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-rw-r--r--doc/FAQ16
-rw-r--r--doc/Makefile.in47
-rw-r--r--doc/aosa-bash-full.pdfbin0 -> 393895 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/aosa-bash.pdfbin153472 -> 228239 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.02829
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.1804
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.html839
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.info11484
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.pdfbin312770 -> 363392 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.ps13755
-rw-r--r--doc/bashbug.09
-rw-r--r--doc/bashbug.19
-rw-r--r--doc/bashbug.ps68
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.dvibin721984 -> 744904 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.html26585
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.info9522
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.pdfbin463824 -> 734389 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.ps18953
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.texi533
-rw-r--r--doc/builtins.0946
-rw-r--r--doc/builtins.ps4366
-rw-r--r--doc/rbash.018
-rw-r--r--doc/rbash.ps76
-rw-r--r--doc/texinfo.tex2068
-rw-r--r--doc/version.texi13
25 files changed, 52806 insertions, 40134 deletions
diff --git a/doc/FAQ b/doc/FAQ
index 1df48d5c..87dbb2d0 100644
--- a/doc/FAQ
+++ b/doc/FAQ
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.13, for Bash version 4.3.
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.14, for Bash version 4.4.
+
+[THIS FAQ IS NO LONGER MAINTAINED]
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
A2) What's the latest version?
-The latest version is 4.3, first made available on xx December, 2013.
+The latest version is 4.3, first made available on 26 February, 2014.
A3) Where can I get it?
@@ -2169,11 +2171,17 @@ You may also need
Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and
displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do
-this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
+this. convert-meta says what to do if you read a character with its
+eighth bit set. input-meta says whether to permit characters with the
+eighth bit at all. output-meta determines how to display characters
+with the eighth bit set: if on, they are output directly; if it is off,
+such characters are displayed as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+
+These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
`bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind':
bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off'
- bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on'
+ bash$ bind 'set input-meta on'
bash$ bind 'set output-meta on'
The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
index 3c67db63..5f0756c4 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.in
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-.
#
-# Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# Copyright (C) 2003-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ RM = rm -f
topdir = @top_srcdir@
srcdir = @srcdir@
-VPATH = .:@srcdir@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
prefix = @prefix@
exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper
PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like
DVIPS = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@ # tricky
+# experimental; uses external texi2dvi for now; this needs pdftex to be present
+TEXI2PDF = texi2dvi --pdf
TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc
SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS
@@ -90,7 +92,9 @@ PSPDF = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -s
MKDIRS = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs
# This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format
-NROFF = groff -Tascii
+# added the -P -c for benefit of Mac OS X, which insists on adding colors if
+# it's not present
+NROFF = groff -Tascii -P -c
# This should be a program that converts troff to postscript
GROFF = groff
@@ -146,13 +150,17 @@ BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
${RM} $@
-${DVIPS} $<
-all: ps info dvi text html
+#.texi.pdf:
+# $(RM) $@
+# -${TEXI2PDF} $<
+
+all: ps info dvi text html $(MAN2HTML)
nodvi: ps info text html
everything: all pdf
PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps
DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps
-INFOFILES = bashref.info
+INFOFILES = bashref.info bash.info
MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0
HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html
PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf
@@ -170,17 +178,22 @@ bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+# experimental
+bashref.pdf: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
+ ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2PDF) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; }
+
+
# can also use:
-# $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+# $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
- $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+ $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bash.info: bashref.info
${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \
bash.txt: bash.1
bash.ps: bash.1
-bash.html: bash.1 $(MAN2HTML)
+bash.html: bash.1
bashbug.ps: bashbug.1
builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1
rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1
@@ -193,7 +206,9 @@ article.ps: article.ms
bashref.ps: bashref.dvi
article.pdf: article.ps
-bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi
+#bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi
+# experimental
+bashref.pdf: bashref.texi
bash.pdf: bash.ps
rose94.pdf: rose94.ps
@@ -232,7 +247,7 @@ installdirs:
$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
fi
-install: info installdirs bash.info
+install: info installdirs
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
@@ -259,10 +274,20 @@ install_builtins: installdirs
install_everything: install install_builtins
+install-html: html
+ -if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \
+ $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+ $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+ fi
+
uninstall:
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
+# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory
+ if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+ install-info --delete --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \
+ else true; fi
-( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) )
-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \
@@ -313,4 +338,4 @@ rbash: bashref.texi
cmp -s RBASH ../RBASH || mv RBASH ../RBASH
$(RM) RBASH
-xdist: pdf inst posix rbash
+xdist: everything inst posix rbash
diff --git a/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf b/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01815492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/doc/aosa-bash.pdf b/doc/aosa-bash.pdf
index 006a7677..4c8773a9 100644
--- a/doc/aosa-bash.pdf
+++ b/doc/aosa-bash.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0
index c3b29b56..031be8a4 100644
--- a/doc/bash.0
+++ b/doc/bash.0
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-BASH(1) BASH(1)
+BASH(1) General Commands Manual BASH(1)
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file]
CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
- Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
@@ -21,37 +21,40 @@ DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
- All of the single-character shell options documented in the descrip-
- tion of the sseett builtin command can be used as options when the shell
- is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it
- is invoked:
+ All of the single-character shell options documented in the description
+ of the sseett builtin command can be used as options when the shell is
+ invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it is
+ invoked:
--cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the
first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are argu-
- ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, they are assigned to the
- positional parameters, starting with $$00.
+ ments after the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g, the first argument is
+ assigned to $$00 and any remaining arguments are assigned to
+ the positional parameters. The assignment to $$00 sets the
+ name of the shell, which is used in warning and error mes-
+ sages.
--ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e.
--ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below).
- --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d
+ --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d
(see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).
- --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after
- option processing, then commands are read from the standard
- input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
+ --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after
+ option processing, then commands are read from the standard
+ input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
set when invoking an interactive shell.
- --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed
- on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub-
+ --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed
+ on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub-
ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC
- or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be
+ or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be
executed.
[[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]]
- _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the
- sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If
+ _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the
+ sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If
_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO
- unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and
- values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on
- the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the
- output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and
+ values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on
+ the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the
+ output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option
processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file-
names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----.
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS
The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).
----vveerrbboossee
- Equivalent to --vv.
+ Equivalent to --vv.
----vveerrssiioonn
Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan-
@@ -127,27 +130,29 @@ IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or
one started with the ----llooggiinn option.
- An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and
- without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected
- to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii
- option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing
- a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
+ An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments
+ (unless --ss is specified) and without the --cc option whose standard input
+ and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)),
+ or one started with the --ii option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if
+ bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test
+ this state.
- The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files.
- If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error.
- Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann--
+ The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files.
+ If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error.
+ Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann--
ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section.
- When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
- active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com-
- mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading
+ When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
+ active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com-
+ mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading
that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
- in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
- exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the
+ in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
+ exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the
shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
- When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the
- file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists.
+ When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell
+ executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands
+ from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists.
When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh
reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This
@@ -216,11 +221,11 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS
mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr
A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
following:
- || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb
+ || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee
ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr
A _t_o_k_e_n that performs a control function. It is one of the fol-
lowing symbols:
- |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; (( )) || ||&& <<nneewwlliinnee>>
+ |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; ;;&& ;;;;&& (( )) || ||&& <<nneewwlliinnee>>
RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS
_R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The
@@ -301,7 +306,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of
the last command executed.
- AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by
+ AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are
executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form
@@ -314,7 +319,6 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2
-
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit
status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of
the last command executed in the list.
@@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt--
gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to
- ====. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is
+ ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is
performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not
match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pat-
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value
is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the
regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
+ expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket
@@ -452,21 +456,21 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path-
name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is
expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan-
- sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process
- substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is
- expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan-
- sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, and process
- substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the
- match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
- characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is
- executed. If the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are
- attempted after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of
- ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with
- the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the
- shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any,
- and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit
- status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit
- status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t.
+ sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub-
+ stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded
+ using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith-
+ metic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution.
+ If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per-
+ formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+ When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If
+ the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+ after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes
+ execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next set
+ of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test
+ the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any
+ associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero
+ if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
+ last command executed in _l_i_s_t.
iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii
The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn
@@ -482,7 +486,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long
as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of
zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command,
- except that the test is negated; _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as
+ except that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as
the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The
exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status
of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe-
@@ -532,7 +536,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com-
pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above).
That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but
- may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_-
+ may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with
+ one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the
+ parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_-
_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name
of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the
name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections
@@ -580,13 +586,15 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG
Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and,
- when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain
- their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its
- special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters:
- $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double
- quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion
- will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped
- using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed.
+ when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e,
+ the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history
+ expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special
+ meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean-
+ ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\,
+ or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by
+ preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be
+ performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a
+ backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed.
The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double
quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below).
@@ -607,6 +615,7 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG
\\\\ backslash
\\'' single quote
\\"" double quote
+ \\?? question mark
\\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_n_n_n (one to three digits)
\\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
@@ -631,61 +640,66 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm--
eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a
_v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the
- ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS).
+ ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS).
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
- a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+ a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form
_n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e]
- If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
- _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN--
+ If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+ _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN--
SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion
- is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not
- performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall
- PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state-
- ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett,
- eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e,
- these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of
- the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties.
+ is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not
+ performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall
+ PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state-
+ ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett,
+ eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands).
+ When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, these builtins may appear in a command after one or
+ more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment
+ statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to
- or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari-
- able for which the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated
- as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value,
- which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using
- compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not
- unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array
- beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed
- arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array.
- When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and
- appended to the variable's value.
+ or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to
+ builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements
+ (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the
+ _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic
+ expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also
+ evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound
+ assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
+ is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at
+ one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
+ added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When
+ applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to
+ the variable's value.
A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to
the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree
and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari-
able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever
- the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation is
- actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
- value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a
- variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For
- instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
- argument, running
+ the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
+ attributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute
+ itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+ by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
+ shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
+ ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
+ shell function as its first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
- inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the
+ inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the
variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments
- to rreeff are treated as references and assignments to the variable whose
- name was passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the
- nameref attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables,
- and a name reference will be established for each word in the list, in
- turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the
- --nn attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables
+ to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+ assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+ passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref
+ attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
+ name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn,
+ when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff
+ attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables
and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn
option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the
name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by
@@ -715,66 +729,68 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c
is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS
is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is
- null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
- @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+ @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11"
- "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
- the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
- ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
- parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.
- When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to
+ "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+ the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
+ ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
+ parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.
+ When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to
nothing (i.e., they are removed).
## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
- ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore-
+ ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore-
ground pipeline.
- -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca-
- tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell
+ -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca-
+ tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell
itself (such as the --ii option).
- $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
- expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub-
+ $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
+ expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub-
shell.
- !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into
- the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+ !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into
+ the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below).
- 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com-
- mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started
- with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after
- the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is
- set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument
+ mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started
+ with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after
+ the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is
+ set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument
zero.
- __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke
- the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi-
- ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last
- argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to
- the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and
+ __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke
+ the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi-
+ ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last
+ argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to
+ the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and
placed in the environment exported to that command. When check-
- ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur-
+ ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur-
rently being checked.
SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess
The following variables are set by the shell:
- BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
+ BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
bbaasshh.
BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt
builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options
- appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If
- this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
+ appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If
+ this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
+ shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
startup files. This variable is read-only.
BBAASSHHPPIIDD
- Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This
- differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This
+ differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized.
BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin.
- Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting
- array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin.
+ Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+ unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be
+ removed from the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses
+ its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number
@@ -797,8 +813,10 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh
builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table;
- unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the
- hash table.
+ however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause com-
+ mand names to be removed from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ quently reset.
BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD
The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
@@ -813,6 +831,10 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or
$${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func-
tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number.
+ BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+ for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the eennaabbllee com-
+ mand.
BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH
An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary
operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index
@@ -834,8 +856,8 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
- BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e).
- BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n).
+ BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e).
+ BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n).
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1).
@@ -853,17 +875,15 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
rent completion function.
CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE
The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
- below).
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the program-
+ mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
- below).
+ equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the program-
+ mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE
Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B,
@@ -871,99 +891,98 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
_%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
- below).
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the program-
+ mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
- The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS
- An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
- words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as
+ An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
+ words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as
described above. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
- CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file
- descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
+ CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file
+ descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
(see CCoopprroocceesssseess above).
DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK
An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must
+ ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must
be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari-
- able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
- EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
+ EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
- This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
- Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error sta-
- tus. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties,
- even if it is subsequently reset.
+ tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
+ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+ Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset,
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+ reset.
- This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE.
- Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in
- BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For
- instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file
- $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The
+ This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE.
+ Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in
+ BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file
+ $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The
ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
mation.
- GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect
- and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect.
+ If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+ is subsequently reset.
HHIISSTTCCMMDD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
+ of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-
dependent.
- LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+ LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+ decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+ (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+ script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_-
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+ type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_-
_p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent.
MMAAPPFFIILLEE
- An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text
+ An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text
read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied.
OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command.
- OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss
+ OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss
builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
- OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss
+ OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss
builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
- OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
- tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen-
+ OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys-
+ tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen-
dent.
PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS
- An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit
- status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
+ An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit
+ status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
- PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
+ PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read-
only.
PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command.
RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be
initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset,
- it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE
The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
@@ -971,86 +990,97 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT
The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer,
for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
- RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when
+ RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when
no arguments are supplied.
SSEECCOONNDDSS
- Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
- since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
- SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
- number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
+ since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to
+ SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the
+ number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
is subsequently reset.
SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett
builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options
- appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If
- this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
+ appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If
+ this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
+ shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
startup files. This variable is read-only.
SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started.
UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
startup. This variable is readonly.
- The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh
+ The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh
assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT
- The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
- the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN
- CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels
- and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
- 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com-
- patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty
- string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
- current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not
+ The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See
+ the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN
+ CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels
+ and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+ 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com-
+ patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty
+ string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+ current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not
one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
- message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
- current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to
- the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin
+ message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+ current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to
+ the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin
described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are
valid values). The current version is also a valid value.
BBAASSHH__EENNVV
- If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script,
- its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+ If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script,
+ its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is
- subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
- arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
+ subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+ arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename.
BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD
- If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is
- enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed
- when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
- BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
- output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+ bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is
+ enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed
+ when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
+ BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+ output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
- CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated
- list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
- directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is
+ CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated
+ list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
+ directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is
".:~:/usr".
CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX
- Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
- remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below
- a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
- rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+ remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below
+ a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur-
+ rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
CCOOLLUUMMNNSS
- Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
- cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
+ Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal
+ width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
+ cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH.
CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY
An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions
- generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
- pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
+ pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each
array element contains one possible completion.
- EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+ EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
- EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
+ EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
mode.
+ EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg)
+ defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
+ terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not
+ affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path-
+ names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE.
+ Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the
+ executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern
+ matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option.
FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command.
FFIIGGNNOORREE
A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
@@ -1106,69 +1136,73 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
- history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE.
+ history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern
+ matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option.
HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
- HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in
the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every
- command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
- The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
+ command being saved on the history list (there is no limit).
+ The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any
startup files.
HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If
- this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
- file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
- the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+ with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If
+ this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
+ file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
+ the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
other history lines.
HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
- attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has
- no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to
- read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
+ attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has
+ no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to
+ read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
- IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting
- after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd
+ IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting
+ after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd
builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new-
line>''.
IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable
- exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
- default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the
+ consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable
+ exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
+ default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the
end of input to the shell.
IINNPPUUTTRRCC
- The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the
+ The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the
default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below).
- LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__.
- LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__
+ LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__
variable specifying a locale category.
LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $$.
LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
+ LLCC__TTIIMMEE
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and
+ time formatting.
LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column
length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the
cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon
@@ -1186,14 +1220,15 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
MMAAIILLPPAATTHH
A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The
message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
- be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
- `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the
+ be specified by separating the filename from the message with a
+ `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the
name of the current mailfile. Example:
MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has
mail!"'
- BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca-
- tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent
- (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR).
+ BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
+ able (there is no value by default), but the location of the
+ user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g.,
+ /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR).
OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by
the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
@@ -1204,7 +1239,7 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory
name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or
trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is
- set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is
+ set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is
``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT
If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the
@@ -1220,6 +1255,9 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+ PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below)
+ and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
+ before the command is executed.
PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below)
and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''.
@@ -1310,9 +1348,9 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
- arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are
- referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed
- array indices must be non-negative integers.
+ arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref-
+ erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array
+ indices must be non-negative integers.
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as
@@ -1324,48 +1362,51 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e.
Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and
- rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+ rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
- Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
- _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_-
- _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but
+ Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+ _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_-
+ _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but
_s_t_r_i_n_g. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and
- subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
- of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+ subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index
+ of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
- This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array
- elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax
- introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub-
- scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative
- to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices
+ This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array
+ elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax
+ introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub-
+ scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative
+ to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices
count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the
last element.
- Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}.
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}.
The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If
- _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These
- subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
+ _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These
+ subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If
the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the
- value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS
+ value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS
special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep-
- arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to
- nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
- expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
- the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
- with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
- expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
- above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_-
- _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele-
- ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript
- is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. If the
- _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to
- a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
- than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back
- from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele-
- ment.
+ arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to
+ nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+ the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined
+ with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the
+ expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
+ above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_-
+ _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele-
+ ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of
+ an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter-
+ preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+ so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+ of -1 references the last element.
+
+ Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
+ erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable
+ using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec-
+ essary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
@@ -1405,6 +1446,10 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub-
stitution.
+ After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+ (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l).
+
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change
the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single
word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions
@@ -1517,15 +1562,17 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference
(AArrrraayyss).
- If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), it
- introduces a level of variable indirection. BBaasshh uses the value of the
- variable formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable;
- this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
- the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is
- known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expansions
- of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point
- must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
- tion.
+ If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and
+ _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec-
+ tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
+ _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded
+ and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the
+ value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. If
+ _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable refer-
+ enced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expan-
+ sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and
+ ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately
+ follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
@@ -1661,12 +1708,14 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with
%%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.
If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol-
- lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub-
- stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is
- an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
- the expansion is the resultant list.
+ lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option
+ is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
+ alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution
+ operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and
+ the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array
+ variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is
+ applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
+ is the resultant list.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
@@ -1691,6 +1740,35 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list.
+ ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r}
+ PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma-
+ tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+ itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a
+ single letter:
+
+ QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+ quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+ EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+ with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the
+ $$''......'' quoting mechansim.
+ PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
+ the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see
+ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below).
+ AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+ statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will
+ recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value.
+ aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
+ resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes.
+
+ If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi-
+ tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or
+ **, the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+ the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+ pathname expansion as described below.
+
CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
_C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com-
mand name. There are two forms:
@@ -1699,51 +1777,53 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
or
``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d``
- BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com-
- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
- trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
- may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt
- _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)).
+ BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ-
+ ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
+ the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are
+ not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com-
+ mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but
+ faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)).
- When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
- retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+ retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The
first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
- stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the
+ stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n))))
- The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
- double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+ The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+ double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the
- arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be
+ mand substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the
+ arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
- _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form
- of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out-
- put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file
- is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
- expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
- vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as
- an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t.
+ _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred
+ to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The
+ process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as
+ a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
+ mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used,
+ writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form
+ is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+ output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup-
+ port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
@@ -1761,18 +1841,22 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the
beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other
- than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and
- ttaabb are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the
- whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace charac-
- ter). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any
- adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of
- IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value
- of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs.
-
- Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit
- null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
- values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
- double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
+ than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee,
+ ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as
+ long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white-
+ space character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace,
+ along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A
+ sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+ If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs.
