147" HREF="bashref.html#SEC147">D.5 Concept Index</A> <BR> </UL> </UL> @@ -16336,7 +17267,7 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1>Short Table of Contents</H1> @@ -16357,17 +17288,17 @@ to permit their use in free software. <BR> <A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A> +<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A> +<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A> +<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> +<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> +<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> <BR> -<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A> +<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A> <BR> </BLOCKQUOTE> @@ -16376,11 +17307,11 @@ to permit their use in free software. <TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> <TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> -<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> </TR></TABLE> <H1>About this document</H1> -This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 28 2010</I> +This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 24 2014</I> using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html "><I>texi2html</I></A> <P></P> @@ -16542,7 +17473,7 @@ the following structure: <BR> <FONT SIZE="-1"> This document was generated -by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 28 2010</I> +by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 24 2014</I> using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html "><I>texi2html</I></A> diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index 5db35030..6f60af1c 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -1,30 +1,20 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from -/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi. +/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010). +the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014). - This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010, of `The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2. + This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014, of `The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3. - Copyright (C) 1988-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. + Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software - Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts - being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) - below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled - "GNU Free Documentation License". - - (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You are free to copy and modify - this GNU manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in - developing GNU and promoting software freedom." - + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and + no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the + section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY @@ -38,17 +28,18 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010). +the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014). The Bash home page is +`http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/'. - This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010, of `The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2. + This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014, of `The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell -(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The -following menu breaks the features up into categories based upon which -one of these other shells inspired the feature. +(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The +following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which +features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash. This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference @@ -145,13 +136,12 @@ control over the contents of commands' environments. Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via -separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and -`exec') cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they -directly manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', -`kill', or `pwd' builtins, among others, could be implemented in -separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin -commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent -sections. +separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and `exec' +cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly +manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', `kill', or `pwd' +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but +they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell +builtins are described in subsequent sections. While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. @@ -575,17 +565,18 @@ A `pipeline' is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of the control operators `|' or `|&'. The format for a pipeline is - [`time' [`-p']] [`!'] COMMAND1 [ [`|' or `|&'] COMMAND2 ...] + [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ... The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the command. - If `|&' is used, the standard error of COMMAND1 is connected to -COMMAND2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for `2>&1 -|'. This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after -any redirections specified by the command. + If `|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its +standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the +pipe; it is shorthand for `2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the +standard error to the standard output is performed after any +redirections specified by the command. The reserved word `time' causes timing statistics to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of @@ -686,6 +677,10 @@ redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. + In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description +may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, +and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. @@ -702,7 +697,9 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. `until' The syntax of the `until' command is: + until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none @@ -710,6 +707,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. `while' The syntax of the `while' command is: + while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit @@ -721,6 +719,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. The syntax of the `for' command is: for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If `in WORDS' is not present, the `for' command executes the COMMANDS @@ -733,6 +732,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. An alternate form of the `for' command is also supported: for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it @@ -743,7 +743,6 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. - The `break' and `continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) may be used to control loop execution. @@ -777,7 +776,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre `case' The syntax of the `case' command is: - `case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac' + case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac `case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the shell option @@ -797,7 +796,9 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre There may be an arbitrary number of `case' clauses, each terminated by a `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The first pattern that matches - determines the command-list that is executed. + determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom + to use `*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since + that pattern will always match. Here is an example using `case' in a script that could be used to describe one interesting feature of an animal: @@ -881,13 +882,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to - the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. If the - shell option `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in - *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed - without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return - value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or does not match - (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may - be quoted to force it to be matched as a string. + the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the + `extglob' shell option were enabled. The `=' operator is + identical to `=='. If the shell option `nocasematch' (see the + description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, + the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or + does not match (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of + the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be + matched as a string. An additional binary operator, `=~', is available, with the same precedence as `==' and `!='. When it is used, the string to the @@ -899,13 +902,63 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to - force it to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by - parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are - saved in the array variable `BASH_REMATCH'. The element of - `BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching - the entire regular expression. The element of `BASH_REMATCH' with - index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth - parenthesized subexpression. + force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket + expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, + since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between + brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting + the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as + a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions + within the regular expression are saved in the array variable + `BASH_REMATCH'. The element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the + portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The + element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion of the + string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression. + + For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell + variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value + consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, + zero or one instances of `a', then a `b': + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + + That means values like `aab' and ` aaaaaab' will match, as will a + line containing a `b' anywhere in its value. + + Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a + useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are + special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a + regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep + track of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying + attention to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to + store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the + following is equivalent to the above: + pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] + + If you want to match a character that's special to the regular + expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special + meaning. This means that in the pattern `xxx.txt', the `.' + matches any character in the string (its usual regular expression + meaning), but in the pattern `"xxx.txt"' it can only match a + literal `.'. Shell programmers should take special care with + backslashes, since backslashes are used both by the shell and + regular expressions to remove the special meaning from the + following character. The following two sets of commands are _not_ + equivalent: + pattern='\.' + + [[ . =~ $pattern ]] + [[ . =~ \. ]] + + [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] + [[ . =~ '\.' ]] + + The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, + because in the second two the backslash will be part of the + pattern to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash + removes the special meaning from `.', so the literal `.' matches. + If the string in the first examples were anything other than `.', + say `a', the pattern would not match, because the quoted `.' in the + pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: @@ -922,11 +975,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre `EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. + The `&&' and `||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. - File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands @@ -976,29 +1029,32 @@ had been terminated with the `&' control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The format for a coprocess is: - `coproc' [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] + coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] This creates a coprocess named NAME. If NAME is not supplied, the default name is COPROC. NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of the simple command. - When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable -(*note Arrays::) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. The -standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor -in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. -The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(*note Arrays::) named `NAME' in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned -to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified -by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be -utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard -word expansions. +to `NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to +a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is +assigned to `NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any +redirections specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file +descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and +redirections using standard word expansions. The file descriptors are +not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is -available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. The `wait' builtin +available as the value of the variable `NAME'_PID. The `wait' builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the +`coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a +coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands @@ -1006,39 +1062,51 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands 3.2.6 GNU Parallel ------------------ -GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines -read from files. +read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of +the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input +line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel +can replace `xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several +different instances of Bash. For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use. - For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a -specified string: - cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string - The `-k' option is required to preserve the lines' order. - - Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text -file: - cat file | parallel -k echo {} append_string + For example, it is easy to replace `xargs' to gzip all html files in +the current directory and its subdirectories: + find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip + If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file +names, use find's `-print0' option and parallel's `-0' option. You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the number of files is too large to process with one `mv' invocation: ls | parallel mv {} destdir As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard -input. This will run as many `mv' commands as there are files in the -current directory. You can emulate a parallel `xargs' by adding the -`-X' option: - ls | parallel -X mv {} destdir +input. While using `ls' will work in most instances, it is not +sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate +special characters in filenames, you can use + + find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir + +as alluded to above. + + This will run as many `mv' commands as there are files in the current +directory. You can emulate a parallel `xargs' by adding the `-X' +option: + find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines -read from a file (in this case, filenames): - for x in $(cat list); do - do-something1 $x config-$x - do-something2 < $x - done | process-output +read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line): + while IFS= read -r x; do + do-something1 "$x" "config-$x" + do-something2 < "$x" + done < file | process-output with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas: cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output @@ -1048,17 +1116,34 @@ extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming: ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" This will recompress all files in the current directory with names -ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +(We use `ls' for brevity here; using `find' as above is more robust in +the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can +take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as + + parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in the output. For instance, the following command { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute - will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes -first. Using the `-k' option, as we saw above + will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. +Adding the `-k' option { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute will ensure that the output of `traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed first. + Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in +parallel, similar to `cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a +list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on +them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed +this up. Assuming that `file' contains a list of shell commands, one +per line, + + parallel -j 10 < file + +will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is +supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time. + File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features @@ -1074,9 +1159,10 @@ no new process is created to interpret them. Functions are declared using this syntax: NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] - or - `function' NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + or + + function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word `function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied, @@ -1084,7 +1170,9 @@ the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command listed above. COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is -specified as the name of a command. Any redirections (*note +specified as the name of a command. When the shell is in POSIX mode +(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), NAME may not be the same as one of the +special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with the shell function are performed when the function is executed. @@ -1141,9 +1229,9 @@ builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the commands it invokes. Function names and definitions may be listed with the `-f' option to -the `declare' or `typeset' builtin commands (*note Bash Builtins::). -The `-F' option to `declare' or `typeset' will list the function names -only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the `extdebug' +the `declare' (`typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The +`-F' option to `declare' or `typeset' will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the `extdebug' shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the `-f' option to the `export' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and @@ -1188,7 +1276,10 @@ is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not performed, with the exception of `"$@"' as explained below. Filename expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the `alias', `declare', `typeset', `export', `readonly', -and `local' builtin commands. +and `local' builtin commands. When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX +Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after one or more +instances of the `command' builtin and retain these assignment +statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can @@ -1204,6 +1295,32 @@ key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value. + A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the `-n' +option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands (*note Bash +Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the +nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation is +actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's +value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a +variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For +instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running + declare -n ref=$1 + inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. References and +assignments to REF are treated as references and assignments to the +variable whose name was passed as `$1'. + + If the control variable in a `for' loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. Array variables cannot be given the `-n' attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the `-n' option to the +`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if `unset' +is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the +variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters @@ -1233,63 +1350,69 @@ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. `*' - Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the - expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word - with the value of each parameter separated by the first character - of the `IFS' special variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to - `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the value of the - `IFS' variable. If `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated - by spaces. If `IFS' is null, the parameters are joined without - intervening separators. + ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the `IFS' special + variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C + is the first character of the value of the `IFS' variable. If + `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If `IFS' + is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. `@' - Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the - expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a - separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to `"$1" "$2" ...'. - If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion - of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the - original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the original word. When there are no - positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to nothing (i.e., - they are removed). + ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter + expands to a separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to + `"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a + word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the + beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. When + there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to + nothing (i.e., they are removed). `#' - Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. `?' - Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground - pipeline. + ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + foreground pipeline. `-' - (A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon - invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the + ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified + upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the `-i' option). `$' - Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, + it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the + subshell. `!' - Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background - (asynchronous) command. + ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command + or using the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::). `0' - Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at - shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands - (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that file. If - Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking Bash::), then - `$0' is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, - if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to - invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of + commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that + file. If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking + Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string + to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the + filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. `_' - (An underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname - used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed - in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the - last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set - to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and - placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking - mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. + ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute + pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed + as passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, + expands to the last argument to the previous command, after + expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each + command executed and placed in the environment exported to that + command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the + mail file. File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features @@ -1299,6 +1422,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell P Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into `token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + * brace expansion * tilde expansion @@ -1328,14 +1452,15 @@ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into * Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from words. - The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, -parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution -(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename -expansion. + The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command +substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and +filename expansion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as -parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. +tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command +substitution. Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a @@ -1354,9 +1479,9 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell E Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note -Filename Expansion::), but the file names generated need not exist. +Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, -followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left @@ -1375,10 +1500,10 @@ may be prefixed with `0' to force each term to have the same width. When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands -to each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive. Note -that both X and Y must be of the same type. When the increment is -supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default -increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +to each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using +the default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It @@ -1436,7 +1561,7 @@ is left unchanged. Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a `:' or the first `='. In these cases, tilde -expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with +expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to `PATH', `MAILPATH', and `CDPATH', and the shell assigns the expanded value. @@ -1466,7 +1591,6 @@ shell assigns the expanded value. `~-N' The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N' - File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -1485,28 +1609,29 @@ embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of -PARAMETER is substituted. The braces are required when PARAMETER is a -positional parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is -followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its -name. - - If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), a -level of variable indirection is introduced. Bash uses the value of -the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the -variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the -rest of the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. -This is known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the -expansions of ${!PREFIX -} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must -immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. +PARAMETER is substituted. The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as +described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note +Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional +parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a +character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. + + If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), it +introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the +variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; +this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of +the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. This is +known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the +expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The +exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the form described -below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the -colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put -another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both +below (e.g., `:-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. @@ -1532,28 +1657,133 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. `${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' `${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' - Expands to up to LENGTH characters of PARAMETER starting at the - character specified by OFFSET. If LENGTH is omitted, expands to - the substring of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by - OFFSET. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). This is referred to as Substring Expansion. + This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to + LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is `@', an indexed + array subscripted by `@' or `*', or an associative array name, the + results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, it + expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the + value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used - as an offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER. If LENGTH - evaluates to a number less than zero, and PARAMETER is not `@' and - not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted as an - offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER rather than a number - of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the two - offsets. If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional - parameters beginning at OFFSET. If PARAMETER is an indexed array - name subscripted by `@' or `*', the result is the LENGTH members - of the array beginning with `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative - OFFSET is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of - the specified array. Substring expansion applied to an - associative array produces undefined results. - - Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at - least one space to avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion. + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. + If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted + as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER + rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the + characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative + offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to + avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion. + + Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on + parameters and subscripted arrays: + + $ string=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${string:7:0} + + $ echo ${string:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${string:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${string: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${string: -7:0} + + $ echo ${string: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${string: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${1:7:0} + + $ echo ${1:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${1:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${1: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${1: -7:0} + + $ echo ${1: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${1: -7:-2} + bcdef + $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7} + 7890abcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} + 78 + $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} + 7890abcdef + $ echo ${array[0]: -7} + bcdefgh + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} + bc + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} + bcdef + + If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters + beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 + evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion + error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + The following examples illustrate substring expansion using + positional parameters: + + $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:7:0} + + $ echo ${@:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${@:7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${@: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${@:0} + ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${@:0:2} + ./bash 1 + $ echo ${@: -7:0} + + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by `@' or `*', + the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with + `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is + an expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero. + + These examples show how you can use substring expansion with + indexed arrays: + + $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) + $ echo ${array[@]:7} + 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:7:2} + 7 8 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} + b c + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} + bash: -2: substring expression < 0 + $ echo ${array[@]:0} + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h + $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} + 0 1 + $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, `$@' is @@ -1579,7 +1809,11 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. substituted. If PARAMETER is `*' or `@', the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name subscripted by `*' or `@', the value substituted is the - number of elements in the array. + number of elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array + name subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted + as relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so + negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an + index of -1 references the last element. `${PARAMETER#WORD}' `${PARAMETER##WORD}' @@ -1632,19 +1866,21 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. `${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}' This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in - filename expansion. The `^' operator converts lowercase letters - matching PATTERN to uppercase; the `,' operator converts matching - uppercase letters to lowercase. The `^^' and `,,' expansions - convert each matched character in the expanded value; the `^' and - `,' expansions match and convert only the first character in the - expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a `?', - which matches every character. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the - case modification operation is applied to each positional - parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If - PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the - case modification operation is applied to each member of the array - in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - + filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of + PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the + pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to + match more than one character. The `^' operator converts + lowercase letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the `,' operator + converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The `^^' and + `,,' expansions convert each matched character in the expanded + value; the `^' and `,' expansions match and convert only the first + character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is + treated like a `?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER + is `@' or `*', the case modification operation is applied to each + positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or + `*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of + the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -1691,8 +1927,10 @@ expansion is: The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All -tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command -substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the +arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be +nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints @@ -1735,19 +1973,20 @@ substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for word splitting. The shell treats each character of `$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits -the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If -`IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly `<space><tab><newline>', the -default, then sequences of ` <space>', `<tab>', and `<newline>' at the -beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions are -ignored, and any sequence of `IFS' characters not at the beginning or -end serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a value other than the -default, then sequences of the whitespace characters `space' and `tab' -are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the -whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an `IFS' whitespace -character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS' whitespace, along -with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters, delimits a field. A -sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. -If the value of `IFS' is null, no word splitting occurs. +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters +as field terminators. If `IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly +`<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ` <space>', +`<tab>', and `<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the +previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of `IFS' characters +not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a +value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace +characters `space' and `tab' are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an +`IFS' whitespace character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS' +whitespace, along with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters, +delimits a field. A sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also +treated as a delimiter. If the value of `IFS' is null, no word +splitting occurs. Explicit null arguments (`""' or `''') are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters @@ -1769,19 +2008,20 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set (*note The Set Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters `*', `?', and `['. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as -a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file -names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, and -the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the word is left unchanged. -If the `nullglob' option is set, and no matches are found, the word is -removed. If the `failglob' shell option is set, and no matches are -found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If -the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is performed -without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. +a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames +matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no matching +filenames are found, and the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the +word is left unchanged. If the `nullglob' option is set, and no +matches are found, the word is removed. If the `failglob' shell option +is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the +command is not executed. If the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled, +the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic +characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character `.' at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option `dotglob' is set. When -matching a file name, the slash character must always be matched +matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially. See the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a @@ -1826,15 +2066,15 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. `[...]' Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character - that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using the + that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the `[' is a `!' or a `^' then any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A `]' may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by - the current locale and the value of the `LC_COLLATE' shell - variable, if set. + the current locale and the values of the `LC_COLLATE' and `LC_ALL' + shell variables, if set. For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to `[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, @@ -1843,7 +2083,7 @@ characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by setting the `LC_COLLATE' or `LC_ALL' environment variable to the - value `C'. + value `C', or enable the `globasciiranges' shell option. Within `[' and `]', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the syntax `[:'CLASS`:]', where CLASS is one of the following classes @@ -1900,11 +2140,14 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell ================ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED -using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may -also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution -environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear -anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. Redirections -are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows +commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer +to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and +writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may +follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, +from left to right. Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, @@ -1952,14 +2195,13 @@ redirections, as described in the following table: `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an - integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP - connection to the corresponding socket. + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding TCP socket. `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an - integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP - connection to the corresponding socket. - + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the + corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. @@ -2022,6 +2264,9 @@ error: Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equivalent to >WORD 2>&1 + When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or `-'. +If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File +Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. 3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error -------------------------------------------------- @@ -2034,6 +2279,7 @@ file whose name is the expansion of WORD. &>>WORD This is semantically equivalent to >>WORD 2>&1 + (see Duplicating File Descriptors below). 3.6.6 Here Documents -------------------- @@ -2048,12 +2294,12 @@ as the standard input for a command. HERE-DOCUMENT DELIMITER - No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, -or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any characters in WORD -are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, and -the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is unquoted, -all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, -command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If +any characters in WORD are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote +removal on WORD, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If WORD is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'. @@ -2068,8 +2314,11 @@ indented in a natural fashion. A variant of here documents, the format is: <<< WORD - The WORD is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard -input. + The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and +quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its +standard input. 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors ---------------------------------- @@ -2088,8 +2337,9 @@ the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a -redirection error occurs. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD -does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to `-', file descriptor N +is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not +expand to one or more digits or `-', the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. 3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors @@ -2335,7 +2585,7 @@ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' is set to -the full path name of the command and passed to that command in its +the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environment. @@ -2348,7 +2598,7 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the WAITPID system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands -are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell +are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit @@ -2525,11 +2775,13 @@ standard. `: (a colon)' : [ARGUMENTS] + Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. The return status is zero. `. (a period)' . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] + Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the `PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in @@ -2543,24 +2795,44 @@ standard. `break' break [N] + Exit from a `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. `cd' - cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [DIRECTORY] + cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY] + Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY - is not given, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used. If - the shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path. + is not supplied, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used. + Any additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the + shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each + directory name in `CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with + alternative directory names in `CDPATH' separated by a colon (`:'). If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used. - The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links - are followed by default or with the `-L' option. If the `-e' - option is supplied with `-P' and the current working directory - cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory - change, `cd' will return an unsuccessful status. If DIRECTORY is - `-', it is equivalent to `$OLDPWD'. + The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links + are resolved while `cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before + processing an instance of `..' in DIRECTORY. + + By default, or when the `-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in + DIRECTORY are resolved after `cd' processes an instance of `..' in + DIRECTORY. + + If `..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the + immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the + beginning of DIRECTORY. + + If the `-e' option is supplied with `-P' and the current working + directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful + directory change, `cd' will return an unsuccessful status. + + On systems that support it, the `-@' option presents the extended + attributes associated with a file as a directory. + + If DIRECTORY is `-', it is converted to `$OLDPWD' before the + directory change is attempted. If a non-empty directory name from `CDPATH' is used, or if `-' is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the @@ -2572,6 +2844,7 @@ standard. `continue' continue [N] + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. @@ -2580,6 +2853,7 @@ standard. `eval' eval [ARGUMENTS] + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status of `eval'. If there are no arguments or only @@ -2587,32 +2861,39 @@ standard. `exec' exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] + If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND. This is what the `login' program does. The `-c' option causes COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If `-a' is supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. - If no COMMAND is specified, redirections may be used to affect the - current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the - return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive + shell exits, unless the `execfail' shell option is enabled. In + that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns + failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is + specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell + environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return + status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. `exit' exit [N] + Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on `EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. `export' export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] + Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. If the `-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The `-n' option means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES - are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of exported - names is displayed. The `-p' option displays output in a form - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of names of + all exported variables is displayed. The `-p' option displays + output in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name + is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is @@ -2620,10 +2901,11 @@ standard. `getopts' getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS] + `getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an - argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The + argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, `getopts' places the next option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does @@ -2644,7 +2926,7 @@ standard. `getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal - operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or + operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable `OPTERR' is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of `optstring' is not a colon. @@ -2662,6 +2944,7 @@ standard. `hash' hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME] + Each time `hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by @@ -2681,6 +2964,7 @@ standard. `pwd' pwd [-LP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain symbolic links. If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname @@ -2689,36 +2973,43 @@ standard. current directory or an invalid option is supplied. `readonly' - readonly [-aApf] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the `-f' option is supplied, each NAME refers to a shell function. The `-a' option means each NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the `-A' option means - each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If no NAME - arguments are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of - all readonly names is printed. The `-p' option causes output to - be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a - variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is - set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an invalid option - is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a valid shell - variable or function name, or the `-f' option is supplied with a - name that is not a shell function. + each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both + options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments + are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of all + readonly names is printed. The other options may be used to + restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The + `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be + reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the + value of the variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero + unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is + not a valid shell variable or function name, or the `-f' option is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. `return' return [N] - Cause a shell function to exit with the return value N. If N is - not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last - command executed in the function. This may also be used to - terminate execution of a script being executed with the `.' (or - `source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the - last command executed within the script as the exit status of the - script. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is executed - before execution resumes after the function or script. The return - status is non-zero if `return' is used outside a function and not - during the execution of a script by `.' or `source'. + + Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to + its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit + status of the last command executed in the function. `return' may + also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed + with the `.' (`source') builtin, returning either N or the exit + status of the last command executed within the script as the exit + status of the script. If N is supplied, the return value is its + least significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the + `RETURN' trap is executed before execution resumes after the + function or script. The return status is non-zero if `return' is + supplied a non-numeric argument or is used outside a function and + not during the execution of a script by `.' or `source'. `shift' shift [N] + Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional parameters from N+1 ... `$#' are renamed to `$1' ... `$#'-N. Parameters represented by the numbers `$#' to `$#'-N+1 are unset. @@ -2730,11 +3021,14 @@ standard. `test' `[' - Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR. Each operator and operand - must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the - primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. - `test' does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore - an argument of `--' as signifying the end of options. + test EXPR + + Evaluate a conditional express ion EXPR and return a status of 0 + (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate + argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described + below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. `test' does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + `--' as signifying the end of options. When the `[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be a `]'. @@ -2804,11 +3098,13 @@ standard. `times' times + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. The return status is zero. `trap' trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] + The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single SIGSPEC) or equal to `-', each specified signal's disposition is @@ -2836,14 +3132,16 @@ standard. builtins finishes executing. If a SIGSPEC is `ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a - simple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not executed if the + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, + or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to + the following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following an `until' or `while' keyword, part of the test following the `if' or `elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a `&&' or - `||' list, or if the command's return status is being inverted - using `!'. These are the same conditions obeyed by the `errexit' - option. + `||' list except the command following the final `&&' or `||', any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return + status is being inverted using `!'. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the `errexit' (`-e') option. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their @@ -2855,6 +3153,7 @@ standard. `umask' umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] + Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted @@ -2871,13 +3170,19 @@ standard. results in permissions of `755'. `unset' - unset [-fv] [NAME] - Each variable or function NAME is removed. If no options are - supplied, or the `-v' option is given, each NAME refers to a shell - variable. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell - functions, and the function definition is removed. Readonly - variables and functions may not be unset. The return status is - zero unless a NAME is readonly. + unset [-fnv] [NAME] + + Remove each variable or function NAME. If the `-v' option is + given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is + remvoved. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions, and the function definition is removed. If the `-n' + option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF + attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it + references. `-n' has no effect if the `-f' option is supplied. + If no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if + there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is + unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The + return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly. File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands @@ -2890,7 +3195,7 @@ been extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. `alias' - alias [`-p'] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] Without arguments or with the `-p' option, `alias' prints the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be @@ -2900,7 +3205,7 @@ POSIX standard. Aliases::. `bind' - bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSV] + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX] bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND @@ -2973,11 +3278,16 @@ POSIX standard. changes the value of `READLINE_LINE' or `READLINE_POINT', those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + `-X' + List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. `builtin' builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] + Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin @@ -2986,6 +3296,7 @@ POSIX standard. `caller' caller [EXPR] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' builtins). @@ -3003,6 +3314,7 @@ POSIX standard. `command' command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] + Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the `PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function @@ -3021,14 +3333,14 @@ POSIX standard. non-zero if not. `declare' - declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, then display the values of variables instead. The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each - NAME. When `-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options - are ignored. + NAME. When `-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options, + other than `-f' and `-F', are ignored. When `-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, `declare' will display the attributes and values of all variables having the @@ -3044,8 +3356,8 @@ POSIX standard. are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'. The `-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the - global scope, even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell - function. It is ignored in all other cases. + global scope, even when `declare' is executed in a shell function. + It is ignored in all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: @@ -3069,6 +3381,14 @@ POSIX standard. characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. + `-n' + Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of NAME. All references and assignments + to NAME, except for changing the `-n' attribute itself, are + performed on the variable referenced by NAME's value. The + `-n' attribute cannot be applied to array variables. + `-r' Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. @@ -3094,6 +3414,10 @@ POSIX standard. command, unless the `-g' option is used. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + When using `-a' or `-A' and the compound assignment syntax to + create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect + until subsequent assignments. + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an @@ -3106,16 +3430,17 @@ POSIX standard. `echo' echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. - The return status is always 0. If `-n' is specified, the trailing - newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option is given, - interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is - enabled. The `-E' option disables the interpretation of these - escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by - default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may be used to dynamically - determine whether or not `echo' expands these escape characters by - default. `echo' does not interpret `--' to mean the end of - options. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If `-n' is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The `-E' option disables the + interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where + they are interpreted by default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may + be used to dynamically determine whether or not `echo' expands + these escape characters by default. `echo' does not interpret + `--' to mean the end of options. `echo' interprets the following escape sequences: `\a' @@ -3167,6 +3492,7 @@ POSIX standard. `enable' enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the @@ -3195,6 +3521,7 @@ POSIX standard. `help' help [-dms] [PATTERN] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, `help' gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. @@ -3214,7 +3541,8 @@ POSIX standard. The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. `let' - let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION] + let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...] + The `let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION @@ -3222,6 +3550,7 @@ POSIX standard. `local' local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ... + For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by `declare'. `local' can only be used within a function; it makes @@ -3232,15 +3561,18 @@ POSIX standard. `logout' logout [N] + Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. `mapfile' - mapfile [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] [ - -C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + mapfile [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] + [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied. The variable `MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + `-n' Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied. @@ -3282,6 +3614,7 @@ POSIX standard. `printf' printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] + Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the control of the FORMAT. The `-v' option causes the output to be assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the @@ -3296,23 +3629,25 @@ POSIX standard. following extensions: `%b' - causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the - corresponding ARGUMENT, (except that `\c' terminates output, + Causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the + corresponding ARGUMENT, except that `\c' terminates output, backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four - digits). + digits. `%q' - causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a + Causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a format that can be reused as shell input. `%(DATEFMT)T' - causes `printf' to output the date-time string resulting from + Causes `printf' to output the date-time string resulting from using DATEFMT as a format string for `strftime'(3). The corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents - the time the shell was invoked. + the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified, + conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an + exception to the usual `printf' behavior. Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is @@ -3326,7 +3661,9 @@ POSIX standard. success, non-zero on failure. `read' - read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] + [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the `-u' option, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the @@ -3334,13 +3671,16 @@ POSIX standard. separators assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the `IFS' - variable are used to split the line into words. The backslash - character `\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the - next character read and for line continuation. If no names are - supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable `REPLY'. The - return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, `read' - times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or - an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'. + variable are used to split the line into words using the same + rules the shell uses for expansion (described above in *note Word + Splitting::). The backslash character `\' may be used to remove + any special meaning for the next character read and for line + continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned + to the variable `REPLY'. The return code is zero, unless + end-of-file is encountered, `read' times out (in which case the + return code is greater than 128), a variable assignment error + (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid + file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -3392,22 +3732,25 @@ POSIX standard. `-t TIMEOUT' Cause `read' to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT - may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following - the decimal point. This option is only effective if `read' - is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If - TIMEOUT is 0, `read' returns success if input is available on - the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. The exit + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is not + read within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal + number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. + This option is only effective if `read' is reading input from + a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect + when reading from regular files. If `read' times out, `read' + saves any partial input read into the specified variable NAME. + If TIMEOUT is 0, `read' returns immediately, without trying to + read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on + the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. `-u FD' Read input from file descriptor FD. - `readarray' - readarray [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] [ - -C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + readarray [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] + [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied. @@ -3415,10 +3758,12 @@ POSIX standard. `source' source FILENAME + A synonym for `.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). `type' type [-afptP] [NAME ...] + For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. @@ -3435,8 +3780,8 @@ POSIX standard. The `-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if `-t' would not return `file'. - If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value, not - necessarily the file that appears first in `$PATH'. + If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value, + which is not necessarily the file that appears first in `$PATH'. If the `-a' option is used, `type' returns all of the places that contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and @@ -3449,16 +3794,18 @@ POSIX standard. if any are not found. `typeset' - typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + The `typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn - shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the `declare' - builtin command. + shell. It is a synonym for the `declare' builtin command. `ulimit' ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [LIMIT] + `ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + `-S' Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. @@ -3526,19 +3873,19 @@ POSIX standard. `-T' The maximum number of threads. - - If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; - the special LIMIT values `hard', `soft', and `unlimited' stand for - the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, - respectively. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user - once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of - the hard limit. Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit - for the specified resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is - supplied. When setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is - supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no option is - given, then `-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, - except for `-t', which is in seconds, `-p', which is in units of - 512-byte blocks, and `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values. + If LIMIT is given, and the `-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the + new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values + `hard', `soft', and `unlimited' stand for the current hard limit, + the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit + cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft + limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. + Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified + resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is supplied. When + setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is supplied, both the + hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then `-f' is + assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for `-t', + which is in seconds; `-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; + and `-T', `-b', `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values. The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. @@ -3549,7 +3896,6 @@ POSIX standard. Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If `-a' is supplied, all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::. - File: bashref.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands @@ -3598,23 +3944,34 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. `-e' Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::), - a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (*note Command - Grouping::), or one of the commands executed as part of a - command list enclosed by braces (*note Command Grouping::) - returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the - command that fails is part of the command list immediately - following a `while' or `until' keyword, part of the test in - an `if' statement, part of any command executed in a `&&' or - `||' list except the command following the final `&&' or `||', - any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's - return status is being inverted with `!'. A trap on `ERR', - if set, is executed before the shell exits. + a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound + Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command list + immediately following a `while' or `until' keyword, part of + the test in an `if' statement, part of any command executed + in a `&&' or `||' list except the command following the final + `&&' or `||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if + the command's return status is being inverted with `!'. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero + status because a command failed while `-e' was being ignored, + the shell does not exit. A trap on `ERR', if set, is + executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment separately (*note Command Execution Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. + If a compound command or shell function executes in a context + where `-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed + within the compound command or function body will be affected + by the `-e' setting, even if `-e' is set and a command + returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell + function sets `-e' while executing in a context where `-e' is + ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the + compound command or the command containing the function call + completes. + `-f' Disable filename expansion (globbing). @@ -3628,7 +3985,9 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. the command name. `-m' - Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). + Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes + run in a separate process group. When a background job + completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status. `-n' Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to @@ -3781,11 +4140,11 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. shells. `-P' - If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands - such as `cd' which change the current directory. The - physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows - the logical chain of directories when performing commands - which change the current directory. + If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing + commands such as `cd' which change the current directory. + The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash + follows the logical chain of directories when performing + commands which change the current directory. For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to `/usr/local/sys' then: @@ -3839,11 +4198,15 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. `shopt' shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] - Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. - With no options, or with the `-p' option, a list of all settable - options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is - set. The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a form that - may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: + + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. + The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the `-o' + option is used, those available with the `-o' option to the `set' + builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or + with the `-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, + with an indication of whether or not each is set. The `-p' option + causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as + input. Other options have the following meanings: `-s' Enable (set) each OPTNAME. @@ -3861,9 +4224,8 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). - If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, the - display is limited to those options which are set or unset, - respectively. + If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, `shopt' + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the `shopt' options are disabled (off) by default. @@ -3906,7 +4268,7 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. are stopped. `checkwinsize' - If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, + If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if necessary, updates the values of `LINES' and `COLUMNS'. `cmdhist' @@ -3917,30 +4279,59 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. `compat31' If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's `=~' - operator. + operator and with respect to locale-specific string + comparison when using the `[[' conditional command's `<' and + `>' operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). `compat32' If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the - `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators. Bash - versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); - bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation - sequence and strcoll(3). + `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see + previous item). `compat40' If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see - previous item) and the effect of interrupting a command list. + description of `compat31') and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list + as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions + continue with the next command in the list. `compat41' - If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a + If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions. + `compat42' + If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the + pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. + + `complete_fullquote' + If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and + directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash + removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of + characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when + these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in + words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in + variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted; + however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be + quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using + backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in + versions through 4.2. + + `direxpand' + If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of + word expansion when performing filename completion. This + changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not + set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed. + `dirspell' If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion if the directory name initially @@ -4009,9 +4400,18 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. This option is enabled by default. + `globasciiranges' + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket + expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the + traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is, + the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into + account, so `b' will not collate between `A' and `B', and + upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate + together. + `globstar' If set, the pattern `**' used in a filename expansion context - will match a files and zero or more directories and + will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a `/', only directories and subdirectories match. @@ -4094,8 +4494,8 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. `promptvars' If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after - being expanded as described below (*note Printing a Prompt::). - This option is enabled by default. + being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the + Prompt::). This option is enabled by default. `restricted_shell' The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode @@ -4124,7 +4524,6 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell option. - File: bashref.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands @@ -4199,7 +4598,7 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating - the file name from the message with a `?'. When used in the text + the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, `$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. `OPTARG' @@ -4218,7 +4617,7 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. `PS1' The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '. - *Note Printing a Prompt::, for the complete list of escape + *Note Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences that are expanded before `PS1' is displayed. `PS2' @@ -4294,6 +4693,21 @@ Variables::). unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +`BASH_COMPAT' + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note + The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility + levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number + (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired + compatibility level. If `BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the + empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for + the current version. If `BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is + not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an + error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for + the current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to + the compatibility options accepted by the `shopt' builtin + described above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are + valid values). The current version is also a valid value. + `BASH_ENV' If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup @@ -4327,8 +4741,9 @@ Variables::). `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' `BASH_SUBSHELL' - Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is - spawned. The initial value is 0. + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial + value is 0. `BASH_VERSINFO' A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold @@ -4353,7 +4768,6 @@ Variables::). `BASH_VERSINFO[5]' The value of `MACHTYPE'. - `BASH_VERSION' The version number of the current instance of Bash. @@ -4368,10 +4782,18 @@ Variables::). `BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. +`CHILD_MAX' + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a + POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently + 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + system-dependent. + `COLUMNS' Used by the `select' command to determine the terminal width when - printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a - `SIGWINCH'. + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an + interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'. `COMP_CWORD' An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current @@ -4423,7 +4845,8 @@ Variables::). `COMPREPLY' An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable - completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). + completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array + element contains one possible completion. `COPROC' An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output @@ -4458,9 +4881,9 @@ Variables::). `FIGNORE' A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing - filename completion. A file name whose suffix matches one of the - entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched file - names. A sample value is `.o:~' + filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the + entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched + filenames. A sample value is `.o:~' `FUNCNAME' An array variable containing the names of all shell functions @@ -4540,10 +4963,13 @@ Variables::). `HISTFILESIZE' The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, - if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain no more - than that number of lines. The history file is also truncated to - this size after writing it when an interactive shell exits. The - default value is 500. + if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by + removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated + to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is + 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values + and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell + sets the default value to the value of `HISTSIZE' after reading + any startup files. `HISTIGNORE' A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command @@ -4566,7 +4992,10 @@ Variables::). `HISTSIZE' The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. - The default value is 500. + If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. + Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved + on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the + default value to 500 after reading any startup files. `HISTTIMEFORMAT' If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a @@ -4642,8 +5071,9 @@ Variables::). `LINES' Used by the `select' command to determine the column length for - printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a - `SIGWINCH'. + printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize' + option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an + interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'. `MACHTYPE' A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is @@ -4677,10 +5107,10 @@ Variables::). foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). `POSIXLY_CORRECT' - If this variable is in the environment when `bash' starts, the - shell enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading - the startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been - supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, `bash' enables + If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell + enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the + startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been + supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode, as if the command `set -o posix' had been executed. @@ -4696,7 +5126,7 @@ Variables::). `PROMPT_DIRTRIM' If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the `\w' and `\W' prompt string escapes (*note Printing a + the `\w' and `\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. `PS3' @@ -4800,9 +5230,9 @@ Variables::). from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of - seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt when - the shell is interactive. Bash terminates after that number of - seconds if input does not arrive. + seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary + prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds + if a complete line of input does not arrive. `TMPDIR' If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which @@ -4819,7 +5249,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Varia 6 Bash Features *************** -This section describes features unique to Bash. +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. * Menu: @@ -4833,7 +5263,7 @@ This section describes features unique to Bash. * Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. * Arrays:: Array Variables. * The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. -* Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. * The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. * Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what the POSIX standard specifies. @@ -4909,14 +5339,13 @@ single-character options to be recognized. Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. - There are several single-character options that may be supplied at invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin. -`-c STRING' - Read and execute commands from STRING after processing the - options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the - positional parameters, starting with `$0'. +`-c' + Read and execute commands from the first non-option ARGUMENT after + processing the options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are + assigned to the positional parameters, starting with `$0'. `-i' Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are @@ -4961,7 +5390,6 @@ invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin. processing. Any arguments after the `--' are treated as filenames and arguments. - A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is `-', or one invoked with the `--login' option. @@ -4988,7 +5416,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are -expanded in file names as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note +expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::. @@ -5031,7 +5459,7 @@ the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the following command were executed: `if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi' but the value of the `PATH' variable is not used to search for the -file name. +filename. As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the `--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the @@ -5078,8 +5506,8 @@ determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to -force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the -shell with those options or allow them to be specified. +force another file to be read, but neither `rshd' nor `sshd' generally +invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs ................................................ @@ -5180,7 +5608,7 @@ several ways. 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. Bash will save the command history to the file named by `$HISTFILE' - when an interactive shell exits. + when a shell with history enabled exits. 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. @@ -5336,6 +5764,9 @@ link itself. True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a value). +`-R VARNAME' + True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference. + `-z STRING' True if the length of STRING is zero. @@ -5345,8 +5776,11 @@ link itself. `STRING1 == STRING2' `STRING1 = STRING2' - True if the strings are equal. `=' should be used with the `test' - command for POSIX conformance. + True if the strings are equal. When used with the `[[' command, + this performs pattern matching as described above (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + + `=' should be used with the `test' command for POSIX conformance. `STRING1 != STRING2' True if the strings are not equal. @@ -5364,7 +5798,6 @@ link itself. greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be positive or negative integers. - File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features @@ -5450,12 +5883,12 @@ its INTEGER attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [BASE`#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2 -and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that -base. If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater -than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, -`@', and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, -lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to -represent numbers between 10 and 35. +and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base. +If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, he +digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the +uppercase letters, `@', and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than +or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used +interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules @@ -5481,9 +5914,9 @@ including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias `ls' to `"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively -expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value -is a space or tab character, then the next command word following the -alias is also checked for alias expansion. +expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value +is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also +checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the `alias' command, and removed with the `unalias' command. @@ -5524,24 +5957,22 @@ Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the `declare' builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers -(including arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::) and are -zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +(including arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are +zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise +noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax - name[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE + NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate -to a number. If SUBSCRIPT evaluates to a number less than zero, it is -used as an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a -subcript of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly -declare an array, use +to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use declare -a NAME The syntax declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. - Associative arrays are created using +Associative arrays are created using declare -A NAME. Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the @@ -5549,57 +5980,74 @@ declare an array, use members of an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form - name=(value1 ... valueN) + NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... ) where each VALUE is of the form `[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array -assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. When assigning -to indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is +assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to +indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. This syntax is also accepted by the `declare' builtin. Individual -array elements may be assigned to using the `name['SUBSCRIPT`]='VALUE +array elements may be assigned to using the `NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE' syntax introduced above. - Any element of an array may be referenced using -`${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. The braces are required to avoid conflicts -with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' -or `*', the word expands to all members of the array NAME. These -subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If -the word is double-quoted, `${name[*]}' expands to a single word with -the value of each array member separated by the first character of the -`IFS' variable, and `${name[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a -separate word. When there are no array members, `${name[@]}' expands -to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the -expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of -the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined -with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the -expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*'. -`${#name['SUBSCRIPT`]}' expands to the length of `${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. -If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the number of elements in -the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is -equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. + When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a +negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the +end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using `${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. +The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename +expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the word expands +to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when +the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +`${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array +member separated by the first character of the `IFS' variable, and +`${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When +there are no array members, `${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the +double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the +first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, +and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of +the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special +parameters `@' and `*'. `${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of +`${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the +number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without +a subscript is equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. If the +SUBSCRIPT used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to +a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back +from the end of the array, and an index of -1 refers to the last +element. An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset' -NAME[SUBSCRIPT] destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. Care -must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename -expansion. `unset' NAME, where NAME is an array, removes the entire -array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array. + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as +the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned +in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar +to the expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*' within double +quotes. + + The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset +NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described +above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by +filename expansion. `unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array. The `declare', `local', and `readonly' builtins each accept a `-a' option to specify an indexed array and a `-A' option to specify an -associative array. The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign -a list of words read from the standard input to an array, and can read -values from the standard input into individual array elements. The -`set' and `declare' builtins display array values in a way that allows -them to be reused as input. +associative array. If both options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. +The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign a list of words read +from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the +standard input into individual array elements. The `set' and `declare' +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as +input. -File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Printing a Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features +File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features 6.8 The Directory Stack ======================= @@ -5625,26 +6073,18 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack ------------------------------ `dirs' - dirs [+N | -N] [-clpv] + dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N] + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories are added to the list with the `pushd' command; the `popd' command removes directories from the list. - `+N' - Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the - list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting - with zero. - - `-N' - Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the - list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting - with zero. `-c' Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. `-l' - Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a - tilde to denote the home directory. + Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing + format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. `-p' Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per @@ -5654,15 +6094,31 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + `+N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the + list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + + `-N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + `popd' - popd [+N | -N] [-n] + popd [-n] [+N | -N] Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and `cd' to the new top directory. When no arguments are given, `popd' removes the top directory from the stack and performs a `cd' to the new top directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first - directory listed with `dirs'; i.e., `popd' is equivalent to `popd - +0'. + directory listed with `dirs'; that is, `popd' is equivalent to + `popd +0'. + + `-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + `+N' Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. @@ -5671,13 +6127,8 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. - `-n' - Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is - manipulated. - `pushd' - pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR ] + pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR] Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and then `cd' to DIR. With no arguments, `pushd' exchanges the top @@ -5700,11 +6151,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack `DIR' Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, - and then executes the equivalent of ``cd' DIR'. `cd's to DIR. - + making it the new current directory as if it had been + supplied as an argument to the `cd' builtin. -File: bashref.info, Node: Printing a Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features +File: bashref.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features 6.9 Controlling the Prompt ========================== @@ -5715,7 +6166,7 @@ non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters -which can appear in the prompt variables: +which can appear in the prompt variables `PS1' to `PS4': `\a' A bell character. @@ -5814,7 +6265,7 @@ command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the `promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::). -File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Printing a Prompt, Up: Bash Features +File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features 6.10 The Restricted Shell ========================= @@ -5910,147 +6361,164 @@ startup files. 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. - 9. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default + 9. The `command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take + assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as + assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins + lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded + by `command'. + + 10. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default value of `$HISTFILE'). - 10. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + 11. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line, separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix. - 11. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG' + 12. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG' prefix. - 12. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not + 13. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not found. - 13. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + 14. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. - 14. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script + 15. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read with the `.' or `source' builtins, or in a string processed by the `eval' builtin. - 15. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word + 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. - 16. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the redirection. - 17. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not + 18. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. - 18. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special + builtins. + + 20. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. - 19. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When + 21. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its completed children. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the format of the timing information. - 20. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within + 22. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs. - 21. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next + 23. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. - 22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + 24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name, and so on. - 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. - 24. A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable + 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. - 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration + 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a `select' statement is a readonly variable. - 26. Process substitution is not available. + 28. Process substitution is not available. - 27. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + 29. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to + the `#' and `?' special parameters. + + 30. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. - 28. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the + 31. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX special builtin command had been executed. - 29. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output + 32. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output in the format required by POSIX. - 30. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'. + 33. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'. - 31. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 34. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use `-' as the first argument. - 32. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory + 35. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'. - 33. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the + 36. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. - 34. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + 37. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. - 35. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + 38. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is supplied. - 36. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 39. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 37. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 40. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 38. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + 41. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. - 39. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 42. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the `-P' option. - 40. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an + 43. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. - 41. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'. + 44. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'. - 42. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable + 45. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in `$PATH'. - 43. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when + 46. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and `$EDITOR'. - 44. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + 47. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is displayed, after escape characters are converted. - 45. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c' + 48. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c' and `-f' options. - 46. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not + 49. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + 50. The `read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing + `read', the trap handler executes and `read' returns an exit + status greater than 128. + There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: @@ -6147,10 +6615,10 @@ previous job with a `-'. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For -example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the other -hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command line. -If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an -error. +example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command +line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash +reports an error. Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: `%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into @@ -6180,6 +6648,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, `bg' bg [JOBSPEC ...] + Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had been started with `&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job @@ -6189,6 +6658,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, `fg' fg [JOBSPEC] + Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, @@ -6214,10 +6684,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. `-r' - Restrict output to running jobs. + Display only running jobs. `-s' - Restrict output to stopped jobs. + Display only stopped jobs. If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is @@ -6231,6 +6701,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, `kill' kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID kill -l [EXIT_STATUS] + Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either a case-insensitive signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without @@ -6245,33 +6716,37 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, occurs or an invalid option is encountered. `wait' - wait [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is - zero. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process - of the shell, the return status is 127. + zero. If the `-n' option is supplied, `wait' waits for any job to + terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID + specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status + is 127. `disown' disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ...] - Without options, each JOBSPEC is removed from the table of active - jobs. If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from - the table, but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job - if the shell receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and - neither the `-a' nor `-r' option is supplied, the current job is - used. If no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove - or mark all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument - restricts operation to running jobs. + + Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs. + If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table, + but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the + `-a' nor the `-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If + no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove or mark + all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts + operation to running jobs. `suspend' suspend [-f] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a `SIGCONT' signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the `-f' option can be used to override this and force the suspension. - When job control is not active, the `kill' and `wait' builtins do not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. @@ -6332,6 +6807,8 @@ options to `set'. a specific command. * Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to complete arguments for a particular command. +* A Programmable Completion Example:: An example shell function for + generating possible completions. File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing @@ -6667,6 +7144,12 @@ Variable Settings characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline equivalents. + `colored-stats' + If set to `on', Readline displays possible completions using + different colors to indicate their file type. The color + definitions are taken from the value of the `LS_COLORS' + environment variable. The default is `off'. + `comment-begin' The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is @@ -6752,8 +7235,10 @@ Variable Settings `history-size' Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the - history list. If set to zero, the number of entries in the - history list is not limited. + history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries + are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value + less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. + By default, the number of history entries is not limited. `horizontal-scroll-mode' This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it @@ -6785,6 +7270,22 @@ Variable Settings default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap. + `keyseq-timeout' + Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character + when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a + complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can + take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If + no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use + the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this + value to determine whether or not input is available on the + current input source (`rl_instream' by default). The value + is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that + Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this + variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a + non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is + pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The + default value is `500'. + `mark-directories' If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash appended. The default is `on'. @@ -6847,6 +7348,11 @@ Variable Settings be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'. + `show-mode-in-prompt' + If set to `on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt + indicating the editing mode: emacs (`@'), vi command (`:'), + or vi insertion (`+'). The default value is `off'. + `skip-completed-text' If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only @@ -7065,7 +7571,7 @@ variable assignment, and conditional syntax. # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. # - # First, include any systemwide bindings and variable + # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable # assignments from /etc/Inputrc $include /etc/Inputrc @@ -7276,12 +7782,26 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev `history-search-forward ()' Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. `history-search-backward ()' Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +`history-substr-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +`history-substr-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. `yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' @@ -7313,10 +7833,16 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text -------------------------------- +`end-of-file (usually C-d)' + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + `stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on + the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline + interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF. + `delete-char (C-d)' - Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of - the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last - character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then return EOF. + Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the + same character as the tty EOF character, as `C-d' commonly is, see + above for the effects. `backward-delete-char (Rubout)' Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means @@ -7593,6 +8119,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +`print-last-kbd-macro ()' + Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the + INPUTRC file. + File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands @@ -7812,18 +8342,19 @@ command or function is invoked, the `COMP_LINE', `COMP_POINT', `COMP_KEY', and `COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, the `COMP_WORDS' and `COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the -function or command is invoked, the first argument is the name of the -command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument is the -word being completed, and the third argument is the word preceding the -word being completed on the current command line. No filtering of the -generated completions against the word being completed is performed; -the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. +function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of +the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument +($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the +word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being +completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in +generating the matches. Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the `compgen' and `compopt' builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the -`COMPREPLY' array variable. +`COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element. Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked in an environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list @@ -7887,18 +8418,20 @@ default completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() { - . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 } - complete -D -F _completion_loader + complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default -File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing +File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Next: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins ==================================== -Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable -completion facilities. +Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable +completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular +command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is +happening. `compgen' `compgen [OPTION] [WORD]' @@ -7971,6 +8504,10 @@ completion facilities. option is intended to be used with shell functions specified with `-F'. + `noquote' + Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they + are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). + `nospace' Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. @@ -8072,8 +8609,13 @@ completion facilities. `-F FUNCTION' The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell - environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are - retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array variable. + environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the + command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word + being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being + completed, as described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions + are retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array + variable. `-G GLOBPAT' The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate @@ -8129,6 +8671,120 @@ completion facilities. +File: bashref.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.8 A Programmable Completion Example +===================================== + +The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond +the default actions `complete' and `compgen' provide is to use a shell +function and bind it to a particular command using `complete -F'. + + The following function provides completions for the `cd' builtin. +It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when +used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as `$2' to +determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the +`COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the +`COMP_CWORD' variable. + + The function relies on the `complete' and `compgen' builtins to do +much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash `cd' does beyond +accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde +Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above +(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the +`cdable_vars' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). `_comp_cd' +modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only a newline to +accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs - `compgen' prints +the possible completions it generates one per line. + + Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one +completion per array element. The programmable completion system +retrieves the completions from there when the function returns. + + # A completion function for the cd builtin + # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package + _comp_cd() + { + local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS + local cur _skipdot _cdpath + local i j k + + # Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname + case "$2" in + \~*) eval cur="$2" ;; + *) cur=$2 ;; + esac + + # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion + if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then + # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop + IFS=$'\n' + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH + else + IFS=$'\n' + _skipdot=false + # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to . + _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:} + _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.} + for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do + if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi + k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}" + for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do + COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory + done + done + $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") ) + IFS=$' \t\n' + fi + + # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions + if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then + COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") ) + fi + + return 0 + } + + We install the completion function using the `-F' option to +`complete': + + # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories; + # use the bash default completion for other arguments + complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd + +Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other +details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline +what to do. The `-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible +completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately. +That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it +can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend +`_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via +CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The +`-o nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to +the directory name, in case we want to append to it. The `-o +bashdefault' option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" +completions - possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline +set. These include things like command name completion, variable +completion for words beginning with `{', completions containing pathname +expansion patterns (*note Filename Expansion::), and so on. + + Once installed using `complete', `_comp_cd' will be called every +time we attempt word completion for a `cd' command. + + Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most +of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of +the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many +GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the +project now lives at `http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/'. +There are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X. + + An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with +bash in the `examples/complete' subdirectory. + + File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top 9 Using History Interactively @@ -8166,15 +8822,16 @@ the values of the shell variables `HISTIGNORE' and `HISTCONTROL'. named by the `HISTFILE' variable (default `~/.bash_history'). The file named by the value of `HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the -`HISTFILESIZE' variable. When an interactive shell exits, the last -`$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file named by -`$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note Bash -Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the -history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the history -file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the +`HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the +last `$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by `$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note +Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise +the history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the +history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than -`$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is not set, no truncation is -performed. +`$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a +non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file +is not truncated. If the `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file, @@ -8213,26 +8870,27 @@ and history file. `fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]' `fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]' - Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from FIRST to - LAST is selected from the history list. Both FIRST and LAST may - be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command - beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the - history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the - current command number). If LAST is not specified it is set to - FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous - command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l' flag is - given, the commands are listed on standard output. The `-n' flag - suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r' flag - reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by - ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is - not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used: - `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the - `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR' variable if - that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete, - the edited commands are echoed and executed. + The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from + the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both + FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most + recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an + offset from the current command number). If LAST is not specified + it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the + previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l' + flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The + `-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r' + flag reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor + given by ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If + ENAME is not given, the value of the following variable expansion + is used: `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value + of the `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR' + variable if that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing + is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of - PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. + PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is + intepreted the same as FIRST above. A useful alias to use with the `fc' command is `r='fc -s'', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and @@ -8274,11 +8932,11 @@ and history file. session. `-r' - Read the current history file and append its contents to the - history list. + Read the history file and append its contents to the history + list. `-w' - Write out the current history to the history file. + Write out the current history list to the history file. `-p' Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the @@ -8584,8 +9242,8 @@ figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be considered for the next release. - The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program -called Autoconf. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change it + The file `configure.ac' is used to create `configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need `configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. @@ -8811,9 +9469,9 @@ compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'. - All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins' and -`xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system -does not provide the necessary support. + All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins', +`directpand-default', and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, +unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. `--enable-alias' Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias' @@ -8867,6 +9525,11 @@ does not provide the necessary support. `--enable-debugger' Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +`--enable-direxpand-default' + Cause the `direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to + be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally + disabled by default. + `--enable-directory-stack' Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). @@ -8889,6 +9552,12 @@ does not provide the necessary support. Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. +`--enable-glob-asciirange-default' + Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described + above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This + controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern + matching bracket expressions. + `--enable-help-builtin' Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). @@ -8922,8 +9591,8 @@ does not provide the necessary support. `--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt - strings. See *note Printing a Prompt::, for a complete list of - prompt string escape sequences. + strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list + of prompt string escape sequences. `--enable-readline' Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash @@ -8962,7 +9631,6 @@ does not provide the necessary support. Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes. - The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read @@ -9001,8 +9669,7 @@ newsgroup `gnu.bash.bug'. `bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. - Please send all reports concerning this manual to -<chet.ramey@case.edu>. + Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>. File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top @@ -9113,7 +9780,7 @@ the baseline reference. PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of `var', is available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). - * The expansion `${!PREFIX}*' expansion, which expands to the names + * The expansion `${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). @@ -9138,6 +9805,10 @@ the baseline reference. not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding shell security hole. + * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses `!' and `^' to + negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne + shell uses only `!'. + * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::). @@ -9300,7 +9971,7 @@ the baseline reference. as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable. * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt - strings when interactive (*note Printing a Prompt::). + strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::). * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. @@ -9880,100 +10551,100 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * Menu: * .: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 16) + (line 17) * :: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 11) * [: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 217) + (line 258) * alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) * bg: Job Control Builtins. (line 7) * bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21) * break: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 29) -* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 98) -* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 106) + (line 31) +* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 102) +* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 111) * cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 36) -* command: Bash Builtins. (line 123) + (line 39) +* command: Bash Builtins. (line 129) * compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 10) + (line 12) * complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 28) + (line 30) * compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 217) + (line 228) * continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 58) -* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 142) + (line 80) +* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 149) * dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 7) * disown: Job Control Builtins. - (line 83) -* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 226) -* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 287) + (line 89) +* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245) +* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 307) * eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 66) + (line 89) * exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 73) + (line 97) * exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 85) + (line 114) * export: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 91) + (line 121) * fc: Bash History Builtins. (line 10) * fg: Job Control Builtins. - (line 16) + (line 17) * getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 106) + (line 137) * hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 148) -* help: Bash Builtins. (line 315) + (line 180) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 336) * history: Bash History Builtins. - (line 39) + (line 40) * jobs: Job Control Builtins. - (line 25) + (line 27) * kill: Job Control Builtins. - (line 57) -* let: Bash Builtins. (line 335) -* local: Bash Builtins. (line 342) -* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 352) -* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 356) + (line 59) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 357) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 365) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 376) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 381) * popd: Directory Stack Builtins. - (line 37) -* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 402) + (line 39) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 429) * pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. - (line 58) + (line 61) * pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 167) -* read: Bash Builtins. (line 447) -* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 527) + (line 200) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 477) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 564) * readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 176) + (line 210) * return: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 192) + (line 229) * set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) * shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 205) + (line 245) * shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) -* source: Bash Builtins. (line 535) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 573) * suspend: Job Control Builtins. - (line 94) + (line 101) * test: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 217) + (line 258) * times: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 290) + (line 334) * trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 295) -* type: Bash Builtins. (line 539) -* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 570) -* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 576) + (line 340) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 578) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 610) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 616) * umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 341) -* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 665) + (line 389) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 707) * unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 358) + (line 407) * wait: Job Control Builtins. - (line 73) + (line 76) File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes @@ -9986,9 +10657,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 117) + (line 119) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 117) + (line 119) * case: Conditional Constructs. (line 28) * do: Looping Constructs. (line 12) @@ -10001,19 +10672,19 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words (line 28) * fi: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) -* for: Looping Constructs. (line 29) +* for: Looping Constructs. (line 32) * function: Shell Functions. (line 13) * if: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) * in: Conditional Constructs. (line 28) * select: Conditional Constructs. - (line 76) + (line 78) * then: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) * time: Pipelines. (line 9) * until: Looping Constructs. (line 12) -* while: Looping Constructs. (line 20) +* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) @@ -10026,15 +10697,24 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * Menu: -* !: Special Parameters. (line 46) -* #: Special Parameters. (line 30) -* $: Special Parameters. (line 42) +* !: Special Parameters. (line 50) +* #: Special Parameters. (line 33) +* $: Special Parameters. (line 45) +* $!: Special Parameters. (line 51) +* $#: Special Parameters. (line 34) +* $$: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10) +* $-: Special Parameters. (line 41) +* $0: Special Parameters. (line 56) +* $?: Special Parameters. (line 37) +* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23) +* $_: Special Parameters. (line 65) * *: Special Parameters. (line 9) -* -: Special Parameters. (line 37) -* 0: Special Parameters. (line 50) -* ?: Special Parameters. (line 33) -* @: Special Parameters. (line 19) -* _: Special Parameters. (line 59) +* -: Special Parameters. (line 40) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 55) +* ?: Special Parameters. (line 36) +* @: Special Parameters. (line 22) +* _: Special Parameters. (line 64) * auto_resume: Job Control Variables. (line 6) * BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) @@ -10043,15 +10723,16 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 47) * BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 57) * BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 64) -* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 69) -* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 75) -* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 78) -* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 86) -* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 94) -* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 101) -* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 105) -* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 129) -* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 132) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 69) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 84) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 90) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 93) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 101) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 109) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 116) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 121) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 144) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 147) * BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16) * BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25) * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10060,152 +10741,157 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 45) * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 9) -* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 143) -* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 158) +* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 50) -* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 148) -* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 177) -* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 154) -* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 159) -* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 167) -* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 181) -* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 187) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 165) +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 56) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 171) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 200) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 177) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 182) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 190) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 204) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 210) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 55) + (line 61) * completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 62) + (line 68) * completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 67) -* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 73) +* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 79) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 80) -* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 195) + (line 86) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 218) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 90) -* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 200) -* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 204) -* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 96) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 224) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 228) +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 102) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 101) -* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 214) + (line 107) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 238) * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 112) -* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 219) -* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 223) + (line 118) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 243) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 247) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 123) -* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 227) -* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 231) -* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 237) -* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 255) -* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 260) -* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 266) -* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 272) -* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 287) -* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 292) -* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 308) -* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 312) -* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320) + (line 129) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 251) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 255) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 261) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 279) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 284) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 290) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 296) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 311) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 316) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 332) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 336) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 347) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 127) -* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 133) -* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 339) -* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 343) +* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 139) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 366) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 373) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 13) * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 138) -* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352) -* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 363) -* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 366) + (line 146) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 382) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 393) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 396) * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 18) -* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 369) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 399) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 145) -* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 379) + (line 153) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 409) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 152) + (line 160) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 159) -* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 383) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 387) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 391) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 398) + (line 167) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 413) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 417) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 421) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 428) * LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 403) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 407) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 411) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 415) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 420) +* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 433) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 437) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 441) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 445) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 451) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 22) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 424) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 455) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 27) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 432) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 463) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 172) + (line 196) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 177) + (line 201) * match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 182) + (line 206) * menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 189) + (line 213) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 145) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 436) + (line 153) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 467) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 34) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 439) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 470) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 38) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 443) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 474) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 194) + (line 218) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 199) + (line 223) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 42) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 446) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 451) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 460) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 464) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 468) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 477) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 482) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 491) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 495) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 499) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 48) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 474) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 479) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 485) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 488) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 493) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 497) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 501) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 510) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 516) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 519) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 524) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 528) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 532) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 209) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 504) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 510) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 515) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 524) + (line 233) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 535) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 541) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 546) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 555) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 215) + (line 239) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 221) + (line 245) +* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 254) * skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 230) + (line 259) * TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 529) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 567) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 579) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 583) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 560) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 598) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 610) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 614) * visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 243) + (line 272) File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes @@ -10220,14 +10906,14 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 10) * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) -* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 11) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. (line 9) * backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing. (line 24) * backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) * beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20) * beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) -* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 46) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 52) * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 41) * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -10238,14 +10924,14 @@ D.4 Function Index * copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 58) * copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 63) * copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54) -* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12) * delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. (line 43) * delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) -* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 42) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 48) * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 73) * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -10253,16 +10939,19 @@ D.4 Function Index * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 79) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23) * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 36) -* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 15) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31) * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) -* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 51) +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 52) * history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 46) +* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 64) +* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 58) * insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 60) * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. @@ -10280,37 +10969,38 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 41) * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. (line 36) -* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 50) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 56) * possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. (line 15) * prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 18) * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) -* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 20) +* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) * redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 25) -* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 24) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 32) * skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 51) * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) -* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 27) -* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 39) * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 22) * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) * unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41) * unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. (line 12) * unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 37) -* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 38) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 44) * yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 68) -* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 65) -* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 56) +* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 79) +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 70) * yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. (line 71) @@ -10396,15 +11086,15 @@ D.5 Concept Index * history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) * history list: Bash History Facilities. (line 6) -* History, how to use: Programmable Completion Builtins. - (line 237) +* History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. + (line 114) * identifier: Definitions. (line 51) * initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) * installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) * interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. (line 6) * interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) -* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 127) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 125) * internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) * job: Definitions. (line 38) * job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6) @@ -10414,7 +11104,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * killing text: Readline Killing Commands. (line 6) * localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) -* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 124) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 122) * matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) * metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46) * name: Definitions. (line 51) @@ -10439,7 +11129,8 @@ D.5 Concept Index (line 6) * programmable completion: Programmable Completion. (line 6) -* prompting: Printing a Prompt. (line 6) +* prompting: Controlling the Prompt. + (line 6) * quoting: Quoting. (line 6) * quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6) * Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. @@ -10474,133 +11165,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index Tag Table: -Node: Top1346 -Node: Introduction3185 -Node: What is Bash?3413 -Node: What is a shell?4526 -Node: Definitions7066 -Node: Basic Shell Features9984 -Node: Shell Syntax11203 -Node: Shell Operation12233 -Node: Quoting13527 -Node: Escape Character14830 -Node: Single Quotes15315 -Node: Double Quotes15663 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16788 -Node: Locale Translation18032 -Node: Comments18928 -Node: Shell Commands19546 -Node: Simple Commands20418 -Node: Pipelines21049 -Node: Lists23743 -Node: Compound Commands25472 -Node: Looping Constructs26276 -Node: Conditional Constructs28735 -Node: Command Grouping36848 -Node: Coprocesses38327 -Node: GNU Parallel39992 -Node: Shell Functions42460 -Node: Shell Parameters47404 -Node: Positional Parameters49820 -Node: Special Parameters50720 -Node: Shell Expansions53684 -Node: Brace Expansion55609 -Node: Tilde Expansion58364 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion60715 -Node: Command Substitution69850 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion71183 -Node: Process Substitution72033 -Node: Word Splitting73083 -Node: Filename Expansion74706 -Node: Pattern Matching76845 -Node: Quote Removal80484 -Node: Redirections80779 -Node: Executing Commands89304 -Node: Simple Command Expansion89974 -Node: Command Search and Execution91904 -Node: Command Execution Environment94241 -Node: Environment97227 -Node: Exit Status98887 -Node: Signals100508 -Node: Shell Scripts102476 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands104994 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins107022 -Node: Bash Builtins124952 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior151166 -Node: The Set Builtin151511 -Node: The Shopt Builtin161045 -Node: Special Builtins173217 -Node: Shell Variables174196 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables174636 -Node: Bash Variables176663 -Node: Bash Features201572 -Node: Invoking Bash202455 -Node: Bash Startup Files208219 -Node: Interactive Shells213240 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?213650 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?214299 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior215114 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions218394 -Node: Shell Arithmetic222183 -Node: Aliases224942 -Node: Arrays227514 -Node: The Directory Stack231629 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins232343 -Node: Printing a Prompt235235 -Node: The Restricted Shell237987 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode239819 -Node: Job Control248480 -Node: Job Control Basics248940 -Node: Job Control Builtins253657 -Node: Job Control Variables258021 -Node: Command Line Editing259179 -Node: Introduction and Notation260746 -Node: Readline Interaction262368 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials263559 -Node: Readline Movement Commands265348 -Node: Readline Killing Commands266313 -Node: Readline Arguments268233 -Node: Searching269277 -Node: Readline Init File271463 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax272610 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs287952 -Node: Sample Init File290485 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands293602 -Node: Commands For Moving294809 -Node: Commands For History295953 -Node: Commands For Text299388 -Node: Commands For Killing302061 -Node: Numeric Arguments304518 -Node: Commands For Completion305657 -Node: Keyboard Macros309849 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands310420 -Node: Readline vi Mode316226 -Node: Programmable Completion317133 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins324343 -Node: Using History Interactively333479 -Node: Bash History Facilities334163 -Node: Bash History Builtins337077 -Node: History Interaction340934 -Node: Event Designators343639 -Node: Word Designators344861 -Node: Modifiers346500 -Node: Installing Bash347904 -Node: Basic Installation349041 -Node: Compilers and Options351733 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures352474 -Node: Installation Names354138 -Node: Specifying the System Type354956 -Node: Sharing Defaults355672 -Node: Operation Controls356345 -Node: Optional Features357303 -Node: Reporting Bugs366871 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell368072 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License384759 -Node: Indexes409955 -Node: Builtin Index410409 -Node: Reserved Word Index417236 -Node: Variable Index419684 -Node: Function Index432779 -Node: Concept Index439788 +Node: Top930 +Node: Introduction2848 +Node: What is Bash?3076 +Node: What is a shell?4189 +Node: Definitions6728 +Node: Basic Shell Features9646 +Node: Shell Syntax10865 +Node: Shell Operation11895 +Node: Quoting13189 +Node: Escape Character14492 +Node: Single Quotes14977 +Node: Double Quotes15325 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16450 +Node: Locale Translation17694 +Node: Comments18590 +Node: Shell Commands19208 +Node: Simple Commands20080 +Node: Pipelines20711 +Node: Lists23449 +Node: Compound Commands25178 +Node: Looping Constructs26184 +Node: Conditional Constructs28647 +Node: Command Grouping39577 +Node: Coprocesses41056 +Node: GNU Parallel42889 +Node: Shell Functions46875 +Node: Shell Parameters51959 +Node: Positional Parameters56088 +Node: Special Parameters56988 +Node: Shell Expansions60327 +Node: Brace Expansion62270 +Node: Tilde Expansion65051 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67400 +Node: Command Substitution79694 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion81027 +Node: Process Substitution81959 +Node: Word Splitting83009 +Node: Filename Expansion84657 +Node: Pattern Matching86822 +Node: Quote Removal90522 +Node: Redirections90817 +Node: Executing Commands99981 +Node: Simple Command Expansion100651 +Node: Command Search and Execution102581 +Node: Command Execution Environment104918 +Node: Environment107904 +Node: Exit Status109563 +Node: Signals111185 +Node: Shell Scripts113153 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands115671 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117699 +Node: Bash Builtins137606 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior165232 +Node: The Set Builtin165577 +Node: The Shopt Builtin175903 +Node: Special Builtins190324 +Node: Shell Variables191303 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables191743 +Node: Bash Variables193774 +Node: Bash Features220649 +Node: Invoking Bash221548 +Node: Bash Startup Files227326 +Node: Interactive Shells232355 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232765 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?233414 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior234229 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237517 +Node: Shell Arithmetic241519 +Node: Aliases244295 +Node: Arrays246851 +Node: The Directory Stack251832 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins252551 +Node: Controlling the Prompt255507 +Node: The Restricted Shell258279 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode260116 +Node: Job Control269502 +Node: Job Control Basics269962 +Node: Job Control Builtins274681 +Node: Job Control Variables279152 +Node: Command Line Editing280310 +Node: Introduction and Notation281982 +Node: Readline Interaction283604 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials284795 +Node: Readline Movement Commands286584 +Node: Readline Killing Commands287549 +Node: Readline Arguments289469 +Node: Searching290513 +Node: Readline Init File292699 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax293846 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs310832 +Node: Sample Init File313365 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands316483 +Node: Commands For Moving317690 +Node: Commands For History318834 +Node: Commands For Text323019 +Node: Commands For Killing325948 +Node: Numeric Arguments328405 +Node: Commands For Completion329544 +Node: Keyboard Macros333736 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands334424 +Node: Readline vi Mode340230 +Node: Programmable Completion341137 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins348413 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example358159 +Node: Using History Interactively363409 +Node: Bash History Facilities364093 +Node: Bash History Builtins367092 +Node: History Interaction371020 +Node: Event Designators373725 +Node: Word Designators374947 +Node: Modifiers376586 +Node: Installing Bash377990 +Node: Basic Installation379127 +Node: Compilers and Options381819 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures382560 +Node: Installation Names384224 +Node: Specifying the System Type385042 +Node: Sharing Defaults385758 +Node: Operation Controls386431 +Node: Optional Features387389 +Node: Reporting Bugs397453 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell398651 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License415510 +Node: Indexes440706 +Node: Builtin Index441160 +Node: Reserved Word Index447987 +Node: Variable Index450435 +Node: Function Index464615 +Node: Concept Index471916 End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf Binary files differindex ef90d3bc..45284f78 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.pdf +++ b/doc/bashref.pdf diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps index b49bef75..1d3bb836 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.ps +++ b/doc/bashref.ps @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ %!PS-Adobe-2.0 -%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software +%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.991 Copyright 2011 Radical Eye Software %%Title: bashref.dvi -%%Pages: 168 +%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:32 2014 +%%Pages: 172 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMMI12 CMMI10 CMCSC10 -%%+ CMTI10 CMSLTT10 CMTT12 CMTT9 CMMI9 CMR9 +%%+ CMTI10 CMSLTT10 SFRM1095 CMTT12 CMTT9 CMMI9 CMR9 %%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter %%EndComments 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+/comma +/hyphen +/period +/slash +% 0x30 +/zero +/one +/two +/three +/four +/five +/six +/seven +/eight +/nine +/colon +/semicolon +/less +/equal +/greater +/question +% 0x40 +/at +/A +/B +/C +/D +/E +/F +/G +/H +/I +/J +/K +/L +/M +/N +/O +% 0x50 +/P +/Q +/R +/S +/T +/U +/V +/W +/X +/Y +/Z +/bracketleft +/backslash +/bracketright +/asciicircum +/underscore +% 0x60 +/quoteleft +/a +/b +/c +/d +/e +/f +/g +/h +/i +/j +/k +/l +/m +/n +/o +% 0x70 +/p +/q +/r +/s +/t +/u +/v +/w +/x +/y +/z +/braceleft +/bar +/braceright +/asciitilde +/hyphen.alt % HANGING HYPHEN +% 0x80 +/Abreve +/Aogonek +/Cacute +/Ccaron +/Dcaron +/Ecaron +/Eogonek +/Gbreve +/Lacute +/Lcaron +/Lslash +/Nacute +/Ncaron +/Eng +/Ohungarumlaut +/Racute +% 0x90 +/Rcaron +/Sacute +/Scaron +/Scedilla +/Tcaron +/Tcommaaccent +/Uhungarumlaut +/Uring +/Ydieresis +/Zacute +/Zcaron +/Zdotaccent +/IJ +/Idotaccent +/dcroat +/section +% 0xA0 +/abreve +/aogonek +/cacute +/ccaron +/dcaron +/ecaron +/eogonek +/gbreve +/lacute +/lcaron +/lslash +/nacute +/ncaron +/eng +/ohungarumlaut +/racute +% 0xB0 +/rcaron +/sacute +/scaron +/scedilla +/tcaron +/tcommaaccent +/uhungarumlaut +/uring +/ydieresis +/zacute +/zcaron +/zdotaccent +/ij +/exclamdown +/questiondown +/sterling +% 0xC0 +/Agrave +/Aacute +/Acircumflex +/Atilde +/Adieresis +/Aring +/AE +/Ccedilla +/Egrave +/Eacute +/Ecircumflex +/Edieresis +/Igrave +/Iacute +/Icircumflex +/Idieresis +% 0xD0 +/Eth +/Ntilde +/Ograve +/Oacute +/Ocircumflex +/Otilde +/Odieresis +/OE +/Oslash +/Ugrave +/Uacute +/Ucircumflex +/Udieresis +/Yacute +/Thorn +/SS % Germandbls +% 0xE0 +/agrave +/aacute +/acircumflex +/atilde +/adieresis +/aring +/ae +/ccedilla +/egrave +/eacute +/ecircumflex +/edieresis +/igrave +/iacute +/icircumflex +/idieresis +% 0xF0 +/eth +/ntilde +/ograve +/oacute +/ocircumflex +/otilde +/odieresis +/oe +/oslash +/ugrave +/uacute +/ucircumflex +/udieresis +/yacute +/thorn +/germandbls % or /germandbls.alt +] def %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: texps.pro 0 0 @@ -76,23 +372,38 @@ end %%EndProcSet %%BeginFont: CMTT12 -%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTT12 1.0 -%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:45:46 -% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT12 003.002 +%%Title: CMTT12 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMTT12 known{/CMTT12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000833 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.0) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR9 003.002 +%%Title: CMR9 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR9. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMR9 known{/CMR9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000792 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.0) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002 +%%Title: CMSLTT10 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.0) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def +/FontName /CMSLTT10 def +/FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def +/UniqueID 5000800 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin +/version (003.002) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -9.46 def /isFixedPitch true def +/UnderlinePosition -100 def +/UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def -/FontName /CMSLTT10 def -/PaintType 0 def -/FontType 1 def -/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 39 /quoteright put -dup 42 /asterisk put dup 45 /hyphen put dup 48 /zero put dup 49 /one put @@ -705,271 +1444,423 @@ dup 119 /w put dup 120 /x put dup 121 /y put readonly def 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All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR10 003.002 +%%Title: CMR10 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR10. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.00B) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def +/FontName /CMR10 def +/FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def +/UniqueID 5000793 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin +/version (003.002) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def /FullName (CMR10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def +/UnderlinePosition -100 def +/UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def -/FontName /CMR10 def -/PaintType 0 def -/FontType 1 def -/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 11 /ff put @@ -1512,12 +2589,14 @@ dup 13 /fl put dup 14 /ffi put dup 33 /exclam put dup 34 /quotedblright put +dup 35 /numbersign put dup 36 /dollar put dup 37 /percent put dup 38 /ampersand put dup 39 /quoteright put dup 40 /parenleft put dup 41 /parenright put +dup 42 /asterisk put dup 44 /comma put dup 45 /hyphen put dup 46 /period put @@ -1536,6 +2615,7 @@ dup 58 /colon put dup 59 /semicolon put dup 61 /equal put dup 63 /question put +dup 64 /at put dup 65 /A put dup 66 /B put dup 67 /C put @@ -1595,519 +2675,797 @@ dup 122 /z put dup 123 /endash put dup 124 /emdash put readonly def -/FontBBox{-251 -250 1009 969}readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec -D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 -016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 -9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F -D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 -469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 -2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5CF7158F1163BC1F3352E22A1452E73FECA8A4 -87100FB1FFC4C8AF409B2067537220E605DA0852CA49839E1386AF9D7A1A455F 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 @@ -2298,23 +4111,38 @@ E5981475AB279740A40CBCA4B1C955C888F97C1FAAA6F1AF6F2CFFC5F2458F cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMBX12 -%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX12 1.0 -%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:34:54 -% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMBX12 003.002 +%%Title: CMBX12 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.0) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def +/FontName /CMBX12 def +/FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def +/UniqueID 5000769 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin +/version (003.002) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Bold) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def +/UnderlinePosition -100 def +/UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def -/FontName /CMBX12 def -/PaintType 0 def -/FontType 1 def -/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 11 /ff put @@ -2322,7 +4150,6 @@ dup 12 /fi put dup 33 /exclam put dup 35 /numbersign put dup 36 /dollar put -dup 39 /quoteright put dup 42 /asterisk put dup 44 /comma put dup 45 /hyphen put @@ 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All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTI10 003.002 +%%Title: CMTI10 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.00B) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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cleartomark +{restore}if %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSL10 -%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSL10 1.0 -%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:40:20 -% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002 +%%Title: CMSL10 +%Version: 003.002 +%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 +%%Creator: David M. Jones +%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society +%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10. +% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. +% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also +% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. +%%EndComments +FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup +/UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse +{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin -/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin -/version (1.0) readonly def -/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def +/FontName /CMSL10 def +/FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def +/UniqueID 5000798 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin +/version (003.002) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -9.46 def /isFixedPitch false def +/UnderlinePosition -100 def +/UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def -/FontName /CMSL10 def -/PaintType 0 def -/FontType 1 def -/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 11 /ff put dup 12 /fi put dup 14 /ffi put +dup 36 /dollar put dup 45 /hyphen put dup 49 /one put dup 50 /two put dup 51 /three put +dup 52 /four put dup 65 /A put dup 66 /B put dup 67 /C 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-(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i(preceding)f(the)330 5340 y(command)30 -b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)p eop end -%%Page: 88 94 -TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Ft(88)2572 b(Bash)31 -b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)154 299 y(23.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m +(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i(preceding)f(the)330 1797 y(command)30 +b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 1924 y(25.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m (e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 -408 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t) -h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 -518 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g +2034 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m +(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 +2144 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g (assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 -b(ariable.)154 645 y(24.)61 b(A)28 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e -(exists)f(with)g(an)g(error)g(status)h(if)f(a)g(v)-5 -b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs)330 -755 y(in)i(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s -(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f(other)h(simple)330 -864 y(command.)154 991 y(25.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell) -e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 -b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g Fs(for)330 1101 y Ft(statemen)m(t)32 -b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g -Fs(select)f Ft(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f(readonly)h(v)-5 -b(ariable.)154 1228 y(26.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30 b(substitution)g(is)h(not) -f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 1354 y(27.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 -b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fl(posix)f Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s -(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 1464 -y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 1591 y(28.)61 +b(ariable.)154 2271 y(26.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d +(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 +b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 2381 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t) +i(statemen)m(t)g(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g +(with)h(an)m(y)f(other)h(simple)330 2491 y(command.)154 +2619 y(27.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f +(an)f(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 +b(in)f(a)g Ft(for)330 2728 y Fu(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection) +i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Ft(select)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f +(readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2856 y(28.)61 b(Pro)s(cess)30 +b(substitution)g(is)h(not)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)154 2984 +y(29.)61 b(While)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(indirection)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable,)34 b(it)d(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(applied)g(to)g(the)h(`)p +Ft(#)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)330 +3093 y(parameters.)154 3221 y(30.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 +b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s +(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 3331 +y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 3459 y(31.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f(function)g (calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 -1700 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h -Fl(posix)e Ft(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g -(executed.)154 1827 y(29.)61 b(The)38 b Fs(export)f Ft(and)g -Fs(readonly)f Ft(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in) -g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 1937 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fl(posix)p -Ft(.)154 2064 y(30.)61 b(The)30 b Fs(trap)f Ft(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g -(signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Fs(SIG)p -Ft(.)154 2191 y(31.)61 b(The)39 b Fs(trap)e Ft(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g +3568 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h +Fm(posix)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g +(executed.)154 3696 y(32.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g +Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in) +g(the)h(format)g(re-)330 3806 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p +Fu(.)154 3934 y(33.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g +(signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p +Fu(.)154 4061 y(34.)61 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g (c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e -(signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 2300 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e +(signal)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)330 4171 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e (signal)i(handling)e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g -(is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 2410 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g +(is,)g(unless)f(that)h(argumen)m(t)330 4281 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g (digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330 -2519 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s -(osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Fs(-)p 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-(ev)m(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 3356 -y(35.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Fs(alias)f Ft(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias) -g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a) -330 3465 y(leading)31 b(`)p Fs(alias)e Ft(')i(unless)f(the)g(`)p -Fs(-p)p Ft(')g(option)h(is)g(supplied.)154 3592 y(36.)61 -b(When)40 b(the)g Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h +4628 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g +Ft(PATH)p Fu(.)154 4756 y(36.)61 b(Subshells)24 b(spa)m(wned)h(to)h +(execute)h(command)f(substitutions)f(inherit)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)e Fu(option)330 4865 y(from)37 +b(the)h(paren)m(t)g(shell.)63 b(When)38 b(not)g(in)f +Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)j(Bash)e(clears)g(the)g Ft(-e)g +Fu(option)g(in)f(suc)m(h)330 4975 y(subshells.)154 5103 +y(37.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(enabled,)e(ev)m +(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 5230 y(38.)61 +b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)g +(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 +5340 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g +Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied.)p eop end +%%Page: 96 102 +TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)154 299 y(39.)61 +b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h (without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es)f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g -(function)330 3702 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 -3829 y(37.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Fs(set)g Ft(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok) -m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 -b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 3938 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i -(con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result) -g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 4048 y(c)m(haracters.)154 -4175 y(38.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Fs(cd)f Ft(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m -(ed)i(in)d Fq(logical)41 b Ft(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g -(constructed)g(from)330 4284 y Fs($PWD)i Ft(and)h(the)h(directory)f +(function)330 408 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 +543 y(40.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m +(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f(displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 +b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 653 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i(con) +m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m(haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)g +(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m(ting)330 762 y(c)m(haracters.)154 +897 y(41.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m +(ed)i(in)d Fr(logical)41 b Fu(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g +(constructed)g(from)330 1006 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f (name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g -(an)f(existing)330 4394 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Fs(cd)d -Ft(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f(falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f -Fq(ph)m(ysical)j Ft(mo)s(de.)154 4521 y(39.)61 b(The)36 -b Fs(pwd)f Ft(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5 +(an)f(existing)330 1116 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d +Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f(falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f +Fr(ph)m(ysical)j Fu(mo)s(de.)154 1250 y(42.)61 b(The)36 +b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f -(directory)-8 b(,)330 4631 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m -(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h(`)p -Fs(-P)p Ft(')f(option.)154 4757 y(40.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g -(history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Fs(fc)g Ft(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h -(include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 4867 +(directory)-8 b(,)330 1360 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m +(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f(system)h(with)f(the)h +Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 1494 y(43.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g +(history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h +(include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 1604 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b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h +(within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g +Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g +(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 +b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f +(functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518 +y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g +(48\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i +(b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f +Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31 +b(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 +b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that) g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330 -4979 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g +4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g (command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330 -5089 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f -([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(37\).)225 5230 -y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g +5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f +([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\).)225 5230 +y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g (to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f -Fs(export)f(-f)h Ft(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8 -b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(15\).)p eop end -%%Page: 144 150 -TeXDict begin 144 149 bop 150 -116 a Ft(144)2527 b(Bash)31 -b(Reference)g(Man)m(ual)225 299 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(The)37 -b(Bash)g Fs(export)p Ft(,)h Fs(readonly)p Ft(,)f(and)f -Fs(declare)g Ft(builtins)h(can)g(tak)m(e)i(a)f(`)p Fs(-f)p -Ft(')f(option)h(to)g(act)g(on)330 408 y(shell)26 b(functions,)g(a)h(`)p -Fs(-p)p Ft(')e(option)h(to)h(displa)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)26 -b(with)g(v)-5 b(arious)25 b(attributes)i(set)f(in)f(a)i(format)330 -518 y(that)g(can)f(b)s(e)f(used)h(as)g(shell)g(input,)h(a)f(`)p -Fs(-n)p Ft(')g(option)g(to)h(remo)m(v)m(e)h(v)-5 b(arious)26 -b(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(attributes,)h(and)330 628 y(`)p -Fs(name=value)p Ft(')g(argumen)m(ts)j(to)g(set)g(v)-5 +Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8 +b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p eop end +%%Page: 149 155 +TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(149)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p +Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f +Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30 +b(functions,)f(a)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)g(to)i(displa)m(y)e(v)-5 +b(ariables)30 b(with)f(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(attributes)g(set)g(in)f(a)h +(format)330 518 y(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)g(shell)h(input,)f(a)h +Ft(-n)f 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Ft(builtin)g(also)j(accepts)f(a)g(prompt)e(string)h(with)g -(the)330 1943 y(`)p Fs(-p)p Ft(')k(option)g(and)f(will)h(use)g -(Readline)g(to)h(obtain)f(the)g(line)g(when)f(giv)m(en)i(the)f(`)p -Fs(-e)p Ft(')g(option.)54 b(The)330 2052 y Fs(read)31 -b Ft(builtin)h(also)i(has)e(additional)h(options)g(to)g(con)m(trol)h -(input:)44 b(the)32 b(`)p Fs(-s)p Ft(')h(option)f(will)h(turn)f(o\013) -330 2162 y(ec)m(hoing)38 b(of)e(input)f(c)m(haracters)j(as)e(they)h -(are)f(read,)i(the)e(`)p Fs(-t)p Ft(')g(option)h(will)g(allo)m(w)g -Fs(read)e Ft(to)i(time)330 2271 y(out)c(if)g(input)f(do)s(es)g(not)h -(arriv)m(e)g(within)g(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i -(seconds,)h(the)f(`)p Fs(-n)p Ft(')f(option)i(will)330 -2381 y(allo)m(w)29 b(reading)e(only)h(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(n)m(um)m(b)s -(er)g(of)i(c)m(haracters)h(rather)e(than)g(a)h(full)f(line,)i(and)d -(the)i(`)p Fs(-d)p Ft(')330 2491 y(option)j(will)g(read)f(un)m(til)g(a) -h(particular)g(c)m(haracter)h(rather)e(than)g(newline.)225 -2628 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(The)33 b Fs(return)e Ft(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s -(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab)s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with) -f(the)g Fs(.)g Ft(or)330 2737 y Fs(source)c Ft(builtins)g(\(see)j -(Section)f(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(37\).)225 -2874 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Fs(shopt)f -Ft(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g +(4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(48\).)225 +1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i +(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(48\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g +(line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g +Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e +Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330 +1833 y(argumen)m(ts)h(are)h(supplied.)42 b(The)30 b(Bash)i +Ft(read)e Fu(builtin)g(also)j(accepts)f(a)g(prompt)e(string)h(with)g +(the)330 1943 y Ft(-p)c Fu(option)h(and)f(will)g(use)h(Readline)g(to)g 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Ft(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h -(simple)f(command,)j Fs(for)c Ft(command,)k Fs(case)c -Ft(command,)k Fs(select)330 4765 y Ft(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g -(arithmetic)g Fs(for)e Ft(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f +4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section) +f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(41\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e +Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e +(to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h +Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h +(simple)f(command,)j Ft(for)c Fu(command,)k Ft(case)c +Fu(command,)k Ft(select)330 4765 y Fu(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g +(arithmetic)g Ft(for)e Fu(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f (command)h(executes)h(in)330 4874 y(a)29 b(shell)g(function.)40 -b(The)28 b Fs(DEBUG)g Ft(trap)g(is)h(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h(shell)g +b(The)28 b Ft(DEBUG)g 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b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g -Fs(EXIT)f Ft(and)g Fs(DEBUG)p Ft(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h -(with)g(an)g Fs(ERR)g Ft(trap)p eop end -%%Page: 145 151 -TeXDict begin 145 150 bop 150 -116 a Ft(App)s(endix)29 +Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h +(with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end +%%Page: 150 156 +TeXDict begin 150 155 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(145)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(150)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g (a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68 -b(The)39 b Fs(ERR)g Ft(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h -(shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Fs(-o)29 b(errtrace)37 -b Ft(option)i(to)g(the)g Fs(set)f Ft(builtin)g(is)330 -518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Fs(trap)g Ft(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h 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Ft(builtin)h(p)s(ermits)g(a)g(`)p Fs(-p)p -Ft(')h(option)g(to)g(cause)g(the)g(output)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m -(ed)h(in)330 1681 y(the)g(form)g(of)g(a)h Fs(umask)e -Ft(command)h(that)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)h(input)g(\(see)h -(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)330 1791 y(Shell)30 b(Builtins],)h(page)h -(37\).)225 1923 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)34 b(implemen)m(ts)h(a)g -Fs(csh)p Ft(-lik)m(e)g(directory)f(stac)m(k,)j(and)d(pro)m(vides)g(the) -g Fs(pushd)p Ft(,)g Fs(popd)p Ft(,)g(and)g Fs(dirs)330 -2032 y Ft(builtins)g(to)i(manipulate)f(it)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.8)g -([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m(k],)i(page)d(83\).)56 b(Bash)35 -b(also)330 2142 y(mak)m(es)c(the)g(directory)g(stac)m(k)g(visible)g(as) -g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Fs(DIRSTACK)f Ft(shell)h(v)-5 -b(ariable.)225 2274 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)28 b(in)m(terprets)h(sp)s -(ecial)g(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(ed)g(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(prompt)e -(strings)h(when)f(in)m(ter-)330 2383 y(activ)m(e)33 b(\(see)e(Section)g 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y([Job)h(Con)m(trol)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(98\))h(or)e +(suppress)e(the)i(sending)g(of)g Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)j(a)g(job)f(when)f (the)330 2976 y(shell)f(exits)g(as)f(the)h(result)f(of)h(a)f -Fs(SIGHUP)p Ft(.)225 3108 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)31 b(includes)f(a)g(n) +Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)225 3108 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)f(a)g(n) m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(features)g(to)g(supp)s(ort)d(a)j(separate)g -(debugger)f(for)h(shell)f(scripts.)225 3240 y Fp(\017)60 -b Ft(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)f(has)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(privilege-related)g -(builtins)e(\()p Fs(mldmode)e Ft(and)i Fs(priv)p Ft(\))f(not)i(presen)m -(t)f(in)330 3350 y(Bash.)225 3482 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)31 -b(do)s(es)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e Fs(stop)g Ft(or)g -Fs(newgrp)f Ft(builtins.)225 3613 y Fp(\017)60 b Ft(Bash)31 -b(do)s(es)f(not)g(use)g(the)h Fs(SHACCT)d Ft(v)-5 b(ariable)32 +(debugger)f(for)h(shell)f(scripts.)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)f(has)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(privilege-related)g +(builtins)e(\()p Ft(mldmode)e 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Fb(76)150 2529 y Fe(MAIL)23 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)49 -b Fb(63)150 2175 y Fe(MAILCHECK)9 b Fc(:)16 b(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(69)150 2617 y Fe(MAILCHECK)9 b Fc(:)16 b(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)36 b -Fb(70)150 2263 y Fe(MAILPATH)12 b Fc(:)j(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) +Fb(77)150 2704 y Fe(MAILPATH)12 b Fc(:)j(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)38 b Fb(63)150 -2351 y Fe(MAPFILE)15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h +(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)38 b Fb(69)150 +2791 y Fe(MAPFILE)15 b Fc(:)f(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h 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ae982d5e..eca3c26b 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -2,11 +2,9 @@ @c %**start of header @setfilename bashref.info @settitle Bash Reference Manual -@c %**end of header - -@setchapternewpage odd @include version.texi +@c %**end of header @copying This text is a brief description of the features that are present in @@ -16,24 +14,15 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. -Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. +Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no -Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', -and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is -included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. - -(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You are free to copy and modify -this GNU manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in -developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' - +Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. +A copy of the license is included in the section entitled +``GNU Free Documentation License''. @end quotation @end copying @@ -60,12 +49,6 @@ developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying -@sp 1 -Published by the Free Software Foundation @* -59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @* -Boston, MA 02111-1307 @* -USA @* - @end titlepage @contents @@ -76,6 +59,7 @@ USA @* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). +The Bash home page is @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/}. This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, @@ -85,9 +69,9 @@ Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell (@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor, -@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into -categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the -feature. +@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and +which are specific to Bash. This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive @@ -185,7 +169,7 @@ Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and -@code{exec}) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +@code{exec} cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd} builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, @@ -627,7 +611,7 @@ the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}. @cindex command timing The format for a pipeline is @example -[@code{time} [@code{-p}]] [@code{!}] @var{command1} [ [@code{|} or @code{|&}] @var{command2} @dots{}] +[time [-p]] [!] @var{command1} [ | or |& @var{command2} ] @dots{} @end example @noindent @@ -637,9 +621,11 @@ That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the command. -If @samp{|&} is used, the standard error of @var{command1} is connected to -@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for -@code{2>&1 |}. This implicit redirection of the standard error is +If @samp{|&} is used, @var{command1}'s standard error, in addition to +its standard output, is connected to +@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe; +it is shorthand for @code{2>&1 |}. +This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the command. The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics @@ -753,6 +739,10 @@ terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be +separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be +followed by a newline in place of a semicolon. + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. @@ -771,9 +761,11 @@ command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. @rwindex do @rwindex done The syntax of the @code{until} command is: + @example until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done @end example + Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as @var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed @@ -782,6 +774,7 @@ in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed. @item while @rwindex while The syntax of the @code{while} command is: + @example while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done @end example @@ -798,6 +791,7 @@ The syntax of the @code{for} command is: @example for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done @end example + Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member. If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command @@ -813,6 +807,7 @@ An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported: @example for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done @end example + First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly @@ -822,7 +817,6 @@ executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands} that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. - @end table The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) @@ -869,7 +863,7 @@ zero if no condition tested true. The syntax of the @code{case} command is: @example -@code{case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} esac} +case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} esac @end example @code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to @@ -893,6 +887,8 @@ There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated by a @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. The first pattern that matches determines the command-list that is executed. +It's a common idiom to use @samp{*} as the final pattern to define the +default case, since that pattern will always match. Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to describe one interesting feature of an animal: @@ -989,26 +985,28 @@ the conditional expression @var{expression}. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in @ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words -between the @samp{[[} and @samp{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and +between the @code{[[} and @code{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. -When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according -to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}. +to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}, +as if the @code{extglob} shell option were enabled. +The @samp{=} operator is identical to @samp{==}. If the shell option @code{nocasematch} (see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not match (@samp{!=})the pattern, and 1 otherwise. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}. @@ -1022,8 +1020,12 @@ If the shell option @code{nocasematch} (see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. -Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a -string. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion +to be matched as a string. +Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, +since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets. +If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable +expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH}. The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 is the portion of the string @@ -1031,6 +1033,61 @@ matching the entire regular expression. The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression. +For example, the following will match a line +(stored in the shell variable @var{line}) +if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of +any number, including zero, of +space characters, zero or one instances of @samp{a}, then a @samp{b}: +@example +[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] +@end example + +@noindent +That means values like @samp{aab} and @samp{ aaaaaab} will match, as +will a line containing a @samp{b} anywhere in its value. + +Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful +way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the +shell. +It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally +without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular +expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal. +Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. +For example, the following is equivalent to the above: +@example +pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' +[[ $line =~ $pattern ]] +@end example + +@noindent +If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression +grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning. +This means that in the pattern @samp{xxx.txt}, the @samp{.} matches any +character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the +pattern @samp{"xxx.txt"} it can only match a literal @samp{.}. +Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes +are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special +meaning from the following character. +The following two sets of commands are @emph{not} equivalent: +@example +pattern='\.' + +[[ . =~ $pattern ]] +[[ . =~ \. ]] + +[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]] +[[ . =~ '\.' ]] +@end example + +@noindent +The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because +in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched. +In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from +@samp{.}, so the literal @samp{.} matches. +If the string in the first examples were anything other than @samp{.}, say +@samp{a}, the pattern would not match, because the quoted @samp{.} in the +pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character. + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: @@ -1048,11 +1105,11 @@ True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true. @item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2} True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true. @end table + @noindent The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. - @end table @node Command Grouping @@ -1111,7 +1168,7 @@ established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The format for a coprocess is: @example -@code{coproc} [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}] +coproc [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}] @end example @noindent @@ -1121,49 +1178,55 @@ If @var{NAME} is not supplied, the default name is @var{COPROC}. command (@pxref{Simple Commands}); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of the simple command. -When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable +When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (@pxref{Arrays}) -named @var{NAME} in the context of the executing shell. +named @env{NAME} in the context of the executing shell. The standard output of @var{command} is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[0]. +and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[0]. The standard input of @var{command} is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, -and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[1]. +and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (@pxref{Redirections}). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. +The file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is -available as the value of the variable @var{NAME}_PID. +available as the value of the variable @env{NAME}_PID. The @code{wait} builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, +the @code{coproc} command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}. @node GNU Parallel @subsection GNU Parallel +There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash. +GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that. + GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether -they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. +they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU +Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations +(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify +the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace @code{xargs} or feed +commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash. For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use. -For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a specified -string: +For example, it is easy to replace @code{xargs} to gzip all html files in the +current directory and its subdirectories: @example -cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string +find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip @end example @noindent -The @option{-k} option is required to preserve the lines' order. - -Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text file: -@example -cat file | parallel -k echo @{@} append_string -@end example +If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names, +use find's @option{-print0} option and parallel's @option{-0} option. You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the number of files is too large to process with one @code{mv} invocation: @@ -1172,20 +1235,31 @@ ls | parallel mv @{@} destdir @end example As you can see, the @{@} is replaced with each line read from standard input. +While using @code{ls} will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to +deal with all filenames. +If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use + +@example +find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv @{@} destdir +@end example + +@noindent +as alluded to above. + This will run as many @code{mv} commands as there are files in the current -directory. You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X} -option: +directory. +You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X} option: @example -ls | parallel -X mv @{@} destdir +find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv @{@} destdir @end example GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read -from a file (in this case, filenames): +from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line): @example - for x in $(cat list); do - do-something1 $x config-$x - do-something2 < $x - done | process-output + while IFS= read -r x; do + do-something1 "$x" "config-$x" + do-something2 < "$x" + done < file | process-output @end example @noindent @@ -1201,7 +1275,15 @@ ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}" @end example @noindent This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending -in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel. +(We use @code{ls} for brevity here; using @code{find} as above is more +robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) +Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be +written as + +@example +parallel "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}" ::: *.gz +@end example If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in the output. For instance, the following command @@ -1209,14 +1291,29 @@ the output. For instance, the following command @{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel traceroute @end example @noindent -will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. Using -the @option{-k} option, as we saw above +will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. +Adding the @option{-k} option @example @{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel -k traceroute @end example @noindent will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first. +Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, +similar to @samp{cat file | bash}. +It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell +commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. +Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that @file{file} contains a list of +shell commands, one per line, + +@example +parallel -j 10 < file +@end example + +@noindent +will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is +supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time. + @node Shell Functions @section Shell Functions @cindex shell function @@ -1233,8 +1330,13 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. Functions are declared using this syntax: @rwindex function @example -@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]@*or@* -@code{function} @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] +@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] +@end example + +or + +@example +function @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] @end example This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved @@ -1247,6 +1349,9 @@ That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but may be any compound command listed above. @var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the name of a command. +When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), +@var{name} may not be the same as one of the special builtins +(@pxref{Special Builtins}). Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function are performed when the function is executed. @@ -1314,8 +1419,8 @@ Variables local to the function may be declared with the the function and the commands it invokes. Function names and definitions may be listed with the -@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} or @code{typeset} -builtin commands (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset}) +builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset} will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug} @@ -1377,6 +1482,9 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the @code{alias}, @code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{local} builtin commands. +When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear +in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin +and retain these assignment statement properties. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=} @@ -1394,6 +1502,39 @@ in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and appended to the variable's value. +A variable can be assigned the @var{nameref} attribute using the +@option{-n} option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +to create a @var{nameref}, or a reference to another variable. +This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. +Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation +is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's +value. +A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable +whose name is passed as an argument to the function. +For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first +argument, running +@example +declare -n ref=$1 +@end example +@noindent +inside the function creates a nameref variable @var{ref} whose value is +the variable name passed as the first argument. +References and assignments to @var{ref} are treated as references and +assignments to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}. + +If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute, +the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference +will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is +executed. +Array variables cannot be given the @option{-n} attribute. +However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted +array variables. +Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Otherwise, if @code{unset} is executed with the name of a nameref variable +as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. + @node Positional Parameters @subsection Positional Parameters @cindex parameters, positional @@ -1424,8 +1565,13 @@ only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. @vtable @code @item * -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the -expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +@vindex $* +($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. +When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter +expands to a separate word. +In contexts where it is performed, those words +are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion. +When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent @@ -1436,9 +1582,9 @@ If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @item @@ -Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +@vindex $@@ +($@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to @code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}. @@ -1451,28 +1597,35 @@ When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). @item # -Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +@vindex $# +($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. @item ? -Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +@vindex $? +($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. @item - -(A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +@vindex $- +($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, by the @code{set} builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the @option{-i} option). @item $ -Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell. In a @code{()} subshell, it +@vindex $$ +($$) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell. In a @code{()} subshell, it expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell. @item ! -Expands to the process @sc{id} of the most recently executed background -(asynchronous) command. +@vindex $! +($!) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the job most recently placed into the +background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using +the @code{bg} builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}). @item 0 -Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +@vindex $0 +($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file. If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}), @@ -1481,7 +1634,8 @@ executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. @item _ -(An underscore.) +@vindex $_ +($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment or argument list. @@ -1498,6 +1652,7 @@ When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into @code{token}s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + @itemize @bullet @item brace expansion @item tilde expansion @@ -1523,15 +1678,17 @@ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into words. @end menu -The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, -parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and -command substitution -(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename -expansion. +The order of expansions is: +brace expansion; +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); +word splitting; +and filename expansion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion -available: @var{process substitution}. This is performed at the -same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +available: @var{process substitution}. +This is performed at the +same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion @@ -1552,9 +1709,9 @@ is performed. Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. This mechanism is similar to @var{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}), -but the file names generated need not exist. +but the filenames generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble}, -followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce expression +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional @var{postscript}. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and @@ -1576,12 +1733,14 @@ and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed with @samp{0} to force each term to have the -same width. When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell +same width. +When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character -lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. Note that -both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type. +lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive, +using the default C locale. +Note that both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. @@ -1652,7 +1811,7 @@ left unchanged. Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. -Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to @env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH}, and the shell assigns the expanded value. @@ -1682,7 +1841,6 @@ The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}} @item ~-@var{N} The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}} - @end table @node Shell Parameter Expansion @@ -1703,21 +1861,22 @@ embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}. -The value of @var{parameter} is substituted. The braces are required -when @var{parameter} +The value of @var{parameter} is substituted. +The @var{parameter} is a shell parameter as described above +(@pxref{Shell Parameters}) or an array reference (@pxref{Arrays}). +The braces are required when @var{parameter} is a positional parameter with more than one digit, -or when @var{parameter} -is followed by a character that is not to be +or when @var{parameter} is followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name. If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!), -a level of variable indirection is introduced. +it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of @var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of @var{parameter} itself. This is known as @code{indirect expansion}. -The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}@*@} +The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}*@} and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to @@ -1727,7 +1886,7 @@ In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the form described -below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +below (e.g., @samp{:-}), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both @var{parameter}'s existence and that its value @@ -1763,33 +1922,147 @@ is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of @item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@} @itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@} -Expands to up to @var{length} characters of @var{parameter} +This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +It expands to up to @var{length} characters of the value of @var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}. -If @var{length} is omitted, expands to the substring of -@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, an indexed array subscripted by +@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, or an associative array name, the results differ as +described below. +If @var{length} is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of +@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset} +and extending to the end of the value. @var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). -This is referred to as Substring Expansion. If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value -is used as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter}. -If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero, and @var{parameter} -is not @samp{@@} and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted -as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than -a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the -two offsets. +is used as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero, +it is interpreted as an offset in characters +from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than +a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between +@var{offset} and that result. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion. + +Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and +subscripted arrays: + +@verbatim +$ string=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${string:7:0} + +$ echo ${string:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${string:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${string: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${string: -7:0} + +$ echo ${string: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${string: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${1:7:0} + +$ echo ${1:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${1:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${1: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${1: -7:0} + +$ echo ${1: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${1: -7:-2} +bcdef +$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7} +7890abcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]:7:0} + +$ echo ${array[0]:7:2} +78 +$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} +7890abcdef +$ echo ${array[0]: -7} +bcdefgh +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} + +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} +bc +$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} +bcdef +@end verbatim + If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional parameters beginning at @var{offset}. +A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the greatest +positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +parameter. +It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero. + +The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional +parameters: + +@verbatim +$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:7:0} + +$ echo ${@:7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${@:7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${@: -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${@:0} +./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${@:0:2} +./bash 1 +$ echo ${@: -7:0} + +@end verbatim + If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted by @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is the @var{length} members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}. A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. +It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero. + +These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed +arrays: + +@verbatim +$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h) +$ echo ${array[@]:7} +7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:7:2} +7 8 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2} +b c +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2} +bash: -2: substring expression < 0 +$ echo ${array[@]:0} +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h +$ echo ${array[@]:0:2} +0 1 +$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} + +@end verbatim + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. -Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least -one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If @var{offset} is 0, and the positional parameters are used, @code{$@@} is @@ -1818,6 +2091,11 @@ If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +If @var{parameter} +is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +@var{parameter}, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. @item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@} @itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@} @@ -1881,6 +2159,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}. The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. +Each character in the expanded value of @var{parameter} is tested against +@var{pattern}, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. +The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character. The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern} to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. @@ -1896,7 +2177,6 @@ If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the case modification operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - @end table @node Command Substitution @@ -1952,8 +2232,9 @@ $(( @var{expression} )) The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. -All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command -substitution, and quote removal. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal. +The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below @@ -2001,7 +2282,8 @@ and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for word splitting. The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS} as a delimiter, and splits -the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. +the results of the other expansions into words using these characters +as field terminators. If @env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{<space><tab><newline>}, the default, then sequences of @code{ <space>}, @code{<tab>}, and @code{<newline>} @@ -2044,7 +2326,8 @@ After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a @var{pattern}, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of -file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, +filenames matching the pattern (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). +If no matching filenames are found, and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left unchanged. If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word @@ -2057,7 +2340,7 @@ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.} at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set. -When matching a file name, the slash character must always be +When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially. @@ -2110,7 +2393,7 @@ Matches any single character. @item [@dots{}] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression}; -any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the @samp{[} is a @samp{!} or a @samp{^} @@ -2119,8 +2402,8 @@ may be matched by including it as the first or last character in the set. A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by -the current locale and the value of the @env{LC_COLLATE} shell variable, -if set. +the current locale and the values of the +@env{LC_COLLATE} and @env{LC_ALL} shell variables, if set. For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]}. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in @@ -2128,7 +2411,8 @@ these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]}; it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxXyYz]}, for example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or -@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}. +@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}, or enable the +@code{globasciiranges} shell option. Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @var{character classes} can be specified using the syntax @@ -2190,7 +2474,11 @@ result from one of the above expansions are removed. Before a command is executed, its input and output may be @var{redirected} using a special notation interpreted by the shell. -Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +Redirection allows commands' file handles to be +duplicated, opened, closed, +made to refer to different files, +and can change the files the command reads from and writes to. +Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. @@ -2252,14 +2540,13 @@ File descriptor 2 is duplicated. @item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port} If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} -is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP -connection to the corresponding socket. +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding TCP socket. @item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port} If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} -is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP -connection to the corresponding socket. - +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open +the corresponding UDP socket. @end table A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. @@ -2337,6 +2624,9 @@ This is semantically equivalent to @example >@var{word} 2>&1 @end example +When using the second form, @var{word} may not expand to a number or +@samp{-}. If it does, other redirection operators apply +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons. @subsection Appending Standard Output and Standard Error This construct allows both the @@ -2354,6 +2644,7 @@ This is semantically equivalent to @example >>@var{word} 2>&1 @end example +(see Duplicating File Descriptors below). @subsection Here Documents This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the @@ -2369,15 +2660,15 @@ The format of here-documents is: @var{delimiter} @end example -No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, -or filename expansion is performed on +No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, +arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on @var{word}. If any characters in @var{word} are quoted, the @var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word}, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If @var{word} is unquoted, -all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, -command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter -case, the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\} +all lines of the here-document are subjected to +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\} must be used to quote the characters @samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}. @@ -2393,8 +2684,12 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: <<< @var{word} @end example -The @var{word} is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard -input. +The @var{word} undergoes +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. +Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. +The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its +standard input. @subsection Duplicating File Descriptors The redirection operator @@ -2409,8 +2704,8 @@ is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If @var{word} -evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. If -@var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. +If @var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator @example @@ -2421,8 +2716,10 @@ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If @var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +If @var{word} +evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not -expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +expand to one or more digits or @samp{-}, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. @subsection Moving File Descriptors @@ -2703,7 +3000,7 @@ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_} -is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that +is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environment. @node Exit Status @@ -2714,7 +3011,7 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the @var{waitpid} system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and -compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. @@ -2907,6 +3204,7 @@ These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} standard. @example : [@var{arguments}] @end example + Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections. The return status is zero. @@ -2915,6 +3213,7 @@ The return status is zero. @example . @var{filename} [@var{arguments}] @end example + Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the current shell context. If @var{filename} does not contain a slash, the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}. @@ -2933,6 +3232,7 @@ This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}. @example break [@var{n}] @end example + Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop. If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited. @var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. @@ -2941,21 +3241,42 @@ The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. @item cd @btindex cd @example -cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [@var{directory}] +cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@@] [@var{directory}] @end example + Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. -If @var{directory} is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell -variable is used. -If the shell variable @env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path. +If @var{directory} is not supplied, the value of the @env{HOME} +shell variable is used. +Any additional arguments following @var{directory} are ignored. +If the shell variable +@env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path: +each directory name in @env{CDPATH} is searched for +@var{directory}, with alternative directory names in @env{CDPATH} +separated by a colon (@samp{:}). If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used. -The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic -links are followed by default or with the @option{-L} option. +The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links +are resolved while @code{cd} is traversing @var{directory} and before +processing an instance of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. + +By default, or when the @option{-L} option is supplied, symbolic links +in @var{directory} are resolved after @code{cd} processes an instance +of @samp{..} in @var{directory}. + +If @samp{..} appears in @var{directory}, it is processed by removing the +immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning +of @var{directory}. + If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P} and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful status. -If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}. + +On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended +attributes associated with a file as a directory. + +If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is converted to @env{$OLDPWD} +before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if @samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is @@ -2970,6 +3291,7 @@ non-zero otherwise. @example continue [@var{n}] @end example + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop. If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop @@ -2982,6 +3304,7 @@ The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. @example eval [@var{arguments}] @end example + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status of @code{eval}. @@ -2993,6 +3316,7 @@ zero. @example exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]] @end example + If @var{command} is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the @@ -3002,6 +3326,11 @@ The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty environment. If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth argument to @var{command}. +If @var{command} +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the @code{execfail} shell option +is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. @@ -3011,6 +3340,7 @@ return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. @example exit [@var{n}] @end example + Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent. If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates. @@ -3020,12 +3350,13 @@ Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates. @example export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @end example + Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes in the environment. If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export. If no @var{names} are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a -list of exported names is displayed. +list of names of all exported variables is displayed. The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}. @@ -3039,10 +3370,11 @@ with a name that is not a shell function. @example getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{args}] @end example + @code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. @var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an -argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts} @@ -3069,7 +3401,7 @@ given in @var{args}, @code{getopts} parses those instead. @code{getopts} can report errors in two ways. If the first character of @var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent} -error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable @env{OPTERR} @@ -3093,6 +3425,7 @@ If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in @example hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}] @end example + Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the commands specified as @var{name} arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. @@ -3120,6 +3453,7 @@ option is supplied. @example pwd [-LP] @end example + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain symbolic links. @@ -3134,6 +3468,7 @@ is supplied. @example readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{} @end example + Mark each @var{name} as readonly. The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell @@ -3159,16 +3494,22 @@ or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. @example return [@var{n}] @end example -Cause a shell function to exit with the return value @var{n}. + +Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value @var{n} +to its caller. If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. -This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed -with the @code{.} (or @code{source}) builtin, returning either @var{n} or +@code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script +being executed with the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin, +returning either @var{n} or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. +If @var{n} is supplied, the return value is its least significant +8 bits. Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. -The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is used outside a function +The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is supplied a non-numeric +argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}. @item shift @@ -3176,6 +3517,7 @@ and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}. @example shift [@var{n}] @end example + Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}. The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}. @@ -3192,7 +3534,13 @@ less than zero, non-zero otherwise. @itemx [ @btindex test @btindex [ -Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr}. +@example +test @var{expr} +@end example + +Evaluate a conditional express +ion @var{expr} and return a status of 0 +(true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in @ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. @@ -3275,6 +3623,7 @@ operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. @example times @end example + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. The return status is zero. @@ -3283,6 +3632,7 @@ The return status is zero. @example trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}] @end example + The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent (and there is a single @var{sigspec}) or @@ -3315,15 +3665,21 @@ each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins finishes executing. If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg} -is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +is executed whenever +a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple +command), a list, or a compound command returns a +non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword, part of the test following the @code{if} or @code{elif} reserved words, -part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list, +part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list +except the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||}, +any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return status is being inverted using @code{!}. -These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} option. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} (@option{-e}) +option. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original @@ -3337,6 +3693,7 @@ valid signal. @example umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}] @end example + Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}. If @var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar @@ -3356,13 +3713,21 @@ results in permissions of @code{755}. @item unset @btindex unset @example -unset [-fv] [@var{name}] +unset [-fnv] [@var{name}] @end example -Each variable or function @var{name} is removed. -If no options are supplied, or the @option{-v} option is given, each -@var{name} refers to a shell variable. + +Remove each variable or function @var{name}. +If the @option{-v} option is given, each +@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved. If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell functions, and the function definition is removed. +If the @option{-n} option is supplied, and @var{name} is a variable with +the @var{nameref} attribute, @var{name} will be unset rather than the +variable it references. +@option{-n} has no effect if the @option{-f} option is supplied. +If no options are supplied, each @var{name} refers to a variable; if +there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is +unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly. @end table @@ -3379,7 +3744,7 @@ Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} standard. @item alias @btindex alias @example -alias [@code{-p}] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +alias [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] @end example Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints @@ -3393,7 +3758,7 @@ Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. @item bind @btindex bind @example -bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSV] +bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSVX] bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}] bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename} bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command} @@ -3475,6 +3840,10 @@ of the insertion point. If the executed command changes the value of @code{READLINE_LINE} or @code{READLINE_POINT}, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + +@item -X +List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands +in a format that can be reused as input. @end table @noindent @@ -3486,6 +3855,7 @@ error occurs. @example builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]] @end example + Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within @@ -3498,6 +3868,7 @@ builtin command. @example caller [@var{expr}] @end example + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). @@ -3518,6 +3889,7 @@ call stack. @example command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}] @end example + Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function named @var{command}. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the @@ -3541,7 +3913,7 @@ zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not. @item declare @btindex declare @example -declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] @end example Declare variables and give them attributes. If no @var{name}s @@ -3549,8 +3921,8 @@ are given, then display the values of variables instead. The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each @var{name}. -When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options -are ignored. +When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options, +other than @option{-f} and @option{-F}, are ignored. When @option{-p} is supplied without @var{name} arguments, @code{declare} will display the attributes and values of all variables having the @@ -3593,6 +3965,15 @@ When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. +@item -n +Give each @var{name} the @var{nameref} attribute, making +it a name reference to another variable. +That other variable is defined by the value of @var{name}. +All references and assignments to @var{name}, except for changing the +@option{-n} attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by +@var{name}'s value. +The @option{-n} attribute cannot be applied to array variables. + @item -r Make @var{name}s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. @@ -3618,10 +3999,14 @@ with the exceptions that @samp{+a} may not be used to destroy an array variable and @samp{+r} will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local, -as with the @code{local} command, unless the @samp{-g} option is used. +as with the @code{local} command, unless the @option{-g} option is used. If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}. +When using @option{-a} or @option{-A} and the compound assignment syntax to +create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until +subsequent assignments. + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar}, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, @@ -3637,9 +4022,10 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}. @example echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}] @end example + Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. -The return status is always 0. +The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. @@ -3692,6 +4078,7 @@ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value @example enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f @var{filename}] [@var{name} @dots{}] @end example + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, @@ -3724,6 +4111,7 @@ or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. @example help [-dms] [@var{pattern}] @end example + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of @@ -3745,8 +4133,9 @@ The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}. @item let @btindex let @example -let @var{expression} [@var{expression}] +let @var{expression} [@var{expression} @dots{}] @end example + The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell variables. Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}. If the @@ -3758,6 +4147,7 @@ otherwise 0 is returned. @example local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{} @end example + For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created, and assigned @var{value}. The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}. @@ -3772,20 +4162,23 @@ readonly variable. @example logout [@var{n}] @end example + Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent. @item mapfile @btindex mapfile @example -mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [ --C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] + [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] @end example + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, or from file descriptor @var{fd} if the @option{-u} option is supplied. The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + @table @code @item -n @@ -3826,6 +4219,7 @@ is not an indexed array. @example printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}] @end example + Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the control of the @var{format}. The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable @@ -3841,20 +4235,23 @@ interprets the following extensions: @table @code @item %b -causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the +Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding @var{argument}, -(except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in +except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in @samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes -beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits). +beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits. @item %q -causes @code{printf} to output the +Causes @code{printf} to output the corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input. @item %(@var{datefmt})T -causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using -@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3). The corresponding -@var{argument} is an integer representing the number of seconds since the -epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current +Causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using +@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3). +The corresponding @var{argument} is an integer representing the number of +seconds since the epoch. +Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +This is an exception to the usual @code{printf} behavior. @end table @noindent @@ -3872,8 +4269,10 @@ non-zero on failure. @item read @btindex read @example -read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}] +read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] + [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}] @end example + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor @var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name}, @@ -3882,14 +4281,16 @@ to the last @var{name}. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable -are used to split the line into words. +are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell +uses for expansion (described above in @ref{Word Splitting}). The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable @env{REPLY}. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read} -times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an -invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}. +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), +a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, +or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @@ -3943,27 +4344,31 @@ not echoed. @item -t @var{timeout} Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of -input is not read within @var{timeout} seconds. +input (or a specified number of characters) +is not read within @var{timeout} seconds. @var{timeout} may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option is only effective if @code{read} is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. -If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns success if input is available on -the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +If @code{read} times out, @code{read} saves any partial input read into +the specified variable @var{name}. +If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns immediately, without trying to +read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. @item -u @var{fd} Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}. - @end table @item readarray @btindex readarray @example -readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [ --C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] + [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] @end example + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, or from file descriptor @var{fd} if the @option{-u} option is supplied. @@ -3975,6 +4380,7 @@ A synonym for @code{mapfile}. @example source @var{filename} @end example + A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). @item type @@ -3982,6 +4388,7 @@ A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). @example type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}] @end example + For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. @@ -4001,7 +4408,7 @@ The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if @option{-t} would not return @samp{file}. If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value, -not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}. +which is not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}. If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places that contain an executable named @var{file}. @@ -4017,20 +4424,23 @@ if any are not found. @item typeset @btindex typeset @example -typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] @end example + The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn -shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the @code{declare} -builtin command. +shell. +It is a synonym for the @code{declare} builtin command. @item ulimit @btindex ulimit @example ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [@var{limit}] @end example + @code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + @table @code @item -S Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. @@ -4096,11 +4506,11 @@ The maximum number of file locks. @item -T The maximum number of threads. - @end table -If @var{limit} is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; -the special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and +If @var{limit} is given, and the @option{-a} option is not used, +@var{limit} is the new value of the specified resource. +The special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and @code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; @@ -4110,9 +4520,9 @@ is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied. When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte -increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds, @option{-p}, -which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and @option{-n} and @option{-u}, which -are unscaled values. +increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds; @option{-p}, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and @option{-T}, @option{-b}, +@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values. The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. @@ -4126,7 +4536,6 @@ unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ] Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases. If @option{-a} is supplied, all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. - @end table @node Modifying Shell Behavior @@ -4173,11 +4582,11 @@ Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. @item -e -Exit immediately if a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist -of a single simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), -a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (@pxref{Command Grouping}), -or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed -by braces (@pxref{Command Grouping}) +Exit immediately if +a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist of a single simple command +(@pxref{Simple Commands}), +a list (@pxref{Lists}), +or a compound command (@pxref{Compound Commands}) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until} keyword, @@ -4186,12 +4595,25 @@ part of any command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list except the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||}, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return status is being inverted with @code{!