+
+ Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands
+ as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
+ expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame-
+ ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument
+ results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.
+ When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion
+ is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d''
+ becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
@@ -1799,68 +1883,71 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file-
names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching filename
that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the
- list of matches. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored
- when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a
- non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so
- all other filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old
- behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one
- of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when
- GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset.
+ list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the matching against
+ the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The
+ filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set
+ and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the
+ effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames
+ beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior of ignor-
+ ing filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns
+ in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is
+ unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell
+ option.
PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
- ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a
- pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a
- single pattern will match all files and zero or more
- directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two
- adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto-
+ ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the
+ gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a
+ pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a
+ single pattern will match all files and zero or more
+ directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two
+ adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto-
ries.
?? Matches any single character.
- [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
- characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_-
- _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac-
- ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating
- sequence and character set, is matched. If the first
+ [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
+ characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_-
+ _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac-
+ ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating
+ sequence and character set, is matched. If the first
character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac-
- ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char-
- acters in range expressions is determined by the current
- locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell
+ ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char-
+ acters in range expressions is determined by the current
+ locale and the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell
variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpreta-
- tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to
- [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or
- enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be
+ tion of range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to
+ [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or
+ enable the gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be
matched by including it as the first or last character in
the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first
character in the set.
- Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using
+ Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using
the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following
classes defined in the POSIX standard:
- aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt
+ aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt
ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt
A character class matches any character belonging to that
class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits,
and the character _.
- Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified
+ Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified
using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with
- the same collation weight (as defined by the current
+ the same collation weight (as defined by the current
locale) as the character _c.
Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat-
ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l.
If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several
- extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
+ extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated
by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
lowing sub-patterns:
@@ -1878,37 +1965,37 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows
- commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows
+ commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
- writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
- current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera-
+ writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+ current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera-
tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol-
- low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
+ low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
from left to right.
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for
each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
- file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e.
- If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines
+ file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e.
+ If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines
the file descriptor to close.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re-
- direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re-
+ direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
- expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
- arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+ arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word
splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error.
Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
@@ -1926,10 +2013,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t.
BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
- tions, as described in the following table:
+ tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on
+ which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them;
+ otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described
+ below.
//ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d
- If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli-
+ If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli-
cated.
//ddeevv//ssttddiinn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
@@ -1939,22 +2029,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
//ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
- is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
to open the corresponding TCP socket.
//ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
- is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
to open the corresponding UDP socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
nally.
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the
+ sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
@@ -1962,40 +2052,39 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<_w_o_r_d
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_n]>>_w_o_r_d
- If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and
the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re-
direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists.
AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file
- descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file
+ descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
[_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d
-
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&&>>_w_o_r_d
@@ -2007,13 +2096,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1
- When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If
- it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee
+ When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If
+ it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee
DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons.
AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
@@ -2027,22 +2116,23 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
(see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below).
HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
- as the standard input for a command.
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a
+ command.
The format of here-documents is:
- <<<<[--]_w_o_r_d
+ [_n]<<<<[--]_w_o_r_d
_h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t
_d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r
No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any charac-
- ters in _w_o_r_d are quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal
- on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d
- is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
+ expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of
+ _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d,
+ and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is
+ unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the charac-
ter sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the
characters \\, $$, and ``.
@@ -2055,13 +2145,14 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
HHeerree SSttrriinnggss
A variant of here documents, the format is:
- <<<<<<_w_o_r_d
+ [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d
The _w_o_r_d undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not per-
- formed. The result is supplied as a single string to the command on
- its standard input.
+ formed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline
+ appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if
+ _n is specified).
DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss
The redirection operator
@@ -2069,22 +2160,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file
- descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu-
- ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu-
+ ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the
standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
- direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is
- closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand
- to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
+ direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is
+ closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand
+ to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are
redirected as described previously.
MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss
@@ -2092,7 +2183,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t--
- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after
being duplicated to _n.
@@ -2100,7 +2191,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t--
- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified.
OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg
@@ -2108,118 +2199,118 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0
if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
AALLIIAASSEESS
- _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
- the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
- aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin
- commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each
- simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
- so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //,
- $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters
+ _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+ the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+ aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin
+ commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each
+ simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
+ so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //,
+ $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters
listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may
- contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
- first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
- that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
- time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and
- bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
- last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command
+ contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
+ first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
+ that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and
+ bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
+ last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command
word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with
the uunnaalliiaass command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of
sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input
- before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
- expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
- an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
- not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input
+ before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
+ expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
+ an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
+ not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
- alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
- Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
- function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
- pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
- available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
- put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com-
- pound commands.
+ alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+ Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+ function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
+ mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail-
+ able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put
+ alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound
+ commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
- A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
- interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
+ interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The
- first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func-
tion while the function is executing.
- All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
- between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and
- RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL
- BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
- given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin
- below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett
- builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN
- traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
+ between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and
+ RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL
+ BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
+ given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin
+ below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett
+ builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN
+ traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell
option has been enabled.
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin
command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
function and its caller.
- The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
- defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
+ The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+ defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
- If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed
+ If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+ tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed
before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the
ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee--
- sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
- the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be
- deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell
+ sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+ the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be
+ deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell
functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden-
- tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
+ tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit
- the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
- tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of
+ the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
+ tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of
recursive calls.
AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc
- EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
- for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
- The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
- same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
- into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
- order of decreasing precedence.
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com-
+ pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-
+ width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is
+ trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence,
+ associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol-
+ lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence
+ operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
_i_d++++ _i_d----
variable post-increment and post-decrement
@@ -2246,40 +2337,43 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
_e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r
attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading
- 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
- [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64
- representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If
- _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits
- greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase
+ 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
+ [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64
+ representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If
+ _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits
+ greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase
letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36,
- lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre-
+ lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre-
sent numbers between 10 and 35.
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the
- tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
- unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri-
- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If
- the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n,
- _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
- is checked.
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the
+ tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
+ unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially
+ when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which
+ bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth-
+ erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e
+ argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file
+ descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries
+ is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0,
+ 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
@@ -2395,83 +2489,83 @@ SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
- expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari-
able.
If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
- shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
- ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
- ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
+ shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ-
+ ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+ ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+ readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
zero status.
- If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
- affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+ affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
- If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
- described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
- is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+ described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan-
+ sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command
+ is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If
there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
zero.
CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN
- After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
- command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+ After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+ command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
taken.
- If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
- it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
- invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a
- function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
+ If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+ it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is
+ invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a
+ function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If
a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
- If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
- slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con-
- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to
- remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL
- BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is
- performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
+ If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+ slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con-
+ taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to
+ remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL
+ BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is
+ performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the
search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function
named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked
- with the original command and the original command's arguments as its
- arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of
- the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+ with the original command and the original command's arguments as its
+ arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of
+ the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
message and returns an exit status of 127.
- If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
- If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
- and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a
- file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
- This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
- shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
- the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below
+ If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
+ and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a
+ file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it.
+ This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
+ shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that
+ the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below
under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child.
- If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first
- line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
+ If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first
+ line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of
- a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
- line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+ a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first
+ line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
the command arguments, if any.
CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
- The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow-
+ The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow-
ing:
- +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin
- +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or
+ +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation
- +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from
+ +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from
the shell's parent
+o current traps set by ttrraapp
@@ -2479,111 +2573,112 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN
+o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
- +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
- +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
+ +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by sseett
+o options enabled by sshhoopptt
+o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass
- +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
+ +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
- executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+ executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+ sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher-
ited from the shell.
- +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
specified by redirections to the command
+o the current working directory
+o the file creation mode mask
- +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
- A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
- Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
- of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are
+ of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are
reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi-
ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
- the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh
+ the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh
clears the --ee option in such subshells.
- If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the
- default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l.
- Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+ If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the
+ default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l.
+ Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
- When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form
_n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e.
- The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
+ The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
- for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro-
- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and
- ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+ for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro-
+ cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and
+ ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi-
- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
- replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
- consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus
+ ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+ replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+ consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi-
+ fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus
any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands.
- The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented
- temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
+ The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented
+ temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described
above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi-
ronment seen by that command.
- If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l
- parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+ If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l
+ parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the
+ When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the
full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
ment.
EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS
- The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
_w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
- 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+ 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
- are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
+ are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
- has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
- exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
+ has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero
+ exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal
signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status.
- If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
- returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+ returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
the return status is 126.
If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
- Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and
- non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
- return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+ Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and
+ non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins
+ return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally
+ invalid options or missing arguments.
BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed,
unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero
@@ -2706,15 +2801,16 @@ JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL
PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG
When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when
it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it
- needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt
- strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
+ needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it
+ reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh allows these prompt
+ strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped
special characters that are decoded as follows:
\\aa an ASCII bell character (07)
- \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+ \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
26")
\\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}}
- the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is
- inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results
+ the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is
+ inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results
in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are
required
\\ee an ASCII escape character (033)
@@ -2724,7 +2820,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG
\\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\\nn newline
\\rr carriage return
- \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion
+ \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion
following the final slash)
\\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
@@ -2810,19 +2906,19 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
M-Control-u: universal-argument
or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
- into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_-
+ into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_-
_s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t.
- The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L,
+ The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L,
_E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o).
RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple.
- All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
- and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple.
+ All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+ and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-
fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or
_C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
@@ -2833,15 +2929,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt,
- _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to
- run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+ In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt,
+ _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to
+ run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
text ``> output'' into the line).
- In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs
- from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
- be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
- Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+ In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs
+ from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+ be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU
+ Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
the symbolic character names are not recognized.
"\C-u": universal-argument
@@ -2849,7 +2945,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt.
- _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is
+ _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is
bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
@@ -2860,7 +2956,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
\\"" literal "
\\'' literal '
- In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of
backslash escapes is available:
\\aa alert (bell)
\\bb backspace
@@ -2870,20 +2966,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
\\rr carriage return
\\tt horizontal tab
\\vv vertical tab
- \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_n_n_n (one to three digits)
- \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
- are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
+ tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+ are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro
text, including " and '.
- BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
- fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
- during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com-
+ BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+ fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched
+ during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com-
mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess
@@ -2893,85 +2989,114 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e
- Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff
- (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
- When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
+ Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff
+ (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+ When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen-
sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent
to OOffff. The variables and their default values are:
bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee))
- Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
+ Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal
bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to
- vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
+ vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If
set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn))
- If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+ If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
line equivalents.
+ bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff))
+ If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+ opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+ ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff))
+ If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the
+ common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
+ ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of
+ the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable.
ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif-
- ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
- tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment
+ If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif-
+ ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini-
+ tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment
variable.
ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##''''))
- The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt
+ The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt
command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode
and to ## in vi command mode.
+ ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11))
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+ when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less
+ than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0
+ will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default
+ value is -1.
ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff))
If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
+ ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff))
+ If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline
+ treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per-
+ forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00))
- The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
- sible completions that is displayed without modification. When
- set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
- this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi-
+ The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
+ sible completions that is displayed without modification. When
+ set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
+ this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi-
ble completions.
ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000))
- This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
- ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee--
- ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
- or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
+ This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+ ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee--
+ ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than
+ or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is
greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
- asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
+ asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are
simply listed on the terminal.
ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn))
- If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+ If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
- prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
- _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x).
+ prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the
+ _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to
+ _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff))
If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt.
- eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss))
- Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
- ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
- vvii.
eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn))
When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support
it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
ated from the keyboard.
+ eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss))
+ Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
+ ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
+ vvii.
+ eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff))
+ When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+ that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer
+ as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char-
+ acter as if it had been read from the keyboard. This can pre-
+ vent pasted characters from being interpreted as editing com-
+ mands.
eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff))
When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key-
- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+ pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys.
eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn))
- When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
- key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
+ When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+ If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the
- same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss--
+ If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss--
ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy.
- hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00))
- Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
- list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
+ hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett))
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+ list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero,
- the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the
- number of history entries is not limited.
+ the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the
+ number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE
+ shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a
+ non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be
+ set to 500.
hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff))
When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display,
scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
@@ -2979,9 +3104,11 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
new line.
iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
- will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+ will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
- mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable.
+ mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f,
+ but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit
+ characters.
iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ''''))
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a com-
@@ -2993,6 +3120,14 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
_m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is
equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the
value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap.
+ eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@))
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+ primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is
+ expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
+ control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+ Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
+ printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
+ trol sequence into the mode string.
kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000))
Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when
reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
@@ -3026,80 +3161,98 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+ The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale
+ contains eight-bit characters.
ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn))
- If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis-
+ If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis-
play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches
- sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+ If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+ If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his-
- tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
+ tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee.
sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff))
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion
- cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+ cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff))
- This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words
- which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
- common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
+ which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
+ ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
+ common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
instead of ringing the bell.
sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
- indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi
+ If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
+ indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi
insertion (+).
sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when
- inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
- performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
- readline does not insert characters from the completion that
- match characters after point in the word being completed, so
+ If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+ inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled,
+ readline does not insert characters from the completion that
+ match characters after point in the word being completed, so
portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
+ vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd))))
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+ primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command
+ mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard
+ set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+ is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end
+ sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed
+ a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
+ vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss))))
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the
+ primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion
+ mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard
+ set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+ is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end
+ sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed
+ a terminal control sequence into the mode string.
vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff))
- If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
- _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+ If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
+ _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com-
pletions.
RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss
- Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
- compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
- and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
+ Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+ and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
are four parser directives used.
- $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
+ $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+ ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+ readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
- mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test
- whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and
- _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in
+ mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test
+ whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be
+ used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for
+ instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and
+ _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in
emacs mode.
- tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific
+ tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
- of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter-
- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
- first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d,
+ of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter-
+ minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
+ first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d,
for instance.
aapppplliiccaattiioonn
The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application-
specific settings. Each program using the readline
- library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization
+ library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value. This could be used
- to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
- program. For instance, the following command adds a key
- sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
+ to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
+ program. For instance, the following command adds a key
+ sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
bbaasshh:
$$iiff Bash
@@ -3114,51 +3267,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
test fails.
$$iinncclluuddee
- This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
- commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow-
ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c:
$$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c
SSeeaarrcchhiinngg
- Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+ Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are
two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l.
- Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
- search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+ search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read-
line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
- so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
- needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
- the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an
+ so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+ needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
+ the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the
- Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
- Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
- line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+ Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+ Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+ line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
- Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
- history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
- Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
- search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi-
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+ Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+ history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
+ Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+ search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi-
nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
the history list.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control-
- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+ Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.
- Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
- to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+ to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed
by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess
- The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+ The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom-
panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip-
- tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to
- a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the
+ tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to
+ a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the
point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n.
CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg
@@ -3174,17 +3327,17 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb))
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
- Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited
by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
- Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words
are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll))
- Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
- screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
+ Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the
+ screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without
clearing the screen.
rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee
Refresh the current line.
@@ -3192,67 +3345,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy
aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn))
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line
- is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
- of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history
+ is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
+ of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history
line, then restore the history line to its original state.
pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp))
Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
the list.
nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn))
- Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+ Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in
the list.
bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<))
Move to the first line in the history.
eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>))
- Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr))
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss))
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental
search.
nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp))
Search backward through the history starting at the current line
- using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
+ using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the
user.
nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn))
- Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
+ Search forward through the history using a non-incremental
search for a string supplied by the user.
hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd
- Search forward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
- between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
+ between the start of the current line and the point. This is a
non-incremental search.
yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy))
- Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n,
- insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the
- previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+ insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once
- the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
+ the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
"!_n" history expansion had been specified.
yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__))
- Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
+ Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
- exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
- the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
+ exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+ the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
- calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
- negative argument switches the direction through the history
+ calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
+ negative argument switches the direction through the history
(back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to
extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been
specified.
sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee))
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his-
tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See
- HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion.
+ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion.
hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^))
Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY
EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion.
@@ -3347,11 +3500,11 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt))
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
- sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd))
+ sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the
same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
- sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt))
+ sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww))
@@ -3390,7 +3543,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the
numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
@@ -3502,84 +3655,84 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu))
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr))
- Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial
state.
ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&))
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>))
- Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the mark is set to that position.
eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx))
- Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
- set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is
+ set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved
as the mark.
cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]]))
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
- that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
+ that character. A negative count searches for previous occur-
rences.
cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]]))
- A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
- rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+ rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
quent occurrences.
sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee
- Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
- those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+ those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
+ sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will
+ have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
+ instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##))
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm--
- mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm--
+ mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current
line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
- toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
- match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other-
+ toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not
+ match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other-
wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin-
- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
- newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn
- causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
- If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
+ ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+ newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn
+ causes this command to make the current line a shell comment.
+ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be
removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg))
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
- is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern
+ is used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible
completions.
gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **))
- The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
- expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted,
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an
asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg))
- The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
pathname expansion.
dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss
- Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read-
line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess
Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
- the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
- the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+ the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+ the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss
- Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
_i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv))
- Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh.
+ Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh.
PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using
- the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro-
- grammable completion facilities are invoked.
+ the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program-
+ mable completion facilities are invoked.
First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the
empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line),
@@ -3646,7 +3799,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
- ing the pattern will be removed.
+ ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ betic characters.
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are
added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
@@ -3776,7 +3931,9 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by
the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by
default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history
- expansion character.
+ expansion character, but the history expansion character is also
+ treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+ in a double-quoted string.
Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol-
lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
@@ -3842,17 +3999,17 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
%% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search.
_x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'.
- ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'.
- It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the
+ ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'.
+ It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$.
xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word.
- If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
MMooddiiffiieerrss
- After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
+ After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
@@ -3885,38 +4042,44 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the
options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett,
- and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with-
- out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not
- specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as
- invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation.
+ and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn--
+ ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+ with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but
+ are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+ with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta-
+ tion.
:: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
- and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
- returned.
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
+ and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
+ zero.
.. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell
- environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
- cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash,
- filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing
+ Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell
+ environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+ cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash,
+ filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing
_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable.
- When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option
- to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not
- searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
+ When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is
+ searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option
+ to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not
+ searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi-
+ tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the
+ positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is
+ enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any
+ DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to
+ ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If
+ --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+ new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status
+ is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if
+ no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
cannot be read.
aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of
aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When
arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose
- _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word
+ _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup-
plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass
@@ -3936,7 +4099,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
- bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+ bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
@@ -3947,18 +4110,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d,
- and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is
- equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d.
+ and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e
+ is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+ _d_a_r_d.
--ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions.
- --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a
+ --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
--PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings.
- --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
+ --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way
+ --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
--VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values.
--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
@@ -3970,110 +4134,110 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q
Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q.
--xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is
- entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets
- the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd--
- lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the
+ Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is
+ entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets
+ the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd--
+ lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the
current location of the insertion point. If the executed
- command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD--
- LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the
+ command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD--
+ LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the
editing state.
- --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
- associated commands in a format that can be reused as
+ --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+ associated commands in a format that can be reused as
input.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
bbrreeaakk [_n]
- Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is
- specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
- exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or
+ Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is
+ specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or
equal to 1.
bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command.
ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With-
out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r]
- Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied,
- the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi-
+ Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied,
+ the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi-
tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH
- defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each
- directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative
- directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null
- directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory,
+ defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each
+ directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative
+ directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null
+ directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory,
i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not
- used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory
- structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and
+ used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory
+ structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and
before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option
to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links
- to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
+ to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing
- the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a
- slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied
- with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success-
- fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will
- return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the
- --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a
- file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
+ the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a
+ slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied
+ with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success-
+ fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will
+ return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the
+ --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a
+ file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc-
- tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument,
+ tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument,
and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
- the new working directory is written to the standard output.
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
+ the new working directory is written to the standard output.
+ The return value is true if the directory was successfully
changed; false otherwise.
ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
- Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
- executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
- performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
+ Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+ executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+ performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
- Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
- builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
+ builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
- completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci-
- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
+ mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified,
+ only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
+ ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
[--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...]
@@ -4091,8 +4255,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
attempted on a blank line.
The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
+ word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm--
+ mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
@@ -4120,22 +4284,24 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words
if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+ nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
pplluussddiirrss
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
- The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa.
aarrrraayyvvaarr
Array variable names.
bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
- bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as --bb.
ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc.
ddiirreeccttoorryy
@@ -4143,7 +4309,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ddiissaabblleedd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as --ee.
ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff.
ffuunnccttiioonn
@@ -4152,11 +4318,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hheellppttooppiicc
Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
hhoossttnnaammee
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
- jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as --jj.
- kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
--kk.
rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss.
@@ -4171,40 +4337,40 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as --vv.
--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
- The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
- first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose
- arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22)
+ The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose
+ arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22)
is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33)
- is the word preceding the word being completed on the
- current command line. When it finishes, the possible
- completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
+ is the word preceding the word being completed on the
+ current command line. When it finishes, the possible
+ completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
PPLLYY array variable.
--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
- The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
+ The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
- _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
_s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
- The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
- _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
- A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
+ A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
@@ -4252,12 +4418,12 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option
is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number
- where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF
- option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created
- or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed
- in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
- following options can be used to restrict output to variables
- with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option
+ implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or
+ modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a
+ shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow-
+ ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
+ specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
--aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss
above).
--AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss
@@ -4271,11 +4437,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
attribute is disabled.
--nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name
reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references and assign-
- ments to _n_a_m_e, except for changing the --nn attribute
- itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
- _n_a_m_e's value. The --nn attribute cannot be applied to
- array variables.
+ defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those
+ using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed
+ on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref
+ attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
--rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
--tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions
@@ -4312,10 +4478,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes
- entries from the list.
+ entries from the list. The current directory is always the
+ first directory in the stack.
--cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
--pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
--vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
@@ -4330,7 +4497,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
- ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...]
+ ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ]
Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active
jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr
option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option
@@ -4414,101 +4581,101 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi-
rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status
- is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+ is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
eexxiitt [_n]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates.
eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ...
eexxppoorrtt --pp
- The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is
- given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or
- if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is
+ given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or
+ if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by
=_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup-
+ of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup-
plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t]
ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not
- specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other-
- wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com-
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not
+ specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+ ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other-
+ wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com-
mand for editing and -16 for listing.
- The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT
- variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com-
+ The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT
+ variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance
- of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as
- _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance
+ of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as
+ _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
- lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
+ lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in
which case ffcc returns failure.
ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c]
- Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started
without job control.
ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s]
- ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss
- places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing
+ ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss
+ places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing
_n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into
- the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into
+ the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
- return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
- ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
- ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if
@@ -4574,33 +4741,34 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
--dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.
- --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
+ --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+ These are history lines entered since the beginning of
+ the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the
history file.
- --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bbaasshh session.
- --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to
+ --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to
the current history list.
--ww Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file's contents.
- --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
+ --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _a_r_g_s are added.
- If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
- timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
+ If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is
+ 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
an argument to --pp fails.
@@ -4609,8 +4777,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
--ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
--pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
--rr Display only running jobs.
@@ -4625,7 +4793,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
- kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
+ kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
@@ -4635,72 +4803,80 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
--ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
- error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is
+ equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was
+ successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid
+ option is encountered.
lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
+ MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
- llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
- assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
+ llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
+ assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
- llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
- or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable.
+ variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are
+ restored to their original values when the function returns.
+ With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a
+ function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a
+ function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly
+ variable.
llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
- mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
- [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
- [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
- plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
+ mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+ _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+ rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+ _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
+ --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each
+ input line, rather than newline.
--nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
copied.
--OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
index is 0.
--ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
- --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
+ --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line
+ read.
+ --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
dard input.
- --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
+ --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
--cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
- --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
- If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
_a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
- mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
_a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
--_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
@@ -4727,83 +4903,83 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
interprets the following extensions:
%%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
- backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal
- escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits).
- %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
+ corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee.
+ %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
%%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
- causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+ causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
- argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
- been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
+ argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
+ been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff
behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
+ The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
_m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n]
ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
- directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
- if supplied, have the following meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
- manipulated.
- ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two
+ directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
+ or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
+ stack is manipulated.
+ ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+ --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the
- new current working directory as if it had been supplied
+ new current working directory as if it had been supplied
as the argument to the ccdd builtin.
If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r
- fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r
+ fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
ppwwdd [--LLPP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option
is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command
- is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp
_p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the
+ descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split
+ into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the
first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the
- second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer
- words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to
- split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
- for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back-
- slash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning
- for the next character read and for line continuation. Options,
- if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into
+ words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+ (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character
+ (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
+ acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
--aa _a_n_a_m_e
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any
@@ -4821,7 +4997,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s
rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim-
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the
delimiter.
--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s
@@ -4830,61 +5006,69 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac-
ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters
- are read.
+ are read. The result is not split on the characters in
+ IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
+ the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
+ the --rr option below).
--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t
Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
--rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
--ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t
- Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
- not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci-
- mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
- mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
+ not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci-
+ mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+ mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd
- returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
- The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
+ the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd
+ returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
+ The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+ fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
--uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d.
If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is
- greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign-
- ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip-
- tor is supplied as the argument to --uu.
+ able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater
+ than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a
+ readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup-
+ plied as the argument to --uu.
rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...]
- The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so
- marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed
- arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative
- arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If
- no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a
+ The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so
+ marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed
+ arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative
+ arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If
+ no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be
- used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
- names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format
- that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
- =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return
- status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+ used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+ names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
+ =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return
+ status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
_n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with
a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
rreettuurrnn [_n]
- Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
- fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is
- that of the last command executed in the function body. If
+ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+ fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed in the function body. If
+ rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+ determine the status is the last command executed before the
+ trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+ last command used to determine the status is the last command
+ executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If
rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a
script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop
executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of
@@ -4908,26 +5092,26 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
$$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following
meanings:
- --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
- subsequent commands.
+ --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ environment of subsequent commands.
--bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
--ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a
single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero sta-
- tus. The shell does not exit if the command that fails
- is part of the command list immediately following a
- wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the
- iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed
- in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the
- final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last,
- or if the command's return value is being inverted with
- !!. If a compound command other than a subshell returns
- a non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was
- being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR,
- if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status.
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee
+ or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or
+ eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&&
+ or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
+ command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while --ee was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
@@ -5165,138 +5349,158 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
- (see previous item).
+ (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a
+ command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue
+ with the next command in the list after one terminates
+ due to an interrupt.
ccoommppaatt4400
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
- (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter-
- rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
- interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
- rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
+ (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter-
+ rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
+ interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
+ rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
in the list.
ccoommppaatt4411
- If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote
- in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
- character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
- ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
- considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
- through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
+ If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote
+ in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
+ character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
+ ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
+ considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
+ through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
as in previous versions.
ccoommppaatt4422
- If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in
- the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
+ If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in
+ the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
removal.
+ ccoommppaatt4433
+ If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an
+ attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign-
+ ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion
+ errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command
+ to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal
+ errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset
+ the loop state when a shell function is executed (this
+ allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect
+ loops in the caller's context).
ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee
- If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that
- expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that
+ expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
ddiirreexxppaanndd
- If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing
- buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
+ If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
ddiirrssppeellll
- If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
eexxeeccffaaiill
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if eexxeecc fails.
eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
eexxttddeebbuugg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
- enabled:
+ If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the
+ debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to
+ the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav-
+ ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to
- rreettuurrnn is simulated.
- 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described
+ 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell
+ simulates a call to rreettuurrnn.
+ 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
- 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
+ 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
eexxttqquuoottee
- If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed
- within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed
+ within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
ffaaiillgglloobb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree
- If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a
- description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by
+ description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by
default.
gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
parisons. That is, the current locale's collating
- sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col-
- late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case
+ sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col-
+ late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case
ASCII characters will collate together.
gglloobbssttaarr
If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //,
only directories and subdirectories match.
ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
hhiissttaappppeenndd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
hhiissttrreeeeddiitt
- If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
hhiissttvveerriiffyy
- If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
hhoossttccoommpplleettee
If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@
- is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@
+ is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE
above). This is enabled by default.
hhuuppoonneexxiitt
If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
+ iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is
+ enabled.
iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss
If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
@@ -5329,7 +5533,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or
- [[[[ conditional commands.
+ [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ pletions as part of programmable completion.
nnuullllgglloobb
If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see
PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string,
@@ -5462,7 +5668,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
ishes executing.
- If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a a
+ If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a
pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the
@@ -5501,7 +5707,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true
if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
- uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]]
+ uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
@@ -5525,6 +5731,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
--ii The maximum number of pending signals
+ --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
--ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory
--mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
@@ -5540,46 +5747,48 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
--xx The maximum number of file locks
+ --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
--TT The maximum number of threads
If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the
new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte
- blocks; and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The
- return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup-
- plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+ blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values;
+ and, when in Posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre-
+ ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option
- is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute,
- _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn
- has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are
- supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
- able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
- unset variable or function is removed from the environment
- passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN--
+ and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option
+ is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute,
+ _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn
+ has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are
+ supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+ able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
+ unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+ passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN--
DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are
unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read-
@@ -5588,19 +5797,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.]
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn
- option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and
- returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process
- or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
+ option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and
+ returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process
+ or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
is the exit status of the last process or job waited for.
RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+o changing directories with ccdd
@@ -5665,7 +5874,7 @@ FFIILLEESS
_~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c
Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file
@@ -5679,14 +5888,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS
BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from
_f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg.
ALL bug reports should include:
@@ -5697,7 +5906,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
@@ -5714,10 +5923,10 @@ BBUUGGSS
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
@@ -5726,4 +5935,4 @@ BBUUGGSS
-GNU Bash 4.3 2014 February 2 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash 4.4 2016 August 26 BASH(1)
diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1
index ec414627..9a7a384a 100644
--- a/doc/bash.1
+++ b/doc/bash.1
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet.ramey@case.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Sun Feb 2 16:21:40 EST 2014
+.\" Last Change: Fri Aug 26 09:45:10 EDT 2016
.\"
.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2014 February 2" "GNU Bash 4.3"
+.TH BASH 1 "2016 August 26" "GNU Bash 4.4"
.\"
.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
[options]
[command_string | file]
.SH COPYRIGHT
-.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Bash
is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification
.B Bash
can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
.SH OPTIONS
-All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
description of the \fBset\fR builtin command can be used as options
when the shell is invoked.
In addition, \fBbash\fR
@@ -82,8 +82,12 @@ option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument
.IR command_string .
If there are arguments after the
.IR command_string ,
-they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with
-.BR $0 .
+the first argument is assigned to
+.B $0
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to
+.B $0
+sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
.TP
.B \-i
If the
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ The shell becomes restricted (see
below).
.TP
.B \-\-verbose
-Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP.
+Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP.
.TP
.B \-\-version
Show version information for this instance of
@@ -251,7 +255,7 @@ option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
be the name of a file containing shell commands.
If
.B bash
-is invoked in this fashion,
+is invoked in this fashion,
.B $0
is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
are set to the remaining arguments.
@@ -268,11 +272,12 @@ for the script.
.SH INVOCATION
A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a
.BR \- ,
-or one started with the
+or one started with the
.B \-\-login
option.
.PP
An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments
+(unless \fB\-s\fP is specified)
and without the
.B \-c
option
@@ -319,7 +324,8 @@ The
.B \-\-noprofile
option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
.PP
-When a login shell exits,
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the \fBexit\fP builtin command,
.B bash
reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it
exists.
@@ -450,7 +456,7 @@ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
document.
.PD 0
.TP
-.B blank
+.B blank
A space or tab.
.TP
.B word
@@ -459,7 +465,7 @@ Also known as a
.BR token .
.TP
.B name
-A
+A
.I word
consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also
@@ -471,8 +477,8 @@ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following:
.br
.RS
.PP
-.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP
-.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP
+.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP
+.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP
.RE
.PP
.TP
@@ -481,8 +487,8 @@ A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following
symbols:
.RS
.PP
-.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
-.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
+.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
+.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.RE
.PD
.SH "RESERVED WORDS"
@@ -491,8 +497,8 @@ The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
the first word of a simple command (see
.SM
.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-below) or the third word of a
-.B case
+below) or the third word of a
+.B case
or
.B for
command:
@@ -622,7 +628,7 @@ are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each
command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
.PP
-AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the
+AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the
\fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively.
AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
An AND list has the form
@@ -712,9 +718,9 @@ right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP,
as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled.
The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP.
-If the shell option
+If the
.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match
(\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
@@ -725,14 +731,14 @@ to be matched as a string.
An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same
precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP.
When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)).
+an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)).
The return value is 0 if the string matches
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option
+If the
.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
to be matched as a string.
@@ -860,14 +866,14 @@ as for pathname expansion (see
.B Pathname Expansion
below).
The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, and process substitution.
-If the shell option
+If the
.B nocasematch
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed.
If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
@@ -885,7 +891,7 @@ last command executed in \fIlist\fP.
[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \
[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP
The
-.B if
+.B if
.I list
is executed. If its exit status is zero, the
\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP
@@ -903,7 +909,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list
\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns
an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
-to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated;
+to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated:
.I list-2
is executed as long as the last command in
.I list-1
@@ -973,10 +979,12 @@ This defines a function named \fIname\fP.
The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional.
If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command
-.I compound\-command
+.I compound\-command
(see \fBCompound Commands\fP above).
That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but
-may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above.
+may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above,
+with one exception: If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
\fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the
name of a simple command.
When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIname\fP may not be the name of one of the
@@ -1011,7 +1019,7 @@ option enabled does not allow comments. The
option is on by default in interactive shells.
.SH QUOTING
\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain
-characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
+characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
parameter expansion.
@@ -1053,6 +1061,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
.BR \e ,
and, when history expansion is enabled,
.BR ! .
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters
.B $
and
@@ -1102,19 +1112,19 @@ backspace
.TP
.B \eE
an escape character
-.TP
+.TP
.B \ef
form feed
-.TP
+.TP
.B \en
new line
-.TP
+.TP
.B \er
carriage return
.TP
.B \et
horizontal tab
-.TP
+.TP
.B \ev
vertical tab
.TP
@@ -1126,7 +1136,10 @@ single quote
.TP
.B \e\(dq
double quote
-.TP
+.TP
+.B \e?
+question mark
+.TP
.B \e\fInnn\fP
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
(one to three digits)
@@ -1224,7 +1237,7 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
.BR readonly ,
and
.B local
-builtin commands.
+builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after
one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these
assignment statement properties.
@@ -1232,6 +1245,8 @@ assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as \fBdeclare\fP that
+accept assignment statements (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
When += is applied to a variable for which the \fIinteger\fP attribute has been
set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
@@ -1250,9 +1265,11 @@ A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the
(see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below)
to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation
-is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
-value.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the \fInameref\fP
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
@@ -1265,13 +1282,14 @@ argument, running
.sp .5
inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is
the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to \fBref\fP are treated as references and
-assignments to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP.
+References and assignments to \fBref\fP, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP.
If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the \fB\-n\fP attribute.
+Array variables cannot be given the \fBnameref\fP attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin.
@@ -1311,8 +1329,7 @@ expands to a separate word.
In contexts where it is performed, those words
are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
.SM
.B IFS
special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent
@@ -1339,7 +1356,7 @@ If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
part of the original word.
-When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and
+When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and
.B $@
expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
.TP
@@ -1440,8 +1457,13 @@ that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized.
.B BASH_ALIASES
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If
+.B BASH_ALIASES
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
.TP
.B BASH_ARGC
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
@@ -1482,8 +1504,13 @@ builtin below)
.B BASH_CMDS
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If
+.B BASH_CMDS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
.TP
.B BASH_COMMAND
The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
@@ -1509,6 +1536,12 @@ Use
.B LINENO
to obtain the current line number.
.TP
+.B BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+.B enable
+command.
+.TP
.B BASH_REMATCH
An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary
operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command.
@@ -1670,7 +1703,7 @@ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
Assignments to
.SM
.B FUNCNAME
-have no effect and return an error status.
+have no effect.
If
.SM
.B FUNCNAME
@@ -1690,10 +1723,10 @@ information.
.B GROUPS
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
-Assignments to
+Assignments to
.SM
.B GROUPS
-have no effect and return an error status.
+have no effect.
If
.SM
.B GROUPS
@@ -1828,7 +1861,7 @@ builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
.B SECONDS
Each time this parameter is
referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a
-value is assigned to
+value is assigned to
.SM
.BR SECONDS ,
the value returned upon subsequent
@@ -1980,6 +2013,21 @@ Similar to
.BR BASH_ENV ;
used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
.TP
+.B EXECIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+\fBPATH\fP.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via \fBPATH\fP lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to \fBEXECIGNORE\fP.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
+.TP
.B FCEDIT
The default editor for the
.B fc
@@ -2021,7 +2069,7 @@ If the list of values includes
lines which begin with a
.B space
character are not saved in the history list.
-A value of
+A value of
.I ignoredups
causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
A value of
@@ -2080,6 +2128,8 @@ The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
.SM
.BR HISTIGNORE .
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
.TP
.B HISTSIZE
The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
@@ -2195,6 +2245,10 @@ strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
.B LC_NUMERIC
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
.TP
+.B LC_TIME
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+.TP
.B LINES
Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists.
@@ -2223,18 +2277,20 @@ If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
.TP
.B MAILPATH
-A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
+A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'.
When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of
-the current mailfile.
+the current mailfile.
Example:
.RS
.PP
\fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq
.PP
.B Bash
-supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user
+can be configured to supply
+a default value for this variable (there is no value by default),
+but the location of the user
mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP).
.RE
.TP
@@ -2269,8 +2325,10 @@ The default path is system-dependent,
and is set by the administrator who installs
.BR bash .
A common value is
+.na
.if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP.
.if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
+.ad
.TP
.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell
@@ -2294,6 +2352,13 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and
.B PROMPTING
below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
.TP
+.B PS0
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+.TP
.B PS1
The value of this parameter is expanded (see
.SM
@@ -2460,7 +2525,7 @@ There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
+expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
using arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
.PP
@@ -2533,16 +2598,20 @@ of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see
above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of
${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or
\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
If the
.I subscript
used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
.PP
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+.B bash
+will create an array if necessary.
+.PP
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
.PP
@@ -2573,7 +2642,7 @@ builtins each accept a
option to specify an indexed array and a
.B \-A
option to specify an associative array.
-If both options are supplied,
+If both options are supplied,
.B \-A
takes precedence.
The
@@ -2612,6 +2681,10 @@ This is performed at the
same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
command substitution.
.PP
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(\fIquote removal\fP).
+.PP
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
expand a single word to a single word.
@@ -2708,7 +2781,7 @@ If strict compatibility with
is desired, start
.B bash
with the
-.B +B
+.B +B
option or disable brace expansion with the
.B +B
option to the
@@ -2802,12 +2875,16 @@ The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above
.PD
.PP
If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP),
+and \fIparameter\fP is not a \fInameref\fP,
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
\fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
\fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself.
This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
+If \fIparameter\fP is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by \fIparameter\fP instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and
${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
@@ -2914,7 +2991,7 @@ zero.
Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
results.
.sp 1
-Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is
prefixed to the list.