}. +If a compound command other than a subshell +returns a non-zero status because a command failed +while @option{-e} was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where +@option{-e} is being ignored, +none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body +will be affected by the @option{-e} setting, even if @option{-e} is set +and a command returns a failure status. +If a compound command or shell function sets @option{-e} while executing in +a context where @option{-e} is ignored, that setting will not have any +effect until the compound command or the command containing the function +call completes. + @item -f Disable filename expansion (globbing). @@ -4206,6 +4628,9 @@ the command name. @item -m Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}). +All processes run in a separate process group. +When a background job completes, the shell prints a line +containing its exit status. @item -n Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a @@ -4313,9 +4738,9 @@ processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, these actions +real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the @code{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +If the @option{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. @@ -4358,7 +4783,7 @@ Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}). This option is on by default for interactive shells. @item -P -If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as +If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as @code{cd} which change the current directory. The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands @@ -4424,7 +4849,11 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. @example shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}] @end example -Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. + +Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior. +The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the +@option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o} +option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that @@ -4452,7 +4881,7 @@ Restricts the values of @end table If either @option{-s} or @option{-u} -is used with no @var{optname} arguments, the display is limited to +is used with no @var{optname} arguments, @code{shopt} shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off) @@ -4499,7 +4928,7 @@ The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. @item checkwinsize If set, Bash checks the window size after each command -and, if necessary, updates the values of + and, if necessary, updates the values of @env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}. @item cmdhist @@ -4511,30 +4940,58 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands. @item compat31 If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted -arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator. +arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator +and with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the @code{[[} +conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators. +Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); +bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). @item compat32 If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the @samp{[[} -conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators. -Bash versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3); -bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3). +string comparison when using the @code{[[} +conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item). @item compat40 If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific -string comparison when using the @samp{[[} -conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item) +string comparison when using the @code{[[} +conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see description +of @code{compat31}) and the effect of interrupting a command list. +Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the +interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. @item compat41 -If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted +If set, Bash, when in @sc{posix} mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of @sc{posix} mode through version 4.1. The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions. +@item compat42 +If set, Bash +does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word +expansion using quote removal. + +@item complete_fullquote +If set, Bash +quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when +performing completion. +If not set, Bash +removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of +characters that will be quoted in completed filenames +when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be +completed. +This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories +will not be quoted; +however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either. +This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed +filenames. +This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in +versions through 4.2. + @item direxpand If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing @@ -4616,6 +5073,15 @@ the ignored words are the only possible completions. @xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}. This option is enabled by default. +@item globasciiranges +If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) +behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing +comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence +is not taken into account, so +@samp{b} will not collate between @samp{A} and @samp{B}, +and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. + @item globstar If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. @@ -4704,7 +5170,7 @@ This option is enabled by default. If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after being expanded -as described below (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). +as described below (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). This option is enabled by default. @item restricted_shell @@ -4735,7 +5201,6 @@ The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames} are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell option. - @end table @node Special Builtins @@ -4813,7 +5278,7 @@ the specified file or Maildir-format directory. A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail -arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with +arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with a @samp{?}. When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of the current mail file. @@ -4835,7 +5300,7 @@ or trailing colon. @item PS1 The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }. -@xref{Printing a Prompt}, for the complete list of escape +@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed. @item PS2 @@ -4915,6 +5380,22 @@ The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +@item BASH_COMPAT +The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. +@xref{The Shopt Builtin}, for a description of the various compatibility +levels and their effects. +The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) +corresponding to the desired compatibility level. +If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility +level is set to the default for the current version. +If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is set to a value that is not one of the valid +compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the +compatibility level to the default for the current version. +The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options +accepted by the @code{shopt} builtin described above (for example, +@var{compat42} means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). +The current version is also a valid value. + @item BASH_ENV If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file @@ -4950,7 +5431,8 @@ The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} @item BASH_SUBSHELL -Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when +the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial value is 0. @item BASH_VERSINFO @@ -4977,7 +5459,6 @@ The release status (e.g., @var{beta1}). @item BASH_VERSINFO[5] The value of @env{MACHTYPE}. - @end table @item BASH_VERSION @@ -4997,9 +5478,18 @@ Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. +@item CHILD_MAX +Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember. +Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a @sc{posix}-mandated +minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may +not exceed. +The minimum value is system-dependent. + @item COLUMNS Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width -when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +when printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a @code{SIGWINCH}. @item COMP_CWORD @@ -5058,6 +5548,7 @@ programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). +Each array element contains one possible completion. @item COPROC An array variable created to hold the file descriptors @@ -5094,9 +5585,9 @@ builtin command. @item FIGNORE A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion. -A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in @env{FIGNORE} -is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is @samp{.o:~} @item FUNCNAME @@ -5182,13 +5673,16 @@ The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The default value is @file{~/.bash_history}. @item HISTFILESIZE -The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this -variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if -necessary, by removing the oldest entries, -to contain no more than that number of lines. +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. +When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, +if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines +by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after -writing it when an interactive shell exits. -The default value is 500. +writing it when a shell exits. +If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. +Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. +The shell sets the default value to the value of @env{HISTSIZE} +after reading any startup files. @item HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command @@ -5212,7 +5706,10 @@ provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}. @item HISTSIZE The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. -The default value is 500. +If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. +Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved +on the history list (there is no limit). +The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. @item HISTTIMEFORMAT If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string @@ -5288,7 +5785,9 @@ The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. @item LINES Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length -for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +for printing selection lists. +Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a @code{SIGWINCH}. @item MACHTYPE @@ -5324,10 +5823,10 @@ in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). @item POSIXLY_CORRECT -If this variable is in the environment when @code{bash} starts, the shell +If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied. -If it is set while the shell is running, @code{bash} enables @sc{posix} mode, +If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables @sc{posix} mode, as if the command @example @code{set -o posix} @@ -5346,7 +5845,7 @@ before the printing of each primary prompt (@env{$PS1}). @item PROMPT_DIRTRIM If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and -@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). +@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. @item PS3 @@ -5460,10 +5959,11 @@ if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as -the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary -prompt when the shell is interactive. -Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does -not arrive. +the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing +the primary prompt. +Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete +line of input does not arrive. @item TMPDIR If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which @@ -5477,7 +5977,7 @@ The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. @node Bash Features @chapter Bash Features -This section describes features unique to Bash. +This chapter describes features unique to Bash. @menu * Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give @@ -5490,7 +5990,7 @@ This section describes features unique to Bash. * Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. * Arrays:: Array Variables. * The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. -* Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string. +* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings. * The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. * Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what the POSIX standard specifies. @@ -5569,16 +6069,16 @@ Equivalent to @option{-v}. Print shell input lines as they're read. @item --version Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. - @end table There are several single-character options that may be supplied at invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin. @table @code -@item -c @var{string} -Read and execute commands from @var{string} after processing the -options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the +@item -c +Read and execute commands from the first non-option @var{argument} +after processing the options, then exit. +Any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with @code{$0}. @item -i @@ -5627,7 +6127,6 @@ that may be reused as input. A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option processing. Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments. - @end table @cindex login shell @@ -5659,7 +6158,7 @@ in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. -Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under +Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}. @@ -5705,7 +6204,7 @@ following command were executed: @end example @noindent but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the -file name. +filename. As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the @option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the @@ -5755,18 +6254,18 @@ file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}. The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the @option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but -@code{rshd} does not generally invoke the shell with those options or -allow them to be specified. +neither @code{rshd} nor @code{sshd} generally invoke the shell with those +options or allow them to be specified. @subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the -real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, no startup +real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE} variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. -If the @code{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +If the @option{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. @node Interactive Shells @@ -5862,7 +6361,7 @@ Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction}) are enabled by default. Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE} -when an interactive shell exits. +when a shell with history enabled exits. @item Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default. @@ -5942,7 +6441,7 @@ If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of @file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. -When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering. @@ -6033,6 +6532,9 @@ option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). @item -v @var{varname} True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value). +@item -R @var{varname} +True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set and is a name reference. + @item -z @var{string} True if the length of @var{string} is zero. @@ -6043,6 +6545,9 @@ True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero. @item @var{string1} == @var{string2} @itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2} True if the strings are equal. +When used with the @code{[[} command, this performs pattern matching as +described above (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + @samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance. @item @var{string1} != @var{string2} @@ -6062,7 +6567,6 @@ is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2}, respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2} may be positive or negative integers. - @end table @node Shell Arithmetic @@ -6159,9 +6663,10 @@ Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base} is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic -base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. If @var{base}@code{#} is -omitted, then base 10 is used. -The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. +If @var{base}@code{#} is omitted, then base 10 is used. +When specifying @var{n}, +he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order. If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 @@ -6193,8 +6698,9 @@ aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"}, for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the -replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a -space or tab character, then the next command word following the +replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +@var{blank}, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias} @@ -6241,21 +6747,19 @@ There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic -expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) and are zero-based; +expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax @example -name[@var{subscript}]=@var{value} +@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value} @end example @noindent The @var{subscript} is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. -If @var{subscript} evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as -an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript -of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an array, use @example declare -a @var{name} @@ -6268,6 +6772,7 @@ declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}] @noindent is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored. +@noindent Associative arrays are created using @example declare -A @var{name}. @@ -6280,12 +6785,12 @@ an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form @example -name=(value@var{1} @dots{} value@var{n}) +@var{name}=(@var{value1} @var{value2} @dots{} ) @end example @noindent where each @var{value} is of the form @code{[@var{subscript}]=}@var{string}. -Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +Indexed array assignments do not require anything but @var{string}. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned @@ -6295,44 +6800,63 @@ When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare} builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the -@code{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]=}@var{value} syntax introduced above. +@code{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}} syntax introduced above. + +When assigning to an indexed array, if @var{name} +is subscripted by a negative number, that number is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of +@var{name}, so negative indices count back from the end of the +array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Any element of an array may be referenced using -@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}. +@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members of the array @var{name}. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, -@code{$@{name[*]@}} expands to a single word with +@code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the -@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands each element of +@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands each element of @var{name} to a separate word. When there are no array members, -@code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands to nothing. +@code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}. -@code{$@{#name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}} expands to the length of -@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}. +@code{$@{#@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}} expands to the length of +@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}. If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. +If the @var{subscript} +used to reference an element of an indexed array +evaluates to a number less than zero, it is +interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, +so negative indices count back from the end of the array, +and an index of -1 refers to the last element. An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. +It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values. +$@{!@var{name}[@@]@} and $@{!@var{name}[*]@} expand to the indices +assigned in array variable @var{name}. +The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the +special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*} within double quotes. + The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays. -@code{unset} @var{name}[@var{subscript}] +@code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]} destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}. +Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename expansion. -@code{unset} @var{name}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the +@code{unset @var{name}}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the entire array. The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly} @@ -6373,37 +6897,39 @@ as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable. @item dirs @btindex dirs @example -dirs [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-clpv] +dirs [-clpv] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] @end example + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the @code{popd} command removes directories from the list. + @table @code -@item +@var{N} -Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the -list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting -with zero. -@item -@var{N} -Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the -list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting -with zero. @item -c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. @item -l -Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a -tilde to denote the home directory. +Produces a listing using full pathnames; +the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. @item -p Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per line. @item -v Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +@item +@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +@item -@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. @end table @item popd @btindex popd @example -popd [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-n] +popd [-n] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] @end example Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and @code{cd} @@ -6412,23 +6938,24 @@ When no arguments are given, @code{popd} removes the top directory from the stack and performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with -@code{dirs}; i.e., @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}. +@code{dirs}; that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}. + @table @code +@item -n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. @item +@var{N} Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero. @item -@var{N} Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero. -@item -n -Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories -from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. @end table @btindex pushd @item pushd @example -pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir} ] +pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir}] @end example Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack @@ -6448,14 +6975,13 @@ Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of the list by rotating the stack. @item @var{dir} -Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then -executes the equivalent of `@code{cd} @var{dir}'. -@code{cd}s to @var{dir}. +Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making +it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument +to the @code{cd} builtin. @end table - @end table -@node Printing a Prompt +@node Controlling the Prompt @section Controlling the Prompt @cindex prompting @@ -6465,7 +6991,7 @@ has a non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters which -can appear in the prompt variables: +can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS1} to @env{PS4}: @table @code @item \a @@ -6648,6 +7174,12 @@ Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. @item +The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment +statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements; +when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment +statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}. + +@item The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the default value of @env{$HISTFILE}). @@ -6687,6 +7219,10 @@ may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. @item +Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special +builtins. + +@item @sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. @@ -6722,7 +7258,7 @@ A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. @item -A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special builtin, but not with any other simple command. @@ -6735,6 +7271,10 @@ variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a Process substitution is not available. @item +While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the +@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters. + +@item Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. @@ -6827,6 +7367,12 @@ The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD} when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. +@item +The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap +has been set. +If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap +handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128. + @end enumerate There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by @@ -6942,7 +7488,7 @@ previous job with a @samp{-}. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For example, @samp{%ce} refers -to a stopped @code{ce} job. Using @samp{%?ce}, on the +to a stopped @code{ce} job. Using @samp{%?ce}, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an error. @@ -6979,6 +7525,7 @@ Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. @example bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}] @end example + Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it had been started with @samp{&}. If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. @@ -6992,6 +7539,7 @@ that was started without job control. @example fg [@var{jobspec}] @end example + Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job. If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, @@ -7021,10 +7569,10 @@ the user was last notified of their status. List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader. @item -r -Restrict output to running jobs. +Display only running jobs. @item -s -Restrict output to stopped jobs. +Display only stopped jobs. @end table If @var{jobspec} is given, @@ -7043,6 +7591,7 @@ passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status. kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid} kill -l [@var{exit_status}] @end example + Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}. @var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as @@ -7061,14 +7610,17 @@ or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. @item wait @btindex wait @example -wait [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} ...] +wait [-n] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}] @end example + Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid} or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. +If the @option{-n} option is supplied, @code{wait} waits for any job to +terminate and returns its exit status. If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. @@ -7077,13 +7629,14 @@ of the shell, the return status is 127. @example disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}] @end example -Without options, each @var{jobspec} is removed from the table of + +Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of active jobs. If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell receives a @code{SIGHUP}. -If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor @option{-r} -option is supplied, the current job is used. +If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor the +@option{-r} option is supplied, the current job is used. If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec} argument restricts operation to running jobs. @@ -7093,11 +7646,11 @@ argument restricts operation to running jobs. @example suspend [-f] @end example + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a @code{SIGCONT} signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the @option{-f} option can be used to override this and force the suspension. - @end table When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait} @@ -7232,9 +7785,9 @@ to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to @email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be considered for the next release. -The file @file{configure.in} is used to create @code{configure} +The file @file{configure.ac} is used to create @code{configure} by a program called Autoconf. You only need -@file{configure.in} if you want to change it or regenerate +@file{configure.ac} if you want to change it or regenerate @code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. @@ -7465,7 +8018,8 @@ The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of the following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}. -All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins} and +All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins}, +@samp{directpand-default}, and @samp{xpg-echo-default} are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. @@ -7523,6 +8077,11 @@ Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word @item --enable-debugger Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +@item --enable-direxpand-default +Cause the @code{direxpand} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) +to be enabled by default when the shell starts. +It is normally disabled by default. + @item --enable-directory-stack Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the @code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins @@ -7546,6 +8105,12 @@ above under @ref{Pattern Matching}. Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled. +@item --enable-glob-asciirange-default +Set the default value of the @var{globasciiranges} shell option described +above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled. +This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching +bracket expressions. + @item --enable-help-builtin Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). @@ -7580,7 +8145,7 @@ If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. @item --enable-prompt-string-decoding Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt -strings. See @ref{Printing a Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt +strings. See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. @item --enable-readline @@ -7620,7 +8185,6 @@ which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 3. @xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that @code{echo} recognizes. - @end table The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor @@ -7668,7 +8232,7 @@ to reproduce it. the template it provides for filing a bug report. Please send all reports concerning this manual to -@email{chet.ramey@@case.edu}. +@email{bug-bash@@gnu.org}. @node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell @appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell @@ -7805,7 +8369,7 @@ which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in the value of @code{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). @item -The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix@}*}} expansion, which expands to +The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix}*@}} expansion, which expands to the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). @@ -7840,6 +8404,11 @@ not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}). This closes a longstanding shell security hole. @item +The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^} +to negate the set of characters between the brackets. +The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}. + +@item Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} filename expansion operators, including @var{character classes}, @var{equivalence classes}, and @var{collating symbols} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). @@ -7976,7 +8545,7 @@ Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). @item -The @samp{-x} (@code{xtrace}) option displays commands other than +The @samp{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than simple commands when performing an execution trace (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). @@ -8039,7 +8608,7 @@ Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the @item Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt -strings when interactive (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). +strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). @item The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}); diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 index 5361dd79..dcdc6c51 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.0 +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file - names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- - _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. - bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d @@ -108,6 +108,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as + input. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. @@ -140,117 +143,129 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. - ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the - default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for - the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in - CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in - CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If - _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP - option says to use the physical directory structure instead of - following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett - builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- - lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current - working directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc- - cessful directory change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. - An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty - directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu- - ment, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- - name of the new working directory is written to the standard - output. The return value is true if the directory was success- - fully changed; false otherwise. + ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option + to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully + changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function - lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or file name + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. - The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- - grammable completion code had generated them directly from a + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- + grammable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + default). + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -258,7 +273,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -267,17 +282,17 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -286,13 +301,18 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- - pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY - array variable. + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. @@ -347,27 +367,27 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. - ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is - supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes - and values of all variables having the attributes specified by - the additional options. If no other options are supplied with - --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell - variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell - functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi- - nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If - the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source - file name and line number where the function is defined are dis- - played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces - variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even - when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in - all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict - output to variables with the specified attribute or to give - variables attributes: + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having + the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option + will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option + inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function + name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option + is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number + where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF + option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created + or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed + in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The + following options can be used to restrict output to variables + with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss @@ -379,6 +399,13 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references and assign- + ments to _n_a_m_e, except for changing the --nn attribute + itself, are performed on the variable referenced by + _n_a_m_e's value. The --nn attribute cannot be applied to + array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions @@ -394,66 +421,68 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used - in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, - unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll-- - lloowweedd bbyy ==_v_a_l_u_e,, tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee vvaarriiaabbllee iiss sseett ttoo _v_a_l_u_e.. TThhee - rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann - aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt - uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of - the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made - to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt - is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an - attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. - - ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccllppvv]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as with + the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a vari- + able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is + set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment + syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not + take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to + define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + assign a value to an array variable without using the compound + assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to + display a non-existent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. - ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with - zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the - list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting - with zero. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format - uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of - active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr - is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If - the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the ta- - ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the - shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither - the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. - If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark - all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts - operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- - _s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option + means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return + value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing - newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- - tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. - The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- - acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. - The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine - whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. - eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo - interprets the following escape sequences: + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these + escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to + mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape + sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace \\cc suppress further output @@ -465,89 +494,88 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are - exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the - export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable - name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to - _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid - option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell - variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- - tion. + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns + an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t - to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may - be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning - with that string) or as a number (an index into the history - list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- - rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the - current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the - last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- - ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for - listing. + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + mand for editing and -16 for listing. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option @@ -555,14 +583,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete, - the edited commands are echoed and executed. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is - ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command - beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- - mand. + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history @@ -608,7 +636,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. @@ -633,7 +661,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to @@ -654,7 +682,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like format --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] hhiissttoorryy --cc @@ -682,10 +711,10 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the - current history. - --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- - ing the history file's contents. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + the current history list. + --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- + writing the history file's contents. --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be @@ -714,8 +743,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS status since the user was last notified of their status. --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. - --rr Restrict output to running jobs. - --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. + --rr Display only running jobs. + --ss Display only stopped jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is @@ -839,37 +868,41 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories - and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, + and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding - directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory. + new current working directory as if it had been supplied + as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r @@ -896,128 +929,149 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to - split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be - used to remove any special meaning for the next character read - and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- - lowing meanings: + split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses + for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back- + slash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning + for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, + if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously active) editing settings. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than - waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read. --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- - _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion - following the decimal point. This option is only effec- - tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or - other special file; it has no effect when reading from - regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if - input is available on the specified file descriptor, - failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 - if the timeout is exceeded. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is - greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as - the argument to --uu. - - rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAppff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is - supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp - option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be - reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the - value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not - a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that - is not a function. + greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign- + ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip- + tor is supplied as the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with + a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. - If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command - executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but - during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it - causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either - _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the - script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a - function and not during execution of a script by .., the return - status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is - executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a + script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is + supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function + and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- + tion resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: - --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are - modified or created for export to the environment of + --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are + modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in - parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of - a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not - exit if the command that fails is part of the command - list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, - part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved - words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list - except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any - command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's - return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero sta- + tus. The shell does not exit if the command that fails + is part of the command list immediately following a + wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the + iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed + in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the + final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, + or if the command's return value is being inverted with + !!. If a compound command other than a subshell returns + a non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was + being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. + + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command + containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. @@ -1026,10 +1080,10 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS that precede the command name. --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- - cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- - taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- - tion. + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + in a separate process group. When a background job com- + pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- + tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. @@ -1079,7 +1133,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS is disabled by default. ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + below for a reference to a document that details + how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. @@ -1128,7 +1184,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical @@ -1164,12 +1220,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- - ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- - table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not - each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a - form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- - lowing meanings: + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be + displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options + have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status @@ -1180,10 +1238,10 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- - play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- - tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled - (unset) by default. + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting @@ -1203,7 +1261,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh @@ -1228,146 +1286,183 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional - command's ==~~ operator. + command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar- + ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur- + rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators. - Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and - _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's - collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see previous item). ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a - command list. + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - @item compat41 If set, bbaasshh, when in posix mode, treats - a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as - a special character. The single quotes must match (an - even number) and the characters between the single - quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of - posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behav- - ior remains as in previous versions. + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + as in previous versions. + ccoommppaatt4422 + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + removal. + ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. + If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + versions through 4.2. + ddiirreexxppaanndd + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing + buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to rreettuurrnn is simulated. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. + gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, the current locale's collating + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match a files and zero or more directories and - subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only - directories and subdirectories match. + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -1375,48 +1470,50 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. + tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] - Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the - conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be - a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries - described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not - accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of - ---- as signifying the end of options. - - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation - depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -1433,76 +1530,79 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim- - ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following - conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command - is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or - uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a - command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return - value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions - obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a a + pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, + or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + failed command is part of the command list immediately following + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) + option. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to @@ -1522,14 +1622,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is - hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the - file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee - prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. - This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp - option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not - consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- - tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if - all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if + the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true + if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and @@ -1572,13 +1672,13 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --xx The maximum number of file locks --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource - (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff - is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, - which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, - and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or - an error occurs while setting a new limit. + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte + blocks; and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The + return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup- + plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with @@ -1597,31 +1697,38 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. - uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. - If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be + If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- - able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- - sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, - LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they - lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently - reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. - - wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] - Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- - tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are + unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- + sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- + only. + + wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.] + Wait for each specified child process and return its termination + status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- - cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n - specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is - 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the - last process or job waited for. + cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process + or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status + is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. SSEEEE AALLSSOO bash(1), sh(1) -GNU Bash-4.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1) +GNU Bash-4.2 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.1 b/doc/builtins.1 index bf8bfec2..829a49c2 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.1 +++ b/doc/builtins.1 @@ -1,6 +1,13 @@ .\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database .\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command. -.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.0" +.\" +.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name, +.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much. +.\" +.de FN +\fI\|\\$1\|\fP +.. +.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.2" .SH NAME bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps index 6dde00b5..5d49778a 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.ps +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 -%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010 +%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:31 2014 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Symbol %%+ font Courier %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 -%%Pages: 22 +%%Pages: 23 %%PageOrder: Ascend -%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () () +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginDefaults @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ setpacking %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default -<< /PageSize [ 595 842 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice +<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice %%EndFeature %%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman %%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold @@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ setpacking %%IncludeResource: font Symbol %%IncludeResource: font Courier grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 -def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron -/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef -/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent +/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent /ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen /period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon /semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O @@ -278,15 +278,16 @@ E F0(])A F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3 (ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F3(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02 (in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F -(xit)-.15 E 1.68(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.68(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F3 -(\214lename)6.09 E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608 -(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3 -(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) --5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832 -(is not in)3.332 F F3 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 +(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f) +-6.458 E F3(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458 +(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 +(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3(\214lename)3.108 +E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) +3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F3 +.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 (he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 (\214le is found in)144 363.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F2(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 @@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F3(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 541.2 Q F0 .672 (peci\214ed)-2.919 E F3(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G (ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 565.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(bind)108 582 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 594 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 594 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 <ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad71>-2.5 E F3 (function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F3(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad72>-2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 606 Q F0([) @@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659 180 726 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F3 3.193 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -F0(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -414,2309 +415,2496 @@ E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G (cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 360 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) -144 376.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F2<ad58>144 372 +Q F0 .829(List all k)23.08 F 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 384 Q(The return v) +144 400.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F2(br)108 393.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .054 -(Exit from within a)144 405.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F2 -(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F2(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F2 +E F2(br)108 417.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 429.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F2 +(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F2(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F2 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F1(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 -E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 417.6 Q F1(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 -(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -429.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2 -(bu)108 446.4 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 458.4 Q .792 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F1 +(ls.).15 E F1(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.554 +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 441.6 Q F1(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 +(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +453.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2 +(bu)108 470.4 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 482.4 Q .793 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F1 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 -F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 +F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -470.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -482.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0 +494.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +506.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 494.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 518.4 Q(alse if)-.1 E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 523.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 547.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 535.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 +.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 559.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). 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The)144 583.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 595.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]]] [)A F1(dir)A F0(]) -A .21(Change the current directory to)144 624 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21 -(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def) -2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F -(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776 -(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 636 R F1 -(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H -.777(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 648 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764 -(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E -F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 660 Q 2.973 -(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.473(.I) -.74 G(f)-5.473 E F1(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F0 .474(is not used. The)2.724 F F2<ad50>2.974 E F0 .474 -(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 672 R .58 -(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 -(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F2<ad50>3.079 E F0 .579 -(option to the)3.079 F F2(set)144 684 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.716 G .216 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>2.716 E F0 .216 -(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.716 F 2.717(wed. If)-.25 F -(the)2.717 E F2<ad65>2.717 E F0 .217(option is sup-)2.717 F 1.087 -(plied with)144 696 R F2<ad50>3.587 E F0 3.587(,a)C 1.087 -(nd the current w)-3.587 F 1.086 -(orking directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-)-.1 F -.44(cessful directory change,)144 708 R F2(cd)2.94 E F0 .44 -(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.94 F .44(An ar)5.44 F .44 -(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>2.94 E F0 .44(is equi)2.94 F -.25(va)-.25 G .44 -(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)144 720 Q F4(.)A F0 1.045 -(If a non-empty directory name from)5.545 F F3(CDP)3.545 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.044(is used, or if)3.295 F F2<ad>3.544 E F0 1.044 -(is the \214rst ar)3.544 F(gument,)-.18 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(2)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +ent e)144 583.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 595.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 607.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 619.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 636 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F1 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 648 R F1(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F1(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.822 E +F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F 1.036(the def)144 660 R +3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035 +(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F1(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) +3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E .849 +(the search path for the directory containing)144 672 R F1(dir)3.349 E +F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.35 E -.855 +(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F1(dir)144 684 Q F0 +5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 +(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .664 +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 696 Q F3(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0 1.662(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F 4.162 +(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I) +.74 G(f)-6.662 E F1(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E 1.663 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 708 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .347(is not used. The)2.598 F F2<ad50>2.847 E F0 .347 +(option causes)2.847 F F2(cd)2.847 E F0 .347(to use the ph)2.847 F .347 +(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 +(symbolic links while tra)144 720 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir) +3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F1(..)3.62 E F0 +(in)3.62 E F1(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F2<ad50>3.62 E F0 +(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(2)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .021(and th\ -e directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 84 -R 2.522(ww)-.25 G .022(orking directory is writ-)-2.622 F .165 -(ten to the standard output.)144 96 R .165(The return v)5.165 F .165 -(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F .165(as successfully changed; f) --.1 F(alse)-.1 E(otherwise.)144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)108 -124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command) -2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 136.8 Q F2 -(command)2.956 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .395 +(option to the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.895 G .395(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>2.895 E F0 .395 +(option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) +-.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(..)2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F2(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C +(f)-5.443 E F2(..)2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F2(dir)2.943 E F0 +2.943(,i)C 2.943(ti)-2.943 G 2.944(sp)-2.943 G .444(rocessed by remo) +-2.944 F(ving)-.15 E .744(the immediately pre)144 108 R .744 +(vious pathname component from)-.25 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744 +(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)3.244 E +F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 120 R F1<ad65>3.965 E F0 1.465 +(option is supplied with)3.965 F F1<ad50>3.965 E F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465 +(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 +(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .468 +(determined after a successful directory change,)144 132 R F1(cd)2.968 E +F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) +5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 144 R F1<ad40>2.836 E F0 .336 +(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .337 +(utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) +144 156 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 +(before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F +.106(empty directory name from)144 168 R F3(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F1<ad>2.607 E F0 .107 +(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .107(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F +.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 180 R 2.538(ww) +-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F +(The return v)144 192 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E +(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 +208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 220.8 Q F2(command)2.956 E F0(with) +3.527 E F2(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 (suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 -(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 148.8 R/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502 -(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2 -(command)3.201 E F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 160.8 R -.399(ault v)-.1 F .399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.4(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F -(If)5.4 E .175(either the)144 172.8 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 -<ad76>2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2 -(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E -F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 184.8 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F -.61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F -F1<ad56>144 196.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 232.8 R F3 +-.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 +(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E F0(is) +3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 244.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 +(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.4 E .175(either the)144 256.8 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1<ad76> +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2(command) +2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E F0 .174 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 268.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 +(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F1 +<ad56>144 280.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 (erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) 2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 208.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 292.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 -(command)144.2 220.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(command)144.2 304.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 232.8 S +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 316.8 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1 -(compgen)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) --.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 261.6 R +(compgen)108 333.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 345.6 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 -(accepted by the)144 273.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(accepted by the)144 357.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) 3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 285.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F +-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 369.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) 3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 -F(grammable completion f)144 297.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) +F(grammable completion f)144 381.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) -.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) --.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 321.6 R .352 +-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 405.6 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -333.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 345.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 369.6 Q +417.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 429.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 453.6 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 -(complete)108 386.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +(complete)108 470.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C F1<ad6f>-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad41>-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad47> -3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad57>-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad46>-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 -398.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 410.4 Q +482.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 494.4 Q F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 -422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.634(Specify ho)144 434.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 518.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 (uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633 (option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 -446.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +530.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) -144 458.4 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) +144 542.4 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2 (name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 470.4 R(The)6.347 E +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 554.4 R(The)6.347 E F1<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) -3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 482.4 R(`def)-.74 E +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 566.4 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 -494.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +578.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 (option indicates that)3.455 F .065 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 506.4 R +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 590.4 R (`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064 (ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 518.4 Q 1.437 +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 602.4 Q 1.437 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -542.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 -554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +626.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +638.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 578.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 662.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 (he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 (guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055 (,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) -144 590.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E +144 674.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 602.4 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 614.4 Q -F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 626.4 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(sion before the)144 686.4 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 698.4 Q +F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 710.4 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 638.4 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 650.4 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 662.4 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E -F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 -674.4 Q F1(default)184 686.4 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 -G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 -(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 698.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg -EP +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 722.4 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 (TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(dir)184 84 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name co\ -mpletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 96 Q F1(\214lenames) -184 108 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 120 S .137(ll readline that the compspec genera\ -tes \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 -E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 132 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 -(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 -(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 144 R .45 -(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 156 Q F1(nospace) -184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 -(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F -.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 180 Q F1(plusdirs) -184 192 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.584(completion is attempted and an)224 204 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 216 -Q F1<ad41>144 228 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 240 -Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bashdefault)184 84 Q F0 .281 +(Perform the rest of the def)224 96 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281 +(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 108 Q F1 +(default)184 120 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 +E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F +(matches.)224 132 Q F1(dir)184 144 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory \ +name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 156 Q F1 +(\214lenames)184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 180 S .137(ll readline that the co\ +mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 +G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 192 R 2.634 +(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F +.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 204 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 216 Q F1(noquote) +184 228 Q F0 -.7(Te)5.55 G .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 240 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nospace)184 252 Q F0 +-.7(Te)6.11 G .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 +(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 +264 Q F1(plusdirs)184 276 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G +1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name) +-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 288 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G +.