@@ -2953,7 +3030,7 @@ If
.I parameter
is
.B *
-or
+or
.BR @ ,
the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
If
@@ -2976,7 +3053,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
.PD
\fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP.
-The
+The
.I word
is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of
@@ -3048,6 +3125,10 @@ If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end
of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted
and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
If
.I parameter
is
@@ -3105,6 +3186,58 @@ or
.BR * ,
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP}
+\fBParameter transformation\fP.
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP
+or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of
+\fIoperator\fP. Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B Q
+The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+.TP
+.B E
+The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$'...'\fP quoting mechansim.
+.TP
+.B P
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+\fIparameter\fP as if it were a prompt string (see \fBPROMPTING\fP below).
+.TP
+.B A
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or \fBdeclare\fP command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value.
+.TP
+.B a
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+\fIparameter\fP's attributes.
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.sp 1
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+.RE
.SS Command Substitution
.PP
\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
@@ -3119,8 +3252,8 @@ or
.RE
.PP
.B Bash
-performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -3171,22 +3304,26 @@ is invalid,
prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
.SS Process Substitution
.PP
-\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
+\fIProcess substitution\fP allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
or
\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
-The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a
-\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is
+The process \fIlist\fP is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
+expansion.
+If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
.PP
When available, process substitution is performed
-simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
+simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion.
.SS Word Splitting
@@ -3227,9 +3364,10 @@ If
.B IFS
has a value other than the default, then sequences of
the whitespace characters
-.B space
+.BR space ,
+.BR tab ,
and
-.B tab
+.B newline
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
value of
@@ -3258,11 +3396,18 @@ If the value of
.B IFS
is null, no word splitting occurs.
.PP
-Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained.
+Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+\f(CW\-d\(aq\^\(aq\fP becomes \f(CW\-d\fP after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
.PP
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
is performed.
@@ -3291,7 +3436,7 @@ If no matching filenames are found,
and the shell option
.B nullglob
is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.
-If the
+If the
.B nullglob
option is set, and no matches are found,
the word is removed.
@@ -3340,6 +3485,10 @@ is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
is removed from the list of matches.
+If the \fBnocaseglob\fP option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is performed without regard to case.
The filenames
.B ``.''
and
@@ -3368,6 +3517,8 @@ option is disabled when
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
is unset.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
.PP
\fBPattern Matching\fP
.PP
@@ -3427,7 +3578,7 @@ shell variable to
or enable the
.B globasciiranges
shell option.
-A
+A
.B \-
may be matched by including it as the first or last character
in the set.
@@ -3458,7 +3609,7 @@ The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
.if n .sp 1
Within
.B [
-and
+and
.BR ] ,
an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax
\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the
@@ -3469,7 +3620,7 @@ the character \fIc\fP.
.if n .sp 1
Within
.B [
-and
+and
.BR ] ,
the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
\fIsymbol\fP.
@@ -3557,14 +3708,14 @@ If it expands to more than one word,
.B bash
reports an error.
.PP
-Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
the command
.RS
.PP
ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1
.RE
.PP
-directs both standard output and standard error to the file
+directs both standard output and standard error to the file
.IR dirlist ,
while the command
.RS
@@ -3579,7 +3730,10 @@ before the standard output was redirected to
.IR dirlist .
.PP
\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
.RS
.PP
.PD 0
@@ -3745,13 +3899,13 @@ current source until a line containing only
(with no trailing blanks)
is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
+input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified) for a command.
.PP
The format of here-documents is:
.RS
.PP
.nf
-\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
\fIhere-document\fP
\fIdelimiter\fP
.fi
@@ -3760,9 +3914,9 @@ The format of here-documents is:
No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on
.IR word .
-If any characters in
+If any part of
.I word
-are quoted, the
+is quoted, the
.I delimiter
is the result of quote removal on
.IR word ,
@@ -3793,7 +3947,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is:
.RS
.PP
.nf
-\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP
.fi
.RE
.PP
@@ -3801,8 +3955,9 @@ The \fIword\fP undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified).
.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
.PP
The redirection operator
@@ -3961,7 +4116,7 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias.
This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases
defined in a function are not available until after that
function is executed. To be safe, always put
alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
@@ -3995,7 +4150,7 @@ is executing.
.PP
All other aspects of the shell execution
environment are identical between a function and its caller
-with these exceptions: the
+with these exceptions: the
.SM
.B DEBUG
and
@@ -4079,7 +4234,7 @@ By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin
-commands and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP).
+commands, the \fB((\fP compound command, and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP).
Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
@@ -4165,7 +4320,7 @@ is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base.
If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used.
When specifying \fIn\fP,
-the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
@@ -4179,6 +4334,11 @@ Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and
the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes
and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form
\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked.
If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of
@@ -4444,7 +4604,7 @@ If the program is a file beginning with
the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
-handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the
+handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the
interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
by the name of the program, followed by the command
@@ -4503,7 +4663,7 @@ traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
.PP
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment.
+shell's execution environment.
.PP
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
@@ -4526,7 +4686,7 @@ shell as modified by redirections.
When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
called the
.IR environment .
-This is a list of
+This is a list of
\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form
.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" .
.PP
@@ -4563,7 +4723,7 @@ parameter assignments, as described above in
These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
by that command.
.PP
-If the
+If the
.B \-k
option is set (see the
.B set
@@ -4584,11 +4744,11 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
\fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and
-compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
+compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
failure modes.
.PP
-For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero
indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses
@@ -4603,8 +4763,9 @@ the exit status is greater than zero.
.PP
Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if
successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs
-while they execute.
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+while they execute.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
.PP
\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command
executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
@@ -4668,12 +4829,12 @@ to ensure that they receive the
.BR SIGHUP .
To prevent the shell from
sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
-jobs table with the
+jobs table with the
.B disown
builtin (see
.SM
.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
-below) or marked
+below) or marked
to not receive
.SM
.B SIGHUP
@@ -4685,14 +4846,14 @@ If the
shell option has been set with
.BR shopt ,
.B bash
-sends a
+sends a
.SM
.B SIGHUP
to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
.PP
If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes.
+the command completes.
When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP
builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status
@@ -4746,7 +4907,7 @@ user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the
terminal.
Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
\f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a
+terminal are sent a
.SM
.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)
signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
@@ -4763,7 +4924,7 @@ Typing the
character (typically
.BR ^Z ,
Control-Z) while a process is running
-causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
+causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
.BR bash .
Typing the
.I "delayed suspend"
@@ -4813,7 +4974,7 @@ refer to the shell's notion of the
.IR "current job" ,
which is the last job stopped while it was in
the foreground or started in the background.
-The
+The
.I "previous job"
may be referenced using
.BR %\- .
@@ -4844,7 +5005,7 @@ Normally,
.B bash
waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
-any other output. If the
+any other output. If the
.B \-b
option to the
.B set
@@ -4865,12 +5026,12 @@ warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the
jobs and their statuses.
The
.B jobs
-command may then be used to inspect their status.
+command may then be used to inspect their status.
If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped
jobs are terminated.
.SH PROMPTING
-When executing interactively,
+When executing interactively,
.B bash
displays the primary prompt
.SM
@@ -4880,6 +5041,10 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
.B PS2
when it needs more input to complete a command.
.B Bash
+displays
+.B PS0
+after it reads a command but before executing it.
+.B Bash
allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
.RS
@@ -5034,10 +5199,10 @@ builtin.
.PP
In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
-means Control\-N. Similarly,
+means Control\-N. Similarly,
.I meta
keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards
-without a
+without a
.I meta
key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key
then the
@@ -5055,7 +5220,7 @@ which normally act as a repeat count.
Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a
-backward direction.
+backward direction.
Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
below.
.PP
@@ -5063,7 +5228,7 @@ When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a
\fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
on the kill ring.
.SS "Readline Initialization"
@@ -5086,7 +5251,7 @@ Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
.PP
The default key-bindings may be changed with an
-.I inputrc
+.I inputrc
file.
Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
and bindings.
@@ -5100,7 +5265,7 @@ or
.RS
C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument
.RE
-into the
+into the
.I inputrc
would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
.IR universal\-argument .
@@ -5126,7 +5291,7 @@ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
.I inputrc
file is simple. All that is required is the name of the
command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
+it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
prefixes, or as a key sequence.
.PP
@@ -5182,7 +5347,7 @@ is again bound to the function
.I "C\-x C\-r"
is bound to the function
.BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
-and
+and
.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~"
is bound to insert the text
.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP.
@@ -5306,9 +5471,19 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
equivalents.
.TP
+.B blink\-matching\-paren (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+.TP
+.B colored\-completion\-prefix (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
+environment variable.
+.TP
.B colored\-stats (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different
-colors to indicate their file type.
+colors to indicate their file type.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
environment variable.
.TP
@@ -5322,10 +5497,23 @@ in emacs mode and to
.B #
in vi command mode.
.TP
+.B completion\-display\-width (-1)
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
+.TP
.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case\-insensitive fashion.
.TP
+.B completion\-map\-case (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, readline
+treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when
+performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+.TP
.B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
@@ -5347,12 +5535,19 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP).
+The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
.TP
.B disable\-completion (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
.TP
+.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard.
+.TP
.B editing\-mode (emacs)
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
@@ -5362,10 +5557,12 @@ can be set to either
or
.BR vi .
.TP
-.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
-When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
-readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.
+.B enable\-bracketed\-paste (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.
.TP
.B enable\-keypad (Off)
When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
@@ -5386,13 +5583,16 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP
or \fBnext-history\fP.
.TP
-.B history\-size (0)
+.B history\-size (unset)
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved.
If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
+\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable.
+If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
.TP
.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
@@ -5401,10 +5601,12 @@ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
.TP
.B input\-meta (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
.B meta\-flag
is a synonym for this variable.
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
.TP
.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'')
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
@@ -5424,6 +5626,15 @@ the value of
.B editing\-mode
also affects the default keymap.
.TP
+.B emacs\-mode\-string (@)
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
.B keyseq\-timeout (500)
Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
@@ -5452,7 +5663,7 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of
.TP
.B match\-hidden\-files (On)
This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose
-names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
+names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
completion.
If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
@@ -5466,6 +5677,8 @@ the list.
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
.TP
.B page\-completions (On)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
@@ -5474,9 +5687,9 @@ to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
-.TP
+.TP
.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
-If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
calls to \fBreadline\fP.
@@ -5511,6 +5724,26 @@ does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
following the cursor are not duplicated.
.TP
+.B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd))
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
+.B vi\-ins\-mode\-string ((ins))
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
.B visible\-stats (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported
by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
@@ -5523,7 +5756,7 @@ compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
of tests. There are four parser directives used.
.IP \fB$if\fP
-The
+The
.B $if
construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
@@ -5542,7 +5775,7 @@ The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
.B =
-is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows
.I sun
to match both
@@ -5854,7 +6087,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect.
Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point over that word as well.
If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
-the last two words on the line.
+the last two words on the line.
.TP
.B upcase\-word (M\-u)
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
@@ -5874,7 +6107,7 @@ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
-In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound.
@@ -5897,7 +6130,7 @@ The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
.B kill\-whole\-line
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
.TP
-.B kill\-word (M\-d)
+.B kill\-word (M\-d)
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
@@ -5906,12 +6139,12 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
.TP
-.B shell\-kill\-word (M\-d)
+.B shell\-kill\-word
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP.
.TP
-.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
+.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP.
.TP
@@ -5966,7 +6199,7 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
.B universal\-argument
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
@@ -6161,10 +6394,10 @@ but usually bound to ESC\-[.
Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
.B comment\-begin
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
+the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
the line.
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
The default value of
@@ -6275,7 +6508,7 @@ Shell quoting is honored.
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-as described above under
+as described above under
.SM
.BR EXPANSION .
The results are split using the rules described above under
@@ -6297,7 +6530,7 @@ and
.B COMP_TYPE
variables are assigned values as described above under
\fBShell Variables\fP.
-If a shell function is being invoked, the
+If a shell function is being invoked, the
.SM
.B COMP_WORDS
and
@@ -6337,6 +6570,10 @@ is removed before attempting a match.
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion
not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
.PP
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
@@ -6365,7 +6602,7 @@ generate no matches.
.PP
When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless
of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable.
.PP
@@ -6562,7 +6799,9 @@ quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
-the history expansion character.
+the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
.PP
Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:
@@ -6669,7 +6908,7 @@ The entire command line typed so far.
.SS Word Designators
.PP
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
-A
+A
.B :
separates the event specification from the word designator.
It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
@@ -6808,7 +7047,8 @@ accepts
to signify the end of the options.
The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP builtins
do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially.
-The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP,
+The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBreturn\fP,
+\fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP,
and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
\fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP.
Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
@@ -6822,7 +7062,8 @@ require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation.
No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
.I arguments
and performing any specified
-redirections. A zero exit code is returned.
+redirections.
+The return status is zero.
.TP
\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
.PD 0
@@ -6861,6 +7102,12 @@ is not searched.
If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
+If the \fB\-T\fP option is enabled, \fBsource\fP inherits any trap on
+\fBDEBUG\fP; if it is not, any \fBDEBUG\fP trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to \fBsource\fP, and \fBsource\fP unsets the
+\fBDEBUG\fP trap while it executes.
+If \fB\-T\fP is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the new value is retained when \fBsource\fP completes.
The return status is the status of the last command exited within
the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
.I filename
@@ -6873,7 +7120,7 @@ option prints the list of aliases in the form
\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output.
When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given.
-A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be
+A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be
checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP
is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
@@ -6904,7 +7151,7 @@ or was started without job control.
.TP
\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP
.TP
-\fBbind\fP \fIreadline\-command\fP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIreadline\-command\fP
.PD
Display current
.B readline
@@ -6931,7 +7178,8 @@ names are
\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and
.IR vi\-insert .
-\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP (\fIvi\-move\fP is also
+a synonym); \fIemacs\fP is
equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
.TP
.B \-l
@@ -7030,7 +7278,7 @@ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins).
Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP
displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
@@ -7067,7 +7315,7 @@ begins with a slash (/),
then
.SM
.B CDPATH
-is not used. The
+is not used. The
.B \-P
option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure
by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and
@@ -7112,8 +7360,8 @@ Run
.I command
with
.I args
-suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin
-commands or commands found in the
+suppressing the normal shell function lookup.
+Only builtin commands or commands found in the
.SM
.B PATH
are executed. If the
@@ -7231,12 +7479,15 @@ Intended to be used with shell functions.
Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
(quoting filenames is the default).
.TP 8
+.B nosort
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+.TP 8
.B nospace
Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
the end of the line.
.TP 8
.B plusdirs
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
.RE
@@ -7442,8 +7693,8 @@ The
option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
function name and attributes are printed.
If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP,
-the source file name and line number where the function is defined
-are displayed as well. The
+the source file name and line number where each \fIname\fP
+is defined are displayed as well. The
.B \-F
option implies
.BR \-f .
@@ -7486,10 +7737,11 @@ The upper-case attribute is disabled.
Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making
it a name reference to another variable.
That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP.
-All references and assignments to \fIname\fP, except for changing the
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to \fIname\fP, except those using or changing the
\fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
\fIname\fP's value.
-The \fB\-n\fP attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
.TP
.B \-r
Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
@@ -7547,11 +7799,12 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP.
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
by spaces.
-Directories are added to the list with the
+Directories are added to the list with the
.B pushd
command; the
.B popd
command removes entries from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
@@ -7587,7 +7840,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end
of the directory stack.
.RE
.TP
-\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
+\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ... | \fIpid\fP ... ]
Without options, remove each
.I jobspec
from the table of active jobs.
@@ -7746,7 +7999,7 @@ become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP.
If the
.B \-l
option is supplied,
-the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
+the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
.IR command .
This is what
.IR login (1)
@@ -7792,10 +8045,9 @@ is executed before the shell terminates.
The supplied
.I names
are marked for automatic export to the environment of
-subsequently executed commands. If the
+subsequently executed commands. If the
.B \-f
-option is given,
-the
+option is given, the
.I names
refer to functions.
If no
@@ -7835,7 +8087,7 @@ and
may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
-command number). If
+command number). If
.I last
is not specified it is set to
the current command for listing (so that
@@ -7992,7 +8244,7 @@ If the variable
.SM
.B OPTERR
is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of
+character of
.I optstring
is not a colon.
.sp 1
@@ -8036,7 +8288,7 @@ error occurs.
.TP
\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP]
Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked,
-the full pathname of the command
+the full pathname of the command
.I name
is determined by searching
the directories in
@@ -8109,7 +8361,7 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches
.PD
With no options, display the command
history list with line numbers. Lines listed
-with a
+with a
.B *
have been modified. An argument of
.I n
@@ -8139,8 +8391,9 @@ Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
.TP
.B \-a
-Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the
-beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file.
+Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+\fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file.
.TP
.B \-n
Read the history lines not already read from the history
@@ -8179,7 +8432,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
marked with the history comment character.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the previous history line.
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the
@@ -8243,7 +8496,7 @@ returning its exit status.
\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ...
.PD 0
.TP
-\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP]
+\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP|\fB\-L\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP]
.PD
Send the signal named by
.I sigspec
@@ -8280,6 +8533,9 @@ The \fIexit_status\fP argument to
.B \-l
is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
a process terminated by a signal.
+The
+.B \-L
+option is equivalent to \fB\-l\fP.
.B kill
returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
@@ -8297,9 +8553,9 @@ evaluates to 0,
.B let
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
.TP
-\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ... | \- ]
For each argument, a local variable named
-.I name
+.I name
is created, and assigned
.IR value .
The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP.
@@ -8308,6 +8564,10 @@ When
is used within a function, it causes the variable
.I name
to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+If \fIname\fP is \-, the set of shell options is made local to the function
+in which \fBlocal\fP is invoked: shell options changed using the
+\fBset\fP builtin inside the function are restored to their original values
+when the function returns.
With no operands,
.B local
writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is
@@ -8323,16 +8583,16 @@ is supplied, or
.B logout
Exit a login shell.
.TP
-\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
+\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
.PD 0
.TP
-\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
+\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
.PD
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
.IR array ,
-or from file descriptor
+or from file descriptor
.IR fd
-if the
+if the
.B \-u
option is supplied.
The variable
@@ -8343,6 +8603,10 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
+.B \-d
+The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+.TP
.B \-n
Copy at most
.I count
@@ -8359,7 +8623,7 @@ The default index is 0.
Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read.
.TP
.B \-t
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
+Remove a trailing \fIdelim\fP (default newline) from each line read.
.TP
.B \-u
Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input.
@@ -8377,13 +8641,13 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to
.PP
If
.B \-C
-is specified without
+is specified without
.BR \-c ,
the default quantum is 5000.
When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
-\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
.PP
If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP
@@ -8434,7 +8698,7 @@ the next to last.
.PP
If the
.B popd
-command is successful, a
+command is successful, a
.B dirs
is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
.B popd
@@ -8462,9 +8726,8 @@ In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications,
.B %b
causes
\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in
-\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits).
+\fIargument\fP
+in the same way as \fBecho \-e\fP.
.TP
.B %q
causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
@@ -8500,15 +8763,15 @@ The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
.PD
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
-directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
+directory. With no arguments, \fBpushd\fP exchanges the top two directories
and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B \-n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
.TP
\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
@@ -8533,7 +8796,7 @@ to the \fBcd\fP builtin.
.PP
If the
.B pushd
-command is successful, a
+command is successful, a
.B dirs
is performed as well.
If the first form is used,
@@ -8552,7 +8815,7 @@ fails.
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
.B \-P
-option is supplied or the
+option is supplied or the
.B \-o physical
option to the
.B set
@@ -8566,17 +8829,20 @@ invalid option is supplied.
.TP
\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word
+\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option,
+split into words as described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP,
+and the first word
is assigned to the first
.IR name ,
the second word to the second
.IR name ,
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
-to the last
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
+intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
.IR name .
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
-The characters in
+The characters in
.SM
.B IFS
are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
@@ -8619,7 +8885,7 @@ buffer before editing begins.