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 +300 Q F1<ad41>144 312 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 +324 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -252 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 264 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 276 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 288 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 300 S(iltin).2 E F0 +336 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 348 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 360 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 372 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 384 S(iltin).2 E F0 (Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 312 -Q F0(Command names.)224 324 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 336 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 348 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 360 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 372 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -384 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -396 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 396 +Q F0(Command names.)224 408 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 420 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 432 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 444 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 456 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +468 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +480 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -408 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(function)184 420 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 432 Q F1 -(gr)184 444 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E +492 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(function)184 504 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 516 Q F1 +(gr)184 528 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -456 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 468 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 480 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 492 +540 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 552 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 564 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 576 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 504 Q F0 +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 588 Q F0 (Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 516 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 528 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 600 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 612 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -540 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 552 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 564 Q +624 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 636 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 648 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 576 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 588 Q F0 -(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 600 Q F0 +(shopt)184 660 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 672 Q F0 +(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 684 Q F0 (Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) -.15 E F1(user)184 612 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 624 S +.15 E F1(user)184 696 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 708 S (riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 636 Q F2 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 648 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 -(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 660 Q F1<ad46>144 672 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.181 -(The shell function)184 684 R F2(function)3.681 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.68 -(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.18(it \214n-)3.68 F .932 -(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 696 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F F3 -(COMPREPL)3.432 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.182 E -.25(va)184 708 S(riable.) -.25 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 (TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad47>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 -1.008(The pathname e)184 96 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat) -3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007 -(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 108 Q F1 -<ad50>144 120 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 132 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 -.534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad43>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E +(command)184 96 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) +184 108 Q F1<ad46>144 120 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +(The shell function)184 132 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 144 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 156 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 168 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 180 R +.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 192 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 204 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008 +(The pathname e)184 216 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) +-.15 F(tions.)184 228 Q F1<ad50>144 240 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 252 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 144 Q F1<ad53>144 156 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 264 Q F1<ad53>144 276 Q F2(suf)2.5 E 2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 168 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 180 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS) -3.64 E F0 1.139(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F -2.007(each resultant w)184 192 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507 -(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the) -4.507 F(resultant list which match the w)184 204 Q(ord being completed.) --.1 E F1<ad58>144 216 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 228 Q F0 -.456(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 -F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 240 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 252 Q F2(\214lterpat) +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 288 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 300 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 +(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 +(each resultant w)184 312 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 +F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F +(resultant list which match the w)184 324 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E +F1<ad58>144 336 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 348 Q F0 .456 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 360 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 372 Q F2(\214lterpat) 3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 264 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 384 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 280.8 R .466 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 400.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 (or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 -(plied without a)144 292.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(plied without a)144 412.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 304.8 Q F0 +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 424.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 333.6 R +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 453.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 345.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(completion if no)144 465.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 (re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 357.6 Q F2(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 477.6 Q F2(name) 3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 369.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 489.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.227(the `)144 381.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 501.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 393.6 R 2.178 +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 513.6 R 2.178 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 (option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) -144 405.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +144 525.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.387(The return v)144 429.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +E 1.387(The return v)144 549.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 441.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 561.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 458.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 470.4 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 578.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 590.4 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 -(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 482.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 602.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 /Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 494.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 614.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 (The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 506.4 Q F1(declar)108 523.2 -Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 626.4 Q F1(declar)108 643.2 +Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 +(typeset)108 655.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 <ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 547.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 667.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 559.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 +-.25(va)144 679.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 (option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 (alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 571.2 Q F2(name)3.579 E -F0(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F -(When)6.079 E F1<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2 -(name)3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151 -(ments, it will display the attrib)144 583.2 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F -.151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib) --.2 F .15(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 -595.2 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F1<ad70>2.547 -E F0(,)A F1(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib) -2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S 1.363 -(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.863 E F0 -1.362(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The) -6.362 E F1<ad46>3.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of functio\ -n de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 619.2 R 2.423 -(utes are)-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 631.2 R(the)2.664 E F1(extdeb) -2.664 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F1(shopt) -2.664 E F0 2.664(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 -F 1.288(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 643.2 -R(The)6.288 E F1<ad46>3.788 E F0 1.288(option implies)3.788 F F1<ad66> -3.788 E F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F1<ad67>3.789 E F0(option)3.789 E .491 -(forces v)144 655.2 R .491 -(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.99(nw).15 G(hen)-2.99 E F1(declar)2.99 E(e)-.18 E F0 .49 -(is e)2.99 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .49(cuted in a).15 F .124(shell function.) -144 667.2 R .124(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.124 F .125 -(The follo)5.125 F .125(wing options can be used to restrict output)-.25 -F(to v)144 679.2 Q(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E -(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 -E F1<ad61>144 691.2 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 -(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 703.2 Q -F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 715.2 Q F0(Use function names only) -26.97 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(5)203.725 E -0 Cg EP +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 691.2 Q F2(name)2.774 E +F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 +<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 +(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) +2.775 F(without)144 703.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 715.2 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) +-.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682 +E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 +727.2 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62 +(option will restrict the display)3.12 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(5)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad69>144 84 Q F0 .558(The v)27.52 F .558 -(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 96 Q F0(abo)2.25 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 108 Q F0 .909 -(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 120 R(upper) -2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad72>144 132 Q F0 -(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C -(eadonly)-5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F 2.546 -(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 144 Q F1 -<ad74>144 156 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F3(name) -2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F3(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 -(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) --.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) -180 168 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E -(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 180 Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909 -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 -(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F -(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 192 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E -(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 204 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F3(name)2.5 E -F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 220.8 R -2.62(ft)-.25 G .12(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F -.121(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F -.645(to destro)144 232.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 1.29 +(to shell functions.)144 84 R(The)6.29 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad46>3.79 +E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only \ +the function)3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 96 R .948 +(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E +F0 .948(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448 +(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.342(\214le name and line number where t\ +he function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 108 R(The)6.342 E F1 +<ad46>3.842 E F0(option)3.842 E(implies)144 120 Q F1<ad66>3.892 E F0 +6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F +1.391(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 132 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 +1.882(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F +(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 144 R +.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 156 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 +<ad61>144 168 Q F0(Each)25.3 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 +(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E +(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1<ad41>144 180 Q F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see) +-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 +192 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 204 Q F0 +.557(The v)27.52 F .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 +(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION) +180 216 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G +(erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E +F1<ad6c>144 228 Q F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 +(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer) +-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 240 R(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E +(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 252 Q F0(Gi)24.74 E 1.619 -.15(ve e) +-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 +E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319(ute, making it a name reference to another v) +-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E 1.033(That other v)180 264 R 1.033 +(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F 1.033(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)3.533 +E F0 6.033(.A)C 1.033(ll references and assignments to)-6.033 F F2(name) +180 276 Q F0 4.032(,e)C 1.532(xcept for changing the)-4.182 F F1<ad6e> +4.032 E F0(attrib)4.032 E 1.532(ute itself, are performed on the v)-.2 F +1.533(ariable refer)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(enced by)180 288 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +1.1 -.55('s v)D 2.5(alue. The).3 F F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(attrib)2.5 E +(ute cannot be applied to array v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 300 +Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E +7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F +2.546(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 312 +Q F1<ad74>144 324 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 336 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 348 +Q F0 .91(When the v)24.74 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 360 R(lo) +2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 +372 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .12 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 388.8 R 2.62(ft)-.25 G .12 +(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .121 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F +.645(to destro)144 400.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) -3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 -(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F .53(tion, mak)144 244.8 R -.53(es each)-.1 F F3(name)3.03 E F0 .53(local, as with the)3.03 F F1 -(local)3.031 E F0 .531(command, unless the)3.031 F F1 .531 -(\255gP option is supplied, If a)3.031 F -.1(va)144 256.8 S 1.558 -(riable name is f).1 F(ollo)-.25 E 1.558(wed by =)-.1 F F3(value)A F1 -4.058(,t)C 1.558(he v)-4.058 F 1.557(alue of the v)-.1 F 1.557 -(ariable is set to)-.1 F F3(value)4.057 E F1 6.557(.T)C 1.557(he r) --6.557 F(etur)-.18 E(n)-.15 E -.1(va)144 268.8 S 1.168 -(lue is 0 unless an in).1 F -.1(va)-.4 G 1.168(lid option is encounter) -.1 F 1.168(ed, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function)-.18 F(using) -144 280.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .312(\255f foo=bar)2.812 F F1 2.812(,a)C -2.812(na)-2.812 G .312(ttempt is made to assign a v)-2.812 F .312 -(alue to a r)-.1 F .312(eadonly v)-.18 F .311(ariable, an attempt)-.1 F -.615(is made to assign a v)144 292.8 R .615(alue to an array v)-.1 F -.616(ariable without using the compound assignment syn-)-.1 F .26 -(tax \(see Arrays)144 304.8 R F0(abo)2.76 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(\), one of the).15 F F3(names)2.76 E F0 .259(is not a v)2.76 F .259 -(alid shell v)-.25 F .259(ariable name, an attempt is made to)-.25 F -.703(turn of)144 316.8 R 3.203(fr)-.25 G .704 -(eadonly status for a readonly v)-3.203 F .704 -(ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.204(fa)-.25 G .704 -(rray status for an)-3.204 F(array v)144 328.8 Q -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)-.25 E -(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [+)108 345.6 -Q F3(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F3(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(\255clpv])-2.5 E F0 --.4(Wi)144 357.6 S .329 +(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 412.8 Q F1 +(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 +E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 +(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 +(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.283 +(is supplied.)144 424.8 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 +(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144 +436.8 R F1<ad61>3.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F1<ad41>3.426 E F0 .927 +(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.426 F .927 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 448.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 +(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 +(option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) +144 460.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C +2.929(na)-2.929 G .429(ttempt is)-2.929 F .063(made to assign a v)144 +472.8 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .062 +(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 484.8 R F1 +(Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 496.8 S .172 +(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 508.8 R 3.46(fa) +-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 520.8 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 537.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 549.6 S .329 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 369.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 381.6 Q +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 561.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 573.6 Q F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 393.6 Q F3(n)A F0 -1.565(Displays the)25.3 F F3(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 +2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1<ad63>144 585.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 +<ad6c>144 597.6 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .881 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 +609.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 621.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 +633.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ +\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 +G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 645.6 Q F1(+)144 657.6 Q F2(n)A F0 1.565 +(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 (th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 (dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 405.6 Q F1<ad>144 417.6 Q F3 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F3(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 669.6 Q F1<ad>144 681.6 Q F2 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 429.6 Q F1<ad63>144 441.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 -<ad6c>144 453.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F -.324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F -(tory)180 465.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 477.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 -489.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ -\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 -G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 501.6 Q .258(The return v)144 518.4 R .258 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F3(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +(without options, starting with zero.)180 693.6 Q .258(The return v)144 +710.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 530.4 Q F1(diso)108 547.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 559.2 S .295(thout options, each).4 F F3(jobspec) -4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295 -(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15 -F F3(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is not present,)3.105 F .423(and neither) -144 571.2 R F1<ad61>2.923 E F0(nor)2.923 E F1<ad72>2.923 E F0 .423 -(is supplied, the shell')2.923 F 2.923(sn)-.55 G .423(otion of the) --2.923 F F3(curr)2.922 E .422(ent job)-.37 F F0 .422(is used.)2.922 F -.422(If the)5.422 F F1<ad68>2.922 E F0 .422(option is)2.922 F(gi)144 -583.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .14(n, each).15 F F3(jobspec)4.38 E F0 .14 -(is not remo)2.95 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df).15 G .141(rom the table, b) --2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141(ed so that)-.1 F F2(SIGHUP)2.641 E -F0 .141(is not sent to the)2.391 F .005(job if the shell recei)144 595.2 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F2(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -.004(If no)4.504 F F3(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004 -(is present, and neither the)2.814 F F1<ad61>2.504 E F0 .004(nor the) -2.504 F F1<ad72>2.504 E F0 .004(option is)2.504 F 1.228(supplied, the) -144 607.2 R F3(curr)3.728 E 1.228(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229(is used.)3.729 -F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F3(jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229(is supplied, the)4.039 -F F1<ad61>3.729 E F0 1.229(option means to remo)3.729 F 1.529 -.15(ve o) --.15 H(r).15 E .657(mark all jobs; the)144 619.2 R F1<ad72>3.157 E F0 -.657(option without a)3.157 F F3(jobspec)4.897 E F0(ar)3.467 E .656 -(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The)5.656 E -(return v)144 631.2 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F3(jobspec)4.24 E F0 -(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 648 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.394(Output the)144 660 R F3(ar)2.894 E(g)-.37 E F0 .394 -(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895 -(wline. The)-.25 F .395(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .395 -(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.395 E F1<ad6e>2.895 E F0 .549 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 672 R .548(wline is suppressed.) --.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 684 Q -.052(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.052 E F1 -<ad45>2.552 E F0 .053(option disables the interpretation of these)2.553 -F 1.503(escape characters, e)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.003(no).15 G -4.003(ns)-4.003 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.003 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502 -(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.002(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.002 -E F0(shell)4.002 E .009 -(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 708 R F1 -(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.51 G .01(pands these escape characters).15 F -.66(by def)144 720 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66 -(does not interpret)3.16 F F1<adad>3.16 E F0 .659 -(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659 -(interprets the follo)3.159 F(wing)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(6)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +.15 F(tory stack.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 +E(6)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -(escape sequences:)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 96 Q F0 -(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 108 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 -120 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144 132 Q(\\E)144 144 Q -F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 156 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1 -(\\n)144 168 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 180 Q -F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 192 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1 -(\\v)144 204 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 216 Q F0 -(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 228 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 -(\\x)144 240 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 -(\\u)144 252 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.506 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 264 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 276 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 288 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 300 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 312 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F1(enable)108 328.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 340.8 R +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)108 84 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ar)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)-2.5 E +F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15 +(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122 +(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 +F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 F .096 +(neither the)144 108 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F1<ad72> +2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096 +(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1<ad68> +2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F +F2(jobspec)144 120 Q F0 .672(is not remo)3.482 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.172 +(df).15 G .672(rom the table, b)-3.172 F .672(ut is mark)-.2 F .672 +(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.172 E F0 .673 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.922 F .962(shell recei)144 132 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 +<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 144 R F1 +<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 156 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F1(echo)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 184.8 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 +(error occurs.)144 196.8 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .308(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 +208.8 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +6.348 E F1<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 220.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 +(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 +232.8 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 +F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 +(these escape characters by def)144 244.8 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E +F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .716 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +(interprets the follo)144 256.8 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 268.8 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 280.8 Q F0(backspace) +27.66 E F1(\\c)144 292.8 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144 +304.8 Q(\\E)144 316.8 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 328.8 +Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 340.8 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G +(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 352.8 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 +364.8 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 376.8 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 388.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 +400.8 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E +(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 412.8 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 424.8 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 436.8 R 1.506 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 448.8 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 460.8 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 472.8 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.048 E(HHH)180 484.8 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 513.6 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 -(the same name as a shell b)144 352.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 +(the same name as a shell b)144 525.6 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 364.8 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .99 -(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582 -(abled; otherwise,)144 376.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 537.6 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989 +(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 +(abled; otherwise,)144 549.6 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F -F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 388.8 R -.08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 -(enable -n test)2.58 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.581 E F0 .081 -(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 400.8 S 1.525 -(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 561.6 R .081(uiltin v) +-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) +2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 573.6 S 1.524 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 412.8 Q F1<ad64> -2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F -.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn) --5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 424.8 R F1<ad70> -2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 585.6 Q F1<ad64> +2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) +-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 597.6 R F1<ad70> +2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 -F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -436.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 -(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.099 E F1<ad61>2.599 E F0 1.917 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 448.8 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878 -(enabled. If)144 460.8 R F1<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F -(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 472.8 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144 -484.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 501.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 513.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 -(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +609.6 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 621.6 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 633.6 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F +(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 645.6 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 +657.6 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 674.4 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 686.4 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C +.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F +.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 537.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 -(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 566.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 578.4 R .177 -(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 -(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 590.4 R .499(gument passed to) --.18 F F2(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2 -(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F1<ad63>3 E F0 -.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 602.4 Q F0 .639(to be e) -3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) -3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 614.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 626.4 Q .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318(hell e).15 F -.318(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .317 -(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505 -(ure. An)144 638.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005 -(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 650.4 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537 -(edirections tak)-3.037 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 -(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 662.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 679.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -6.29(]C)C .095(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .095(xit with a status of) --.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096 -(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 691.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 -E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(7)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 710.4 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(7)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 (TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 96 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 108 R F2 -(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F +/Times-Bold@0 SF(exec)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +<ad61>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command) +-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 96 Q F2(command) +3.006 E F0 .306(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305 +(No ne)5.305 F 2.805(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The) +5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 +108 R .176(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft) +-5.176 G(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 120 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F +F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E +(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 .499 +(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .638(to be e) +3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 144 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077 +(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a).15 F +(non-interacti)144 156 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576 +(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 168 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) +-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 180 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 +(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 +(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 192 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 220.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 249.6 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 261.6 R +F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626(commands. If)144 120 R(the)2.626 E F1<ad66> -2.626 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2 -(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2 -(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the) -.15 F F1<ad70>144 132 Q F0 .66 -(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.16 F .659 -(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.659 E F1<ad6e>3.159 E F0 -(option)3.159 E 1.586(causes the e)144 144 R 1.586 -(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586 -(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G -1.587(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.587(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 156 Q F2 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he v)-2.804 F .304(alue of the v)-.25 -F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .303 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .293 -(option is encountered, one of the)144 168 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293 -(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .294(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 180 -Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 273.6 R(the)2.627 E F1 +<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) +.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) +5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 +(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 285.6 Q F0 .048 +(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v) +-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0 +.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 297.6 S 1.447 +(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +(rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G +1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 309.6 S .741(lue of the v) +.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 321.6 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 333.6 Q F1(fc)108 350.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .478(Fix Command.)144 220.8 R .478 -(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.478 F F2<8c72>4.888 E -(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .477 -(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .881(tory list.)144 232.8 R F2 -.45 -(Fi)5.881 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.061 E F2(last)3.471 E F0 .882 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F -.882(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 -244.8 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .796(umber is used as an) -.15 F(of)144 256.8 Q .276(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F -(If)5.276 E F2(last)2.866 E F0 .277 -(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.456 F .093 -(for listing \(so that)144 268.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092 -(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72> -4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .092(is not)3.272 F -(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 280.8 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 304.8 +362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 374.4 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) +144 398.4 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315 +(is used as an of)144 410.4 R .315 +(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E F2(last)2.904 +E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F(-)-.2 E .948 +(rent command for listing \(so that)144 422.4 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948 +(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) +3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) +144 434.4 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 458.4 Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 316.8 R .438(If the) +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 470.4 R .438(If the) 5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.334(the editor gi)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E -F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +.335(the editor gi)144 482.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E +F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 (do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 340.8 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631 -(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR) --.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63 -(If nei-)5.63 F 1.884(ther v)144 352.8 R 1.884(ariable is set, is used.) --.25 F 1.884 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)6.884 F --.15(exe)144 364.8 S(cuted.).15 E .04(In the second form,)144 388.8 R F2 -(command)2.54 E F0 .04(is re-e)2.54 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 -(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.539 E F0 .039 -(is replaced by)2.539 F F2 -.37(re)2.539 G(p).37 E F0 5.039(.A)C(useful) --2.5 E .406(alias to use with this is)144 400.8 R F3 .406(r='fc \255s') -2.906 F F0 2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F3 -6.406(rc)2.906 G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F -.407(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)144 412.8 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F3(r)2.5 -E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 436.8 R .142 -(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 494.4 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E +F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 +F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 506.4 R .951 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F +-.15(exe)144 518.4 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 542.4 R +F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 554.4 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F2<8c72> +2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 +2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E(typing)144 566.4 Q F4 7.165 +(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) +3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 578.4 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 +602.4 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 448.8 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 614.4 R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted or f).15 F .787 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F .787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 484.8 Q +638.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 650.4 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) -144 513.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 679.2 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 (he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 525.6 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 691.2 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 (is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 537.6 Q +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 703.2 Q .363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 (ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 549.6 Q +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 715.2 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.814 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec) 4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004 -(as started without job control.)-.1 F F1(getopts)108 566.4 Q F2 +(as started without job control.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(8)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 -578.4 Q F0 .793 +96 Q F0 .793 (is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 590.4 R .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 108 R .15 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 602.4 Q .579 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 120 Q .579 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 614.4 R 1.665 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665 (Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797 -(option in the shell v)144 626.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0 -3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 -(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G -3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 638.4 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 -E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 -(or a shell script is in)144 650.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(option in the shell v)144 144 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0 3.297 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e) +3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G 3.296(ft)-3.296 G +.796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 156 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 +(or a shell script is in)144 168 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 (d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 (getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803 -(into the v)144 662.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A -F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 +(into the v)144 180 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 +.803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 (automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 674.4 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 192 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 686.4 -Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 710.4 R F1(getopts) -4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 722.4 Q F0 +2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 204 Q +2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 228 R F1(getopts)4.543 +E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 240 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(8) -203.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)144 84 Q F0 2.393 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 264 Q F0 2.393 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,) -.27 E F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 -120 Q F0 1.165(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665 -(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring) -3.895 E F0 1.166(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E -1.264(reporting is used.)144 132 R 1.263 -(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 144 -R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) --.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 156 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 180 R --.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .666 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 -192 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E -F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F2(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 +276 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 300 Q F0 1.165 +(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.166 +(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E 1.071 +(reporting is used.)144 312 R 1.071 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 324 R +.393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)-.25 +E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) +2.72 E .667(If an in)144 360 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E +F0 .666(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399 +(and unsets)144 372 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 +(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 (is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 204 -Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 228 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 384 +Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 408 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1 (?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F -F2(name)144 240 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 +F2(name)144 420 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 (is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F1 (getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 252 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 432 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) 2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 -(getopts)144 276 Q F0 .902 +(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 288 Q F1(hash)108 304.8 +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 468 Q F1(hash)108 484.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 316.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +(Each time)144 496.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 328.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 508.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .098(If the)144 340.8 -R F1<ad70>2.598 E F0 .098 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.598 F F2 -(\214lename)4.509 E F0 .099(is used as the full \214le name)2.779 F -1.712(of the command.)144 352.8 R(The)6.712 E F1<ad72>4.212 E F0 1.711 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 520.8 +R F1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712 +(of the command.)144 532.8 R(The)6.712 E F1<ad72>4.212 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.212 F 1.711 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F1<ad64>4.211 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 364.8 R .833 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 544.8 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F1<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 376.8 R F2(name) +3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 556.8 R F2(name) 3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -388.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 +568.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 <ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -400.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.934(n, or if).15 F(only)144 412.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.821 E F0 .321 +580.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.934(n, or if).15 F(only)144 592.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.821 E F0 .321 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F -.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 424.8 Q F2(name)2.86 +.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 604.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +.25 E F1(help)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 (pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 -453.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +633.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 -465.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +645.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 (therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 477.6 Q F1 -<ad64>144 489.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 501.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 657.6 Q F1 +<ad64>144 669.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 681.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) 21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) --2.5 E F1<ad73>144 513.6 Q F0 +-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 693.6 Q F0 (Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E -F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)108 525.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 542.4 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 554.4 Q(history \255d)108 566.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 578.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -F1(history \255p)108 590.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 602.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -614.4 S .752 +F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 710.4 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9) +203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E +F1(history \255anrw)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 132 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.) +-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 156 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 626.4 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 168 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.881 E(MA)144 638.4 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 180 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 (strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 650.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 192 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 662.4 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 204 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 674.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) -2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 686.4 Q F0 +(not, the v)144 216 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 +E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F0 (Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144 -698.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) -180 710.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9)203.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 10 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0 .598(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E -(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 +240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) +180 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 264 Q F0 .598 +(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 (istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599 -(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 96 Q F0 -(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F0 .854(Read \ +(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 276 Q F0 +(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F0 .854(Read \ the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\ rent history list.)24.74 F .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 120 R +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R .773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 132 Q F1<ad72>144 144 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77>144 -156 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) --2.5 E F1<ad70>144 168 Q F0 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625 -(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 -180 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 -E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 192 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 204 Q F0 .363 +(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and append them to the current history list.)25.86 E F1<ad77>144 +336 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)23.08 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .363 (Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 216 Q -.15(ve) +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 232.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 244.8 R .669 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 256.8 R .956 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 268.8 R .416 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416 (vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ -, an in)144 280.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is) -3 E(supplied as an ar)144 292.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5 +, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is) +3 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5 (,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 -309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 -E F1(jobs \255x)108 321.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs) --.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 333.6 Q .3 +489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 +E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs) +-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 345.6 Q F0 +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0 (List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1 -<ad6e>144 357.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) +<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) 24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F -.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 369.6 Q F1<ad70>144 -381.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 393.6 Q F0 -(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 405.6 Q F0 -(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 422.4 Q F2(jobspec) -4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 +.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1<ad70>144 +561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0 +.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 (n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 434.4 Q -.25 +-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 451.2 R F1 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 631.2 R F1 <ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) 3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 463.2 Q +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -F1(kill)108 480 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 <ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 504 R F2 +(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2 (sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 (to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 (jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 516 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 +(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 (ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 (\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 528 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 540 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F +1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 720 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) -.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 552 R .28 -(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2 --.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 564 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1 -<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 +.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .28 +(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28 +(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .378 +(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 576 R -F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 108 R +F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F .593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F -(occurs or an in)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 -E F1(let)108 604.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Each)144 616.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 +(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 +E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 (is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 -(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F -(the last)144 628.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G -(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.) -2.5 E F1(local)108 645.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name) --2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 657.6 S -2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06 -(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned) -2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 -.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 669.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 -(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) -C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +.196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25 +(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06 +(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) +-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.153(yo) +-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar) +3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .652 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -681.6 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 +213.6 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 (isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 693.6 Q F0 1.165 +(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.165 (writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165 (ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) -6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 -(within a function.)144 705.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 -F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F --.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 -717.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(logout)108 84 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1 -(map\214le)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k) --.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr) --2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 112.8 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E -F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac) -2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 124.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E +6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 +(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 +F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 +249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 +(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2 +Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1 +(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43> +-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 295.2 S +(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f> +-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1 +(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.85 E (ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) --2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 136.8 R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 -1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E -F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 -F(ha)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E -F1<ad6e>144 160.8 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E -F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 -(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 172.8 Q F0(Be)22.52 E -(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) --.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) --.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 184.8 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -<ad74>144 196.8 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E -(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 208.8 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 220.8 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E -(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum) -2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 232.8 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2 -(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 249.6 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 -(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +-2.85 F F1(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2 R F2<ad75>3.748 E F0 +1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.749 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 +331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e> +144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1 +(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0(Be)22.52 E +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2 +<ad74>144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E +(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 391.2 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2<ad43>144 403.2 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E +(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum) +2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 415.2 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 261.6 R 2.761(xo)-.15 -G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ -igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 273.6 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 444 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G +2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 456 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 285.6 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 302.4 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 -(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 319.2 Q F0 1.905 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 468 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 484.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 501.6 Q F0 1.905 (returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 331.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) +4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 513.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 348 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 360 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) +F2(popd)108 530.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 542.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) .15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 (th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 -372 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +554.4 R F2(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 (op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 (uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 384 Q F1<ad6e>144 396 Q F0 .551 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 566.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 578.4 Q F0 .551 (Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 408 Q F1(+)144 420 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 432 -S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0(remo) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E -F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 444 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo) -25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F) -180 456 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 -E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 472.8 R F1(popd) -3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644 -(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 -E F0 .416(returns f)144 484.8 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G -.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 590.4 Q F2(+)144 602.4 Q F1(n)A +F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 +.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +614.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) +-.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 626.4 Q F1(n)A F0 +(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F1(n)3.76 E F0 +1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) +-.25 F F2(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 +(zero. F)180 638.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 +E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 +655.2 R F2(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F2 +(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) +3.143 F F2(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 667.2 R .416 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 (,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 496.8 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 -(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 -(Write the formatted)144 525.6 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 -(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 -E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 537.6 R(ariable) --.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 549.6 Q(The)144 573.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ -s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ -cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 585.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 -(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 597.6 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 609.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 -(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 -E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 621.6 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 633.6 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F1(printf)5.115 E -F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 -(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 645.6 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c) -3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F1<5c08>3.108 -E F0(,)A F1(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F1(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 -(are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be) -180 657.6 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F1(\\0)2.5 E F0 -(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F1(%q)144 669.6 Q F0(causes) -20.44 E F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2 -(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell) -2.51 F(input.)180 681.6 Q F1(%\()144 693.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0 -(causes)180 705.6 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 717.6 R F2 -(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) -2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -729.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F -.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(11)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 679.2 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F2(printf)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad76>A F1(var)2.5 E F0(]) +A F1(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 +(Write the formatted)144 708 R F1(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F1(format)3.937 +E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F2<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 720 R(ariable)-.25 +E F1(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)2.626 +F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(11)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 84 Q(as in)-.1 -E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(Ar)144 100.8 Q .463(guments to non-s\ -tring format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 112.8 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(output.)144 +84 Q(The)144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a \ +character string which contains three types of objects: plain character\ +s, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, character e\ +scape sequences, which are con)144 120 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 132 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(ar)144 144 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F1 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(printf)3.031 E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-) +-.25 E(ing e)144 156 Q(xtensions:)-.15 E F2(%b)144 168 Q F0(causes)20.44 +E F2(printf)5.115 E F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 +(xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F1(ar) +5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 180 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F2(\\c) +3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F2<5c08>3.108 +E F0(,)A F2(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F2(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 +(are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be) +180 192 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F2(\\0)2.5 E F0 +(may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F2(%q)144 204 Q F0(causes)20.44 +E F2(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F1(ar)2.51 +E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F +(input.)180 216 Q F2(%\()144 228 Q F1(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F0(causes)180 +240 Q F2(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F1(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 252 R F1 +(strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F1(ar) +2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +264 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F +.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .847 +(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 276 R .847 +(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348 +F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 288 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G +2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354 +(xception to the usual)-.15 F F2(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 300 Q(vior) +-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 316.8 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\ +\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 328.8 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 124.8 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 141.6 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)3.423 E F0 .923 -(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F1(ar)3.423 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format) -3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F1(ar)144 153.6 Q(guments)-.37 E +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 340.8 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 357.6 Q F1(format)3.423 E +F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F1(ar)3.423 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format) +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F1(ar)144 369.6 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 165.6 Q(The return v)5 E -(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 182.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+) --2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A F2(pushd)108 194.4 Q -F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a direc\ -tory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making th\ -e ne)144 206.4 R 3.14(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316 -(stack the current w)144 218.4 R 1.316(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W) --.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315 -(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315(irectories and)-3.815 F -.871(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 230.4 R 5.871 -(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 --.15(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 -242.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 254.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of dir\ -ectory when adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F -(only the stack is manipulated.)180 266.4 Q F2(+)144 278.4 Q F1(n)A F0 +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 381.6 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(pushd) +108 398.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A F2(pushd)108 410.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 +2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ +irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 422.4 R 3.14(wt) +-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 434.4 R 1.316 +(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315 +(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315 +(irectories and)-3.815 F .871 +(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 446.4 R 5.871(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 458.4 Q +F2<ad6e>144 470.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ +hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F +(only the stack is manipulated.)180 482.4 Q F2(+)144 494.4 Q F1(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.767 E F0 1.268 (th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by) --.25 F F2(dirs)180 290.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 302.4 Q F1(n)A F0 +-.25 F F2(dirs)180 506.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 518.4 Q F1(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)180 314.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 326.4 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F1(dir)2.85 E F0 -(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25 -G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 343.2 -R F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F2(dirs) -2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489 -(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04 -(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 355.2 R F1(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G -3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F2(pushd)3.539 E F0 -1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144 -367.2 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\ -ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F -(speci\214ed ne)144 379.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E -(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 396 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 408 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -420 R F2<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 +F F2(dirs)180 530.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 542.4 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F1(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc) +-.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 554.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F2 +(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 571.2 R F2(pushd) +2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F2(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 583.2 R F1(dir) +3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,) +-.4 F F2(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847 +(stack is empty)144 595.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ + directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 607.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 636 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +648 R F2<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 (\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2(set) -2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If) -144 432 R(the)3.264 E F2<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 444 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 456 Q F2 -.18(re)108 472.8 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad61>-3.817 E F1(aname) -3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad64>-3.817 E F1(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2 -<ad69>-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad6e>-3.817 E F1 -(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.816 E F1(nc) -3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad70>-3.816 E F1(pr)3.816 E -(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad74>-3.816 E F1(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816 -(][)C F2<ad75>-3.816 E F1(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 484.8 Q F1(name)A F0 +2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) +144 660 R(the)3.263 E F2<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 672 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 684 Q F2 -.18(re)108 700.8 S(ad) +.18 E F0([)3.816 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad61>-3.816 E F1(aname) +3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad64>-3.816 E F1(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2 +<ad69>-3.816 E F1(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad6e>-3.816 E F1 +(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.817 E F1(nc) +3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad70>-3.817 E F1(pr)3.817 E +(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad74>-3.817 E F1(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F2<ad75>-3.817 E F1(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 712.8 Q F1(name)A F0 (...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ -\214le descriptor)144 496.8 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 508.8 Q F2<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038 -(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) --.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039 -(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42 -(and so on, with lefto)144 520.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 -(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 -(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) -.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 532.8 R .54(wer w)-.25 -F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ -are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 544.8 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011 -(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011 -(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011 -(backslash character \()2.511 F F2(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89 -(be used to remo)144 556.8 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H -1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F -(Options, if supplied, ha)144 568.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 580.8 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) -180 592.8 R 1.049 -(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F1(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F -F1(aname)180.33 604.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 --.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 -(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 616.8 Q F1(delim)2.5 E -F0(The \214rst character of)180 628.8 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0 -(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F2<ad65>144 640.8 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 -(to obtain the line.)180 652.8 R .218 -(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 664.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E -F2<ad69>144 676.8 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F2 -.18(re)2.715 -G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F1(te) -2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E -.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 688.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144 -700.8 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 712.8 S(ad).18 E -F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F1(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E -F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 -(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 724.8 Q -(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E -(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(12)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +\214le descriptor)144 724.8 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 +E(12)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad4e>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 96 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e) -3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269 -(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 108 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(the)144 84 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039(option, and the \214rst w) +2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42 +(and so on, with lefto)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 +(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 +(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) +.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 108 R .541(wer w)-.25 +F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ +are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 120 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F .857 +(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857 +(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857 +(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .754(uses for e)144 132 R +.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F1 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753 +(backslash character \()3.253 F F1(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .753(ay be)-3.253 +F .075(used to remo)144 144 R .375 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .375 -.15(ny s).15 H +.075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .076 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.076 E +(if supplied, ha)144 156 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 168 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 180 R 1.049(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) +-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049 +(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F F2(aname)180.33 192 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 +E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E +F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 204 Q +F2(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 216 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E +F1<ad65>144 228 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re) +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 +(to obtain the line.)180 240 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) +5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F +(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G +(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1<ad69>144 264 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If) +10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 276 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har) +-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 300 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 +(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 +(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of) +-.1 F(input, b)180 312 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 +E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 324 +Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269 +(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 348 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) 5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 120 R +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 360 R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 132 Q F1<ad70>144 144 Q -F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 156 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 372 Q F1<ad70>144 384 Q +F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 396 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 (ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) --.25 F(an)180 168 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +-.25 F(an)180 408 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -<ad72>144 180 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +<ad72>144 420 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) 25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F(the line.)180 192 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G +-5.543 F(the line.)180 432 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G (ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) --.25 E F1<ad73>144 204 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 444 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -<ad74>144 216 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 228 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G -(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048 -(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout) -180 240 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997 -(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.496 F(wing) --.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 252 R .576(This option is only ef) -5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G -(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .141 -(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 264 R .142 -(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.142 E -F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 276 S(ad).18 E -F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.614 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113 -(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .113 -(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 288 Q -(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 -E F1<ad75>144 300 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor) -14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 316.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 -.191(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable) --.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 328.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) +<ad74>144 456 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 468 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G +(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 480 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 +(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 492 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +504 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 516 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 528 S(riable) +.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 +(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 +F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G +(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 540 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) +.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 +552 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) +.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 564 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191 +(If no)144 580.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191 +(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E +F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192 +(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 592.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) .18 E F0 1.343 -(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F -(128\), or an in)144 340.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F1 -<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 357.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255aA)A(pf)-.25 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 369.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2 -(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77 -(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 381.6 R -1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 393.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871 +(128\), a v)144 604.8 R .871 +(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F +.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E +(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 616.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 +<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 633.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 645.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 +(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 +.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 +657.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097 +(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 669.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .538(ables to associati)144 405.6 R .838 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.038 -(rrays. If).15 F(no)3.038 E F2(name)3.398 E F0(ar)3.218 E .538 -(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .538(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> -3.038 E F0 .537(option is supplied, a list)3.038 F .08 -(of all readonly names is printed.)144 417.6 R(The)5.08 E F1<ad70>2.58 E -F0 .081(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.58 F -1.177(be reused as input.)144 429.6 R 1.177(If a v)6.177 F 1.176 -(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.176(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 -3.676(,t)C 1.176(he v)-3.676 F 1.176(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.176 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)144 441.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0 6.205(.T)C -1.205(he return status is 0 unless an in)-6.205 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.206 -(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F2(names)4.066 E F0 1.206 -(is not a)3.976 F -.25(va)144 453.6 S(lid shell v).25 E -(ariable name, or)-.25 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is supplied with a)2.5 E F2 -(name)2.86 E F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 470.4 S -(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587 -(Causes a function to e)144 482.4 R .587(xit with the return v)-.15 F -.587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087 E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 -E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335 -(that of the last command e)144 494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335 -(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G -1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe) -144 506.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\() -5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 -(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .794 -(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 518.4 R F2(n)3.105 -E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .246 -(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 530.4 R .082 -(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 -(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081 -(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 542.4 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F -4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN) -4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.) -144 554.4 Q F1(set)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2 -(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1 -(set)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o) --2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 -(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 595.2 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 681.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 693.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521 +(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F +.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 705.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 +(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) +144 717.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +729.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) +3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) +-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) +148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .26 +(option is encountered, one of the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26 +(ariable name, or)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F1(name)144.36 96 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 112.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 124.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F1(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F1(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .469 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 136.8 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E +F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466 +(side a function, b)144 148.8 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F2(sour) +A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F +.088(stop e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F1(n)2.947 E F0 .087 +(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 172.8 R .613 +(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F1(n)3.113 E F0 .613 +(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613 +(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 184.8 R +.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F2 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01 +(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 196.8 S .409 +(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41 +(cution of a script by).15 F F2(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F2(sour)2.91 E +(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41 +(ommand associated with the).15 F F2(RETURN)144 208.8 Q F0(trap is e)2.5 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F2(set)108 225.6 Q +F0([)2.5 E F2(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E +F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E +F2(set)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(+o)-2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 249.6 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835 (ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 607.2 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 261.6 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 619.2 R F2 .447(posix mode) -2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 -(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 -(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53 -(locale. When)144 631.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 273.6 R F1(posix)2.912 E F0 +.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 285.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) -.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F -1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 643.2 R 1.623 +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 297.6 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 655.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A -F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 667.2 Q +144 309.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +F2 2.5(... $)2.5 F F1(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 321.6 Q F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539 (ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54 -(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 679.2 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.) --.4 E F1<ad62>144 691.2 Q F0 .132 +(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 333.6 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.) +-.4 E F2<ad62>144 345.6 Q F0 .132 (Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F 2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 703.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 715.2 Q F0 .51 -(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2(pipeline)3.01 E F0 .511 -(\(which may consist of a single)3.011 F F2 .511(simple command)3.011 F -F0 3.011(\), a)B F2(sub-)3.011 E(shell)184 727.2 Q F0 .872 -(command enclosed in parentheses, or one of the commands e)3.373 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .872(cuted as part of a).15 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .399 -(command list enclosed by braces \(see)184 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.399(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.899 F F0(abo)2.649 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.899(\)e).15 G -.399(xits with a non-zero)-3.049 F 3.969(status. The)184 96 R 1.468 -(shell does not e)3.969 F 1.468(xit if the command that f)-.15 F 1.468 -(ails is part of the command list)-.1 F .569(immediately follo)184 108 R -.569(wing a)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F2 -(until)3.069 E F0 -.1(ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569 -(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .57(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)3.07 E F0 -(or)3.07 E F2(elif)3.07 E F0(reserv)184 120 Q .91(ed w)-.15 F .91 -(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.41(yc)-.15 G .909(ommand e)-3.41 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .909(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2(||)3.409 E -F0 .909(list e)3.409 F .909(xcept the command)-.15 F(follo)184 132 Q -.049(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)2.549 E F0(or)2.549 E F2(||)2.549 E -F0 2.549(,a)C .349 -.15(ny c)-2.549 H .049(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F -.05(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F(s)-.55 E .373(return v)184 144 -R .373(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .373(rted with).15 F F2(!) -2.873 E F0 5.372(.A)C .372(trap on)-2.5 F F2(ERR)2.872 E F0 2.872(,i)C -2.872(fs)-2.872 G .372(et, is e)-2.872 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .372 -(cuted before the shell).15 F -.15(ex)184 156 S 2.896(its. This).15 F -.397(option applies to the shell en)2.896 F .397 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .397(vironment sepa-)-.4 F .191 -(rately \(see)184 168 R F1 .19(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.691 F(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(abo)2.44 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .19(\), and may cause subshells).15 -F(to e)184 180 Q(xit before e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F2<ad66>144 192 Q F0 -(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2<ad68>144 204 Q F0 2.238 -(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239 -(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739 -(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 216 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -<ad6b>144 228 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 +(primary prompt.)184 357.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2<ad65>144 369.6 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F1(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F1 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F1(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 381.6 Q +F1 1.294(compound command)3.794 F F0(\(see)3.794 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +1.294(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.794 F F0(abo)3.544 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.793(\), e) +.15 F 1.293(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079 +(The shell does not e)184 393.6 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F +.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 405.6 Q +1.655(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F2(until)4.155 E F0 +-.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 +(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F2(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 417.6 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F2 +(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 429.6 R +F2(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F2(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) +-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E +-.25(va)184 441.6 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 453.6 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +F2<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 465.6 R 2.677 +(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F2(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 +(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 477.6 R .617 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 489.6 R(ONMENT) +-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 +(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 501.6 +Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 519.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F2<ad65>4.542 +E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 +531.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 +(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .194 +(body will be af)184 543.6 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F2<ad65>2.694 E +F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F2 +<ad65>2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 555.6 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +(ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F2<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89 +(while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E +(where)184 567.6 Q F2<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 579.6 Q F2 +<ad66>144 591.6 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 +<ad68>144 603.6 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the) +28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 +615.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2<ad6b>144 627.6 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 240 Q F2 -<ad6d>144 252 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 639.6 Q F2 +<ad6d>144 651.6 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 (Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F -.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .637 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 264 R F1 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F -(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .636 -(processes run in a)3.136 F .641 -(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 276 R .642 -(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 288 Q F2 -<ad6e>144 300 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 -312 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2<ad6f>144 324 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The) -184 336 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing:)-.25 E F2(allexport)184 348 Q F0(Same as)224 360 Q F2<ad61>2.5 E -F0(.)A F2(braceexpand)184 372 Q F0(Same as)224 384 Q F2<ad42>2.5 E F0(.) -A F2(emacs)184 396 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This) --.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 408 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 -(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting)3.45 E -F0 2.5(option. This)224 420 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) --.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err) -184 432 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F2<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(errtrace)184 444 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F2<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(functrace) -184 456 Q F0(Same as)224 468 Q F2<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 480 Q -F0(Same as)9.43 E F2<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(histexpand)184 492 Q F0 -(Same as)224 504 Q F2<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(history)184 516 Q F0 .586 -(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587 -(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(HIST)3.087 E -(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is) -5.087 F(on by def)224 528 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 540 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 552 R -1.657(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) -.15 E(\(see)224 564 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 576 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as) -224 588 Q F2<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(monitor)184 600 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F2 -<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noclob)184 612 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 624 Q F2 -<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(noexec)184 636 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F2<ad6e>2.5 E -F0(.)A F2(noglob)184 648 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(nolog)184 660 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F2(notify)184 672 Q F0 -(Same as)15 E F2<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(nounset)184 684 Q F0(Same as)6.66 -E F2<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(onecmd)184 696 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F2<ad74>2.5 -E F0(.)A F2(ph)184 708 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F2<ad50>2.5 E -F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(14)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 663.6 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 675.6 R +.679(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ +g its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 687.6 S(it status.).15 E F2<ad6e>144 699.6 Q +F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.653(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 711.6 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 +E(14)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 (TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(pipefail)184 84 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F -1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 96 R +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6f>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name) +2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 108 Q F0 +(Same as)224 120 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 132 Q F0 +(Same as)224 144 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 156 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This) +-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F0 2.5(option. This)224 180 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) +184 192 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 204 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace) +184 216 Q F0(Same as)224 228 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 240 Q +F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(histexpand)184 252 Q F0 +(Same as)224 264 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history)184 276 Q F0 .586 +(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587 +(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 288 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 +300 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 312 R 1.657 +(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) +4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 +324 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1 +<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 360 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 372 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 396 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(noglob)184 408 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 +420 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify)184 432 Q F0(Same as)15 E +F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 444 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 456 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(ph)184 468 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(pipefail)184 480 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 492 R 1.136 (xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 108 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 120 Q F0 +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 504 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 516 Q F0 2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 132 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 144 Q(vileged) --.1 E F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 168 S -(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 180 Q F0 -1.466(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965 -(ace. This)-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F -(interf)224 192 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0 -(.)A F1(xtrace)184 204 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 -222 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2 -(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 -(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 -234 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 -3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 -(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 246 Q F1<ad70> -144 258 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +528 R F2 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F3 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F +F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 540 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 +552 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 564 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +576 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 588 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as) +7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 600 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965(ace. This)-.1 +F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 612 Q +(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace)184 +624 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 642 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 +E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053 +(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553(alues of the current options are printed.) +-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 654 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F +F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set) +3.571 E F0 1.071(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 666 Q F1<ad70> +144 678 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) --.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 270 R 1.5 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 --.27(BA)184 282 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G -.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 294 R .38 +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 690 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)184 702 S +(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 +(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 714 R .38 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) --.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 306 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 -(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> -2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 330 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G -.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1<ad74>144 354 Q F0 -(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15 -E F1<ad75>144 366 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ -bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an) --.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 378 R 2.682 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 -(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 -(able or parameter)184 390 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F 2.196 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 726 R F1<ad70>4.696 E F0 2.196 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)4.696 F 2.196(en and the) +-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(15)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(ef)184 84 Q +(fecti)-.25 E 1.667 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.367 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F 1.367(If the)6.367 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.867 E F0 1.366 +(option is supplied at startup, the)3.866 F(ef)184 96 Q(fecti)-.25 E +.708 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .408(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.409 G +.409(rning this option of).45 F 2.909(fc)-.25 G .409(auses the ef)-2.909 +F(fecti)-.25 E .709 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .409(ser and group).15 F +(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 108 Q F1<ad74>144 120 +Q F0(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044 +(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters "@" and "*" as an)-.25 F .182 +(error when performing parameter e)184 144 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F +-.15(ex)2.682 G .183(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 +E .746(able or parameter)184 156 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -402 Q F1<ad76>144 414 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) --.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 426 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 -(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) -2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E -F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 438 R F1 --.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo) -3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 450 Q +168 Q F1<ad76>144 180 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) +-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 192 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 +(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command)2.815 +F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E +F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236 +(or arithmetic)184 204 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236 +(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 216 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -<ad42>144 462 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 +<ad42>144 228 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 474 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 486 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 240 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 252 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F -3.053(tors. This)184 498 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.053(tors. This)184 264 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 510 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -<ad45>144 522 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) +.15 F(tor)184 276 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 288 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) -2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 -F .838(mands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .838(mands e)184 300 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 546 Q F1 -<ad48>144 558 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 312 Q F1 +<ad48>144 324 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 (style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 -F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 570 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 582 Q F0 1.164 -(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822 -(that change the current w)184 594 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 336 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 348 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 360 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 606 R(def)2.685 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 372 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 618 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 -630 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 384 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 +396 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 654 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 666 Q +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 420 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 432 Q F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 678 Q F2 +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 444 Q F2 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 -690 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2 +456 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2 (ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G -1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 702 R +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 468 R F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 714 Q .425(The options are of)144 -730.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 480 Q .425(The options are of)144 +496.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 -768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(15)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 16 16 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 508.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 520.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 532.8 Q F1(shift)108 549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 561.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 573.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 585.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 597.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 609.6 Q F1(shopt)108 626.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 638.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 650.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375 +(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 +F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 662.4 R .826 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F +.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 674.4 R(The)5.945 E +F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) +3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 686.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 698.4 Q +F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 710.4 +Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(16)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .178 -(to be turned of)144 84 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 -(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 108 Q F1(shift)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 -136.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....) -2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F -(bers)144 148.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#) -2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082 -(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H -.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f) --5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 160.8 -R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06 -(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 -(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143 -(positional parameters are not changed.)144 172.8 R .144 -(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144 -(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 184.8 Q F1(shopt)108 201.6 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 213.6 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222 -(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F -(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1 -<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\ -ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 225.6 R(The) -144 237.6 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\ -d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options) -5.327 F(ha)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) --.25 E F1<ad73>144 261.6 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 -E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 273.6 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2 -(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 285.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\ -put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2 -(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 297.6 R .256 -(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad71>144 84 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet\ + mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 +96 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256 (guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1 -<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F -(all)180 309.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.) -2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 321.6 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2 +<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F +(all)180 108 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 +E F1<ad6f>144 120 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2 (optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0 -(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127 -(If either)144 338.4 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0 -.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127 -(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024 -(are set or unset, respecti)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024 -(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0 -1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 362.4 Q(ault.) --.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -379.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) -4.045 F .696 +(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625 +(If either)144 136.8 R F1<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 +.624(is used with no)3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,) +-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624 +(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233(set or unset, respecti)144 +148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234 +(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 160.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E +1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 177.6 R +F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F +.696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 391.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 403.2 Q(The list of)144 420 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 438 Q F0 .199 +144 189.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 201.6 Q(The list of)144 218.4 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 236.4 Q F0 .2 (If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 450 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 248.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 462 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 474 R .156 -(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +F1(cdable_v)144 260.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 272.4 R .155 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 486 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 498 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 284.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 296.4 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) -10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 -(corrected. The)184 510 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 522 R 4.352 -.65(y. I) --.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552 -(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F -(the command proceeds.)184 534 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 -E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 546 Q F0 2.08 -(If set,)184 558 R F1(bash)4.58 E F0 2.079 -(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079 -(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 570 S(cute it.).15 E +10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 +(corrected. The)184 308.4 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 320.4 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F +(the command proceeds.)184 332.4 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 344.4 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash) +4.579 E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F +2.08(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 368.4 S(cute it.).15 E (If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 582 Q -F0 .448(If set,)184 594 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 -(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 606 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G -.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 618 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 630 Q -.1(wa)-.1 -G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 642 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 -654 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G -.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G -.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 666 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E -F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 -678 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa) -3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 380.4 +Q F0 .449(If set,)184 392.4 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 +(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 404.4 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 +(attempted without an interv)184 416.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 428.4 Q -.1(wa) +-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 440.4 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 +452.4 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G +.797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G +.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 464.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 +E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) +144 476.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 +(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -690 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 702 Q -F0 .42(If set,)184 714 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F -.419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar) --.15 F(guments)-.18 E(to the)184 726 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 -(conditional command')2.5 E(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.5 E F0(operator)2.5 E(.) --.55 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(16)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 17 17 +488.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 500.4 +Q F0 .419(If set,)184 512.4 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha) +2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42 +(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the) +184 524.4 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E +F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 +(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 +(using the)184 536.4 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F +(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) +3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821 +(use ASCII collation and)184 548.4 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 +(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G +(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 560.4 Q F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 +(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 572.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 584.4 R F1 +(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v) +-.2 F 1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 +(string comparison when using the)184 596.4 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) +2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\).)184 608.4 Q +F1(compat40)144 620.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 632.4 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 +1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 +(string comparison when using the)184 644.4 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 +(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) +4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 656.4 R +F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) +-.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 +668.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F +.086(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 680.4 +Q(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 692.4 Q F0 1.483 +(If set,)184 704.4 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F +F2(posix)3.983 E F0 1.484 +(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 +(ex)184 716.4 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 +G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 +(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 +728.4 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 +768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat32)144 84 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash) -3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F -1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.266 -(string comparison when using the)184 108 R F1([[)3.766 E F0 1.266 -(conditional command')3.766 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.766 E F0(and)3.766 E F1(>) -3.766 E F0 3.765(operators. Bash)3.765 F -.15(ve)184 120 S .512 -(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and).15 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.012 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .513 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the).19 F(current locale')184 132 Q 2.5 -(sc)-.55 G(ollation sequence and)-2.5 E F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 -(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat40)144 144 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash) -3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F -1.409(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 -(string comparison when using the)184 168 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 -(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) -2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F(vious item\) and the ef)184 -180 Q(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(compat41)144 192 Q -F0 1.232(@item compat41 If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)3.732 E F0 3.732(,w)C -1.232(hen in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-)-3.732 F -1.213(quoted parameter e)184 216 R 1.213 -(xpansion as a special character)-.15 F 6.213(.T)-.55 G 1.214 -(he single quotes must match \(an)-6.213 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)184 228 T -2.949(nn).25 G .448(umber\) and the characters between the single quote\ -s are considered quoted.)-2.949 F(This)5.448 E .062(is the beha)184 240 -R .062(vior of posix mode through v)-.2 F .062(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .062 -(The def)5.062 F .062(ault bash beha)-.1 F .063(vior remains as)-.2 F -(in pre)184 252 Q(vious v)-.25 E(ersions.)-.15 E F1(dirspell)144 264 Q -F0 .859(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .59 +(posix mode through v)184 84 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(compat42)144 108 Q F0 1.796(If set,)184 120 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +(does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 132 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 144 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 +156 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214le\ +names and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 +(forming completion.)184 168 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E +F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +180 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 192 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 204 R 1.073 +(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 +(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 +(ev e)184 216 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 +228 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 240 Q +(ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 252 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 264 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +276 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 288 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 300 Q F0 .858(If set,)7.77 F +F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 276 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 288 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 312 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 324 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 (includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) -.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 300 Q F0 1.387 -(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 336 Q F0 1.386 +(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 (hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 312 Q +1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 348 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 324 Q F0 -.716(If set, aliases are e)184 336 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 -F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 348 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(extdeb)144 360 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 372 Q +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 360 Q F0 +.717(If set, aliases are e)184 372 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 +F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 384 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(extdeb)144 396 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 408 Q (vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 -384 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1 +420 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1 (declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 (iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 396 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 408 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 432 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 444 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 420 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 432 Q F0 .841 -(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 444 S .488 +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 456 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 468 Q F0 .84 +(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 480 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 456 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 --.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 468 Q -F3 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F3 -.27(BA)3.404 G +(sour)220 492 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 504 Q +F2 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G (SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904(are updated as described in their descriptions) -3.154 F(abo)220 480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 492 Q F0 1.359 +3.154 F(abo)220 516 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 528 Q F0 1.359 (Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 (command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 -504 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F2 -(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0 -(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 516 Q F0 .805 -(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804 -(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 528 -Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F2 +540 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 +(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) +184 552 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805 +(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 564 +Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4 (command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) -2.5 E F1(extglob)144 540 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 +2.5 E F1(extglob)144 576 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 552 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 564 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 576 R -F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 -E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) --4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 588 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 600 Q F0 -1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 612 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 624 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 636 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F F3(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 648 R .32 +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 588 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 600 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 612 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 624 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 636 Q F0 +1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 648 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 660 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 672 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 684 R .32 (ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 -(pletions. See)184 660 R F3 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 -(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3 -(FIGNORE)2.947 E F4(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def) -184 672 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 684 Q F0 .178(If set, the pattern) -5 F F1(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e)2.678 F .178 -(xpansion conte)-.15 F .179(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F -1.298(more directories and subdirectories.)184 696 R 1.298 -(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.797 E F0 -3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -708 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 +(pletions. See)184 696 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E F3(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) +184 708 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(18) +198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 (TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(gnu_errfmt)144 84 Q F0(If set, shell error messages ar\ -e written in the standard GNU error message format.)184 96 Q F1 -(histappend)144 108 Q F0 .676 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(globasciiranges)144 84 Q F0 2.519(If set, range e)184 +96 R 2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e) +-.1 F 2.518(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)5.018 G +(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E(Matching)184 108 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.214(\)b).15 G(eha)-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214 +(fi)-3.214 G 3.214(nt)-3.214 G .714 +(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)-3.214 F 1.02 +(That is, the current locale')184 120 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 132 R F1(A) +3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F +.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 144 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globstar)144 156 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)3.019 E F0 +.519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 168 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 +2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +180 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 192 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 204 Q F1(histappend)144 +216 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -120 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 --.25(va)2.927 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 132 Q -(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 -(histr)144 144 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 156 R F1 -.18(re) -3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F -.575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 168 Q F1(histv)144 180 Q -(erify)-.1 E F0 .402(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 -E F0 .403 +228 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 240 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 252 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .575(If set, and)184 264 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 +(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 276 Q F1(histv)144 288 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 +(If set, and)184 300 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 204 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 216 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 312 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 324 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 228 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 -252 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E -F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 276 Q F0(If set,) -184 288 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(hostcomplete)144 336 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 348 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 +360 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E +F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 384 Q F0(If set,) +184 396 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 300 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 -.33(If set, allo)184 312 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 408 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 +.33(If set, allo)184 420 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 324 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 432 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 336 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 348 Q F0 1.211 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 444 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 456 Q F0 1.212 (If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15 G 1.212(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not)-3.712 F -.15 -(exe)184 360 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 372 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)15.55 F -F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 +(exe)184 468 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 480 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F +F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F -(with embedded ne)184 384 Q +3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F +(with embedded ne)184 492 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(login_shell)144 396 Q F0 .486 +(login_shell)144 504 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -408 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 420 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 432 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 -444 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 456 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +516 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 528 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 540 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 +552 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 564 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E (`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 (has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 468 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 480 R F1 -.18 -(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E -F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 492 Q F1 -(nocaseglob)144 504 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 516 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 -(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 528 S +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 576 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 588 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E +F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 600 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 612 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 624 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 636 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 540 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -552 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) -3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 -F(while e)184 564 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 -E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 576 Q F0 -.855(If set,)184 588 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo)3.355 E .855 -(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.354 G .854 -(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354(\)t).15 G(o) --3.354 E -.15(ex)184 600 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) -.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 612 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676 -(If set, the programmable completion f)184 624 R .677(acilities \(see) --.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 636 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 648 Q(omptv) --.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448(If set, prompt strings under)184 660 R 1.448 -(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) --.15 F -.15(ex)184 672 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 -G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) --.15 F F2(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 -E(This option is enabled by def)184 684 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 696 -S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 -(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 708 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 720 Q 4.178 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F -1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(18)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 648 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +660 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 +F(while e)184 672 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 684 Q F0 +.854(If set,)184 696 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 +(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 +(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) +-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 708 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(19)198.725 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.15(exe)184 -84 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift_v)144 96 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 -108 R F1(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 120 Q F1(sour) -144 132 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 144 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) --.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F -.771(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.771(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 156 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 168 Q F0 -(If set, the)184 180 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E -(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) -108 192 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 204 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 -(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 216 R F1<ad66> -2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 -(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) -5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 228 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1 -<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E -F1(test)108 240 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 -252 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 -(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G -(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.187 -(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 264 R 3.688 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.188(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F -1.89(described abo)144 276 R 2.19 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -(CONDITION)4.39 E 1.89(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1(test)6.39 E F0 1.889(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.389(yo)-.15 G 1.889 -(ptions, nor)-4.389 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 288 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 306 R .786 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 -(dence. The)144 318 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 330 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 342 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 -E F1(\()144 354 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 -(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)144 84 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 96 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 +F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 108 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 120 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 132 R 1.448 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 144 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) +-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 156 Q(ault.)-.1 E +F1 -.18(re)144 168 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 180 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 192 Q 4.178 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F +1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) +184 204 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E +F1(shift_v)144 216 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 228 R F1 +(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 240 Q F1(sour) +144 252 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 264 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) +184 276 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 288 Q F0(If set, the)184 300 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 +E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001 +(Suspend the e)144 328.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 +(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G +F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) +3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 340.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023 +(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 +(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 352.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 +E F1(test)108 369.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 381.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)6.77 F .878 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 393.6 +S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +(ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079 +(primaries described abo)144 405.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 417.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 435.6 R .785 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 +(dence. The)144 447.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 459.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 471.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E +(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 483.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 366 Q F3 -.2(ex) -144 378 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 390 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 --.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 402 S(pr1).2 E -F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 414 S -(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 430.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E -F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 495.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 507.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 519.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 531.6 S +(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 +543.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 560.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 448.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 460.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 472.8 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 484.8 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 578.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 590.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 602.4 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 614.4 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 496.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 508.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +E 2.5(2a)144 626.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 638.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 520.8 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 532.8 Q .553 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 650.4 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 662.4 Q .552 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 544.8 Q +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 674.4 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 556.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 568.8 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 686.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 698.4 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 580.8 R 1.155 -.15 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 710.4 R 1.155 -.15 (ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 592.8 R .578(xpression i\ +F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 722.4 R .578(xpression i\ s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 604.8 R(The)6.333 E F1<ad61>3.833 -E F0(and)3.833 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.332 -(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 616.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 -628.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 -F(ar)180 640.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 -2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 652.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -664.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 676.8 R -.385(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 -(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar) -.05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647 -(posed of the remaining ar)180 688.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F -1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 -G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 -700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 -E(19)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 +(guments)-.18 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(20)198.725 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 2.5(5o)144 -84 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 96 R -1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 108 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 126 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(test)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0 -(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 142.8 Q F0 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 1.332 +(as operands.)180 84 R(The)6.332 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>3.832 E F0 +(and)3.832 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333 +(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 +(three ar)180 96 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 +E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 108 R 3.021 +(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 120 Q +.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 +(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 +F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 132 Q +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 144 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 +(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 +(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 168 R 4.147 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 180 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 192 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 +E 1.635(The e)180 204 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F +(abo)180 216 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 234 Q F1(test) +2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 250.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 154.8 -Q F1(trap)108 171.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10 + processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 262.8 +Q F1(trap)108 279.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.703(The command)144 183.6 R F2(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703 -(is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2 -(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) -144 195.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E +.702(The command)144 291.6 R F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 +(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F2(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F2 +(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) +144 303.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.659(\(the v)144 207.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 +.658(\(the v)144 315.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) -144.34 219.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) -3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F1<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 231.6 R -F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 243.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 +144.34 327.6 Q F0 .581 +(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 339.6 R +F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 351.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 255.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ -to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 -(bers. Each)144 267.6 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.811 -(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E -(names are case insensiti)144 279.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649 -(If a)144 297.6 R F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(EXIT)4.149 E F0 -1.649(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) -4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.) --.15 F 1.648(If a)6.648 F F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(DEB)144 -309.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F -F2(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.168(simple command) -3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F2(case)3.668 E F0 -(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 321.6 Q F2(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e) -2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.647 E F0 .146 -(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 333.6 R F3 .145 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 345.6 Q F1(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 -G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E -(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E -F3(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 357.6 Q F2(ar) -3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(signal. The)144 363.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F +4.311(bers. Each)144 375.6 R F2(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E +(names are case insensiti)144 387.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648 +(If a)144 405.6 R F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(EXIT)4.148 E F0 +1.648(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) +4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.) +-.15 F 1.649(If a)6.649 F F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 +417.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F +F2(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.167(simple command) +3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.667 E F0(command,)3.667 E F2(case)3.667 E F0 +(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 429.6 Q F2(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e) +2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 441.6 R F3 .146 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 453.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) +-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3 +(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 465.6 Q F2(ar) +3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.644(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F1(sour)3.144 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 369.6 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .929(If a)144 387.6 R F2(sigspec)3.769 E F0(is) -3.739 E F3(ERR)3.429 E F4(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F2(ar)3.759 E -(g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .928(imple command has a non\255zero) --3.429 F -.15(ex)144 399.6 S 1.008(it status, subject to the follo).15 F -1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F3(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 -(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.009(cuted if the f).15 F 1.009 -(ailed com-)-.1 F .324 -(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 411.6 R .324 -(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 -(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F .151(in an)144 -423.6 R F2(if)2.661 E F0 .151(statement, part of a command e)4.611 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.651 E F0(or)2.651 E F1(||) -2.651 E F0 .151(list, or if the command')2.651 F 2.651(sr)-.55 G .151 -(eturn v)-2.651 F(alue)-.25 E(is being in)144 435.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 -E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 +.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 477.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .521(If a)144 495.6 R F2(sigspec)3.361 E F0(is) +3.331 E F3(ERR)3.021 E F4(,)A F0 .522(the command)2.771 F F2(ar)3.352 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .522(is e)3.242 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .522(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.022(raap).15 G .522(ipeline \(which may consist of a) +-3.022 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command re\ +turns a non\255zero e)144 507.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F +.451(the follo)144 519.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3 +(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 +(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 +(mand list immediately follo)144 531.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) +2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.897 E F0 .387 +(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 543.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +(list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 +3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 555.6 R +1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) +-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F +F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 567.6 Q +(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0 2.5 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -453.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 465.6 R .662 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 477.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +585.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 597.6 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 609.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) -.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 -494.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 506.4 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) -3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F1<ad74>144 518.