.TP
.B \-n \fInchars\fP
\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter.
.TP
.B \-N \fInchars\fP
@@ -8629,6 +8895,9 @@ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until
\fInchars\fP characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in \fBIFS\fP; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the \fB\-r\fP option below).
.TP
.B \-p \fIprompt\fP
Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a
@@ -8670,8 +8939,8 @@ If no
are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
.SM
.BR REPLY .
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP.
.RE
@@ -8721,13 +8990,19 @@ that is not a function.
Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by
.I n
to its caller.
-If
+If
.I n
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
-executed in the function body. If
+executed in the function body.
+If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+if \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked.
+If
.B return
is used outside a function,
-but during execution of a script by the
+but during execution of a script by the
.B .
(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
that script and return either
@@ -8757,7 +9032,7 @@ In \fIposix\fP mode, only shell variables are listed.
The output is sorted according to the current locale.
When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
-as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
.BR $1 ,
.BR $2 ,
.B ...
@@ -8767,8 +9042,9 @@ Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
.PD 0
.TP 8
.B \-a
-Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or
-created for export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
.TP 8
.B \-b
Report the status of terminated background jobs
@@ -8783,13 +9059,13 @@ or a \fIcompound command\fP
(see
.SM
.B SHELL GRAMMAR
-above), exits with a non-zero status.
+above), exits with a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the
command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
.B while
or
.B until
-keyword,
+keyword,
part of the test following the
.B if
or
@@ -8827,7 +9103,7 @@ call completes.
.TP 8
.B \-f
Disable pathname expansion.
-.TP 8
+.TP 8
.B \-h
Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution.
This is enabled by default.
@@ -8849,9 +9125,9 @@ When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
containing its exit status.
.TP 8
.B \-n
-Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
-check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by
-interactive shells.
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors.
+This is ignored by interactive shells.
.TP 8
.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP
The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following:
@@ -9057,7 +9333,7 @@ does not overwrite an existing file with the
.BR >& ,
and
.B <>
-redirection operators. This may be overridden when
+redirection operators. This may be overridden when
creating output files by using the redirection operator
.B >|
instead of
@@ -9129,7 +9405,7 @@ If
.I n
is 0, no parameters are changed.
If
-.I n
+.I n
is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
If
.I n
@@ -9269,7 +9545,10 @@ If set,
.B bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
-conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item).
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
.TP 8
.B compat40
If set,
@@ -9297,6 +9576,18 @@ If set,
does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
expansion using quote removal.
.TP 8
+.B compat43
+If set,
+.B bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to \fBdeclare\fP,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows \fBbreak\fP or
+\fBcontinue\fP in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+.TP 8
.B complete_fullquote
If set,
.B bash
@@ -9333,7 +9624,7 @@ attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
.TP 8
.B dotglob
-If set,
+If set,
.B bash
includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
expansion.
@@ -9353,7 +9644,9 @@ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
.TP 8
.B extdebug
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the \fB\-\-debugger\fP option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
.RS
.TP
.B 1.
@@ -9368,8 +9661,8 @@ next command is skipped and not executed.
.B 3.
If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), a call to
-\fBreturn\fP is simulated.
+executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to \fBreturn\fP.
.TP
.B 4.
.SM
@@ -9380,12 +9673,12 @@ and
are updated as described in their descriptions above.
.TP
.B 5.
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
\fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps.
.TP
.B 6.
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
\fBERR\fP trap.
.RE
@@ -9456,7 +9749,7 @@ is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
failed history substitution.
.TP 8
.B histverify
-If set, and
+If set, and
.B readline
is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
@@ -9480,6 +9773,11 @@ If set, \fBbash\fP will send
.B SIGHUP
to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
.TP 8
+.B inherit_errexit
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled.
+.TP 8
.B interactive_comments
If set, allow a word beginning with
.B #
@@ -9507,7 +9805,7 @@ above).
The value may not be changed.
.TP 8
.B mailwarn
-If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been
+If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been
accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed.
.TP 8
@@ -9534,7 +9832,9 @@ above).
If set,
.B bash
matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching
-while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands.
+while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
.TP 8
.B nullglob
If set,
@@ -9676,7 +9976,7 @@ under
the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
the first and third arguments as operands.
The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators
-when there are three arguments.
+when there are three arguments.
If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of
the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is
@@ -9687,7 +9987,7 @@ Otherwise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
.TP
5 or more arguments
@@ -9718,7 +10018,7 @@ is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or
each specified signal is
reset to its original disposition (the value it had
upon entrance to the shell).
-If
+If
.I arg
is the null string the signal specified by each
.I sigspec
@@ -9790,9 +10090,9 @@ is
.BR ERR ,
the command
.I arg
-is executed whenever a
+is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non\-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
The
@@ -9803,7 +10103,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a
.B while
or
.B until
-keyword,
+keyword,
part of the test in an
.I if
statement, part of a command executed in a
@@ -9828,7 +10128,7 @@ is invalid; otherwise
returns true.
.TP
\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...]
-With no options,
+With no options,
indicate how each
.I name
would be interpreted if used as a command name.
@@ -9842,7 +10142,7 @@ prints a string which is one of
.IR function ,
.IR builtin ,
or
-.I file
+.I file
if
.I name
is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file,
@@ -9879,18 +10179,18 @@ If a command is hashed,
and
.B \-P
print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
-first in
+first in
.SM
.BR PATH .
If the
.B \-a
-option is used,
+option is used,
.B type
prints all of the places that contain
-an executable named
+an executable named
.IR name .
This includes aliases and functions,
-if and only if the
+if and only if the
.B \-p
option is not also used.
The table of hashed commands is not consulted
@@ -9903,7 +10203,7 @@ option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin.
returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
any are not found.
.TP
-\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx\fP [\fIlimit\fP]]
+\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT\fP [\fIlimit\fP]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is
@@ -9952,6 +10252,9 @@ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
.B \-i
The maximum number of pending signals
.TP
+.B \-k
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+.TP
.B \-l
The maximum size that may be locked into memory
.TP
@@ -9987,6 +10290,9 @@ some systems, to its children
.B \-x
The maximum number of file locks
.TP
+.B \-P
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+.TP
.B \-T
The maximum number of threads
.PD
@@ -10004,19 +10310,25 @@ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
which is in seconds;
.BR \-p ,
which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
-and
+.BR \-P ,
.BR \-T ,
.BR \-b ,
+.BR \-k ,
.BR \-n ,
and
.BR \-u ,
-which are unscaled values.
+which are unscaled values;
+and, when in Posix mode,
+.B \-c
+and
+.BR \-f ,
+which are in 512-byte increments.
The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
.RE
.TP
\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP]
-The user file-creation mask is set to
+The user file-creation mask is set to
.IR mode .
If
.I mode
@@ -10303,7 +10615,7 @@ this manual page should be directed to
.PP
It's too big and too slow.
.PP
-There are some subtle differences between
+There are some subtle differences between
.B bash
and traditional versions of
.BR sh ,
diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html
index bba7db6c..983284e8 100644
--- a/doc/bash.html
+++ b/doc/bash.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 February 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 August 26<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
-Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
<A NAME="lbAF">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>OPTIONS</H3>
-All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
description of the <B>set</B> builtin command can be used as options
when the shell is invoked.
In addition, <B>bash</B>
@@ -88,9 +88,14 @@ option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument
If there are arguments after the
<I>command_string</I>,
-they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with
-<B>$0</B>.
+the first argument is assigned to
+<B>$0</B>
+
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to
+<B>$0</B>
+sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
<DT><B>-i</B>
<DD>
@@ -292,7 +297,7 @@ below).
<DT><B>--verbose</B>
<DD>
-Equivalent to <B>-v</B>.
+Equivalent to <B>-v</B>.
<DT><B>--version</B>
<DD>
@@ -316,7 +321,7 @@ be the name of a file containing shell commands.
If
<B>bash</B>
-is invoked in this fashion,
+is invoked in this fashion,
<B>$0</B>
is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
@@ -339,13 +344,14 @@ for the script.
A <I>login shell</I> is one whose first character of argument zero is a
<B>-</B>,
-or one started with the
+or one started with the
<B>--login</B>
option.
<P>
An <I>interactive</I> shell is one started without non-option arguments
+(unless <B>-s</B> is specified)
and without the
<B>-c</B>
@@ -408,7 +414,8 @@ The
option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
<P>
-When a login shell exits,
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the <B>exit</B> builtin command,
<B>bash</B>
reads and executes commands from the file <A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A>, if it
@@ -584,7 +591,7 @@ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
document.
<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><B>blank </B>
+<DT><B>blank</B>
<DD>
A space or tab.
@@ -598,7 +605,7 @@ Also known as a
<DT><B>name</B>
<DD>
-A
+A
<I>word</I>
consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
@@ -615,7 +622,7 @@ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
-<B>| &amp; ; ( ) &lt; &gt; space tab</B>
+<B>| &amp; ; ( ) &lt; &gt; space tab newline</B>
</DL>
@@ -631,7 +638,7 @@ symbols:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
-<B>|| &amp; &amp;&amp; ; ;; ( ) | |&amp; &lt;newline&gt;</B>
+<B>|| &amp; &amp;&amp; ; ;; ;&amp; ;;&amp; ( ) | |&amp; &lt;newline&gt;</B>
</DL>
@@ -646,8 +653,8 @@ the first word of a simple command (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
</FONT>
-below) or the third word of a
-<B>case </B>
+below) or the third word of a
+<B>case</B>
or
<B>for</B>
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@ command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
<P>
-AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the
+AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the
<B>&amp;&amp;</B> and <B>||</B> control operators, respectively.
AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
An AND list has the form
@@ -936,10 +943,10 @@ right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>,
as if the <B>extglob</B> shell option were enabled.
The <B>=</B> operator is equivalent to <B>==</B>.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (<B>==</B>) or does not match
(<B>!=</B>) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
@@ -951,15 +958,15 @@ to be matched as a string.
An additional binary operator, <B>=~</B>, is available, with the same
precedence as <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B>.
When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>(3)).
+an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>(3)).
The return value is 0 if the string matches
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
to be matched as a string.
@@ -1109,15 +1116,15 @@ as for pathname expansion (see
below).
The <I>word</I> is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
Each <I>pattern</I> examined is expanded using tilde
-expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution,
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, and process substitution.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
When a match is found, the corresponding <I>list</I> is executed.
If the <B>;;</B> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
@@ -1132,7 +1139,7 @@ pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
last command executed in <I>list</I>.
<DT><B>if</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; [ <B>elif</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; ] ... [ <B>else</B> <I>list</I>; ] <B>fi</B><DD>
The
-<B>if </B>
+<B>if</B>
<I>list</I>
@@ -1150,7 +1157,7 @@ last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the list
<I>list-2</I> as long as the last command in the list <I>list-1</I> returns
an exit status of zero. The <B>until</B> command is identical
-to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated;
+to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated:
<I>list-2</I>
is executed as long as the last command in
@@ -1237,11 +1244,13 @@ This defines a function named <I>name</I>.
The reserved word <B>function</B> is optional.
If the <B>function</B> reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
The <I>body</I> of the function is the compound command
-<I>compound-command </I>
+<I>compound-command</I>
(see <B>Compound Commands</B> above).
That command is usually a <I>list</I> of commands between { and }, but
-may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above.
+may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above,
+with one exception: If the <B>function</B> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
<I>compound-command</I> is executed whenever <I>name</I> is specified as the
name of a simple command.
When in <I>posix mode</I>, <I>name</I> may not be the name of one of the
@@ -1289,7 +1298,7 @@ option is on by default in interactive shells.
<H3>QUOTING</H3>
<I>Quoting</I> is used to remove the special meaning of certain
-characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
+characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
parameter expansion.
@@ -1345,6 +1354,8 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
and, when history expansion is enabled,
<B>!</B>.
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, the <B>!</B> has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters
<B>$</B>
@@ -1444,6 +1455,10 @@ single quote
<DD>
double quote
+<DT><B>\?</B>
+
+<DD>
+question mark
<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
<DD>
@@ -1581,7 +1596,7 @@ Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
and
<B>local</B>
-builtin commands.
+builtin commands (<I>declaration</I> commands).
When in <I>posix mode</I>, these builtins may appear in a command after
one or more instances of the <B>command</B> builtin and retain these
assignment statement properties.
@@ -1590,6 +1605,8 @@ assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <B>declare</B> that
+accept assignment statements (<I>declaration</I> commands).
When += is applied to a variable for which the <I>integer</I> attribute has been
set, <I>value</I> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
@@ -1610,9 +1627,11 @@ A variable can be assigned the <I>nameref</I> attribute using the
(see the descriptions of <B>declare</B> and <B>local</B> below)
to create a <I>nameref</I>, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation
-is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
-value.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the <I>nameref</I>
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
@@ -1626,13 +1645,14 @@ argument, running
<P>
inside the function creates a nameref variable <B>ref</B> whose value is
the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to <B>ref</B> are treated as references and
-assignments to the variable whose name was passed as <B>$1</B>.
+References and assignments to <B>ref</B>, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as <B>$1</B>.
If the control variable in a <B>for</B> loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the <B>-n</B> attribute.
+Array variables cannot be given the <B>nameref</B> attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the <B>-n</B> option to the <B>unset</B> builtin.
@@ -1685,8 +1705,7 @@ expands to a separate word.
In contexts where it is performed, those words
are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
</FONT>
@@ -1719,7 +1738,7 @@ If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
part of the original word.
-When there are no positional parameters, &quot;<B>$@</B>&quot; and
+When there are no positional parameters, &quot;<B>$@</B>&quot; and
<B>$@</B>
expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
@@ -1854,8 +1873,14 @@ that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized.
<DD>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If
+<B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
<DD>
@@ -1907,8 +1932,14 @@ builtin below)
<DD>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the <B>hash</B> builtin.
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If
+<B>BASH_CMDS</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
<DD>
@@ -1938,6 +1969,14 @@ Use
</FONT>
to obtain the current line number.
+<DT><B>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+<B>enable</B>
+
+command.
<DT><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
<DD>
@@ -2136,7 +2175,7 @@ Assignments to
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
</FONT>
-have no effect and return an error status.
+have no effect.
If
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
@@ -2159,11 +2198,11 @@ information.
<DD>
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
-Assignments to
+Assignments to
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>
</FONT>
-have no effect and return an error status.
+have no effect.
If
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>
@@ -2336,7 +2375,7 @@ builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
<DD>
Each time this parameter is
referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a
-value is assigned to
+value is assigned to
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>,
</FONT>
@@ -2524,6 +2563,22 @@ Similar to
</FONT>
used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
+<DT><B>EXECIGNORE</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <B>Pattern Matching</B>)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+<B>PATH</B>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via <B>PATH</B> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <B>[</B>, <B>test</B>, and <B>[[</B>
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <B>EXECIGNORE</B>.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
<DT><B>FCEDIT</B>
<DD>
@@ -2577,7 +2632,7 @@ lines which begin with a
<B>space</B>
character are not saved in the history list.
-A value of
+A value of
<I>ignoredups</I>
causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
@@ -2648,6 +2703,8 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
</FONT>
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
<DT><B>HISTSIZE</B>
<DD>
@@ -2794,6 +2851,11 @@ strings preceded by a <B>$</B>.
<DD>
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+<DT><B>LC_TIME</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
<DT><B>LINES</B>
<DD>
@@ -2832,11 +2894,11 @@ greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
<DT><B>MAILPATH</B>
<DD>
-A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
+A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'.
When used in the text of the message, <B>$_</B> expands to the name of
-the current mailfile.
+the current mailfile.
Example:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
@@ -2846,7 +2908,9 @@ Example:
<B>Bash</B>
-supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user
+can be configured to supply
+a default value for this variable (there is no value by default),
+but the location of the user
mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/<B>$USER</B>).
</DL>
@@ -2891,8 +2955,10 @@ and is set by the administrator who installs
<B>bash</B>.
A common value is
+
<TT>/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin</TT>.
+
<DT><B>POSIXLY_CORRECT</B>
<DD>
@@ -2920,6 +2986,15 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <B>\w</B> and
</FONT>
below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+<DT><B>PS0</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
<DT><B>PS1</B>
<DD>
@@ -3128,7 +3203,7 @@ There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
+expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
using arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
<P>
@@ -3219,18 +3294,24 @@ of the special parameters <B>*</B> and <B>@</B> (see
above). ${#<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]} expands to the length of
${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}. If <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or
<B>@</B>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
If the
<I>subscript</I>
used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
<P>
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<B>bash</B>
+
+will create an array if necessary.
+<P>
+
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
<P>
@@ -3270,7 +3351,7 @@ option to specify an indexed array and a
<B>-A</B>
option to specify an associative array.
-If both options are supplied,
+If both options are supplied,
<B>-A</B>
takes precedence.
@@ -3326,6 +3407,11 @@ same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
command substitution.
<P>
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(<I>quote removal</I>).
+<P>
+
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
expand a single word to a single word.
@@ -3447,7 +3533,7 @@ is desired, start
<B>bash</B>
with the
-<B>+B </B>
+<B>+B</B>
option or disable brace expansion with the
<B>+B</B>
@@ -3570,12 +3656,16 @@ The <I>parameter</I> is a shell parameter as described above
<P>
If the first character of <I>parameter</I> is an exclamation point (<B>!</B>),
+and <I>parameter</I> is not a <I>nameref</I>,
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
<B>Bash</B> uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
<I>parameter</I> as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself.
This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>.
+If <I>parameter</I> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <I>parameter</I> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>} and
${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
@@ -3691,7 +3781,7 @@ zero.
Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
results.
<P>
-Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
If <I>offset</I> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <B>$0</B> is
prefixed to the list.
@@ -3728,7 +3818,7 @@ If
is
<B>*</B>
-or
+or
<B>@</B>,
the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
@@ -3754,7 +3844,7 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
<B>Remove matching prefix pattern</B>.
-The
+The
<I>word</I>
is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
@@ -3840,6 +3930,11 @@ If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>%</B>, it must match at the end
of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
If <I>string</I> is null, matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted
and the <B>/</B> following <I>pattern</I> may be omitted.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
If
<I>parameter</I>
@@ -3905,6 +4000,72 @@ or
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>@</B><I>operator</I>}<DD>
+<B>Parameter transformation</B>.
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <I>parameter</I>
+or information about <I>parameter</I> itself, depending on the value of
+<I>operator</I>. Each <I>operator</I> is a single letter:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>Q</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+<DT><B>E</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <B>$'...'</B> quoting mechansim.
+<DT><B>P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<I>parameter</I> as if it were a prompt string (see <B>PROMPTING</B> below).
+<DT><B>A</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or <B>declare</B> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <I>parameter</I> with its attributes and value.
+<DT><B>a</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<I>parameter</I>'s attributes.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<P>
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</DL>
+
</DL>
<A NAME="lbBC">&nbsp;</A>
<H4>Command Substitution</H4>
@@ -3928,8 +4089,8 @@ or
<B>Bash</B>
-performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -4000,23 +4161,27 @@ prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
<P>
-<I>Process substitution</I> is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files.
+<I>Process substitution</I> allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>
or
<B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>.
-The process <I>list</I> is run with its input or output connected to a
-<I>FIFO</I> or some file in <B>/dev/fd</B>. The name of this file is
+The process <I>list</I> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion. If the <B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
+expansion.
+If the <B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for <I>list</I>. If the
<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of <I>list</I>.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files.
<P>
When available, process substitution is performed
-simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
+simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion.
<A NAME="lbBF">&nbsp;</A>
@@ -4070,10 +4235,12 @@ If
</FONT>
has a value other than the default, then sequences of
the whitespace characters
-<B>space</B>
+<B>space</B>,
+
+<B>tab</B>,
and
-<B>tab</B>
+<B>newline</B>
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
@@ -4111,11 +4278,18 @@ If the value of
is null, no word splitting occurs.
<P>
-Explicit null arguments (<B>&quot;&quot;</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained.
+Explicit null arguments (<B>&quot;&quot;</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+<TT>-daqaq</TT> becomes <TT>-d</TT> after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
<P>
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
@@ -4156,7 +4330,7 @@ and the shell option
<B>nullglob</B>
is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.
-If the
+If the
<B>nullglob</B>
option is set, and no matches are found,
@@ -4222,6 +4396,11 @@ is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
</FONT>
is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <B>nocaseglob</B> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is performed without regard to case.
The filenames
<B>``.''</B>
@@ -4261,6 +4440,8 @@ option is disabled when
</FONT>
is unset.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
<P>
<B>Pattern Matching</B>
@@ -4338,7 +4519,7 @@ or enable the
<B>globasciiranges</B>
shell option.
-A
+A
<B>-</B>
may be matched by including it as the first or last character
@@ -4382,7 +4563,7 @@ The <B>word</B> character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
Within
<B>[</B>
-and
+and
<B>]</B>,
an <I>equivalence class</I> can be specified using the syntax
@@ -4397,7 +4578,7 @@ the character <I>c</I>.
Within
<B>[</B>
-and
+and
<B>]</B>,
the syntax <B>[.</B><I>symbol</I><B>.]</B> matches the collating symbol
@@ -4503,7 +4684,7 @@ If it expands to more than one word,
reports an error.
<P>
-Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
the command
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
@@ -4513,7 +4694,7 @@ ls <B>&gt;</B> dirlist 2<B>&gt;&amp;</B>1
<P>
-directs both standard output and standard error to the file
+directs both standard output and standard error to the file
<I>dirlist</I>,
while the command
@@ -4535,7 +4716,10 @@ before the standard output was redirected to
<P>
<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which <B>bash</B> is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<P>
@@ -4775,7 +4959,7 @@ current source until a line containing only
(with no trailing blanks)
is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
+input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified) for a command.
<P>
The format of here-documents is:
@@ -4783,7 +4967,7 @@ The format of here-documents is:
<P>
<PRE>
-<B>&lt;&lt;</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I>
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&lt;</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I>
<I>here-document</I>
<I>delimiter</I>
</PRE>
@@ -4796,10 +4980,10 @@ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on
<I>word</I>.
-If any characters in
+If any part of
<I>word</I>
-are quoted, the
+is quoted, the
<I>delimiter</I>
is the result of quote removal on
@@ -4843,7 +5027,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is:
<P>
<PRE>
-<B>&lt;&lt;&lt;</B><I>word</I>
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&lt;&lt;</B><I>word</I>
</PRE>
</DL>
@@ -4854,8 +5038,9 @@ The <I>word</I> undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified).
<A NAME="lbBQ">&nbsp;</A>
<H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4>
@@ -5076,7 +5261,7 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias.
This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases
defined in a function are not available until after that
function is executed. To be safe, always put
alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
@@ -5118,7 +5303,7 @@ is executing.
All other aspects of the shell execution
environment are identical between a function and its caller
-with these exceptions: the
+with these exceptions: the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEBUG</B>
</FONT>
@@ -5227,7 +5412,7 @@ By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
certain circumstances (see the <B>let</B> and <B>declare</B> builtin
-commands and <B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>).
+commands, the <B>((</B> compound command, and <B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>).
Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
@@ -5336,7 +5521,7 @@ is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base.
If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
When specifying <I>n</I>,
-the digits greater&lt; than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
If <I>base</I> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
@@ -5353,6 +5538,11 @@ Conditional expressions are used by the <B>[[</B> compound command and
the <B>test</B> and <B>[</B> builtin commands to test file attributes
and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which <B>bash</B> is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
If any <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
<I>/dev/fd/n</I>, then file descriptor <I>n</I> is checked.
If the <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is one of
@@ -5679,7 +5869,7 @@ If the program is a file beginning with
the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
for the program. The shell executes the
specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
-handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the
+handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the
interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
by the name of the program, followed by the command
@@ -5747,7 +5937,7 @@ shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
<P>
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment.
+shell's execution environment.
<P>
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
@@ -5776,7 +5966,7 @@ When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
called the
<I>environment</I>.
-This is a list of
+This is a list of
<I>name</I>-<I>value</I> pairs, of the form
<I>name</I>=value.
@@ -5825,7 +6015,7 @@ These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
by that command.
<P>
-If the
+If the
<B>-k</B>
option is set (see the
@@ -5855,12 +6045,12 @@ The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
<I>waitpid</I> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and
-compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
+compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
failure modes.
<P>
-For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero
indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
When a command terminates on a fatal signal <I>N</I>, <B>bash</B> uses
@@ -5878,8 +6068,9 @@ the exit status is greater than zero.
Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (<I>true</I>) if
successful, and non-zero (<I>false</I>) if an error occurs
-while they execute.
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+while they execute.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
<P>
<B>Bash</B> itself returns the exit status of the last command
@@ -5964,14 +6155,14 @@ to ensure that they receive the
</FONT>
To prevent the shell from
sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
-jobs table with the
+jobs table with the
<B>disown</B>
builtin (see
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
</FONT>
-below) or marked
+below) or marked
to not receive
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
@@ -5989,7 +6180,7 @@ shell option has been set with
<B>bash</B>
-sends a
+sends a
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
</FONT>
@@ -5998,7 +6189,7 @@ to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
If <B>bash</B> is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes.
+the command completes.
When <B>bash</B> is waiting for an asynchronous command via the <B>wait</B>
builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
cause the <B>wait</B> builtin to return immediately with an exit status
@@ -6070,7 +6261,7 @@ user so specifies with <TT>stty tostop</TT>, write to the
terminal.
Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
<TT>stty tostop</TT> is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a
+terminal are sent a
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)</B>
</FONT>
@@ -6093,7 +6284,7 @@ character (typically
<B>^Z</B>,
Control-Z) while a process is running
-causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
+causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
<B>bash</B>.
Typing the
@@ -6163,7 +6354,7 @@ refer to the shell's notion of the
which is the last job stopped while it was in
the foreground or started in the background.
-The
+The
<I>previous job</I>
may be referenced using
@@ -6204,7 +6395,7 @@ Normally,
waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
-any other output. If the
+any other output. If the
<B>-b</B>
option to the
@@ -6232,14 +6423,14 @@ jobs and their statuses.
The
<B>jobs</B>
-command may then be used to inspect their status.
+command may then be used to inspect their status.
If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped
jobs are terminated.
<A NAME="lbCE">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>PROMPTING</H3>
-When executing interactively,
+When executing interactively,
<B>bash</B>
displays the primary prompt
@@ -6253,6 +6444,12 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
when it needs more input to complete a command.
<B>Bash</B>
+displays
+<B>PS0</B>
+
+after it reads a command but before executing it.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
@@ -6460,11 +6657,11 @@ builtin.
In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-<I>key</I>, e.g., C-n
-means Control-N. Similarly,
+means Control-N. Similarly,
<I>meta</I>
keys are denoted by M-<I>key</I>, so M-x means Meta-X. (On keyboards
-without a
+without a
<I>meta</I>
key, M-<I>x</I> means ESC <I>x</I>, i.e., press the Escape key
@@ -6487,7 +6684,7 @@ which normally act as a repeat count.
Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
direction (e.g., <B>kill-line</B>) causes that command to act in a
-backward direction.
+backward direction.
Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
below.
<P>
@@ -6496,7 +6693,7 @@ When a command is described as <I>killing</I> text, the text
deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
(<I>yanking</I>). The killed text is saved in a
<I>kill ring</I>. Consecutive kills cause the text to be
-accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
on the kill ring.
<A NAME="lbCH">&nbsp;</A>
@@ -6525,7 +6722,7 @@ Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
<P>
The default key-bindings may be changed with an
-<I>inputrc </I>
+<I>inputrc</I>
file.
Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
@@ -6544,7 +6741,7 @@ or
C-Meta-u: universal-argument
</DL>
-into the
+into the
<I>inputrc</I>
would make M-C-u execute the readline command
@@ -6588,7 +6785,7 @@ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
file is simple. All that is required is the name of the
command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
-it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
+it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
as a symbolic key name, possibly with <I>Meta-</I> or <I>Control-</I>
prefixes, or as a key sequence.
<P>
@@ -6666,7 +6863,7 @@ is again bound to the function
is bound to the function
<B>re-read-init-file</B>,
-and
+and
<I>ESC [ 1 1 ~</I>
is bound to insert the text
@@ -6832,11 +7029,23 @@ If set to <B>audible</B>, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
equivalents.
+<DT><B>blink-matching-paren (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+<DT><B>colored-completion-prefix (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, when listing completions, readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B>
+environment variable.
<DT><B>colored-stats (Off)</B>
<DD>
If set to <B>On</B>, readline displays possible completions using different
-colors to indicate their file type.
+colors to indicate their file type.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B>
environment variable.
<DT><B>comment-begin (``#'')</B>
@@ -6853,11 +7062,26 @@ in emacs mode and to
<B>#</B>
in vi command mode.
+<DT><B>completion-display-width (-1)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
<DT><B>completion-ignore-case (Off)</B>
<DD>
If set to <B>On</B>, readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
+<DT><B>completion-map-case (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, and <B>completion-ignore-case</B> is enabled, readline
+treats hyphens (<I>-</I>) and underscores (<I>_</I>) as equivalent when
+performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
<DT><B>completion-prefix-display-length (0)</B>
<DD>
@@ -6883,12 +7107,20 @@ If set to <B>On</B>, readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
escape character (in effect, using escape as the <I>meta prefix</I>).
+The default is <I>On</I>, but readline will set it to <I>Off</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
<DT><B>disable-completion (Off)</B>
<DD>
If set to <B>On</B>, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
+<DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard.
<DT><B>editing-mode (emacs)</B>
<DD>
@@ -6902,12 +7134,14 @@ can be set to either
or
<B>vi</B>.
-<DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B>
+<DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (Off)</B>
<DD>
-When set to <B>On</B>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
-readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard.
+When set to <B>On</B>, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.
<DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B>
<DD>
@@ -6931,7 +7165,7 @@ attempts word completion.
If set to <B>On</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <B>previous-history</B>
or <B>next-history</B>.
-<DT><B>history-size (0)</B>
+<DT><B>history-size (unset)</B>
<DD>
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
@@ -6939,7 +7173,10 @@ If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved.
If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
limited.
-By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
+<B>HISTSIZE</B> shell variable.
+If an attempt is made to set <I>history-size</I> to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
<DT><B>horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)</B>
<DD>
@@ -6950,11 +7187,13 @@ becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
<DD>
If set to <B>On</B>, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
-it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
<B>meta-flag</B>
is a synonym for this variable.
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
<DT><B>isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'')</B>
<DD>
@@ -6978,6 +7217,16 @@ the value of
<B>editing-mode</B>
also affects the default keymap.
+<DT><B>emacs-mode-string (@)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
<DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B>
<DD>
@@ -7012,7 +7261,7 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of
<DD>
This variable, when set to <B>On</B>, causes readline to match files whose
-names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
+names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
completion.
If set to <B>Off</B>, the leading `.' must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
@@ -7028,6 +7277,8 @@ the list.
If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence.
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
<DT><B>page-completions (On)</B>
<DD>
@@ -7041,7 +7292,7 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
<DT><B>revert-all-at-newline (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>On</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when <B>accept-line</B> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
calls to <B>readline</B>.
@@ -7081,6 +7332,28 @@ performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
following the cursor are not duplicated.
+<DT><B>vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
<DT><B>visible-stats (Off)</B>
<DD>
@@ -7100,7 +7373,7 @@ bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
of tests. There are four parser directives used.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>$if</B><DD>
-The
+The
<B>$if</B>
construct allows bindings to be made based on the
@@ -7122,7 +7395,7 @@ key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
<B>=</B>
-is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>. This allows
<I>sun</I>
@@ -7518,7 +7791,7 @@ Negative arguments have no effect.
Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point over that word as well.
If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
-the last two words on the line.
+the last two words on the line.
<DT><B>upcase-word (M-u)</B>
<DD>
@@ -7542,7 +7815,7 @@ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
<B>emacs</B> mode; <B>vi</B> mode does overwrite differently.
Each call to <I>readline()</I> starts in insert mode.
-In overwrite mode, characters bound to <B>self-insert</B> replace
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to <B>self-insert</B> replace
the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
Characters bound to <B>backward-delete-char</B> replace the character
before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound.
@@ -7573,7 +7846,7 @@ The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
<DD>
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
-<DT><B>kill-word (M-d)</B>
+<DT><B>kill-word (M-d)</B>
<DD>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
@@ -7584,13 +7857,13 @@ Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>forward-word</B>.
<DD>
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>backward-word</B>.
-<DT><B>shell-kill-word (M-d)</B>
+<DT><B>shell-kill-word</B>
<DD>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-forward-word</B>.
-<DT><B>shell-backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)</B>
+<DT><B>shell-backward-kill-word</B>
<DD>
Kill the word behind point.
@@ -7666,7 +7939,7 @@ If the command is followed by digits, executing
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
@@ -7920,10 +8193,10 @@ Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
<B>comment-begin</B>
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
of <B>comment-begin</B>, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> are deleted from the beginning of
+the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> are deleted from the beginning of
the line.
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
The default value of
@@ -8059,7 +8332,7 @@ Shell quoting is honored.
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-as described above under
+as described above under
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>.
</FONT>
@@ -8087,7 +8360,7 @@ and
</FONT>
variables are assigned values as described above under
<B>Shell Variables</B>.
-If a shell function is being invoked, the
+If a shell function is being invoked, the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDS</B>
</FONT>
@@ -8133,6 +8406,11 @@ is removed before attempting a match.
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
<P>
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B>
@@ -8166,7 +8444,7 @@ generate no matches.
When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
-to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
the value of the <B>mark-directories</B> readline variable, regardless
of the setting of the <B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> readline variable.
<P>
@@ -8414,7 +8692,9 @@ quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is <B>!</B> by default.
Only backslash (<B>\</B>) and single quotes can quote
-the history expansion character.
+the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
<P>
Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
@@ -8563,7 +8843,7 @@ The entire command line typed so far.
<P>
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
-A
+A
<B>:</B>
separates the event specification from the word designator.
@@ -8757,7 +9037,8 @@ accepts
to signify the end of the options.
The <B>:</B>, <B>true</B>, <B>false</B>, and <B>test</B> builtins
do not accept options and do not treat <B>--</B> specially.
-The <B>exit</B>, <B>logout</B>, <B>break</B>, <B>continue</B>, <B>let</B>,
+The <B>exit</B>, <B>logout</B>, <B>return</B>,
+<B>break</B>, <B>continue</B>, <B>let</B>,
and <B>shift</B> builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
<B>-</B> without requiring <B>--</B>.
Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
@@ -8772,7 +9053,8 @@ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
<I>arguments</I>
and performing any specified
-redirections. A zero exit code is returned.
+redirections.
+The return status is zero.
<DT><B> . </B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
<DT><B>source</B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
@@ -8819,6 +9101,12 @@ is not searched.
If any <I>arguments</I> are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when <I>filename</I> is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
+If the <B>-T</B> option is enabled, <B>source</B> inherits any trap on
+<B>DEBUG</B>; if it is not, any <B>DEBUG</B> trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to <B>source</B>, and <B>source</B> unsets the
+<B>DEBUG</B> trap while it executes.
+If <B>-T</B> is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the new value is retained when <B>source</B> completes.
The return status is the status of the last command exited within
the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
<I>filename</I>
@@ -8832,7 +9120,7 @@ option prints the list of aliases in the form
<B>alias</B> <I>name</I>=<I>value</I> on standard output.
When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
each <I>name</I> whose <I>value</I> is given.
-A trailing space in <I>value</I> causes the next word to be
+A trailing space in <I>value</I> causes the next word to be
checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each <I>name</I> in the argument list for which no <I>value</I>
is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
@@ -8860,7 +9148,7 @@ or was started without job control.
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-f</B> <I>filename</I><DD>
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-x</B> <I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I><DD>
<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>function-name</I><DD>
-<DT><B>bind</B> <I>readline-command</I><DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>readline-command</I><DD>
Display current
<B>readline</B>
@@ -8896,7 +9184,8 @@ names are
vi-move, vi-command</I>, and
<I>vi-insert</I>.
-<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is
+<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I> (<I>vi-move</I> is also
+a synonym); <I>emacs</I> is
equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.
<DT><B>-l</B>
@@ -9020,7 +9309,7 @@ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
a script executed with the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins).
Without <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B> displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B>
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B>
displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
@@ -9064,7 +9353,7 @@ then
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
</FONT>
-is not used. The
+is not used. The
<B>-P</B>
option causes <B>cd</B> to use the physical directory structure
@@ -9119,8 +9408,8 @@ Run
with
<I>args</I>
-suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin
-commands or commands found in the
+suppressing the normal shell function lookup.
+Only builtin commands or commands found in the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
</FONT>
@@ -9259,6 +9548,10 @@ Intended to be used with shell functions.
<DD>
Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
(quoting filenames is the default).
+<DT><B>nosort</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
<DT><B>nospace</B>
<DD>
@@ -9267,7 +9560,7 @@ the end of the line.
<DT><B>plusdirs</B>
<DD>
-After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
</DL></DL>
@@ -9506,8 +9799,8 @@ The
option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
function name and attributes are printed.
If the <B>extdebug</B> shell option is enabled using <B>shopt</B>,
-the source file name and line number where the function is defined
-are displayed as well. The
+the source file name and line number where each <I>name</I>
+is defined are displayed as well. The
<B>-F</B>
option implies
@@ -9563,10 +9856,11 @@ The upper-case attribute is disabled.
Give each <I>name</I> the <I>nameref</I> attribute, making
it a name reference to another variable.
That other variable is defined by the value of <I>name</I>.
-All references and assignments to <I>name</I>, except for changing the
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to <I>name</I>, except those using or changing the
<B>-n</B> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
<I>name</I>'s value.
-The <B>-n</B> attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
<DT><B>-r</B>
<DD>
@@ -9636,13 +9930,14 @@ or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <B>-f</B>.
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
by spaces.
-Directories are added to the list with the
+Directories are added to the list with the
<B>pushd</B>
command; the
<B>popd</B>
command removes entries from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -9685,7 +9980,7 @@ invalid option is supplied or <I>n</I> indexes beyond the end
of the directory stack.
</DL>
-<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ... | <I>pid</I> ... ]<DD>
Without options, remove each
<I>jobspec</I>
@@ -9885,7 +10180,7 @@ If the
<B>-l</B>
option is supplied,
-the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
+the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
<I>command</I>.
This is what
@@ -9942,11 +10237,10 @@ The supplied
<I>names</I>
are marked for automatic export to the environment of
-subsequently executed commands. If the
+subsequently executed commands. If the
<B>-f</B>
-option is given,
-the
+option is given, the
<I>names</I>
refer to functions.
@@ -9995,7 +10289,7 @@ and
may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
-command number). If
+command number). If
<I>last</I>
is not specified it is set to
@@ -10191,7 +10485,7 @@ If the variable
</FONT>
is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of
+character of
<I>optstring</I>
is not a colon.
@@ -10247,7 +10541,7 @@ It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
error occurs.
<DT><B>hash</B> [<B>-lr</B>] [<B>-p</B> <I>filename</I>] [<B>-dt</B>] [<I>name</I>]<DD>
Each time <B>hash</B> is invoked,
-the full pathname of the command
+the full pathname of the command
<I>name</I>
is determined by searching
@@ -10333,7 +10627,7 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches
With no options, display the command
history list with line numbers. Lines listed
-with a
+with a
<B>*</B>
have been modified. An argument of
@@ -10370,8 +10664,9 @@ Delete the history entry at position <I>offset</I>.
<DT><B>-a</B>
<DD>
-Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the
-beginning of the current <B>bash</B> session) to the history file.
+Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+<B>bash</B> session, but not already appended to the history file.