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0 +626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 638.4 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F1<ad74>144 650.4 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 .843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2 -(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 530.4 Q F0 .087 -(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2 -(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 542.4 R .118 -(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F -F1<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 554.4 R .855 +(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 662.4 Q F0 .086 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 +(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 674.4 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F +F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 686.4 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 -566.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 -(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1 -<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 578.4 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) -C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 -F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 -(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70> -2.612 E F0(and)144 590.4 Q F1<ad50>2.944 E F0 .444(print the hashed v) -2.944 F .444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in) --.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.945 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .445(If the)4.945 F F1 -<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 602.4 R F1(type)2.765 -E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265 -(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426(and functions, if and only if the) -144 614.4 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F -.427(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549 -(consulted when using)144 626.4 R F1<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he) --5.549 E F1<ad66>3.049 E F0 .548 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F1 -(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 638.4 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 -(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E -(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 655.2 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 667.2 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) +144 698.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 +G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E +F1<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F3 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .112(search for each)144 710.4 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 +(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 +-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) +.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E +F0(and)144 722.4 Q F1<ad50>3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F +.73(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in) +-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .73(If the)5.23 F +(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F1(type) +4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.249 +E F0 6.749(.T).18 G(his)-6.749 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 96 R F1<ad70> +3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .743 +(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 108 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the) +144 120 R F1(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.326 +E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325 +(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 132 Q F1(ulimit)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A +(Pro)144 160.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 +G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 679.2 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F +.944(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F (The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 691.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 703.2 R .426 +ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .426 (alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F1<ad48>2.925 E F0(nor)2.925 E F1<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -715.2 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +208.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 727.2 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 +.742(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F -(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(20)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -<ad48>2.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When) -.15 F .498(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 108 Q 2.5(alue. Other) --.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 120 -Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2<ad62>144 132 Q F0 -(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F2<ad63> -144 144 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F2<ad64> -144 156 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G -(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 168 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2<ad66>144 180 Q F0 -(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)26.97 -E F2<ad69>144 192 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F2 -<ad6c>144 204 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E -(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 216 Q F0 +F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0 +.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 256.8 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 +<ad61>144 268.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144 +280.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E +F1<ad63>144 292.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E +F1<ad64>144 304.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) +-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 316.8 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 328.8 Q +F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children) +26.97 E F1<ad69>144 340.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) +27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 352.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 364.8 Q F0 (The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 228 Q F0 .791(The \ -maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 376.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) 24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 240 Q F2<ad70>144 252 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2 -<ad71>144 264 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) -24.74 E F2<ad72>144 276 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority) -25.86 E F2<ad73>144 288 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F2<ad74>144 -300 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2<ad75>144 -312 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 324 Q F0 .47 +(be set\))180 388.8 Q F1<ad70>144 400.8 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 +<ad71>144 412.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144 +424.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 +436.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 448.8 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 460.8 Q +F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 472.8 Q F0 .47 (The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 336 -Q F2<ad78>144 348 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F2 -<ad54>144 360 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 376.8 Q -F1(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343 -(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F2<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343 -(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .176(option is gi) -144 388.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F2<ad66>2.676 E F0 .175 -(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F2 -<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 400.8 -Q F2<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F2<ad54>2.516 E F0(,) -A F2<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F2<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F2 -<ad75>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016(hich are unscaled v)-2.516 F(al-)-.25 E -3.788(ues. The)144 412.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 +484.8 Q F1<ad78>144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E +F1<ad54>144 508.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 +525.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2 +(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66> +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144 +549.6 R F1<ad70>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,) +A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1 +<ad75>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144 +561.6 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083 +F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 -424.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 -(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 453.6 R F1(mode)2.7 E F0 -5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F1(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +573.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 602.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 465.6 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -477.6 Q F1(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F2<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 +pted by)144 614.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +626.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 489.6 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 638.4 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F2<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F1 -(mode)144.38 501.6 Q F0 .551 +(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 650.4 Q F0 .551 (is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 513.6 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F1(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E -(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2 -(unalias)108 530.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 542.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(name) +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 662.4 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(unalias)108 679.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 691.2 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E -F2<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 554.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E -(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 571.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2 -(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 583.2 S 3.106 -(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F1(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E -.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607 -(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the) -5.607 F F2<ad76>144 595.2 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.305(n, each).15 F F1(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F -2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304 -(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F2<ad66>144 607.2 Q F0 .459 -(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F1(name)3.319 E F0 .459 -(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 619.2 R .903 -(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902 -(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F -(If)5.902 E(an)144 631.2 Q 6.915(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.915 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMP_W)6.915 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM) -6.665 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)6.665 E F4(,)A F3 -(HISTCMD)6.666 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)6.666 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)144 -643.2 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.523 E F3(DIRST)2.773 E -.495(AC)-.81 -G(K).495 E F0 .272(are unset, the)2.522 F 2.772(yl)-.15 G .272 -(ose their special properties, e)-2.772 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.772(ni).15 G -2.772(ft)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E 2.772(ya)-.15 G .272(re subsequently) --2.772 F 2.5(reset. The)144 655.2 R -.15(ex)2.5 G -(it status is true unless a).15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E -(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 -(Wa)144 684 S .288 -(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F -(Each)5.288 E F1(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722 -(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722 -(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722(ipeline are w) --3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F1(n)3.582 E F0 -(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265 -(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265 -(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266 -(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F1(n)4.126 E F0 .457 -(speci\214es a non-e)144 720 R .457 -(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457 -(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 22 22 +F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 +F(remo)144 703.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) +148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 -(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.15(ex)144 -84 S(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 -E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 100.8 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 -112.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad> +-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 96 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 +3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 +(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 +(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 108 Q F0 1.551 +(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 120 R F1<ad66> +4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141 +(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 F +(remo)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e> +2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 +(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E +F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 +(be unset rather than the v)144 144 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 F +F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F +.221(options are supplied, each)144 156 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 +(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 +(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 +(tion with that name is unset.)144 168 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F +1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G +1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 180 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706(yo) +-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E +/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 192 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E +F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 +F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 204 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) +-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 220.8 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 +(Wa)144 232.8 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\ +ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026 +(may be a process ID)2.766 F .256 +(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 +(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E +F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 256.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318 +(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318 +(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318 +(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1<ad6e>144 +268.8 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa) +2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 +(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If) +5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 280.8 S(on-e) +-2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F +.095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15 +F(of the last process or job w)144 292.8 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 309.6 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 +321.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/rbash.0 b/doc/rbash.0 index ebd414ca..3ac18d86 100644 --- a/doc/rbash.0 +++ b/doc/rbash.0 @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps index be68b201..6d2a4500 100644 --- a/doc/rbash.ps +++ b/doc/rbash.ps @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 -%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010 +%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:31 2014 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 %%Pages: 1 %%PageOrder: Ascend -%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () () +%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginDefaults @@ -188,16 +188,16 @@ setpacking %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default -<< /PageSize [ 595 842 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice +<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice %%EndFeature %%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman %%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 -def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron -/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef -/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent +/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent /ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen /period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon /semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash) G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G (SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S (pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108 -216 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 +216 S(pecifying a \214lename containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 (as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G (iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 232.8 S .45 (pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449 diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex b/doc/texinfo.tex index 03c29989..bfd765dd 100644 --- a/doc/texinfo.tex +++ b/doc/texinfo.tex @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ % texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files. -% +% % Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex. \expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi % -\def\texinfoversion{2009-01-18.17} +\def\texinfoversion{2013-09-11.11} % % Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, % 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, -% 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +% 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. % % This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or % modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as @@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ % % As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing % a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without -% restriction. (This has been our intent since Texinfo was invented.) +% restriction. This Exception is an additional permission under section 7 +% of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3"). % % Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug % reports; you can get the latest version from: -% http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page), or -% ftp://tug.org/tex/texinfo.tex -% (and all CTAN mirrors, see http://www.ctan.org). +% http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/ (the Texinfo release area), or +% http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/ (same, via a mirror), or +% http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page) % The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out % of date, so if that's what you're using, please check. % @@ -65,7 +66,6 @@ \everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}% \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active} - \chardef\other=12 % We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo. @@ -93,14 +93,13 @@ \let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite \let\ptexnoindent=\noindent \let\ptexplus=+ +\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright \let\ptexrbrace=\} \let\ptexslash=\/ \let\ptexstar=\* \let\ptext=\t \let\ptextop=\top -{\catcode`\'=\active -\global\let\ptexquoteright'}% Math-mode def from plain.tex. -\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright +{\catcode`\'=\active \global\let\ptexquoteright'}% active in plain's math mode % If this character appears in an error message or help string, it % starts a new line in the output. @@ -118,10 +117,11 @@ % Set up fixed words for English if not already set. \ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi \ifx\putwordChapter\undefined \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi +\ifx\putworderror\undefined \gdef\putworderror{error}\fi \ifx\putwordfile\undefined \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi \ifx\putwordin\undefined \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi -\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi -\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi \ifx\putwordInfo\undefined \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi \ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi \ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi @@ -160,15 +160,18 @@ \def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat} % sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences. +\chardef\ampChar = `\& \chardef\colonChar = `\: \chardef\commaChar = `\, \chardef\dashChar = `\- \chardef\dotChar = `\. \chardef\exclamChar= `\! +\chardef\hashChar = `\# \chardef\lquoteChar= `\` \chardef\questChar = `\? \chardef\rquoteChar= `\' \chardef\semiChar = `\; +\chardef\slashChar = `\/ \chardef\underChar = `\_ % Ignore a token. @@ -199,36 +202,7 @@ % that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided % that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin). % -\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt} - -% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should -% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the -% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would -% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main -% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change). -% -\def\|{% - % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode. - \leavevmode - % - % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output. - \vadjust{% - % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current - % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record. - \vskip-\baselineskip - % - % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So - % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin. - \llap{% - % - % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'. - \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt - % - % This is the space between the bar and the text. - \hskip 12pt - }% - }% -} +\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt } % Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file % and nothing on the terminal. We don't just call \tracingall here, @@ -246,7 +220,7 @@ \tracingmacros2 \tracingrestores1 \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen - \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined\else % etex gives us more logging + \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined\else % etex gives us more logging \tracingscantokens1 \tracingifs1 \tracinggroups1 @@ -257,6 +231,13 @@ \errorcontextlines16 }% +% @errormsg{MSG}. Do the index-like expansions on MSG, but if things +% aren't perfect, it's not the end of the world, being an error message, +% after all. +% +\def\errormsg{\begingroup \indexnofonts \doerrormsg} +\def\doerrormsg#1{\errmessage{#1}} + % add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions. If the last thing % we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space. % @@ -267,7 +248,6 @@ \def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi} -% For @cropmarks command. % Do @cropmarks to get crop marks. % \newif\ifcropmarks @@ -301,9 +281,9 @@ \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}% \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}% \mark{% - \the\toks0 \the\toks2 - \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6 - \noexpand\else \the\toks8 + \the\toks0 \the\toks2 % 0: top marks (\last...) + \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6 % 1: bottom marks (default, \prev...) + \noexpand\else \the\toks8 % 2: color marks }% } % \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title @@ -342,10 +322,13 @@ % % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code). + \def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars} + % \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi - \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}% + \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}% + % \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi - \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}% + \global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}% % {% % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to @@ -358,7 +341,7 @@ % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this: % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}} % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in; - % it needs to be + % it needs to be % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym} \shipout\vbox{% % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page. @@ -577,7 +560,7 @@ } \def\inenvironment#1{% \ifx#1\empty - out of any environment% + outside of any environment% \else in environment \expandafter\string#1% \fi @@ -589,7 +572,7 @@ \parseargdef\end{% \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname \else - % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal, but... --kasal, 06nov03 + % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal. \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname \csname E#1\endcsname \endgroup @@ -599,85 +582,6 @@ \newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.} -%% Simple single-character @ commands - -% @@ prints an @ -% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr). -\def\@{{\tt\char64}} - -% This is turned off because it was never documented -% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures. -%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and ' -%% but suppressing ligatures. -%\def\`{{`}} -%\def\'{{'}} - -% Used to generate quoted braces. -\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}} -\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}} -\let\{=\mylbrace -\let\}=\myrbrace -\begingroup - % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices, - % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files. - \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other - \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2 - \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other - !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]% - !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]% - !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]% - !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]% -!endgroup - -% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems. -\let\comma = , - -% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent -% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H. -\let\, = \c -\let\dotaccent = \. -\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}} -\let\tieaccent = \t -\let\ubaraccent = \b -\let\udotaccent = \d - -% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm -% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss. -\def\questiondown{?`} -\def\exclamdown{!`} -\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}} -\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}} - -% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents. -\def\imacro{i} -\def\jmacro{j} -\def\dotless#1{% - \def\temp{#1}% - \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi - \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi - \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}% - \fi\fi -} - -% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a -% period following counts as ending a sentence. (Idea found in latex.) -% -\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 } - -% @LaTeX{} logo. Not quite the same results as the definition in -% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most -% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using -% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and -% \scriptscriptstyle). -% -\def\LaTeX{% - L\kern-.36em - {\setbox0=\hbox{T}% - \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize A}\vss}}% - \kern-.15em - \TeX -} - % Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space % equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space % at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and @@ -694,7 +598,7 @@ \def\:{\spacefactor=1000 } % @* forces a line break. -\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces} +\def\*{\unskip\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces} % @/ allows a line break. \let\/=\allowbreak @@ -709,7 +613,7 @@ \def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} % @frenchspacing on|off says whether to put extra space after punctuation. -% +% \def\onword{on} \def\offword{off} % @@ -719,7 +623,7 @@ \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing \else \errhelp = \EMsimple - \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on/off}% + \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on|off}% \fi\fi } @@ -801,15 +705,6 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} \newdimen\mil \mil=0.001in -% Old definition--didn't work. -%\parseargdef\need{\par % -%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally -%% if the depth of the box does not fit. -%{\baselineskip=0pt% -%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak -%\prevdepth=-1000pt -%}} - \parseargdef\need{% % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a % paragraph. @@ -873,7 +768,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} % @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current % paragraph. For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion -% class. WHICH is `l' or `r'. +% class. WHICH is `l' or `r'. Not documented, written for gawk manual. % \newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm \def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox} @@ -920,6 +815,36 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} \temp } +% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should +% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the +% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would +% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main +% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change). This command +% is not documented, not supported, and doesn't work. +% +\def\|{% + % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode. + \leavevmode + % + % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output. + \vadjust{% + % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current + % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record. + \vskip-\baselineskip + % + % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So + % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin. + \llap{% + % + % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'. + \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt + % + % This is the space between the bar and the text. + \hskip 12pt + }% + }% +} + % @include FILE -- \input text of FILE. % \def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz} @@ -930,6 +855,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} \makevalueexpandable % we want to expand any @value in FILE. \turnoffactive % and allow special characters in the expansion \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @include of #1^^J}% \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }% % % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes @@ -965,7 +891,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} \def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty} \def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error: the stack of filenames is empty.}} - +% \def\thisfile{} % @center line @@ -973,36 +899,46 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} % \parseargdef\center{% \ifhmode - \let\next\centerH + \let\centersub\centerH \else - \let\next\centerV + \let\centersub\centerV \fi - \next{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}% + \centersub{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}% + \let\centersub\relax % don't let the definition persist, just in case } -\def\centerH#1{% - {% - \hfil\break - \advance\hsize by -\leftskip - \advance\hsize by -\rightskip - \line{#1}% - \break - }% +\def\centerH#1{{% + \hfil\break + \advance\hsize by -\leftskip + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \line{#1}% + \break +}} +% +\newcount\centerpenalty +\def\centerV#1{% + % The idea here is the same as in \startdefun, \cartouche, etc.: if + % @center is the first thing after a section heading, we need to wipe + % out the negative parskip inserted by \sectionheading, but still + % prevent a page break here. + \centerpenalty = \lastpenalty + \ifnum\centerpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \fi + \ifnum\centerpenalty>9999 \penalty\centerpenalty \fi + \line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}% } -\def\centerV#1{\line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}} % @sp n outputs n lines of vertical space - +% \parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip} % @comment ...line which is ignored... % @c is the same as @comment % @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment - +% \def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other% \catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other% \commentxxx} {\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}} - +% \let\c=\comment % @paragraphindent NCHARS @@ -1095,109 +1031,6 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} } -% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example. -% -\def\asis#1{#1} - -% @math outputs its argument in math mode. -% -% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean -% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}. So make -% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam, -% which is what @var uses. -{ - \catcode`\_ = \active - \gdef\mathunderscore{% - \catcode`\_=\active - \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}% - } -} -% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character. -% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but -% this is not advertised and we don't care. Texinfo does not -% otherwise define @\. -% -% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\. -\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi} -% -\def\math{% - \tex - \mathunderscore - \let\\ = \mathbackslash - \mathactive - % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode - \let\"=\ddot - \let\'=\acute - \let\==\bar - \let\^=\hat - \let\`=\grave - \let\u=\breve - \let\v=\check - \let\~=\tilde - \let\dotaccent=\dot - $\finishmath -} -\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup} % Close the group opened by \tex. - -% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math. -% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument -% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section). -% -{ - \catcode`^ = \active - \catcode`< = \active - \catcode`> = \active - \catcode`+ = \active - \catcode`' = \active - \gdef\mathactive{% - \let^ = \ptexhat - \let< = \ptexless - \let> = \ptexgtr - \let+ = \ptexplus - \let' = \ptexquoteright - } -} - -% Some math mode symbols. -\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$} -\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi} -\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi} -\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi} - -% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font. -% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm -% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand, -% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em. So do -% whichever is larger. -% -\def\dots{% - \leavevmode - \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods - \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em - \dimen0 = \wd0 - \else - \dimen0 = 1.5em - \fi - \hbox to \dimen0{% - \hskip 0pt plus.25fil - .\hskip 0pt plus1fil - .\hskip 0pt plus1fil - .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil - }% -} - -% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis. -% -\def\enddots{% - \dots - \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor -} - -% @comma{} is so commas can be inserted into text without messing up -% Texinfo's parsing. -% -\let\comma = , - % @refill is a no-op. \let\refill=\relax @@ -1262,9 +1095,8 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} \newif\ifpdfmakepagedest % when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1 -% can be set). So we test for \relax and 0 as well as \undefined, -% borrowed from ifpdf.sty. -\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined +% can be set). So we test for \relax and 0 as well as being undefined. +\ifx\pdfoutput\thisisundefined \else \ifx\pdfoutput\relax \else @@ -1279,50 +1111,24 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.} % for display in the outlines, and in other places. Thus, we have to % double any backslashes. Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be % interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e. Not good. -% http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html -% (and related messages, the final outcome is that it is up to the TeX -% user to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so -% that's what we do). - -% double active backslashes. -% -{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active - @gdef@activebackslashdouble{% - @catcode`@\=@active - @let\=@doublebackslash} -} - -% To handle parens, we must adopt a different approach, since parens are -% not active characters. hyperref.dtx (which has the same problem as -% us) handles it with this amazing macro to replace tokens, with minor -% changes for Texinfo. It is included here under the GPL by permission -% from the author, Heiko Oberdiek. -% -% #1 is the tokens to replace. -% #2 is the replacement. -% #3 is the control sequence with the string. % -\def\HyPsdSubst#1#2#3{% - \def\HyPsdReplace##1#1##2\END{% - ##1% - \ifx\\##2\\% - \else - #2% - \HyReturnAfterFi{% - \HyPsdReplace##2\END - }% - \fi - }% - \xdef#3{\expandafter\HyPsdReplace#3#1\END}% -} -\long\def\HyReturnAfterFi#1\fi{\fi#1} - -% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements. -\def\backslashparens#1{% - \xdef#1{#1}% redefine it as its expansion; the definition is simply - % \lastnode when called from \setref -> \pdfmkdest. - \HyPsdSubst{(}{\realbackslash(}{#1}% - \HyPsdSubst{)}{\realbackslash)}{#1}% +% See http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html and +% related messages. The final outcome is that it is up to the TeX user +% to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so +% that's what we do. pdftex 1.30.0 (ca.2005) introduced a primitive to +% do this reliably, so we use it. + +% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements, +% which we \xdef. +\def\txiescapepdf#1{% + \ifx\pdfescapestring\thisisundefined + % No primitive available; should we give a warning or log? + % Many times it won't matter. + \else + % The expandable \pdfescapestring primitive escapes parentheses, + % backslashes, and other special chars. + \xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}% + \fi } \newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images @@ -1332,13 +1138,16 @@ output) for that.)} \ifpdf % - % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex. - \def\cmykDarkRed{0.28 1 1 0.35} - \def\cmykBlack{0 0 0 1} + % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex, + % except using rgb instead of cmyk; the latter is said to render as a + % very dark gray on-screen and a very dark halftone in print, instead + % of actual black. + \def\rgbDarkRed{0.50 0.09 0.12} + \def\rgbBlack{0 0 0} % % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.); % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s). - \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 k #1 K}} + \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 rg #1 RG}} % % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly, % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore. @@ -1348,7 +1157,7 @@ output) for that.)} \pdfsetcolor{#1}% } % - \def\maincolor{\cmykBlack} + \def\maincolor{\rgbBlack} \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor} \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor} \def\lastcolordefs{} @@ -1378,32 +1187,34 @@ output) for that.)} % % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto). \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{% - \def\imagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% - \def\imageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + \def\pdfimagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \def\pdfimageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% % - % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .png, .jpg, .pdf (among - % others). Let's try in that order. + % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .pdf, .png, .jpg (among + % others). Let's try in that order, PDF first since if + % someone has a scalable image, presumably better to use that than a + % bitmap. \let\pdfimgext=\empty \begingroup - \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1 - \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1 - \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1 - \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1 - \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1 - \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1 \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}% - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}% \fi - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}% \fi - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}% \fi - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}% \fi - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}% \fi - \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}% \fi \closein 1 \endgroup @@ -1415,8 +1226,8 @@ output) for that.)} \else \immediate\pdfximage \fi - \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \imagewidth \fi - \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \imageheight \fi + \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \pdfimagewidth \fi + \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \pdfimageheight \fi \ifnum\pdftexversion<13 #1.\pdfimgext \else @@ -1431,10 +1242,9 @@ output) for that.)} % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title. \indexnofonts \turnoffactive - \activebackslashdouble \makevalueexpandable \def\pdfdestname{#1}% - \backslashparens\pdfdestname + \txiescapepdf\pdfdestname \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}% }} % @@ -1443,8 +1253,8 @@ output) for that.)} % % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing. - \def\urlcolor{\cmykDarkRed} - \def\linkcolor{\cmykDarkRed} + \def\urlcolor{\rgbDarkRed} + \def\linkcolor{\rgbDarkRed} \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink} % % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines @@ -1466,29 +1276,24 @@ output) for that.)} % page number. We could generate a destination for the section % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured. - \def\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% + \edef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}% \else - % Doubled backslashes in the name. - {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% - \backslashparens\pdfoutlinedest}% + \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinedest \fi % - % Also double the backslashes in the display string. - {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}% - \backslashparens\pdfoutlinetext}% + % Also escape PDF chars in the display string. + \edef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}% + \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinetext % \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}% } % \def\pdfmakeoutlines{% \begingroup - % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks - \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace - \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace - % % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline. + \def\partentry##1##2##3##4{}% ignore parts in the outlines \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{% \def\thischapnum{##2}% \def\thissecnum{0}% @@ -1542,25 +1347,41 @@ output) for that.)} % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character. Info from % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100. % - % xx to do this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to - % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding. Right - % now, I guess we'll just let the pdf reader have its way. + % TODO this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to + % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding. Too + % much work for too little return. Just use the ASCII equivalents + % we use for the index sort strings. + % \indexnofonts \setupdatafile + % We can have normal brace characters in the PDF outlines, unlike + % Texinfo index files. So set that up. + \def\{{\lbracecharliteral}% + \def\}{\rbracecharliteral}% \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash \input \tocreadfilename \endgroup } + {\catcode`[=1 \catcode`]=2 + \catcode`{=\other \catcode`}=\other + \gdef\lbracecharliteral[{]% + \gdef\rbracecharliteral[}]% + ] % \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}% \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces - \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}% - \advance\filenamelength by 1 - \fi + \addtokens{\filename}{\PP}% + \advance\filenamelength by 1 \fi \nextsp} - \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax} + \def\getfilename#1{% + \filenamelength=0 + % If we don't expand the argument now, \skipspaces will get + % snagged on things like "@value{foo}". + \edef\temp{#1}% + \expandafter\skipspaces\temp|\relax + } \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \let \startlink \pdfannotlink \else @@ -1573,7 +1394,7 @@ output) for that.)} % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context % of @url. for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one % people have actually reported a problem with. - % + % \normalturnoffactive \def\@{@}% \let\/=\empty @@ -1657,9 +1478,6 @@ output) for that.)} \def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}} -% Default leading. -\newdimen\textleading \textleading = 13.2pt - % Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size % correspondingly. There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers % used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined. @@ -1671,6 +1489,7 @@ output) for that.)} % can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this. \def\baselinefactor{1} % +\newdimen\textleading \def\setleading#1{% \dimen0 = #1\relax \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0 @@ -1692,7 +1511,7 @@ output) for that.)} % if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps. % (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run % older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.) -\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\undefined \else +\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\thisisundefined \else \begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap @@ -1943,28 +1762,34 @@ end \fi\fi -% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the -% specified font prefix (normally `cm'). +% Set the font macro #1 to the font named \fontprefix#2. % #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap -% encoding (currently only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, pass -% empty to omit). +% encoding (only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, or empty to omit). +% Example: +% #1 = \textrm +% #2 = \rmshape +% #3 = 10 +% #4 = \mainmagstep +% #5 = OT1 +% \def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{% \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4 \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1% } % This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty. \let\cmap\gobble -% emacs-page end of cmaps +% +% (end of cmaps) % Use cm as the default font prefix. % To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix % before you read in texinfo.tex. -\ifx\fontprefix\undefined +\ifx\fontprefix\thisisundefined \def\fontprefix{cm} \fi % Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM. \def\rmshape{r} -\def\rmbshape{bx} %where the normal face is bold +\def\rmbshape{bx} % where the normal face is bold \def\bfshape{b} \def\bxshape{bx} \def\ttshape{tt} @@ -1979,9 +1804,8 @@ end \def\scshape{csc} \def\scbshape{csc} -% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt. This is the default in -% Texinfo. -% +% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt. (The default in Texinfo.) +% \def\definetextfontsizexi{% % Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1). \def\textnominalsize{11pt} @@ -2102,17 +1926,17 @@ end \font\reducedsy=cmsy10 \def\reducedecsize{1000} -% reset the current fonts -\textfonts +\textleading = 13.2pt % line spacing for 11pt CM +\textfonts % reset the current fonts \rm -} % end of 11pt text font size definitions +} % end of 11pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizexi % Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with % section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit. This is for the GNU % Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual. Maybe other manuals in the % future. Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt. -% +% \def\definetextfontsizex{% % Text fonts (10pt). \def\textnominalsize{10pt} @@ -2201,7 +2025,7 @@ end \setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1} \let\secbf\secrm \setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} -\font\seci=cmmi12 +\font\seci=cmmi12 \font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1 \def\sececsize{1200} @@ -2233,29 +2057,28 @@ end \font\reducedsy=cmsy9 \def\reducedecsize{0900} -% reduce space between paragraphs -\divide\parskip by 2 - -% reset the current fonts -\textfonts +\divide\parskip by 2 % reduce space between paragraphs +\textleading = 12pt % line spacing for 10pt CM +\textfonts % reset the current fonts \rm -} % end of 10pt text font size definitions +} % end of 10pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizex % We provide the user-level command % @fonttextsize 10 % (or 11) to redefine the text font size. pt is assumed. -% -\def\xword{10} +% \def\xiword{11} +\def\xword{10} +\def\xwordpt{10pt} % \parseargdef\fonttextsize{% \def\textsizearg{#1}% - \wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}% + %\wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}% % % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless. - % + % \begingroup \globaldefs=1 \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi @@ -2305,7 +2128,7 @@ end \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl \def\curfontsize{title}% \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}% - \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}} + \resetmathfonts \setleading{27pt}} \def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}} \def\chapfonts{% \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl @@ -2433,12 +2256,14 @@ end % Markup style setup for left and right quotes. \defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{% - \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp + \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi } \defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{% - \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp + \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi } @@ -2451,29 +2276,32 @@ end \gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft} \gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright} - -\gdef\markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft{\let`\noligaturesquoteleft} } \let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft \let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright +% \let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft \let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqkbd \markupsetcodequoteright +% +\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqsamp \markupsetcodequoteright +% \let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft \let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright +% \let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft \let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright -\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft -\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft - -% Allow an option to not replace quotes with a regular directed right -% quote/apostrophe (char 0x27), but instead use the undirected quote -% from cmtt (char 0x0d). The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it -% the default, but it works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least -% evince), the lilypond developers report. xpdf does work with the -% regular 0x27. -% +% Allow an option to not use regular directed right quote/apostrophe +% (char 0x27), but instead the undirected quote from cmtt (char 0x0d). +% The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it the default, but it +% works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least evince), the +% lilypond developers report. xpdf does work with the regular 0x27. +% \def\codequoteright{% \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax @@ -2485,7 +2313,7 @@ end % and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent. % Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like % the code environments to do likewise. -% +% \def\codequoteleft{% \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax @@ -2496,33 +2324,85 @@ end \else \char'22 \fi } +% Commands to set the quote options. +% +\parseargdef\codequoteundirected{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname + = t% + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @codequoteundirected value `\temp', must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} +% +\parseargdef\codequotebacktick{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname + = t% + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @codequotebacktick value `\temp', must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font. \def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq} % Count depth in font-changes, for error checks \newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0 -%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans -%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic +% Font commands. -% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction -% unless the following character is such as not to need one. -\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else - \ptexslash\fi\fi\fi} -\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} -\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} +% #1 is the font command (\sl or \it), #2 is the text to slant. +% If we are in a monospaced environment, however, 1) always use \ttsl, +% and 2) do not add an italic correction. +\def\dosmartslant#1#2{% + \ifusingtt + {{\ttsl #2}\let\next=\relax}% + {\def\next{{#1#2}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}}% + \next +} +\def\smartslanted{\dosmartslant\sl} +\def\smartitalic{\dosmartslant\it} -% like \smartslanted except unconditionally uses \ttsl. -% @var is set to this for defun arguments. -\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} +% Output an italic correction unless \next (presumed to be the following +% character) is such as not to need one. +\def\smartitaliccorrection{% + \ifx\next,% + \else\ifx\next-% + \else\ifx\next.% + \else\ifx\next\.% + \else\ifx\next\comma% + \else\ptexslash + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \aftersmartic +} + +% Unconditional use \ttsl, and no ic. @var is set to this for defuns. +\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}} % @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl. We never want % ttsl for book titles, do we? -\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} +\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection} + +\def\aftersmartic{} +\def\var#1{% + \let\saveaftersmartic = \aftersmartic + \def\aftersmartic{\null\let\aftersmartic=\saveaftersmartic}% + \smartslanted{#1}% +} \let\i=\smartitalic \let\slanted=\smartslanted -\def\var#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\smartslanted{#1}}} \let\dfn=\smartslanted \let\emph=\smartitalic @@ -2572,34 +2452,12 @@ end % @samp. \def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}} -% definition of @key that produces a lozenge. Doesn't adjust to text size. -%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} -%\font\keysy=cmsy9 -%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{% -% \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{% -% \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt -% \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}% -% \kern-0.4pt\hrule}% -% \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}} - -% definition of @key with no lozenge. If the current font is already -% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle. But -% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt. -% -\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}% - \nohyphenation - \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi - #1}\null} - -% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command. -\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1} - -% @file, @option are the same as @samp. -\let\file=\samp -\let\option=\samp +% @indicateurl is \samp, that is, with quotes. +\let\indicateurl=\samp -% @code is a modification of @t, -% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text. +% @code (and similar) prints in typewriter, but with spaces the same +% size as normal in the surrounding text, without hyphenation, etc. +% This is a subroutine for that. \def\tclose#1{% {% % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font. @@ -2618,18 +2476,18 @@ end \plainfrenchspacing #1% }% - \null + \null % reset spacefactor to 1000 } % We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code. +% (But see \codedashfinish below.) % Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes % in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc. - +% % Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control % both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words. % We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that) -% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. -% -- rms. +% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. -- rms. { \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active @@ -2643,15 +2501,38 @@ end \let-\codedash \let_\codeunder \else - \let-\realdash + \let-\normaldash \let_\realunder \fi + % Given -foo (with a single dash), we do not want to allow a break + % after the hyphen. + \global\let\codedashprev=\codedash + % \codex } + % + \gdef\codedash{\futurelet\next\codedashfinish} + \gdef\codedashfinish{% + \normaldash % always output the dash character itself. + % + % Now, output a discretionary to allow a line break, unless + % (a) the next character is a -, or + % (b) the preceding character is a -. + % E.g., given --posix, we do not want to allow a break after either -. + % Given --foo-bar, we do want to allow a break between the - and the b. + \ifx\next\codedash \else + \ifx\codedashprev\codedash + \else \discretionary{}{}{}\fi + \fi + % we need the space after the = for the case when \next itself is a + % space token; it would get swallowed otherwise. As in @code{- a}. + \global\let\codedashprev= \next + } } +\def\normaldash{-} +% +\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup} -\def\realdash{-} -\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}} \def\codeunder{% % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work. In math mode, _ % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.) @@ -2663,13 +2544,12 @@ end \discretionary{}{}{}}% {\_}% } -\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup} % An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g., -% each of the four underscores in __typeof__. This is undesirable in -% some manuals, especially if they don't have long identifiers in -% general. @allowcodebreaks provides a way to control this. -% +% each of the four underscores in __typeof__. This is bad. +% @allowcodebreaks provides a document-level way to turn breaking at - +% and _ on and off. +% \newif\ifallowcodebreaks \allowcodebreakstrue \def\keywordtrue{true} @@ -2683,63 +2563,25 @@ end \allowcodebreaksfalse \else \errhelp = \EMsimple - \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg'}% + \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg', must be true|false}% \fi\fi } -% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command, -% then @kbd has no effect. -\def\kbd#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}} - -% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always), -% `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends), -% or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always). -\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{% - \def\txiarg{#1}% - \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct - \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}% - \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample - \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% - \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode - \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% - \else - \errhelp = \EMsimple - \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle option `\txiarg'}% - \fi\fi\fi -} -\def\worddistinct{distinct} -\def\wordexample{example} -\def\wordcode{code} - -% Default is `distinct'. -\kbdinputstyle distinct - -\def\xkey{\key} -\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}% -\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}% -\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi -\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi} - -% For @indicateurl, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code. -\let\indicateurl=\code -\let\env=\code +% For @command, @env, @file, @option quotes seem unnecessary, +% so use \code rather than \samp. \let\command=\code - -% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...} -\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup} - -% @clickstyle @arrow (by default) -\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}} -\def\click{\arrow} +\let\env=\code +\let\file=\code +\let\option=\code % @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated) % second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third % arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url -% itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url. Perhaps eventually put in -% a hypertex \special here. -% -\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish} -\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup +% itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url. +% (This \urefnobreak definition isn't used now, leaving it for a while +% for comparison.) +\def\urefnobreak#1{\dourefnobreak #1,,,\finish} +\def\dourefnobreak#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup \unsepspaces \pdfurl{#1}% \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% @@ -2760,6 +2602,103 @@ end \endlink \endgroup} +% This \urefbreak definition is the active one. +\def\urefbreak{\begingroup \urefcatcodes \dourefbreak} +\let\uref=\urefbreak +\def\dourefbreak#1{\urefbreakfinish #1,,,\finish} +\def\urefbreakfinish#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% doesn't work in @example + \unsepspaces + \pdfurl{#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \ifpdf + \unhbox0 % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it + \else + \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url + \fi + \else + \urefcode{#1}% only url given, so show it + \fi + \fi + \endlink +\endgroup} + +% Allow line breaks around only a few characters (only). +\def\urefcatcodes{% + \catcode\ampChar=\active \catcode\dotChar=\active + \catcode\hashChar=\active \catcode\questChar=\active + \catcode\slashChar=\active +} +{ + \urefcatcodes + % + \global\def\urefcode{\begingroup + \setupmarkupstyle{code}% + \urefcatcodes + \let&\urefcodeamp + \let.\urefcodedot + \let#\urefcodehash + \let?\urefcodequest + \let/\urefcodeslash + \codex + } + % + % By default, they are just regular characters. + \global\def&{\normalamp} + \global\def.{\normaldot} + \global\def#{\normalhash} + \global\def?{\normalquest} + \global\def/{\normalslash} +} + +% we put a little stretch before and after the breakable chars, to help +% line breaking of long url's. The unequal skips make look better in +% cmtt at least, especially for dots. +\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus.13em } +\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus.1em } +% +\def\urefcodeamp{\urefprestretch \&\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodedot{\urefprestretch .\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodehash{\urefprestretch \#\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodequest{\urefprestretch ?\urefpoststretch} +\def\urefcodeslash{\futurelet\next\urefcodeslashfinish} +{ + \catcode`\/=\active + \global\def\urefcodeslashfinish{% + \urefprestretch \slashChar + % Allow line break only after the final / in a sequence of + % slashes, to avoid line break between the slashes in http://. + \ifx\next/\else \urefpoststretch \fi + } +} + +% One more complication: by default we'll break after the special +% characters, but some people like to break before the special chars, so +% allow that. Also allow no breaking at all, for manual control. +% +\parseargdef\urefbreakstyle{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\wordnone + \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak} + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordbefore + \def\urefprebreak{\allowbreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak} + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordafter + \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\allowbreak} + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @urefbreakstyle setting `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\wordafter{after} +\def\wordbefore{before} +\def\wordnone{none} + +\urefbreakstyle after + % @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it. % \let\url=\uref @@ -2781,6 +2720,67 @@ end \let\email=\uref \fi +% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always), +% `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends), +% or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always). +\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle setting `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\worddistinct{distinct} +\def\wordexample{example} +\def\wordcode{code} + +% Default is `distinct'. +\kbdinputstyle distinct + +% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command, +% then @kbd has no effect. +\def\kbd#1{{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdsub\look??\par}} + +\def\xkey{\key} +\def\kbdsub#1#2#3\par{% + \def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}% + \ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}% + \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi + \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi +} + +% definition of @key that produces a lozenge. Doesn't adjust to text size. +%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +%\font\keysy=cmsy9 +%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{% +% \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{% +% \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt +% \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}% +% \kern-0.4pt\hrule}% +% \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}} + +% definition of @key with no lozenge. If the current font is already +% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle. But +% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt. +% +\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}% + \nohyphenation + \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi + #1}\null} + +% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...} +\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup} + +% @clickstyle @arrow (by default) +\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}} +\def\click{\arrow} + % Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'. The only reason for the % argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt. % @@ -2794,7 +2794,7 @@ end % @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like. % We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for % all-uppercase. -% +% \def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish} \def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{% {\selectfonts\lsize #1}% @@ -2802,11 +2802,12 @@ end \ifx\temp\empty \else \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% \fi + \null % reset \spacefactor=1000 } % @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like. % No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing. -% +% \def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish} \def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{% {\plainfrenchspacing #1}% @@ -2814,10 +2815,248 @@ end \ifx\temp\empty \else \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% \fi + \null % reset \spacefactor=1000 +} + +% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example. +% +\def\asis#1{#1} + +% @math outputs its argument in math mode. +% +% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean +% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}. So make +% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam, +% which is what @var uses. +{ + \catcode`\_ = \active + \gdef\mathunderscore{% + \catcode`\_=\active + \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}% + } +} +% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a math (or tt) \. +% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (for no +% particular reason), but this is not advertised and we don't care. +% +% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\. +\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi} +% +\def\math{% + \tex + \mathunderscore + \let\\ = \mathbackslash + \mathactive + % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode + \let\"=\ddot + \let\'=\acute + \let\==\bar + \let\^=\hat + \let\`=\grave + \let\u=\breve + \let\v=\check + \let\~=\tilde + \let\dotaccent=\dot + $\finishmath +} +\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup} % Close the group opened by \tex. + +% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math. +% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument +% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section). +% +{ + \catcode`^ = \active + \catcode`< = \active + \catcode`> = \active + \catcode`+ = \active + \catcode`' = \active + \gdef\mathactive{% + \let^ = \ptexhat + \let< = \ptexless + \let> = \ptexgtr + \let+ = \ptexplus + \let' = \ptexquoteright + } +} + +% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command, but leave this definition for fun. +\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1} + +% @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}. +% Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex, +% except specified as a normal braced arg, so no newlines to worry about. +% +\def\outfmtnametex{tex} +% +\long\def\inlinefmt#1{\doinlinefmt #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlinefmt#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinefmtname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi +} +% +% @inlinefmtifelse{FMTNAME,THEN-TEXT,ELSE-TEXT} expands THEN-TEXT if +% FMTNAME is tex, else ELSE-TEXT. +\long\def\inlinefmtifelse#1{\doinlinefmtifelse #1,,,\finish} +\long\def\doinlinefmtifelse#1,#2,#3,#4,\finish{% + \def\inlinefmtname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\else \ignorespaces #3\fi +} +% +% For raw, must switch into @tex before parsing the argument, to avoid +% setting catcodes prematurely. Doing it this way means that, for +% example, @inlineraw{html, foo{bar} gets a parse error instead of being +% ignored. But this isn't important because if people want a literal +% *right* brace they would have to use a command anyway, so they may as +% well use a command to get a left brace too. We could re-use the +% delimiter character idea from \verb, but it seems like overkill. +% +\long\def\inlineraw{\tex \doinlineraw} +\long\def\doinlineraw#1{\doinlinerawtwo #1,\finish} +\def\doinlinerawtwo#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinerawname{#1}% + \ifx\inlinerawname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi + \endgroup % close group opened by \tex. +} + +% @inlineifset{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is @set. +% +\long\def\inlineifset#1{\doinlineifset #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlineifset#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinevarname{#1}% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax + \else\ignorespaces#2\fi +} + +% @inlineifclear{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is not @set. +% +\long\def\inlineifclear#1{\doinlineifclear #1,\finish} +\long\def\doinlineifclear#1,#2,\finish{% + \def\inlinevarname{#1}% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax \ignorespaces#2\fi } \message{glyphs,} +% and logos. + +% @@ prints an @, as does @atchar{}. +\def\@{\char64 } +\let\atchar=\@ + +% @{ @} @lbracechar{} @rbracechar{} all generate brace characters. +% Unless we're in typewriter, use \ecfont because the CM text fonts do +% not have braces, and we don't want to switch into math. +\def\mylbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char123}} +\def\myrbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char125}} +\let\{=\mylbrace \let\lbracechar=\{ +\let\}=\myrbrace \let\rbracechar=\} +\begingroup + % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices, + % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files. + \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other + \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2 + \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other + !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]% + !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]% + !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]% + !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]% +!endgroup + +% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems. +\let\comma = , + +% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent +% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H. +\let\, = \ptexc +\let\dotaccent = \ptexdot +\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}} +\let\tieaccent = \ptext +\let\ubaraccent = \ptexb +\let\udotaccent = \d + +% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm +% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss. +\def\questiondown{?`} +\def\exclamdown{!