<DT><B>-n</B>
<DD>
@@ -10420,7 +10715,7 @@ associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
marked with the history comment character.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the previous history line.
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
<I>offset</I> is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the
@@ -10500,7 +10795,7 @@ returning its exit status.
<DT><B>kill</B> [<B>-s</B> <I>sigspec</I> | <B>-n</B> <I>signum</I> | <B>-</B><I>sigspec</I>] [<I>pid</I> | <I>jobspec</I>] ...<DD>
-<DT><B>kill</B> <B>-l</B> [<I>sigspec</I> | <I>exit_status</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>kill</B> <B>-l</B>|<B>-L</B> [<I>sigspec</I> | <I>exit_status</I>]<DD>
Send the signal named by
<I>sigspec</I>
@@ -10550,6 +10845,10 @@ The <I>exit_status</I> argument to
is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
a process terminated by a signal.
+The
+<B>-L</B>
+
+option is equivalent to <B>-l</B>.
<B>kill</B>
returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
@@ -10570,9 +10869,9 @@ evaluates to 0,
<B>let</B>
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
-<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ... | - ]<DD>
For each argument, a local variable named
-<I>name </I>
+<I>name</I>
is created, and assigned
<I>value</I>.
@@ -10585,6 +10884,10 @@ is used within a function, it causes the variable
<I>name</I>
to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+If <I>name</I> is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function
+in which <B>local</B> is invoked: shell options changed using the
+<B>set</B> builtin inside the function are restored to their original values
+when the function returns.
With no operands,
<B>local</B>
@@ -10604,17 +10907,17 @@ is supplied, or
<DD>
Exit a login shell.
-<DT><B>mapfile</B> [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>mapfile</B> [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
-<DT><B>readarray</B> [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>readarray</B> [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
<I>array</I>,
-or from file descriptor
+or from file descriptor
<I>fd</I>
-if the
+if the
<B>-u</B>
option is supplied.
@@ -10627,6 +10930,11 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-d</B>
+
+<DD>
+The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
<DT><B>-n</B>
<DD>
@@ -10651,7 +10959,7 @@ Discard the first <I>count</I> lines read.
<DT><B>-t</B>
<DD>
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
+Remove a trailing <I>delim</I> (default newline) from each line read.
<DT><B>-u</B>
<DD>
@@ -10678,14 +10986,14 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to
If
<B>-C</B>
-is specified without
+is specified without
<B>-c</B>,
the default quantum is 5000.
When <I>callback</I> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
-<I>callback</I> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+<I>callback</I> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
<P>
@@ -10744,7 +11052,7 @@ the next to last.
If the
<B>popd</B>
-command is successful, a
+command is successful, a
<B>dirs</B>
is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
@@ -10776,9 +11084,8 @@ In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) format specifications,
<DD>
causes
<B>printf</B> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-<I>argument</I> (except that <B>\c</B> terminates output, backslashes in
-<B>\aq</B>, <B>\&quot;</B>, and <B>\?</B> are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with <B>\0</B> may contain up to four digits).
+<I>argument</I>
+in the same way as <B>echo -e</B>.
<DT><B>%q</B>
<DD>
@@ -10818,7 +11125,7 @@ The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
-directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
+directory. With no arguments, <B>pushd</B> exchanges the top two directories
and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
@@ -10827,8 +11134,8 @@ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
<DT><B>-n</B>
<DD>
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD>
Rotates the stack so that the <I>n</I>th directory
(counting from the left of the list shown by
@@ -10858,7 +11165,7 @@ to the <B>cd</B> builtin.
If the
<B>pushd</B>
-command is successful, a
+command is successful, a
<B>dirs</B>
is performed as well.
@@ -10882,7 +11189,7 @@ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
<B>-P</B>
-option is supplied or the
+option is supplied or the
<B>-o physical</B>
option to the
@@ -10898,20 +11205,23 @@ reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
<DT><B>read</B> [<B>-ers</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>aname</I>] [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-i</B> <I>text</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-N</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-p</B> <I>prompt</I>] [<B>-t</B> <I>timeout</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option, and the first word
+<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option,
+split into words as described above under <B>Word Splitting</B>,
+and the first word
is assigned to the first
<I>name</I>,
the second word to the second
<I>name</I>,
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
-to the last
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
+intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
<I>name</I>.
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
-The characters in
+The characters in
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
</FONT>
@@ -10966,7 +11276,7 @@ buffer before editing begins.
<DD>
<B>read</B> returns after reading <I>nchars</I> characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than <I>nchars</I> characters are read before the delimiter.
<DT><B>-N </B><I>nchars</I>
@@ -10977,6 +11287,9 @@ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
not treated specially and do not cause <B>read</B> to return until
<I>nchars</I> characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in <B>IFS</B>; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the <B>-r</B> option below).
<DT><B>-p </B><I>prompt</I>
<DD>
@@ -11027,8 +11340,8 @@ are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REPLY</B>.
</FONT>
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <B>read</B>
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <B>read</B>
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <B>-u</B>.
</DL>
@@ -11089,15 +11402,21 @@ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by
<I>n</I>
to its caller.
-If
+If
<I>n</I>
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
-executed in the function body. If
+executed in the function body.
+If <B>return</B> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+if <B>return</B> is executed during a <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before <B>return</B> was invoked.
+If
<B>return</B>
is used outside a function,
-but during execution of a script by the
+but during execution of a script by the
<B>.</B>
(<B>source</B>) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
@@ -11128,7 +11447,7 @@ In <I>posix</I> mode, only shell variables are listed.
The output is sorted according to the current locale.
When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
-as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
<B>$1</B>,
<B>$2</B>,
@@ -11144,8 +11463,9 @@ Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
<DT><B>-a</B>
<DD>
-Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or
-created for export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
<DT><B>-b</B>
<DD>
@@ -11163,7 +11483,7 @@ or a <I>compound command</I>
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
</FONT>
-above), exits with a non-zero status.
+above), exits with a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the
command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
<B>while</B>
@@ -11171,7 +11491,7 @@ command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
or
<B>until</B>
-keyword,
+keyword,
part of the test following the
<B>if</B>
@@ -11244,9 +11564,9 @@ containing its exit status.
<DT><B>-n</B>
<DD>
-Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
-check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by
-interactive shells.
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors.
+This is ignored by interactive shells.
<DT><B>-o </B><I>option-name</I>
<DD>
@@ -11530,7 +11850,7 @@ does not overwrite an existing file with the
and
<B>&lt;&gt;</B>
-redirection operators. This may be overridden when
+redirection operators. This may be overridden when
creating output files by using the redirection operator
<B>&gt;|</B>
@@ -11623,7 +11943,7 @@ If
is 0, no parameters are changed.
If
-<I>n </I>
+<I>n</I>
is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
If
@@ -11805,7 +12125,10 @@ If set,
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
-conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item).
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
<DT><B>compat40</B>
<DD>
@@ -11838,6 +12161,20 @@ If set,
does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
expansion using quote removal.
+<DT><B>compat43</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to <B>declare</B>,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <B>break</B> or
+<B>continue</B> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
<DT><B>complete_fullquote</B>
<DD>
@@ -11884,7 +12221,7 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
<DT><B>dotglob</B>
<DD>
-If set,
+If set,
<B>bash</B>
includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
@@ -11911,7 +12248,9 @@ This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
<DT><B>extdebug</B>
<DD>
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the <B>--debugger</B> option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>1.</B>
@@ -11930,8 +12269,8 @@ next command is skipped and not executed.
<DD>
If the command run by the <B>DEBUG</B> trap returns a value of 2, and the
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins), a call to
-<B>return</B> is simulated.
+executed by the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to <B>return</B>.
<DT><B>4.</B>
<DD>
@@ -11946,13 +12285,13 @@ are updated as described in their descriptions above.
<DT><B>5.</B>
<DD>
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
<B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps.
<DT><B>6.</B>
<DD>
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
<B>ERR</B> trap.
</DL></DL>
@@ -12041,7 +12380,7 @@ failed history substitution.
<DT><B>histverify</B>
<DD>
-If set, and
+If set, and
<B>readline</B>
is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
@@ -12071,6 +12410,12 @@ If set, <B>bash</B> will send
</FONT>
to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+<DT><B>inherit_errexit</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <B>errexit</B> option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when <I>posix mode</I> is enabled.
<DT><B>interactive_comments</B>
<DD>
@@ -12108,7 +12453,7 @@ The value may not be changed.
<DT><B>mailwarn</B>
<DD>
-If set, and a file that <B>bash</B> is checking for mail has been
+If set, and a file that <B>bash</B> is checking for mail has been
accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
<I>mailfile</I> has been read'' is displayed.
<DT><B>no_empty_cmd_completion</B>
@@ -12144,7 +12489,9 @@ If set,
<B>bash</B>
matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching
-while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands.
+while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
<DT><B>nullglob</B>
<DD>
@@ -12311,7 +12658,7 @@ under
the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
the first and third arguments as operands.
The <B>-a</B> and <B>-o</B> operators are considered binary operators
-when there are three arguments.
+when there are three arguments.
If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the value is the negation of
the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly <B>(</B> and the third argument is
@@ -12321,7 +12668,7 @@ Otherwise, the expression is false.
<DT>4 arguments<DD>
If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
<DT>5 or more arguments<DD>
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
@@ -12359,7 +12706,7 @@ is absent (and there is a single <I>sigspec</I>) or
each specified signal is
reset to its original disposition (the value it had
upon entrance to the shell).
-If
+If
<I>arg</I>
is the null string the signal specified by each
@@ -12456,9 +12803,9 @@ is
the command
<I>arg</I>
-is executed whenever a
+is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
The
@@ -12472,7 +12819,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a
or
<B>until</B>
-keyword,
+keyword,
part of the test in an
<I>if</I>
@@ -12503,7 +12850,7 @@ is invalid; otherwise
returns true.
<DT><B>type</B> [<B>-aftpP</B>] <I>name</I> [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
-With no options,
+With no options,
indicate how each
<I>name</I>
@@ -12524,7 +12871,7 @@ prints a string which is one of
<I>builtin</I>,
or
-<I>file </I>
+<I>file</I>
if
<I>name</I>
@@ -12573,22 +12920,22 @@ and
<B>-P</B>
print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
-first in
+first in
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>.
</FONT>
If the
<B>-a</B>
-option is used,
+option is used,
<B>type</B>
prints all of the places that contain
-an executable named
+an executable named
<I>name</I>.
This includes aliases and functions,
-if and only if the
+if and only if the
<B>-p</B>
option is not also used.
@@ -12604,7 +12951,7 @@ option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the <B>command</B> builtin.
returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
any are not found.
-<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD>
+<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD>
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify that the hard or soft limit is
@@ -12665,6 +13012,10 @@ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
<DD>
The maximum number of pending signals
+<DT><B>-k</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
<DT><B>-l</B>
<DD>
@@ -12711,6 +13062,10 @@ some systems, to its children
<DD>
The maximum number of file locks
+<DT><B>-P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
<DT><B>-T</B>
<DD>
@@ -12737,23 +13092,33 @@ which is in seconds;
<B>-p</B>,
which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
-and
+<B>-P</B>,
+
<B>-T</B>,
<B>-b</B>,
+<B>-k</B>,
+
<B>-n</B>,
and
<B>-u</B>,
-which are unscaled values.
+which are unscaled values;
+and, when in Posix mode,
+<B>-c</B>
+
+and
+<B>-f</B>,
+
+which are in 512-byte increments.
The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
</DL>
<DT><B>umask</B> [<B>-p</B>] [<B>-S</B>] [<I>mode</I>]<DD>
-The user file-creation mask is set to
+The user file-creation mask is set to
<I>mode</I>.
If
@@ -13126,7 +13491,7 @@ this manual page should be directed to
It's too big and too slow.
<P>
-There are some subtle differences between
+There are some subtle differences between
<B>bash</B>
and traditional versions of
@@ -13164,7 +13529,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 February 2<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.4<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 August 26<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
@@ -13270,6 +13635,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 24 February 2014 08:28:34 EST
+Time: 31 August 2016 10:24:30 EDT
</BODY>
</HTML>
diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fac67865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bash.info
@@ -0,0 +1,11484 @@
+This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from
+bashref.texi.
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016).
+
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
+
+ Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+ document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+ Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
+ no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
+ section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
+
+Bash Features
+*************
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). The Bash home page is
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
+
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
+
+ Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell
+('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The
+following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which
+features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash.
+
+ This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference
+on shell behavior.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell.
+* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this
+ manual.
+* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks".
+* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell.
+* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash.
+* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash.
+* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you
+ to use it.
+* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line
+ editing features.
+* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion
+* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system.
+* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash.
+* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences
+ between Bash and historical
+ versions of /bin/sh.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation.
+* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top
+
+1 Introduction
+**************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash.
+* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction
+
+1.1 What is Bash?
+=================
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU
+operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell',
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the
+current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs
+Research version of Unix.
+
+ Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features
+from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a
+conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of
+the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers
+functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming
+use.
+
+ While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a
+version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software,
+Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of
+Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports
+exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction
+
+1.2 What is a shell?
+====================
+
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are
+expanded to create larger expressions.
+
+ A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language
+features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing
+commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new
+commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
+'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
+automate their common tasks.
+
+ Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When
+executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file.
+
+ A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete
+before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute
+in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional
+commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of
+the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows
+control over the contents of commands' environments.
+
+ Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins")
+implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via
+separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec'
+cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly
+manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd'
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but
+they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell
+builtins are described in subsequent sections.
+
+ While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages.
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control
+constructs, quoting, and functions.
+
+ Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
+than to augment the programming language. These interactive features
+include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
+Each of these features is described in this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
+
+2 Definitions
+*************
+
+These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+
+'POSIX'
+ A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily
+ concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1
+ standard.
+
+'blank'
+ A space or tab character.
+
+'builtin'
+ A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself,
+ rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+
+'control operator'
+ A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or
+ one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|',
+ '|&', '(', or ')'.
+
+'exit status'
+ The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is
+ restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+
+'field'
+ A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
+ After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+ used as the command name and arguments.
+
+'filename'
+ A string of characters used to identify a file.
+
+'job'
+ A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes
+ descended from it, that are all in the same process group.
+
+'job control'
+ A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and
+ restart (resume) execution of processes.
+
+'metacharacter'
+ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter
+ is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters:
+ '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'.
+
+'name'
+ A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+ and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as
+ shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an
+ 'identifier'.
+
+'operator'
+ A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note
+ Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators
+ contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'.
+
+'process group'
+ A collection of related processes each having the same process
+ group ID.
+
+'process group ID'
+ A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its
+ lifetime.
+
+'reserved word'
+ A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+ words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and
+ 'while'.
+
+'return status'
+ A synonym for 'exit status'.
+
+'signal'
+ A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an
+ event occurring in the system.
+
+'special builtin'
+ A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+ POSIX standard.
+
+'token'
+ A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It
+ is either a 'word' or an 'operator'.
+
+'word'
+ A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may
+ not include unquoted 'metacharacters'.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
+
+3 Basic Shell Features
+**********************
+
+Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the
+traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
+'standard' Unix shell.
+
+ This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks':
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell
+expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output
+from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell.
+* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use.
+* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name.
+* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values.
+* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various
+ expansions available.
+* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go.
+* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command.
+* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.1 Shell Syntax
+================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell.
+* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+* Comments:: How to specify comments.
+
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
+operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the
+shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line.
+
+ Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
+the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to
+select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+
+ The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other
+constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters,
+expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the
+specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that
+exit status available for further inspection or processing.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.1 Shell Operation
+---------------------
+
+The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following:
+
+ 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string
+ supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note
+ Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal.
+
+ 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
+ rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by
+ 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+ Aliases::).
+
+ 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
+ Commands::).
+
+ 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::),
+ breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note
+ Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments.
+
+ 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and
+ removes the redirection operators and their operands from the
+ argument list.
+
+ 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::).
+
+ 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+ status (*note Exit Status::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.2 Quoting
+-------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single
+ character.
+* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+ of characters.
+* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+ sequence of characters.
+* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages.
+
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+
+ Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
+meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
+History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
+must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History
+Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
+
+ There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single
+quotes, and double quotes.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.1 Escape Character
+........................
+
+A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves
+the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception
+of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is
+not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is,
+it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`',
+'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. When the shell is in
+POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The
+characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes
+(*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning
+only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"',
+'\', or 'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed
+by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding
+characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double
+quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
+backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The
+backslash preceding the '!' is not removed.
+
+ The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in
+double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
+......................
+
+Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
+to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
+the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
+decoded as follows:
+
+'\a'
+ alert (bell)
+'\b'
+ backspace
+'\e'
+'\E'
+ an escape character (not ANSI C)
+'\f'
+ form feed
+'\n'
+ newline
+'\r'
+ carriage return
+'\t'
+ horizontal tab
+'\v'
+ vertical tab
+'\\'
+ backslash
+'\''
+ single quote
+'\"'
+ double quote
+'\?'
+ question mark
+'\NNN'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+ three digits)
+'\xHH'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+ (one or two hex digits)
+'\uHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+'\UHHHHHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+'\cX'
+ a control-X character
+
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+present.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
+...................................
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
+string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current
+locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is
+translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+
+ Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
+shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
+'.mo'. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
+Still others use both variables in this fashion:
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.3 Comments
+--------------
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
+The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all
+remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell
+without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
+comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in
+interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of
+what makes a shell interactive.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.2 Shell Commands
+==================
+
+A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+
+ More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged
+together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one
+command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional
+construct, or in some other grouping.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command.
+* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several
+ commands.
+* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
+* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow.
+* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.1 Simple Commands
+---------------------
+
+A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's
+just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the
+shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word
+generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words
+being that command's arguments.
+
+ The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its
+exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N
+if the command was terminated by signal N.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.2 Pipelines
+---------------
+
+A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+the control operators '|' or '|&'.
+
+ The format for a pipeline is
+ [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ...
+
+The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
+the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous
+command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections
+specified by the command.
+
+ If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
+standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
+pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
+standard error to the standard output is performed after any
+redirections specified by the command.
+
+ The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
+the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of
+elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
+command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that
+specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
+Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
+formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time'
+command cannot time these easily.
+
+ When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may
+be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total
+user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
+'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+information.
+
+ If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+
+ Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note
+Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the
+exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail'
+option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled,
+the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost)
+command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit
+successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit
+status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
+returning a value.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.3 Lists of Commands
+-----------------------
+
+A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of
+';', '&', or a 'newline'.
+
+ Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence,
+followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence.
+
+ A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit
+commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+
+ If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
+executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as
+executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for
+the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job
+control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for
+asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is
+redirected from '/dev/null'.
+
+ Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+
+ AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
+the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are
+executed with left associativity.
+
+ An AND list has the form
+ COMMAND1 && COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of
+zero.
+
+ An OR list has the form
+ COMMAND1 || COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit
+status.
+
+ The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last
+command executed in the list.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.4 Compound Commands
+-----------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
+
+Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct
+begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a
+corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note
+Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands
+within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
+
+ In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description
+may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines,
+and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+
+ Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and
+mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs
+..........................
+
+Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+
+ Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's
+syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+
+'until'
+ The syntax of the 'until' command is:
+
+ until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+ Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+ status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of
+ the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none
+ was executed.
+
+'while'
+ The syntax of the 'while' command is:
+
+ while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+ Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+ status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last
+ command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was
+ executed.
+
+'for'
+ The syntax of the 'for' command is:
+
+ for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done
+
+ Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the
+ resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in
+ WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once
+ for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been
+ specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the
+ exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no
+ items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the
+ return status is zero.
+
+ An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported:
+
+ for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done
+
+ First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to
+ the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The
+ arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it
+ evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+ COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is
+ evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
+ evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last
+ command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
+ expressions is invalid.
+
+ The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+may be used to control loop execution.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs
+..............................