`} +\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}} +\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}} + +% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents. +\def\imacro{i} +\def\jmacro{j} +\def\dotless#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi + \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi + \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}% + \fi\fi +} + +% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a +% period following counts as ending a sentence. (Idea found in latex.) +% +\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 } + +% @LaTeX{} logo. Not quite the same results as the definition in +% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most +% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using +% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and +% \scriptscriptstyle). +% +\def\LaTeX{% + L\kern-.36em + {\setbox0=\hbox{T}% + \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{% + \ifx\textnominalsize\xwordpt + % for 10pt running text, \lllsize (8pt) is too small for the A in LaTeX. + % Revert to plain's \scriptsize, which is 7pt. + \count255=\the\fam $\fam\count255 \scriptstyle A$% + \else + % For 11pt, we can use our lllsize. + \selectfonts\lllsize A% + \fi + }% + \vss + }}% + \kern-.15em + \TeX +} + +% Some math mode symbols. +\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$} +\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi} +\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi} +\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi} + +% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font. +% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm +% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand, +% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em. So do +% whichever is larger. +% +\def\dots{% + \leavevmode + \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods + \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em + \dimen0 = \wd0 + \else + \dimen0 = 1.5em + \fi + \hbox to \dimen0{% + \hskip 0pt plus.25fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil + }% +} + +% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis. +% +\def\enddots{% + \dots + \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor +} % @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}. % @@ -2839,7 +3078,7 @@ end {\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box. \dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules % The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.) -\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf error\kern-1.5pt} +\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf \putworderror\kern-1.5pt} % \setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right. @@ -2863,52 +3102,59 @@ end % Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and % "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need). % It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym. -% +% % Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore % that. The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular % font height. -% +% % feymr - regular % feymo - slanted % feybr - bold % feybo - bold slanted -% +% % There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge. % A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide. % Hmm. -% +% % Also doesn't work in math. Do we need to do math with euro symbols? % Hope not. -% -% +% +% \def\euro{{\eurofont e}} \def\eurofont{% % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the % font installed. - % + % % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale % that to the current nominal size. - % + % % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts. - % + % \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% % - \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename % bold: \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize - \else + \else % regular: \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize \fi \thiseurofont } -% Hacks for glyphs from the EC fonts similar to \euro. We don't -% use \let for the aliases, because sometimes we redefine the original -% macro, and the alias should reflect the redefinition. +% Glyphs from the EC fonts. We don't use \let for the aliases, because +% sometimes we redefine the original macro, and the alias should reflect +% the redefinition. +% +% Use LaTeX names for the Icelandic letters. +\def\DH{{\ecfont \char"D0}} % Eth +\def\dh{{\ecfont \char"F0}} % eth +\def\TH{{\ecfont \char"DE}} % Thorn +\def\th{{\ecfont \char"FE}} % thorn +% \def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}} \def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft} \def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}} @@ -2922,7 +3168,7 @@ end % we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases. We put the % tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer % dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc. -% +% % ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using % the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in % the same EC font. @@ -2945,6 +3191,7 @@ end \def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E} \def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e} % +% Use the ec* fonts (cm-super in outline format) for non-CM glyphs. \def\ecfont{% % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German @@ -2952,12 +3199,17 @@ end % hopefully nobody will notice/care. \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}% \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% - \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename - % bold: - \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \ifmonospace + % typewriter: + \font\thisecfont = ectt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize \else - % regular: - \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + % bold: + \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \else + % regular: + \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \fi \fi \thisecfont } @@ -2979,8 +3231,8 @@ end % Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with: % Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14) (68K) 16 APR 2004 02:38 % so we'll define it if necessary. -% -\ifx\Orb\undefined +% +\ifx\Orb\thisisundefined \def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D} \fi @@ -3008,8 +3260,9 @@ end \newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue -\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}% - \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} +\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{% + \begingroup \hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}% + \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} \envdef\titlepage{% % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage. @@ -3069,14 +3322,28 @@ end \finishedtitlepagetrue } -%%% Macros to be used within @titlepage: +% Settings used for typesetting titles: no hyphenation, no indentation, +% don't worry much about spacing, ragged right. This should be used +% inside a \vbox, and fonts need to be set appropriately first. Because +% it is always used for titles, nothing else, we call \rmisbold. \par +% should be specified before the end of the \vbox, since a vbox is a group. +% +\def\raggedtitlesettings{% + \rmisbold + \hyphenpenalty=10000 + \parindent=0pt + \tolerance=5000 + \ptexraggedright +} + +% Macros to be used within @titlepage: \let\subtitlerm=\tenrm \def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines} \parseargdef\title{% \checkenv\titlepage - \leftline{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1} + \vbox{\titlefonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% % print a rule at the page bottom also. \finishedtitlepagefalse \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt @@ -3102,7 +3369,7 @@ end } -%%% Set up page headings and footings. +% Set up page headings and footings. \let\thispage=\folio @@ -3196,10 +3463,14 @@ end \def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname} -\def\HEADINGSoff{% -\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil} -\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}} -\HEADINGSoff +\def\headingsoff{% non-global headings elimination + \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}% + \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}% +} + +\def\HEADINGSoff{{\globaldefs=1 \headingsoff}} % global setting +\HEADINGSoff % it's the default + % When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1. % For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner, % chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document @@ -3250,7 +3521,7 @@ end % This produces Day Month Year style of output. % Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set % up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this). -\ifx\today\undefined +\ifx\today\thisisundefined \def\today{% \number\day\space \ifcase\month @@ -3311,7 +3582,7 @@ end \begingroup \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent \advance\hsize by\tableindent - \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil + \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil\relax \leavevmode\unhbox0\par \endgroup % @@ -3325,7 +3596,7 @@ end % cause the example and the item to crash together. So we use this % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert % \parskip glue after all. Section titles are handled this way also. - % + % \penalty 10001 \endgroup \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse @@ -3797,18 +4068,18 @@ end \setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip \global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0 \fi -%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of -%% table. If not, do nothing. -%% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace. +% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of +% table. If not, do nothing. +% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace. \ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace \global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace -\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller - %% than skip between lines in the table. +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller + % than skip between lines in the table. \fi% \ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt \global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace -\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller - %% than skip between lines in the table. +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller + % than skip between lines in the table. \fi} @@ -3960,7 +4231,7 @@ end \def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx} \def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup} { - \catcode`\- = \active \catcode`\_ = \active + \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active % \gdef\makevalueexpandable{% \let\value = \expandablevalue @@ -3969,7 +4240,7 @@ end % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though. % So \let them to their normal equivalents. - \let-\realdash \let_\normalunderscore + \let-\normaldash \let_\normalunderscore } } @@ -3980,7 +4251,12 @@ end % variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain % it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work % to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete). -% +% +% Unfortunately, this has the consequence that when _ is in the *value* +% of an @set, it does not print properly in the roman fonts (get the cmr +% dot accent at position 126 instead). No fix comes to mind, and it's +% been this way since 2003 or earlier, so just ignore it. +% \def\expandablevalue#1{% \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax {[No value for ``#1'']}% @@ -3992,8 +4268,9 @@ end % @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined % with @set. -% -% To get special treatment of `@end ifset,' call \makeond and the redefine. +% +% To get the special treatment we need for `@end ifset,' we call +% \makecond and then redefine. % \makecond{ifset} \def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}} @@ -4009,7 +4286,7 @@ end } \def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}} -% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been +% @ifclear VAR ... @end executes the `...' iff VAR has never been % defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear. % % The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the @@ -4020,6 +4297,35 @@ end \def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}} \def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}} +% @ifcommandisdefined CMD ... @end executes the `...' if CMD (written +% without the @) is in fact defined. We can only feasibly check at the +% TeX level, so something like `mathcode' is going to considered +% defined even though it is not a Texinfo command. +% +\makecond{ifcommanddefined} +\def\ifcommanddefined{\parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\let\next=\ifcmddefinedfail}}} +% +\def\doifcmddefined#1#2{{% + \makevalueexpandable + \let\next=\empty + \expandafter\ifx\csname #2\endcsname\relax + #1% If not defined, \let\next as above. + \fi + \expandafter + }\next +} +\def\ifcmddefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommanddefined}} + +% @ifcommandnotdefined CMD ... handled similar to @ifclear above. +\makecond{ifcommandnotdefined} +\def\ifcommandnotdefined{% + \parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\else \let\next=\ifcmdnotdefinedfail}}} +\def\ifcmdnotdefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommandnotdefined}} + +% Set the `txicommandconditionals' variable, so documents have a way to +% test if the @ifcommand...defined conditionals are available. +\set txicommandconditionals + % @dircategory CATEGORY -- specify a category of the dir file % which this file should belong to. Ignore this in TeX. \let\dircategory=\comment @@ -4123,11 +4429,14 @@ end \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files. \def\ {\realbackslash\space }% % - % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again. - % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes - % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters. - \let\{ = \mylbrace - \let\} = \myrbrace + % Need these unexpandable (because we define \tt as a dummy) + % definitions when @{ or @} appear in index entry text. Also, more + % complicated, when \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again. + % We can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes + % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters. Perhaps we + % should define @lbrace and @rbrace commands a la @comma. + \def\{{{\tt\char123}}% + \def\}{{\tt\char125}}% % % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts @@ -4138,7 +4447,7 @@ end % processing continues to some further point. On the other hand, it % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that % is still getting written without apparent harm. - % + % % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to % help-texinfo, 22may06): % @macro funindex {WORD} @@ -4146,12 +4455,12 @@ end % @end macro % ... % @funindex commtest - % + % % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor. - % + % % Sample whatsit resulting: % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}} - % + % % So: \let\endinput = \empty % @@ -4180,7 +4489,7 @@ end \def\commondummies{% % % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively - % preventing its expansion. This is used only for control% words, + % preventing its expansion. This is used only for control words, % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word % from whatever follows. @@ -4199,23 +4508,28 @@ end \commondummiesnofonts % \definedummyletter\_% + \definedummyletter\-% % % Non-English letters. \definedummyword\AA \definedummyword\AE + \definedummyword\DH \definedummyword\L - \definedummyword\OE \definedummyword\O + \definedummyword\OE + \definedummyword\TH \definedummyword\aa \definedummyword\ae + \definedummyword\dh + \definedummyword\exclamdown \definedummyword\l - \definedummyword\oe \definedummyword\o - \definedummyword\ss - \definedummyword\exclamdown - \definedummyword\questiondown + \definedummyword\oe \definedummyword\ordf \definedummyword\ordm + \definedummyword\questiondown + \definedummyword\ss + \definedummyword\th % % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do. \definedummyword\bf @@ -4231,20 +4545,25 @@ end \definedummyword\TeX % % Assorted special characters. + \definedummyword\arrow \definedummyword\bullet \definedummyword\comma \definedummyword\copyright \definedummyword\registeredsymbol \definedummyword\dots \definedummyword\enddots + \definedummyword\entrybreak \definedummyword\equiv \definedummyword\error \definedummyword\euro + \definedummyword\expansion + \definedummyword\geq \definedummyword\guillemetleft \definedummyword\guillemetright \definedummyword\guilsinglleft \definedummyword\guilsinglright - \definedummyword\expansion + \definedummyword\lbracechar + \definedummyword\leq \definedummyword\minus \definedummyword\ogonek \definedummyword\pounds @@ -4256,6 +4575,7 @@ end \definedummyword\quoteleft \definedummyword\quoteright \definedummyword\quotesinglbase + \definedummyword\rbracechar \definedummyword\result \definedummyword\textdegree % @@ -4301,18 +4621,27 @@ end \definedummyword\b \definedummyword\i \definedummyword\r + \definedummyword\sansserif \definedummyword\sc + \definedummyword\slanted \definedummyword\t % % Commands that take arguments. + \definedummyword\abbr \definedummyword\acronym + \definedummyword\anchor \definedummyword\cite \definedummyword\code \definedummyword\command \definedummyword\dfn + \definedummyword\dmn + \definedummyword\email \definedummyword\emph \definedummyword\env \definedummyword\file + \definedummyword\image + \definedummyword\indicateurl + \definedummyword\inforef \definedummyword\kbd \definedummyword\key \definedummyword\math @@ -4340,7 +4669,7 @@ end \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}% % We can just ignore other control letters. \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}% - % Hopefully, all control words can become @asis. + % All control words become @asis by default; overrides below. \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent % \commondummiesnofonts @@ -4352,48 +4681,63 @@ end % \def\ { }% \def\@{@}% - % how to handle braces? \def\_{\normalunderscore}% + \def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting + % + % Unfortunately, texindex is not prepared to handle braces in the + % content at all. So for index sorting, we map @{ and @} to strings + % starting with |, since that ASCII character is between ASCII { and }. + \def\{{|a}% + \def\lbracechar{|a}% + % + \def\}{|b}% + \def\rbracechar{|b}% % % Non-English letters. \def\AA{AA}% \def\AE{AE}% + \def\DH{DZZ}% \def\L{L}% \def\OE{OE}% \def\O{O}% + \def\TH{ZZZ}% \def\aa{aa}% \def\ae{ae}% + \def\dh{dzz}% + \def\exclamdown{!}% \def\l{l}% \def\oe{oe}% - \def\o{o}% - \def\ss{ss}% - \def\exclamdown{!}% - \def\questiondown{?}% \def\ordf{a}% \def\ordm{o}% + \def\o{o}% + \def\questiondown{?}% + \def\ss{ss}% + \def\th{zzz}% % \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}% \def\TeX{TeX}% % % Assorted special characters. % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.) + \def\arrow{->}% \def\bullet{bullet}% \def\comma{,}% \def\copyright{copyright}% - \def\registeredsymbol{R}% \def\dots{...}% \def\enddots{...}% \def\equiv{==}% \def\error{error}% \def\euro{euro}% + \def\expansion{==>}% + \def\geq{>=}% \def\guillemetleft{<<}% \def\guillemetright{>>}% \def\guilsinglleft{<}% \def\guilsinglright{>}% - \def\expansion{==>}% + \def\leq{<=}% \def\minus{-}% - \def\pounds{pounds}% \def\point{.}% + \def\pounds{pounds}% \def\print{-|}% \def\quotedblbase{"}% \def\quotedblleft{"}% @@ -4401,22 +4745,31 @@ end \def\quoteleft{`}% \def\quoteright{'}% \def\quotesinglbase{,}% + \def\registeredsymbol{R}% \def\result{=>}% - \def\textdegree{degrees}% + \def\textdegree{o}% + % + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax + \else \indexlquoteignore \fi % % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present). % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now. % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry % that starts with \. - % + % % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them % to take a single TeX argument. The case of a macro invocation that % goes to end-of-line is not handled. - % + % \macrolist } +% Undocumented (for FSFS 2nd ed.): @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us +% ignore left quotes in the sort term. +{\catcode`\`=\active + \gdef\indexlquoteignore{\let`=\empty}} + \let\indexbackslash=0 %overridden during \printindex. \let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)? @@ -4514,10 +4867,9 @@ end % % ..., ready, GO: % -\def\safewhatsit#1{% -\ifhmode +\def\safewhatsit#1{\ifhmode #1% -\else + \else % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously. \whatsitskip = \lastskip \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}% @@ -4541,7 +4893,6 @@ end % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint. For example: - % % @deffn deffn-whatever % @vindex index-whatever % Description. @@ -4554,8 +4905,7 @@ end % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak. \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip \fi -\fi -} +\fi} % The index entry written in the file actually looks like % \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic} @@ -4674,7 +5024,6 @@ end % But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to % @code, which sets - active. This problem was fixed by a kludge--- % ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right. -% % The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text. % --kasal, 21nov03 \def\entry{% @@ -4711,10 +5060,17 @@ end % columns. \vskip 0pt plus1pt % + % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks + % from @* into spaces. The user might give these in long section + % titles, for instance. + \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}% + \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}% + % % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter): \afterassignment\doentry \let\temp = } +\def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}% \def\doentry{% \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace. \noindent @@ -4947,7 +5303,22 @@ end \message{sectioning,} % Chapters, sections, etc. -% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron, of course. But we count the unnumbered +% Let's start with @part. +\outer\parseargdef\part{\partzzz{#1}} +\def\partzzz#1{% + \chapoddpage + \null + \vskip.3\vsize % move it down on the page a bit + \begingroup + \noindent \titlefonts\rmisbold #1\par % the text + \let\lastnode=\empty % no node to associate with + \writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc + \headingsoff % no headline or footline on the part page + \chapoddpage + \endgroup +} + +% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron. But we count the unnumbered % sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf % outlines by their "section number". We avoid collisions with chapter % numbers by starting them at 10000. (If a document ever has 10000 @@ -5026,8 +5397,8 @@ end \chardef\maxseclevel = 3 % % A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too. -% To achive this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in: -\chardef\unmlevel = \maxseclevel +% To achieve this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in: +\chardef\unnlevel = \maxseclevel % % Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not: % \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored. @@ -5052,8 +5423,8 @@ end % The heading type: \def\headtype{#1}% \if \headtype U% - \ifnum \absseclevel < \unmlevel - \chardef\unmlevel = \absseclevel + \ifnum \absseclevel < \unnlevel + \chardef\unnlevel = \absseclevel \fi \else % Check for appendix sections: @@ -5065,10 +5436,10 @@ end \fi\fi \fi % Check for numbered within unnumbered: - \ifnum \absseclevel > \unmlevel + \ifnum \absseclevel > \unnlevel \def\headtype{U}% \else - \chardef\unmlevel = 3 + \chardef\unnlevel = 3 \fi \fi % Now print the heading: @@ -5122,7 +5493,9 @@ end \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}% \resetallfloatnos % - \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}% + % \putwordChapter can contain complex things in translations. + \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordChapter}% + \message{\the\toks0 \space \the\chapno}% % % Write the actual heading. \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}% @@ -5133,15 +5506,17 @@ end \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec } -\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz +\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally calls appendixzzz +% \def\appendixzzz#1{% \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\appendixno by 1 \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}% \resetallfloatnos % - \def\appendixnum{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}% - \message{\appendixnum}% + % \putwordAppendix can contain complex things in translations. + \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordAppendix}% + \message{\the\toks0 \space \appendixletter}% % \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}% % @@ -5150,7 +5525,8 @@ end \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec } -\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz +% normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} \def\unnumberedzzz#1{% \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1 @@ -5194,40 +5570,47 @@ end \let\top\unnumbered % Sections. +% \outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz \def\seczzz#1{% \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}% } -\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz +% normally calls appendixsectionzzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} \def\appendixsectionzzz#1{% \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}% } \let\appendixsec\appendixsection -\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz +% normally calls unnumberedseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} \def\unnumberedseczzz#1{% \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}% } % Subsections. -\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz +% +% normally calls numberedsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} \def\numberedsubseczzz#1{% \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% } -\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz +% normally calls appendixsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} \def\appendixsubseczzz#1{% \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}% {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% } -\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz +% normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} \def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{% \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}% @@ -5235,21 +5618,25 @@ end } % Subsubsections. -\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz +% +% normally numberedsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} \def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{% \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}% {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% } -\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz +% normally appendixsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} \def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{% \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}% {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% } -\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz +% normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz: +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} \def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{% \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}% @@ -5265,14 +5652,6 @@ end % Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading -% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such: -% 1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit -% overlong headings to fold. -% 2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a -% heading is obnoxious; this forbids it. -% 3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and -% if justification is not attempted. Hence \raggedright. - \def\majorheading{% {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }% \parsearg\chapheadingzzz @@ -5280,10 +5659,8 @@ end \def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz} \def\chapheadingzzz#1{% - {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 - \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright - \rmisbold #1\hfill}}% - \bigskip \par\penalty 200\relax + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% + \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak \suppressfirstparagraphindent } @@ -5299,14 +5676,13 @@ end % (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it), % given all the information in convenient, parsed form. -%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative) +% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative) \def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi} -%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it % Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed) - \newskip\chapheadingskip +% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it. \def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}} \def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject} % Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will @@ -5316,9 +5692,8 @@ end \chappager \ifodd\pageno \else \begingroup - \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}% - \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}% - \hbox to 0pt{}% + \headingsoff + \null \chappager \endgroup \fi @@ -5374,7 +5749,10 @@ end \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}% - \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \noexpand\thischapternum: + % \noexpand\putwordAppendix avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordAppendix{} + \noexpand\thischapternum: \noexpand\thischaptername}% }% \else @@ -5382,7 +5760,10 @@ end \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}% - \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \noexpand\thischapternum: + % \noexpand\putwordChapter avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordChapter{} + \noexpand\thischapternum: \noexpand\thischaptername}% }% \fi\fi\fi @@ -5438,8 +5819,7 @@ end % % Typeset the actual heading. \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue. - \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright - \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe + \vbox{\raggedtitlesettings \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe \unhbox0 #1\par}% }% \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title @@ -5461,18 +5841,18 @@ end \def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname} % \def\unnchfopen #1{% -\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 - \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright - \rmisbold #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak + \chapoddpage + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}% + \nobreak\bigskip\nobreak } \def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}% \par\penalty 5000 % } \def\centerchfopen #1{% -\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 - \parindent=0pt - \hfill {\rmisbold #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak + \chapoddpage + \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings \hfill #1\hfill}% + \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak } \def\CHAPFopen{% \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen @@ -5504,6 +5884,8 @@ end % \def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{% {% + \checkenv{}% should not be in an environment. + % % Switch to the right set of fonts. \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold % @@ -5525,7 +5907,10 @@ end \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% - \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum: + % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{} + \noexpand\thissectionnum: \noexpand\thissectionname}% }% \fi @@ -5535,7 +5920,10 @@ end \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% - \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum: + % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible + % commands in some of the translations. + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{} + \noexpand\thissectionnum: \noexpand\thissectionname}% }% \fi @@ -5555,7 +5943,7 @@ end % % Now the second mark, after the heading break. No break points % between here and the heading. - \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \global\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs \domark % % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number. @@ -5609,15 +5997,15 @@ end % % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that % glue accumulate. (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a - % discardable item.) + % discardable item.) However, when a paragraph is not started next + % (\startdefun, \cartouche, \center, etc.), this needs to be wiped out + % or the negative glue will cause weirdly wrong output, typically + % obscuring the section heading with something else. \vskip-\parskip - % - % This is purely so the last item on the list is a known \penalty > - % 10000. This is so \startdefun can avoid allowing breakpoints after - % section headings. Otherwise, it would insert a valid breakpoint between: - % - % @section sec-whatever - % @deffn def-whatever + % + % This is so the last item on the main vertical list is a known + % \penalty > 10000, so \startdefun, etc., can recognize the situation + % and do the needful. \penalty 10001 } @@ -5673,7 +6061,7 @@ end % These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman % fonts, so we must take special care. This is more or less redundant % with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file. -% +% \def\activecatcodes{% \catcode`\"=\active \catcode`\$=\active @@ -5723,7 +6111,7 @@ end % redefined for the two-volume lispref. We always output on % \jobname.toc even if this is redefined. -% +% \def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc} % Normal (long) toc. @@ -5749,6 +6137,7 @@ end \def\summarycontents{% \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}% % + \let\partentry = \shortpartentry \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry \let\appentry = \shortchapentry \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry @@ -5804,6 +6193,19 @@ end % The last argument is the page number. % The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ... +% Parts, in the main contents. Replace the part number, which doesn't +% exist, with an empty box. Let's hope all the numbers have the same width. +% Also ignore the page number, which is conventionally not printed. +\def\numeralbox{\setbox0=\hbox{8}\hbox to \wd0{\hfil}} +\def\partentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\numeralbox\labelspace#1}{}} +% +% Parts, in the short toc. +\def\shortpartentry#1#2#3#4{% + \penalty-300 + \vskip.5\baselineskip plus.15\baselineskip minus.1\baselineskip + \shortchapentry{{\bf #1}}{\numeralbox}{}{}% +} + % Chapters, in the main contents. \def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} % @@ -5893,9 +6295,9 @@ end \message{environments,} % @foo ... @end foo. -% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw Tex temporarily. +% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw TeX temporarily. % One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works. -% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character. +% But \@ or @@ will get a plain @ character. \envdef\tex{% \setupmarkupstyle{tex}% @@ -5908,10 +6310,14 @@ end \catcode `\|=\other \catcode `\<=\other \catcode `\>=\other - \catcode`\`=\other - \catcode`\'=\other + \catcode `\`=\other + \catcode `\'=\other \escapechar=`\\ % + % ' is active in math mode (mathcode"8000). So reset it, and all our + % other math active characters (just in case), to plain's definitions. + \mathactive + % \let\b=\ptexb \let\bullet=\ptexbullet \let\c=\ptexc @@ -5929,7 +6335,7 @@ end \let\/=\ptexslash \let\*=\ptexstar \let\t=\ptext - \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop % outer + \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop % we've made it outer \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing % \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}% @@ -6015,6 +6421,12 @@ end \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin. \let\nonarrowing = t% + % + % If this cartouche directly follows a sectioning command, we need the + % \parskip glue (backspaced over by default) or the cartouche can + % collide with the section heading. + \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi + % \vbox\bgroup \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt \carttop @@ -6028,7 +6440,7 @@ end \lineskip=\normlskip \parskip=\normpskip \vskip -\parskip - \comment % For explanation, see the end of \def\group. + \comment % For explanation, see the end of def\group. } \def\Ecartouche{% \ifhmode\par\fi @@ -6048,7 +6460,7 @@ end \newdimen\nonfillparindent \def\nonfillstart{% \aboveenvbreak - \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy + \ifdim\hfuzz < 12pt \hfuzz = 12pt \fi % Don't be fussy \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens. \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output @@ -6114,41 +6526,42 @@ end } % We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo. -% Let's do it by one command: -\def\makedispenv #1#2{ - \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2} - \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2} +% Let's do it in one command. #1 is the env name, #2 the definition. +\def\makedispenvdef#1#2{% + \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}% + \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}% \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak } -% Define two synonyms: -\def\maketwodispenvs #1#2#3{ - \makedispenv{#1}{#3} - \makedispenv{#2}{#3} +% Define two environment synonyms (#1 and #2) for an environment. +\def\maketwodispenvdef#1#2#3{% + \makedispenvdef{#1}{#3}% + \makedispenvdef{#2}{#3}% } - -% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; @example: same as @lisp. +% +% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; +% @example: same as @lisp. % % @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts. % Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox. % -\maketwodispenvs {lisp}{example}{% +\maketwodispenvdef{lisp}{example}{% \nonfillstart \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}% \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special. - \gobble % eat return + \gobble % eat return } % @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font. % -\makedispenv {display}{% +\makedispenvdef{display}{% \nonfillstart \gobble } % @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins. % -\makedispenv{format}{% +\makedispenvdef{format}{% \let\nonarrowing = t% \nonfillstart \gobble @@ -6167,7 +6580,7 @@ end \envdef\flushright{% \let\nonarrowing = t% \nonfillstart - \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill\relax \gobble } \let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak @@ -6202,43 +6615,28 @@ end % we're doing normal filling. So, when using \aboveenvbreak and % \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0. % +\makedispenvdef{quotation}{\quotationstart} +% \def\quotationstart{% - {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip - \parindent=0pt - % - % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down. + \indentedblockstart % same as \indentedblock, but increase right margin too. \ifx\nonarrowing\relax - \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing - \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing - \else - \let\nonarrowing = \relax \fi \parsearg\quotationlabel } -\envdef\quotation{% - \setnormaldispenv - \quotationstart -} - -\envdef\smallquotation{% - \setsmalldispenv - \quotationstart -} -\let\Esmallquotation = \Equotation - % We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're % doing normal filling. % \def\Equotation{% \par - \ifx\quotationauthor\undefined\else + \ifx\quotationauthor\thisisundefined\else % indent a bit. \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}% \fi {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}% } +\def\Esmallquotation{\Equotation} % If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after. \def\quotationlabel#1{% @@ -6248,6 +6646,32 @@ end \fi } +% @indentedblock is like @quotation, but indents only on the left and +% has no optional argument. +% +\makedispenvdef{indentedblock}{\indentedblockstart} +% +\def\indentedblockstart{% + {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip + \parindent=0pt + % + % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing + \else + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi +} + +% Keep a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're doing normal filling. +% +\def\Eindentedblock{% + \par + {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}% +} +\def\Esmallindentedblock{\Eindentedblock} + % LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{<char>...<char>} % If we want to allow any <char> as delimiter, @@ -6295,21 +6719,28 @@ end % Setup for the @verbatim environment % -% Real tab expansion +% Real tab expansion. \newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount % -\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup} +% We typeset each line of the verbatim in an \hbox, so we can handle +% tabs. The \global is in case the verbatim line starts with an accent, +% or some other command that starts with a begin-group. Otherwise, the +% entire \verbbox would disappear at the corresponding end-group, before +% it is typeset. Meanwhile, we can't have nested verbatim commands +% (can we?), so the \global won't be overwriting itself. +\newbox\verbbox +\def\starttabbox{\global\setbox\verbbox=\hbox\bgroup} % \begingroup \catcode`\^^I=\active \gdef\tabexpand{% \catcode`\^^I=\active \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup - \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab - \divide\dimen0 by\tabw - \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw - \advance\dimen0 by\tabw % advance to next multiple of \tabw - \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox + \dimen\verbbox=\wd\verbbox % the width so far, or since the previous tab + \divide\dimen\verbbox by\tabw + \multiply\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw + \advance\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % advance to next multiple of \tabw + \wd\verbbox=\dimen\verbbox \box\verbbox \starttabbox }% } \endgroup @@ -6318,15 +6749,16 @@ end \def\setupverbatim{% \let\nonarrowing = t% \nonfillstart - % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim - \tt - \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}% + \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim + % The \leavevmode here is for blank lines. Otherwise, we would + % never \starttabox and the \egroup would end verbatim mode. + \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box\verbbox\endgraf}% \tabexpand \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}% % Respect line breaks, % print special symbols as themselves, and - % make each space count - % must do in this order: + % make each space count. + % Must do in this order: \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces \everypar{\starttabbox}% } @@ -6383,6 +6815,7 @@ end \makevalueexpandable \setupverbatim \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @verbatiminclude of #1^^J}% \input #1 \afterenvbreak }% @@ -6432,7 +6865,7 @@ end % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow % a break between a section heading and a defun. % - % As a minor refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling + % As a further refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following % @def command. @@ -6469,7 +6902,7 @@ end #1#2 \endheader % common ending: \interlinepenalty = 10000 - \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil + \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil\relax \endgraf \nobreak\vskip -\parskip \penalty\defunpenalty % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx @@ -6499,13 +6932,36 @@ end \def\domakedefun#1#2#3{% \envdef#1{% \startdefun + \doingtypefnfalse % distinguish typed functions from all else \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}% }% \def#2{\dodefunx#1}% \def#3% } -%%% Untyped functions: +\newif\ifdoingtypefn % doing typed function? +\newif\ifrettypeownline % typeset return type on its own line? + +% @deftypefnnewline on|off says whether the return type of typed functions +% are printed on their own line. This affects @deftypefn, @deftypefun, +% @deftypeop, and @deftypemethod. +% +\parseargdef\deftypefnnewline{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname + = \empty + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @txideftypefnnl value `\temp', + must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% Untyped functions: % @deffn category name args \makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}} @@ -6524,7 +6980,7 @@ end \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}% } -%%% Typed functions: +% Typed functions: % @deftypefn category type name args \makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}} @@ -6539,10 +6995,11 @@ end % \def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{% \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}% + \doingtypefntrue \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% } -%%% Typed variables: +% Typed variables: % @deftypevr category type var args \makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}} @@ -6560,7 +7017,7 @@ end \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% } -%%% Untyped variables: +% Untyped variables: % @defvr category var args \makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} } @@ -6571,7 +7028,8 @@ end % \defcvof {category of}class var args \def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} } -%%% Type: +% Types: + % @deftp category name args \makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{% \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}% @@ -6599,25 +7057,49 @@ end % We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any. % \def\defname#1#2#3{% + \par % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def... \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent % - % How we'll format the type name. Putting it in brackets helps + % Determine if we are typesetting the return type of a typed function + % on a line by itself. + \rettypeownlinefalse + \ifdoingtypefn % doing a typed function specifically? + % then check user option for putting return type on its own line: + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname\relax \else + \rettypeownlinetrue + \fi + \fi + % + % How we'll format the category name. Putting it in brackets helps % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line % just below it. \def\temp{#1}% \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi} % - % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape. + % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape. We'll always have at + % least two. + \tempnum = 2 + % % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero, % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it: \dimen0=\hsize \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0 \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip + % + % If doing a return type on its own line, we'll have another line. + \ifrettypeownline + \advance\tempnum by 1 + \def\maybeshapeline{0in \hsize}% + \else + \def\maybeshapeline{}% + \fi + % % The continuations: \dimen2=\hsize \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent - % (plain.tex says that \dimen1 should be used only as global.) - \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen2 % - % Put the type name to the right margin. + % The final paragraph shape: + \parshape \tempnum 0in \dimen0 \maybeshapeline \defargsindent \dimen2 + % + % Put the category name at the right margin. \noindent \hbox to 0pt{% \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize @@ -6639,8 +7121,16 @@ end % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no % one has made identifiers using them :). \df \tt - \def\temp{#2}% return value type - \ifx\temp\empty\else \tclose{\temp} \fi + \def\temp{#2}% text of the return type + \ifx\temp\empty\else + \tclose{\temp}% typeset the return type + \ifrettypeownline + % put return type on its own line; prohibit line break following: + \hfil\vadjust{\nobreak}\break + \else + \space % type on same line, so just followed by a space + \fi + \fi % no return type #3% output function name }% {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm @@ -6660,7 +7150,10 @@ end \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0 % % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we - % want a way to get ttsl. Let's try @var for that. + % want a way to get ttsl. We used to recommend @var for that, so + % leave the code in, but it's strange for @var to lead to typewriter. + % Nowadays we recommend @code, since the difference between a ttsl hyphen + % and a tt hyphen is pretty tiny. @code also disables ?` !`. \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}% #1% \sl\hyphenchar\font=45 @@ -6758,7 +7251,7 @@ end % To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens, % which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX. -\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined +\ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined \newwrite\macscribble \def\scantokens#1{% \toks0={#1}% @@ -6769,25 +7262,30 @@ end } \fi -\def\scanmacro#1{% - \begingroup - \newlinechar`\^^M - \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces - % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex - % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active - % backslash to get it printed correctly. Previously, we had - % \catcode`\\=\other instead. We'll see whether a problem appears - % with macro expansion. --kasal, 19aug04 - \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@ - % ... and \example - \spaceisspace - % - % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline. - % I've verified that it is necessary both for e-TeX and for ordinary TeX - % --kasal, 29nov03 - \scantokens{#1\endinput}% - \endgroup -} +\def\scanmacro#1{\begingroup + \newlinechar`\^^M + \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces + % + % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex + % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active + % backslash to get it printed correctly. Previously, we had + % \catcode`\\=\other instead. We'll see whether a problem appears + % with macro expansion. --kasal, 19aug04 + \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@ + % + % ... and for \example: + \spaceisspace + % + % The \empty here causes a following catcode 5 newline to be eaten as + % part of reading whitespace after a control sequence. It does not + % eat a catcode 13 newline. There's no good way to handle the two + % cases (untried: maybe e-TeX's \everyeof could help, though plain TeX + % would then have different behavior). See the Macro Details node in + % the manual for the workaround we recommend for macros and + % line-oriented commands. + % + \scantokens{#1\empty}% +\endgroup} \def\scanexp#1{% \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}% @@ -6815,7 +7313,7 @@ end % This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is, % \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname % (except of course we have to play expansion games). -% +% \def\cslet#1#2{% \expandafter\let \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname @@ -6841,17 +7339,18 @@ end % Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where % all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active -% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \. - +% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \ +% to recognize macro arguments; this is the job of \mbodybackslash. +% % Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate % them to avoid their expansion. Must do this non-globally, to % confine the change to the current group. - +% % It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is -% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro +% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro % body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro. - -\def\scanctxt{% +% +\def\scanctxt{% used as subroutine \catcode`\"=\other \catcode`\+=\other \catcode`\<=\other @@ -6864,13 +7363,13 @@ end \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi } -\def\scanargctxt{% +\def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros. \scanctxt \catcode`\\=\other \catcode`\^^M=\other } -\def\macrobodyctxt{% +\def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions \scanctxt \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other @@ -6878,32 +7377,56 @@ end \usembodybackslash } -\def\macroargctxt{% +\def\macroargctxt{% used when scanning invocations \scanctxt - \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\\=0 } +% why catcode 0 for \ in the above? To recognize \\ \{ \} as "escapes" +% for the single characters \ { }. Thus, we end up with the "commands" +% that would be written @\ @{ @} in a Texinfo document. +% +% We already have @{ and @}. For @\, we define it here, and only for +% this purpose, to produce a typewriter backslash (so, the @\ that we +% define for @math can't be used with @macro calls): +% +\def\\{\normalbackslash}% +% +% We would like to do this for \, too, since that is what makeinfo does. +% But it is not possible, because Texinfo already has a command @, for a +% cedilla accent. Documents must use @comma{} instead. +% +% \anythingelse will almost certainly be an error of some kind. + % \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies. % It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N % where N is the macro parameter number. % We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so % \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash. - +% {\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash} @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname} } \expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash} +\def\margbackslash#1{\char`\#1 } + \def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx} \def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx} \def\macroxxx#1{% - \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist + \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist \ifx\argl\empty % no arguments - \paramno=0% + \paramno=0\relax \else \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;% + \if\paramno>256\relax + \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{You need eTeX to compile a file with macros with more than 256 arguments} + \fi + \fi \fi \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}% @@ -6950,46 +7473,269 @@ end % an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed. \def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}} \def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs} -\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}} +\def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}} \def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}} +% For macro processing make @ a letter so that we can make Texinfo private macro names. +\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@} +\catcode `@=11\relax + % Parse the optional {params} list. Set up \paramno and \paramlist -% so \defmacro knows what to do. Define \macarg.blah for each blah -% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list. +% so \defmacro knows what to do. Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH +% in the params list to some hook where the argument si to be expanded. If +% there are less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N +% is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be +% defined `a la TeX in the macro body. +% % That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above). - +% % We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions. -% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something +% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something % unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine % it to # just before using the token list produced. % % The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before % the macro is used. - -\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}% - \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,} +% +% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the +% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is +% processed again to replace the arguments. +% +% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the +% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of +% the catcode regime underwhich the body was input). +% +% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more +% arguments, you need that no macro has more than 256 arguments, otherwise an +% error is produced. +\def\parsemargdef#1;{% + \paramno=0\def\paramlist{}% + \let\hash\relax + \let\xeatspaces\relax + \parsemargdefxxx#1,;,% + % In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments + % list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to + % each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list + % in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments + % are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining + % twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power. + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else + \paramno0\relax + \parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments + \fi +} \def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{% \if#1;\let\next=\relax \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx - \advance\paramno by 1% + \advance\paramno by 1 \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}% \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}% \fi\next} +\def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next=\relax + \else + \let\next=\parsemmanyargdef@@ + \edef\tempb{\eatspaces{#1}}% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\tempa + \expandafter{\csname macarg.\tempb\endcsname}% + % Note that we need some extra \noexpand\noexpand, this is because we + % don't want \the to be expanded in the \parsermacbody as it uses an + % \xdef . + \expandafter\edef\tempa + {\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\the\toks\the\paramno}% + \advance\paramno by 1\relax + \fi\next} + % These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. % (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.) +% +\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode \long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro% {\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}% \long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro% {\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}% +\catcode `\@=11\relax + +\let\endargs@\relax +\let\nil@\relax +\def\nilm@{\nil@}% +\long\def\nillm@{\nil@}% + +% This macro is expanded during the Texinfo macro expansion, not during its +% definition. It gets all the arguments values and assigns them to macros +% macarg.ARGNAME +% +% #1 is the macro name +% #2 is the list of argument names +% #3 is the list of argument values +\def\getargvals@#1#2#3{% + \def\macargdeflist@{}% + \def\saveparamlist@{#2}% Need to keep a copy for parameter expansion. + \def\paramlist{#2,\nil@}% + \def\macroname{#1}% + \begingroup + \macroargctxt + \def\argvaluelist{#3,\nil@}% + \def\@tempa{#3}% + \ifx\@tempa\empty + \setemptyargvalues@ + \else + \getargvals@@ + \fi +} + +% +\def\getargvals@@{% + \ifx\paramlist\nilm@ + % Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty. + \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@ + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Too many arguments in macro `\macroname'!}% + \fi + \let\next\macargexpandinbody@ + \else + \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@ + % No more arguments values passed to macro. Set remaining named-arg + % macros to empty. + \let\next\setemptyargvalues@ + \else + % pop current arg name into \@tempb + \def\@tempa##1{\pop@{\@tempb}{\paramlist}##1\endargs@}% + \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\paramlist}% + % pop current argument value into \@tempc + \def\@tempa##1{\longpop@{\@tempc}{\argvaluelist}##1\endargs@}% + \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\argvaluelist}% + % Here \@tempb is the current arg name and \@tempc is the current arg value. + % First place the new argument macro definition into \@tempd + \expandafter\macname\expandafter{\@tempc}% + \expandafter\let\csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempe\expandafter{% + \csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname}% + \edef\@tempd{\long\def\@tempe{\the\macname}}% + \push@\@tempd\macargdeflist@ + \let\next\getargvals@@ + \fi + \fi + \next +} + +\def\push@#1#2{% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\def + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter#2% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{% + \expandafter#1#2}% +} + +% Replace arguments by their values in the macro body, and place the result +% in macro \@tempa +\def\macvalstoargs@{% + % To do this we use the property that token registers that are \the'ed + % within an \edef expand only once. So we are going to place all argument + % values into respective token registers. + % + % First we save the token context, and initialize argument numbering. + \begingroup + \paramno0\relax + % Then, for each argument number #N, we place the corresponding argument + % value into a new token list register \toks#N + \expandafter\putargsintokens@\saveparamlist@,;,% + % Then, we expand the body so that argument are replaced by their + % values. The trick for values not to be expanded themselves is that they + % are within tokens and that tokens expand only once in an \edef . + \edef\@tempc{\csname mac.\macroname .body\endcsname}% + % Now we restore the token stack pointer to free the token list registers + % which we have used, but we make sure that expanded body is saved after + % group. + \expandafter + \endgroup + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\@tempc}% + } + +\def\macargexpandinbody@{% + %% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group. + \expandafter + \endgroup + \macargdeflist@ + % First the replace in body the macro arguments by their values, the result + % is in \@tempa . + \macvalstoargs@ + % Then we point at the \norecurse or \gobble (for recursive) macro value + % with \@tempb . + \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempb\csname mac.\macroname .recurse\endcsname + % Depending on whether it is recursive or not, we need some tailing + % \egroup . + \ifx\@tempb\gobble + \let\@tempc\relax + \else + \let\@tempc\egroup + \fi + % And now we do the real job: + \edef\@tempd{\noexpand\@tempb{\macroname}\noexpand\scanmacro{\@tempa}\@tempc}% + \@tempd +} + +\def\putargsintokens@#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next\relax + \else + \let\next\putargsintokens@ + % First we allocate the new token list register, and give it a temporary + % alias \@tempb . + \toksdef\@tempb\the\paramno + % Then we place the argument value into that token list register. + \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempa\csname macarg.#1\endcsname + \expandafter\@tempb\expandafter{\@tempa}% + \advance\paramno by 1\relax + \fi + \next +} + +% Save the token stack pointer into macro #1 +\def\texisavetoksstackpoint#1{\edef#1{\the\@cclvi}} +% Restore the token stack pointer from number in macro #1 +\def\texirestoretoksstackpoint#1{\expandafter\mathchardef\expandafter\@cclvi#1\relax} +% newtoks that can be used non \outer . +\def\texinonouternewtoks{\alloc@ 5\toks \toksdef \@cclvi} + +% Tailing missing arguments are set to empty +\def\setemptyargvalues@{% + \ifx\paramlist\nilm@ + \let\next\macargexpandinbody@ + \else + \expandafter\setemptyargvaluesparser@\paramlist\endargs@ + \let\next\setemptyargvalues@ + \fi + \next +} -% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and -% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments. +\def\setemptyargvaluesparser@#1,#2\endargs@{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{% + \expandafter\def\csname macarg.#1\endcsname{}}% + \push@\@tempa\macargdeflist@ + \def\paramlist{#2}% +} + +% #1 is the element target macro +% #2 is the list macro +% #3,#4\endargs@ is the list value +\def\pop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{% + \def#1{#3}% + \def#2{#4}% +} +\long\def\longpop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{% + \long\def#1{#3}% + \long\def#2{#4}% +} + +% This defines a Texinfo @macro. There are eight cases: recursive and +% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, up to nine, and many arguments. % Much magic with \expandafter here. % \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file % they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group. +% \def\defmacro{% \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars \ifrecursive @@ -7004,17 +7750,25 @@ end \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}% \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{% \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% - \else % many - \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% - \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt - \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% - \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% - \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% - \expandafter\expandafter - \expandafter\xdef - \expandafter\expandafter - \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname - \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% + \else + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname + \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% + \else % 10 or more + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}% + }% + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble + \fi \fi \else \ifcase\paramno @@ -7031,29 +7785,40 @@ end \egroup \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% - \else % many - \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% - \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt - \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% - \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% - \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% - \expandafter\expandafter - \expandafter\xdef - \expandafter\expandafter - \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname - \paramlist{% - \egroup - \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% - \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% + \else % at most 9 + \ifnum\paramno<10\relax + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname + \paramlist{% + \egroup + \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% + \else % 10 or more: + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}% + }% + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp + \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse + \fi \fi \fi} +\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax + \def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}} % \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a % {. If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole % line. Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence -% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg) +% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg). +% \def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx} \def\braceorlinexxx{% \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else @@ -7063,7 +7828,8 @@ end % @alias. % We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal -% sign. Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing. +% sign. Make them active and then expand them all to nothing. +% \def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx} \def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax} \def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{% @@ -7084,7 +7850,8 @@ end % @inforef is relatively simple. \def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**} -\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}}, +\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{% + \putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}}, node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}} % @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in @@ -7145,11 +7912,32 @@ end \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}% \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }% \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc. - \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, during \shipout + \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, at \shipout }% \fi } +% @xrefautosectiontitle on|off says whether @section(ing) names are used +% automatically in xrefs, if the third arg is not explicitly specified. +% This was provided as a "secret" @set xref-automatic-section-title +% variable, now it's official. +% +\parseargdef\xrefautomaticsectiontitle{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword + \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname + = \empty + \else\ifx\temp\offword + \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname + = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @xrefautomaticsectiontitle value `\temp', + must be on|off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% % @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references. For \xrefX, #1 is % the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed % node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed @@ -7158,26 +7946,41 @@ end \def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} \def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} \def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +% +\newbox\toprefbox +\newbox\printedrefnamebox +\newbox\infofilenamebox +\newbox\printedmanualbox +% \def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup \unsepspaces - \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}% + % + % Get args without leading/trailing spaces. \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}% - \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}% - \setbox0=\hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}% - \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt + \setbox\printedrefnamebox = \hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}% + % + \def\infofilename{\ignorespaces #4}% + \setbox\infofilenamebox = \hbox{\infofilename\unskip}% + % + \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}% + \setbox\printedmanualbox = \hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}% + % + % If the printed reference name (arg #3) was not explicitly given in + % the @xref, figure out what we want to use. + \ifdim \wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt % No printed node name was explicitly given. - \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax - % Use the node name inside the square brackets. + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname \relax + % Not auto section-title: use node name inside the square brackets. \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% \else - % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside - % the square brackets. Use the real section title if we have it. - \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt - % It is in another manual, so we don't have it. + % Auto section-title: use chapter/section title inside + % the square brackets if we have it. + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt + % It is in another manual, so we don't have it; use node name. \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% \else \ifhavexrefs - % We know the real title if we have the xref values. + % We (should) know the real title if we have the xref values. \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}% \else % Otherwise just copy the Info node name. @@ -7191,13 +7994,20 @@ end \ifpdf {\indexnofonts \turnoffactive + \makevalueexpandable % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _ - % etc. don't get their TeX definitions. + % etc. don't get their TeX definitions. This ignores all spaces in + % #4, including (wrongly) those in the middle of the filename. \getfilename{#4}% % - % See comments at \activebackslashdouble. - {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfxrefdest{#1}% - \backslashparens\pdfxrefdest}% + % This (wrongly) does not take account of leading or trailing + % spaces in #1, which should be ignored. + \edef\pdfxrefdest{#1}% + \ifx\pdfxrefdest\empty + \def\pdfxrefdest{Top}% no empty targets + \else + \txiescapepdf\pdfxrefdest % escape PDF special chars + \fi % \leavevmode \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}% @@ -7224,29 +8034,42 @@ end \iffloat\Xthisreftitle % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref, % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2". - \ifdim\wd0 = 0pt + \ifdim\wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt \refx{#1-snt}{}% \else \printedrefname \fi % - % if the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append + % If the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append % "in MANUALNAME". - \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}% \fi \else % node/anchor (non-float) references. + % + % If we use \unhbox to print the node names, TeX does not insert + % empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will not + % find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals + % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, + % this is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name + % again, so it is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time. + % + \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt + % Cross-manual reference with a printed manual name. + % + \crossmanualxref{\cite{\printedmanual\unskip}}% + % + \else\ifdim \wd\infofilenamebox > 0pt + % Cross-manual reference with only an info filename (arg 4), no + % printed manual name (arg 5). This is essentially the same as + % the case above; we output the filename, since we have nothing else. + % + \crossmanualxref{\code{\infofilename\unskip}}% % - % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not - % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will - % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals - % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this - % is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it - % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time. - \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt - \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}% \else + % Reference within this manual. + % % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of @@ -7258,7 +8081,7 @@ end \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}% \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi }% - % output the `[mynode]' via a macro so it can be overridden. + % output the `[mynode]' via the macro below so it can be overridden. \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname % % But we always want a comma and a space: @@ -7266,11 +8089,37 @@ end % % output the `page 3'. \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}% - \fi + \fi\fi \fi \endlink \endgroup} +% Output a cross-manual xref to #1. Used just above (twice). +% +% Only include the text "Section ``foo'' in" if the foo is neither +% missing or Top. Thus, @xref{,,,foo,The Foo Manual} outputs simply +% "see The Foo Manual", the idea being to refer to the whole manual. +% +% But, this being TeX, we can't easily compare our node name against the +% string "Top" while ignoring the possible spaces before and after in +% the input. By adding the arbitrary 7sp below, we make it much less +% likely that a real node name would have the same width as "Top" (e.g., +% in a monospaced font). Hopefully it will never happen in practice. +% +% For the same basic reason, we retypeset the "Top" at every +% reference, since the current font is indeterminate. +% +\def\crossmanualxref#1{% + \setbox\toprefbox = \hbox{Top\kern7sp}% + \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \printedrefname \unskip \kern7sp}% + \ifdim \wd2 > 7sp % nonempty? + \ifdim \wd2 = \wd\toprefbox \else % same as Top? + \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{}\space + \fi + \fi + #1% +} + % This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref % output. It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily, % since square brackets don't work well in some documents. Particularly @@ -7321,7 +8170,8 @@ end \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright \iflinks \ifhavexrefs - \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}% + {\toks0 = {#1}% avoid expansion of possibly-complex value + \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `\the\toks0'.}}% \else \ifwarnedxrefs\else \global\warnedxrefstrue @@ -7485,7 +8335,7 @@ end % space to prevent strange expansion errors.) \def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 } -% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only. +% @footnotestyle is meaningful for Info output only. \let\footnotestyle=\comment {\catcode `\@=11 @@ -7548,6 +8398,8 @@ end % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote. \footstrut + % + % Invoke rest of plain TeX footnote routine. \futurelet\next\fo@t } }%end \catcode `\@=11 @@ -7635,7 +8487,7 @@ end it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.} % \def\image#1{% - \ifx\epsfbox\undefined + \ifx\epsfbox\thisisundefined \ifwarnednoepsf \else \errhelp = \noepsfhelp \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}% @@ -7651,7 +8503,7 @@ end % #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height. % #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text. % #5 is (ignored optional) extension. -% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff. +% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing stuff. \newif\ifimagevmode \def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M = 5 % in case we're inside an example @@ -7659,6 +8511,13 @@ end % If the image is by itself, center it. \ifvmode \imagevmodetrue + \else \ifx\centersub\centerV + % for @center @image, we need a vbox so we can have our vertical space + \imagevmodetrue + \vbox\bgroup % vbox has better behavior than vtop herev + \fi\fi + % + \ifimagevmode \nobreak\medskip % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space @@ -7668,9 +8527,13 @@ end \fi % % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing - % environment such as @quotation is respected. On the other hand, if - % it's at the top level, we don't want the normal paragraph indentation. - \noindent + % environment such as @quotation is respected. + % However, if we're at the top level, we don't want the + % normal paragraph indentation. + % On the other hand, if we are in the case of @center @image, we don't + % want to start a paragraph, which will create a hsize-width box and + % eradicate the centering. + \ifx\centersub\centerV\else \noindent \fi % % Output the image. \ifpdf @@ -7682,7 +8545,10 @@ end \epsfbox{#1.eps}% \fi % - \ifimagevmode \medskip \fi % space after the standalone image + \ifimagevmode + \medskip % space after a standalone image + \fi + \ifx\centersub\centerV \egroup \fi \endgroup} @@ -7975,21 +8841,22 @@ end \closein 1 \endgroup % end raw TeX \endgroup} -} % % If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist, % try txi-de.tex. -% -\def\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{% +% +\gdef\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{% \openin 1 txi-#1.tex \ifeof 1 \errhelp = \nolanghelp \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}% \else + \globaldefs = 1 % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist \input txi-#1.tex \fi \closein 1 } +}% end of special _ catcode % \newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or is empty. Maybe you need to install it? Putting it in the current @@ -7998,16 +8865,16 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the % \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and % third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin. -% +% % The language names to pass are determined when the format is built. % See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g., % /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log. -% +% % With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all % available languages. This means we can support hyphenation in % Texinfo, at least to some extent. (This still doesn't solve the % accented characters problem.) -% +% \catcode`@=11 \def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{% % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX. @@ -8062,7 +8929,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \setnonasciicharscatcode\active \lattwochardefs % - \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone \setnonasciicharscatcode\active \latonechardefs % @@ -8074,7 +8941,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \setnonasciicharscatcode\active \utfeightchardefs % - \else + \else \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}% % \fi % utfeight @@ -8086,7 +8953,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available % the default font encoding (OT1). -% +% \def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}} % Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference. @@ -8099,21 +8966,21 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % % Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions. \def\latonechardefs{% - \gdef^^a0{~} + \gdef^^a0{\tie} \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown} - \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}} + \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}} \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}} \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}} \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}} - \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}} + \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}} \gdef^^a7{\S} - \gdef^^a8{\"{}} - \gdef^^a9{\copyright} + \gdef^^a8{\"{}} + \gdef^^a9{\copyright} \gdef^^aa{\ordf} \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft} \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$} - \gdef^^ad{\-} - \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} + \gdef^^ad{\-} + \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} \gdef^^af{\={}} % \gdef^^b0{\textdegree} @@ -8129,7 +8996,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^b9{$^1$} \gdef^^ba{\ordm} % - \gdef^^bb{\guilletright} + \gdef^^bb{\guillemetright} \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$} \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$} \gdef^^be{$3\over4$} @@ -8140,7 +9007,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^c2{\^A} \gdef^^c3{\~A} \gdef^^c4{\"A} - \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} + \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} \gdef^^c6{\AE} \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C} \gdef^^c8{\`E} @@ -8152,7 +9019,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^ce{\^I} \gdef^^cf{\"I} % - \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH}} + \gdef^^d0{\DH} \gdef^^d1{\~N} \gdef^^d2{\`O} \gdef^^d3{\'O} @@ -8166,7 +9033,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^db{\^U} \gdef^^dc{\"U} \gdef^^dd{\'Y} - \gdef^^de{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN}} + \gdef^^de{\TH} \gdef^^df{\ss} % \gdef^^e0{\`a} @@ -8186,7 +9053,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}} \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}} % - \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH}} + \gdef^^f0{\dh} \gdef^^f1{\~n} \gdef^^f2{\`o} \gdef^^f3{\'o} @@ -8200,7 +9067,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^fb{\^u} \gdef^^fc{\"u} \gdef^^fd{\'y} - \gdef^^fe{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN}} + \gdef^^fe{\th} \gdef^^ff{\"y} } @@ -8221,7 +9088,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions. \def\lattwochardefs{% - \gdef^^a0{~} + \gdef^^a0{\tie} \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}} \gdef^^a2{\u{}} \gdef^^a3{\L} @@ -8272,7 +9139,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^ce{\^I} \gdef^^cf{\v D} % - \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE}} + \gdef^^d0{\DH} \gdef^^d1{\'N} \gdef^^d2{\v N} \gdef^^d3{\'O} @@ -8281,7 +9148,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^d6{\"O} \gdef^^d7{$\times$} \gdef^^d8{\v R} - \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} + \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} \gdef^^da{\'U} \gdef^^db{\H U} \gdef^^dc{\"U} @@ -8302,11 +9169,11 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}} \gdef^^eb{\"e} \gdef^^ec{\v e} - \gdef^^ed{\'\i} - \gdef^^ee{\^\i} + \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless{i}}} + \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless{i}}} \gdef^^ef{\v d} % - \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE}} + \gdef^^f0{\dh} \gdef^^f1{\'n} \gdef^^f2{\v n} \gdef^^f3{\'o} @@ -8325,11 +9192,11 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} } % UTF-8 character definitions. -% +% % This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some % changes for Texinfo conventions. It is included here under the GPL by % permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team. -% +% \newcount\countUTFx \newcount\countUTFy \newcount\countUTFz @@ -8394,7 +9261,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{% \countUTFz = "#1\relax - \wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}% + %\wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}% \begingroup \parseXMLCharref \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{% @@ -8479,6 +9346,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D0}{\DH} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O} @@ -8491,6 +9359,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DE}{\TH} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a} @@ -8510,6 +9379,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F0}{\dh} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o} @@ -8522,6 +9392,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FE}{\th} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A} @@ -8858,8 +9729,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % Prevent underfull vbox error messages. \vbadness = 10000 -% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either. -\hbadness = 2000 +% Don't be very finicky about underfull hboxes, either. +\hbadness = 6666 % Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans. \widowpenalty=10000 @@ -9066,28 +9937,21 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \message{and turning on texinfo input format.} +\def^^L{\par} % remove \outer, so ^L can appear in an @comment + % DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice. \catcode`\^^? = 14 % Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text. -\catcode`\"=\other -\catcode`\~=\other -\catcode`\^=\other -\catcode`\_=\other -\catcode`\|=\other -\catcode`\<=\other -\catcode`\>=\other -\catcode`\+=\other -\catcode`\$=\other -\def\normaldoublequote{"} -\def\normaltilde{~} -\def\normalcaret{^} -\def\normalunderscore{_} -\def\normalverticalbar{|} -\def\normalless{<} -\def\normalgreater{>} -\def\normalplus{+} -\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix +\catcode`\"=\other \def\normaldoublequote{"} +\catcode`\$=\other \def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix +\catcode`\+=\other \def\normalplus{+} +\catcode`\<=\other \def\normalless{<} +\catcode`\>=\other \def\normalgreater{>} +\catcode`\^=\other \def\normalcaret{^} +\catcode`\_=\other \def\normalunderscore{_} +\catcode`\|=\other \def\normalverticalbar{|} +\catcode`\~=\other \def\normaltilde{~} % This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt % (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts, @@ -9114,11 +9978,9 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \catcode`\"=\active \def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}} \let"=\activedoublequote -\catcode`\~=\active -\def~{{\tt\char126}} +\catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde \chardef\hat=`\^ -\catcode`\^=\active -\def^{{\tt \hat}} +\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hat}} \let^ = \activehat \catcode`\_=\active \def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_} @@ -9128,16 +9990,26 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} \catcode`\|=\active \def|{{\tt\char124}} + \chardef \less=`\< -\catcode`\<=\active -\def<{{\tt \less}} +\catcode`\<=\active \def\activeless{{\tt \less}}\let< = \activeless \chardef \gtr=`\> -\catcode`\>=\active -\def>{{\tt \gtr}} -\catcode`\+=\active -\def+{{\tt \char 43}} -\catcode`\$=\active -\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix +\catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr +\catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}} +\catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix + +% used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page +% breaks in the middle of an @tex block. +\def\texinfochars{% + \let< = \activeless + \let> = \activegtr + \let~ = \activetilde + \let^ = \activehat + \markupsetuplqdefault \markupsetuprqdefault + \let\b = \strong + \let\i = \smartitalic + % in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too. +} % If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file % name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line. @@ -9165,34 +10037,48 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash % in fixed width font. -\catcode`\\=\active -@def@normalbackslash{{@tt@backslashcurfont}} +\catcode`\\=\active % @ for escape char from now on. + +% The story here is that in math mode, the \char of \backslashcurfont +% ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol font (because \char +% in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex sets +% \mathcode`\\="026E). It seems better for @backslashchar{} to always +% print a typewriter backslash, hence we use an explicit \mathchar, +% which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam; +% ignored family value; char position "5C). We can't use " for the +% usual hex value because it has already been made active. +@def@normalbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}} +@let@backslashchar = @normalbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents. + % On startup, @fixbackslash assigns: % @let \ = @normalbackslash - % \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont. % \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with -% catcode other. +% catcode other. We switch back and forth between these. @gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont} @gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash} % Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of -% the literal character `\'. -% -@def@normalturnoffactive{% - @let\=@normalbackslash - @let"=@normaldoublequote - @let~=@normaltilde - @let^=@normalcaret - @let_=@normalunderscore - @let|=@normalverticalbar - @let<=@normalless - @let>=@normalgreater - @let+=@normalplus - @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix - @markupsetuplqdefault - @markupsetuprqdefault - @unsepspaces +% the literal character `\'. Also revert - to its normal character, in +% case the active - from code has slipped in. +% +{@catcode`- = @active + @gdef@normalturnoffactive{% + @let-=@normaldash + @let"=@normaldoublequote + @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix + @let+=@normalplus + @let<=@normalless + @let>=@normalgreater + @let\=@normalbackslash + @let^=@normalcaret + @let_=@normalunderscore + @let|=@normalverticalbar + @let~=@normaltilde + @markupsetuplqdefault + @markupsetuprqdefault + @unsepspaces + } } % Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily. @@ -9221,10 +10107,19 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} % Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages. @escapechar = `@@ +% These (along with & and #) are made active for url-breaking, so need +% active definitions as the normal characters. +@def@normaldot{.} +@def@normalquest{?} +@def@normalslash{/} + % These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special. -@catcode`@& = @other -@catcode`@# = @other -@catcode`@% = @other +% @hashchar{} gets its own user-level command, because of #line. +@catcode`@& = @other @def@normalamp{&} +@catcode`@# = @other @def@normalhash{#} +@catcode`@% = @other @def@normalpercent{%} + +@let @hashchar = @normalhash @c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and @c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}. If we @@ -9234,7 +10129,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.} @catcode`@`=@active @markupsetuplqdefault @markupsetuprqdefault - + @c Local variables: @c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp) @c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message" diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi index b6c492e0..5f71e558 100644 --- a/doc/version.texi +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ @ignore -Copyright (C) 1988-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore -@set LASTCHANGE Tue Dec 28 13:41:22 EST 2010 +@set LASTCHANGE Sun Feb 2 16:22:00 EST 2014 -@set EDITION 4.2 -@set VERSION 4.2 -@set UPDATED 28 December 2010 -@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2010 +@set EDITION 4.3 +@set VERSION 4.3 +@set UPDATED 2 February 2014 +@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2014 |