+
+'if'
+ The syntax of the 'if' command is:
+
+ if TEST-COMMANDS; then
+ CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS;
+ [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then
+ MORE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+ [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+ fi
+
+ The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is
+ zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS
+ returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn,
+ and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS
+ is executed and the command completes. If 'else
+ ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the
+ final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
+ ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit
+ status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+ true.
+
+'case'
+ The syntax of the 'case' command is:
+
+ case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac
+
+ 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
+ the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell
+ option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate
+ multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list.
+ A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a
+ CLAUSE.
+
+ Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD
+ undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before
+ matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion,
+ parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ expansion.
+
+ There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
+ by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches
+ determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom
+ to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
+ that pattern will always match.
+
+ Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to
+ describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+
+ echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+ read ANIMAL
+ echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+ case $ANIMAL in
+ horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+ man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+ *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+ esac
+ echo " legs."
+
+
+ If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+ after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes
+ execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the
+ next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell
+ to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any
+ associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
+
+ The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the
+ return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed.
+
+'select'
+
+ The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has
+ almost the same syntax as the 'for' command:
+
+ select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done
+
+ The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of
+ items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error
+ output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' is
+ omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had
+ been specified. The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is
+ read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number
+ corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME
+ is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+ are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command
+ completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null.
+ The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'.
+
+ The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break'
+ command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes.
+
+ Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+ current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+ selected.
+
+ select fname in *;
+ do
+ echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+ break;
+ done
+
+'((...))'
+ (( EXPRESSION ))
+
+ The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+ described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the value of the
+ expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
+ return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
+ let "EXPRESSION"
+ *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
+
+'[[...]]'
+ [[ EXPRESSION ]]
+
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the
+ primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
+ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
+ words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+ process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional
+ operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
+ primaries.
+
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+ lexicographically using the current locale.
+
+ When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right
+ of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
+ the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the
+ 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical
+ to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of
+ 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
+ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The
+ return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
+ ('!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be
+ quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+
+ An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
+ precedence as '==' and '!='. When it is used, the string to the
+ right of the operator is considered an extended regular expression
+ and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if
+ the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular
+ expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's
+ return value is 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
+ description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
+ the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+ characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the
+ quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket expressions in
+ regular expressions must be treated carefully, since normal quoting
+ characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is
+ stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces
+ the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched
+ by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are
+ saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'. The element of
+ 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching
+ the entire regular expression. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression.
+
+ For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
+ variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value
+ consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero
+ or one instances of 'a', then a 'b':
+ [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
+
+ That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
+ line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
+
+ Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
+ useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
+ special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a
+ regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
+ of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
+ to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the
+ pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is
+ equivalent to the above:
+ pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
+ [[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+
+ If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
+ expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
+ meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
+ any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
+ but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
+ Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+ backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
+ remove the special meaning from the following character. The
+ following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
+ pattern='\.'
+
+ [[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+ [[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+ [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+ [[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+
+ The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
+ because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
+ to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes
+ the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. If the
+ string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
+ the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
+ loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+ in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+ '( EXPRESSION )'
+ Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override
+ the normal precedence of operators.
+
+ '! EXPRESSION'
+ True if EXPRESSION is false.
+
+ 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
+ True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true.
+
+ 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
+ True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true.
+
+ The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
+ value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ the entire conditional expression.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands
+.........................
+
+Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a
+unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the
+entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the
+list may be redirected to a single stream.
+
+'()'
+ ( LIST )
+
+ Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+ environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::),
+ and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell.
+ Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
+ not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
+
+'{}'
+ { LIST; }
+
+ Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+ be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created.
+ The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required.
+
+ In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
+difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The
+braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
+'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
+they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
+
+ The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+LIST.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.5 Coprocesses
+-----------------
+
+A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+ The format for a coprocess is:
+ coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS]
+
+This creates a coprocess named NAME. If NAME is not supplied, the
+default name is COPROC. NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a
+simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted
+as the first word of the simple command.
+
+ When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
+descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+to 'NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
+a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
+assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors
+can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in
+subshells.
+
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
+command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+
+ Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
+'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a
+coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.6 GNU Parallel
+------------------
+
+There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+
+ GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run
+commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different
+arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines
+read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of
+the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input
+line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel
+can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
+different instances of Bash.
+
+ For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
+A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+ For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
+the current directory and its subdirectories:
+ find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
+names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
+
+ You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
+the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
+ ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+
+ As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
+input. While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
+sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate
+special characters in filenames, you can use
+
+ find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+
+as alluded to above.
+
+ This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
+directory. You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
+option:
+ find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+
+ GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines
+read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+ while IFS= read -r x; do
+ do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
+ do-something2 < "$x"
+ done < file | process-output
+
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+ cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
+
+ Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
+which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+ ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
+the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can
+take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
+
+ parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
+
+ If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
+order in the output. For instance, the following command
+ { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the '-k' option
+ { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
+will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+first.
+
+ Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
+parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
+list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
+and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up.
+Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
+
+ parallel -j 10 < file
+
+will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.3 Shell Functions
+===================
+
+Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a
+single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular"
+command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command
+name, the list of commands associated with that function name is
+executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no
+new process is created to interpret them.
+
+ Functions are declared using this syntax:
+ NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+ or
+
+ function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+ This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word
+'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
+the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound
+command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is
+usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
+listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
+used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a
+command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special
+Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with
+the shell function are performed when the function is executed.
+
+ A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+ The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax
+error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+
+ Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly
+braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the
+body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved
+words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the
+command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when
+using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or
+a newline.
+
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
+Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special
+parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME'
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function is
+executing.
+
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
+between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and
+'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace'
+option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all
+functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is
+not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
+*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap'
+builtin.
+
+ The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
+exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
+ If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the
+function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is
+executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the
+values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are
+restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a
+numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return
+status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+last command executed before the 'return'.
+
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local'
+builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the
+commands it invokes.
+
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to
+the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
+'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
+option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
+builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and
+variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
+entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
+be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
+
+ Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
+function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of
+recursive calls.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.4 Shell Parameters
+====================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments.
+* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters.
+
+A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a
+number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a
+parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
+ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
+(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string
+is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the 'unset' builtin command.
+
+ A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+ NAME=[VALUE]
+If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
+below). If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
+is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not
+performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below. Filename
+expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as
+arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
+and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX mode
+(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
+
+ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
+be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This
+includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
+assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
+current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an
+array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values
+are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
+pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued
+variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
+
+ A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
+option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash
+Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the
+nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
+attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute
+itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
+shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an
+argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to
+a shell function as its first argument, running
+ declare -n ref=$1
+inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments
+to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+passed as '$1'.
+
+ If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset'
+is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
+variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.1 Positional Parameters
+---------------------------
+
+A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned
+from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
+using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be
+referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
+Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily
+replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.2 Special Parameters
+------------------------
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+'*'
+ ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+ parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is
+ performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
+ pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double
+ quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each
+ parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special
+ variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C
+ is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If
+ 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS'
+ is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+
+'@'
+ ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands
+ to a separate word. That is, '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2"
+ ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part
+ of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is
+ joined with the last part of the original word. When there are no
+ positional parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e.,
+ they are removed).
+
+'#'
+ ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+
+'?'
+ ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+ foreground pipeline.
+
+'-'
+ ($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified
+ upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the
+ shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
+
+'$'
+ ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a '()' subshell,
+ it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
+ subshell.
+
+'!'
+ ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+ into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+ using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+
+'0'
+ ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of
+ commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that
+ file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking
+ Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to
+ be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
+ filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+
+'_'
+ ($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute
+ pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as
+ passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands
+ to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion.
+ Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+ and placed in the environment exported to that command. When
+ checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.5 Shell Expansions
+====================
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+
+ * brace expansion
+ * tilde expansion
+ * parameter and variable expansion
+ * command substitution
+ * arithmetic expansion
+ * word splitting
+ * filename expansion
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces.
+* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character.
+* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values.
+* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument.
+* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a
+ command.
+* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate
+ arguments.
+* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from
+ words.
+
+ The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command
+substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and
+filename expansion.
+
+ On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as
+tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
+substitution.
+
+ After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE
+REMOVAL).
+
+ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
+change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the
+expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"'
+(*note Arrays::).
+
+ After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
+performed.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.1 Brace Expansion
+---------------------
+
+Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be
+generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note
+Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence
+expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+
+ Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string
+are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
+ bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+ ade ace abe
+
+ A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
+are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
+increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression
+expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers
+may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
+When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
+generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
+necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
+character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+ Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
+characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
+is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation
+to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To
+avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not
+considered eligible for brace expansion.
+
+ A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+ A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
+considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with
+parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for
+brace expansion.
+
+ This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix
+of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
+ mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+ or
+ chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
+---------------------
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
+is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the
+characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home
+directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+
+ If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD'
+replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of
+the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
+
+ If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of
+a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is
+replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it
+would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
+following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory
+Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number
+without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed.
+
+ If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is left unchanged.
+
+ Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes
+immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde
+expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with
+tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell
+assigns the expanded value.
+
+ The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+
+'~'
+ The value of '$HOME'
+'~/foo'
+ '$HOME/foo'
+
+'~fred/foo'
+ The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred'
+
+'~+/foo'
+ '$PWD/foo'
+
+'~-/foo'
+ '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
+
+'~N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~+N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~-N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N'
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
+-------------------------------
+
+The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+could be interpreted as part of the name.
+
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not
+escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+
+ The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of
+PARAMETER is substituted. The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as
+described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note
+Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional
+parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a
+character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
+
+ If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
+PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable
+indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest
+of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded
+and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the
+value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If
+PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable
+referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect
+expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and
+${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately
+follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
+
+ In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+ When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both
+PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is
+omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+
+'${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
+ substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
+ PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional
+ parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
+ way.
+
+'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
+ to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
+ error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise,
+ the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
+ the expansion of WORD is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
+ This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to
+ LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+ character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed
+ array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the
+ results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, it
+ expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+ character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
+ value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
+ Arithmetic::).
+
+ If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
+ as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER.
+ If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted
+ as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER
+ rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the
+ characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative
+ offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to
+ avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion.
+
+ Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on
+ parameters and subscripted arrays:
+
+ $ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${string:7}
+ 7890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${string:7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${string:7:2}
+ 78
+ $ echo ${string:7:-2}
+ 7890abcdef
+ $ echo ${string: -7}
+ bcdefgh
+ $ echo ${string: -7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${string: -7:2}
+ bc
+ $ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+ bcdef
+ $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${1:7}
+ 7890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${1:7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${1:7:2}
+ 78
+ $ echo ${1:7:-2}
+ 7890abcdef
+ $ echo ${1: -7}
+ bcdefgh
+ $ echo ${1: -7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${1: -7:2}
+ bc
+ $ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+ bcdef
+ $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${array[0]:7}
+ 7890abcdefgh
+ $ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+ 78
+ $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+ 7890abcdef
+ $ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+ bcdefgh
+ $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+ bc
+ $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+ bcdef
+
+ If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
+ beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+ greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
+ evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion
+ error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+ The following examples illustrate substring expansion using
+ positional parameters:
+
+ $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+ $ echo ${@:7}
+ 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+ $ echo ${@:7:0}
+
+ $ echo ${@:7:2}
+ 7 8
+ $ echo ${@:7:-2}
+ bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+ $ echo ${@: -7:2}
+ b c
+ $ echo ${@:0}
+ ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+ $ echo ${@:0:2}
+ ./bash 1
+ $ echo ${@: -7:0}
+
+
+ If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*',
+ the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with
+ '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an
+ expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+ These examples show how you can use substring expansion with
+ indexed arrays:
+
+ $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+ $ echo ${array[@]:7}
+ 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+ $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+ 7 8
+ $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+ b c
+ $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+ bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+ $ echo ${array[@]:0}
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+ $ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+ 0 1
+ $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
+
+ Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
+ undefined results.
+
+ Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+ are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
+ OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is
+ prefixed to the list.
+
+'${!PREFIX*}'
+'${!PREFIX@}'
+ Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX,
+ separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable.
+ When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ each variable name expands to a separate word.
+
+'${!NAME[@]}'
+'${!NAME[*]}'
+ If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+ (keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if
+ NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion
+ appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word.
+
+'${#PARAMETER}'
+ The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is
+ substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is
+ the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name
+ subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of
+ elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name
+ subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as
+ relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
+ negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+ of -1 references the last element.
+
+'${PARAMETER#WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER##WORD}'
+ The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+ expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the
+ beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of
+ the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest
+ matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern
+ (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array
+ variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation
+ is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
+ is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER%WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
+ The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+ expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+ expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is
+ the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%'
+ case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If
+ PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+ resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with
+ '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member
+ of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
+
+ The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+ expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
+ against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with
+ '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally
+ only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it
+ must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If
+ PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded
+ value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are
+ deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the
+ 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note
+ The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@'
+ or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+ parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If
+ PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the
+ substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
+ This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
+ PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+ filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of
+ PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
+ pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to
+ match more than one character. The '^' operator converts lowercase
+ letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
+ matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The '^^' and ',,'
+ expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
+ the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
+ character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is
+ treated like a '?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER is
+ '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+ positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+ the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
+ The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
+ or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of
+ OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter:
+
+ 'Q'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER
+ quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+ 'E'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with
+ backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...''
+ quoting mechansim.
+ 'P'
+ The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+ value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note
+ Controlling the Prompt::).
+ 'A'
+ The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+ statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will
+ recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+ 'a'
+ The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
+ representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+
+ If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
+ positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+ pathname expansion as described below.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.4 Command Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the
+command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed
+as follows:
+ $(COMMAND)
+or
+ `COMMAND`
+
+Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell
+environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard
+output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded
+newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting.
+The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent
+but faster '$(< FILE)'.
+
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'.
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command
+substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+ Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the
+backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion
+--------------------------
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion
+is:
+
+ $(( EXPRESSION ))
+
+ The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the
+arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be
+nested.
+
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
+message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
+occurs.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.6 Process Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred
+to using a filename. It takes the form of
+ <(LIST)
+or
+ >(LIST)
+The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears
+as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current
+command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)' form is used,
+writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the '<(LIST)' form
+is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>'
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that
+support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open
+files.
+
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.7 Word Splitting
+--------------------
+
+The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command
+substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
+quotes for word splitting.
+
+ The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
+'<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ' <space>',
+'<tab>', and '<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
+previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters
+not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a
+value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
+characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning
+and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value
+of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that
+is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace
+characters, delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters
+is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word
+splitting occurs.
+
+ Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to
+commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting
+from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a
+parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null
+argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty
+string. When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose
+expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word
+'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal.
+
+ Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.8 Filename Expansion
+------------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns.
+
+After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set
+Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a
+PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
+matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no matching
+filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the
+word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches
+are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell option is set,
+and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is
+not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is
+performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
+the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a
+filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In
+other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+
+ See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
+description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob'
+options.
+
+ The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
+filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
+filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is
+removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set,
+the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without
+regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a
+non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so
+all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old
+behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of
+the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion
+
+3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching
+........................
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
+
+ The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+'*'
+ Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar'
+ shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion
+ context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all
+ files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed
+ by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and
+ subdirectories.
+'?'
+ Matches any single character.
+'[...]'
+ Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
+ separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+ that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
+ current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched.
+ If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any
+ character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by
+ including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may
+ be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The
+ sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+ the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL'
+ shell variables, if set.
+
+ For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and
+ in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
+ example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in
+ bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by
+ setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
+ value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
+
+ Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+ syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
+ defined in the POSIX standard:
+ alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+ print punct space upper word xdigit
+ A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+ The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
+ character '_'.
+
+ Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
+ syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
+ collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
+ character C.
+
+ Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating
+ symbol SYMBOL.
+
+ If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
+several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the
+following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
+separated by a '|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+of the following sub-patterns:
+
+'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
+ Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+
+'*(PATTERN-LIST)'
+ Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'+(PATTERN-LIST)'
+ Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'@(PATTERN-LIST)'
+ Matches one of the given patterns.
+
+'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
+ Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.9 Quote Removal
+-------------------
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.6 Redirections
+================
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection allows
+commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
+writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment. The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may
+follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
+from left to right.
+
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for
+each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or
+<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
+redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection
+refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
+
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it
+expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+command
+ ls > DIRLIST 2>&1
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command
+ ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST
+directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard
+error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output
+was redirected to DIRLIST.
+
+ Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will
+use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
+described below.
+
+'/dev/fd/FD'
+ If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdin'
+ File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdout'
+ File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stderr'
+ File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
+ If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+ integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+ corresponding TCP socket.
+
+'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
+ If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+ integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+ corresponding UDP socket.
+
+ A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used
+with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+
+3.6.1 Redirecting Input
+-----------------------
+
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified.
+
+ The general format for redirecting input is:
+ [N]<WORD
+
+3.6.2 Redirecting Output
+------------------------
+
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for writing on file descriptor N, or the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If the file
+does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+size.
+
+ The general format for redirecting output is:
+ [N]>[|]WORD
+
+ If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the
+'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
+file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator
+is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is
+attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
+
+3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
+---------------------------------
+
+Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results
+from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If
+the file does not exist it is created.
+
+ The general format for appending output is:
+ [N]>>WORD
+
+3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+error:
+ &>WORD
+and
+ >&WORD
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
+equivalent to
+ >WORD 2>&1
+ When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'.
+If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File
+Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+
+3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file
+whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+ The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+ &>>WORD
+This is semantically equivalent to
+ >>WORD 2>&1
+ (see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+
+3.6.6 Here Documents
+--------------------
+
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing
+blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a
+command.
+
+ The format of here-documents is:
+ [N]<<[-]WORD
+ HERE-DOCUMENT
+ DELIMITER
+
+ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any part of
+WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is
+unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character
+sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the
+characters '\', '$', and '`'.
+
+ If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters
+are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This
+allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.
+
+3.6.7 Here Strings
+------------------
+
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+ [N]<<< WORD
+
+ The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
+quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to
+the command on its standard input (or file descriptor N if N is
+specified).
+
+3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors
+----------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+ [N]<&WORD
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or
+more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of
+that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
+descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD
+evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified,
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+ The operator
+ [N]>&WORD
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not
+specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
+redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N
+is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand
+to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are
+redirected as described previously.
+
+3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors
+-----------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+ [N]<&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after
+being duplicated to N.
+
+ Similarly, the redirection operator
+ [N]>&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
+
+3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+ [N]<>WORD
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
+both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0
+if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.7 Executing Commands
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before
+ executing them.
+* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash
+ executes commands that are not
+ shell builtins.
+* Environment:: The environment given to a command.
+* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash
+ interprets it.
+* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+ receives a signal.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion
+------------------------------
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+ 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+ preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+ processing.
+
+ 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+ expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after
+ expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command
+ and the remaining words are the arguments.
+
+ 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note
+ Redirections::).
+
+ 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+ expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+ expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+
+ If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the
+current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the
+environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell
+environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a
+non-zero status.
+
+ If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+ If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds
+as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the
+expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the
+command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed.
+If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status
+of zero.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.2 Command Search and Execution
+----------------------------------
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+taken.
+
+ 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+ locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+ function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::.
+
+ 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+ the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is
+ invoked.
+
+ 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains
+ no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory
+ containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table
+ to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid
+ multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note
+ Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in
+ '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash
+ table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a
+ defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that
+ function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the
+ original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+ exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function
+ is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an
+ exit status of 127.
+
+ 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
+ execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and
+ the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments
+ supplied, if any.
+
+ 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+ format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+ SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell
+ Scripts::.
+
+ 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+ the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.3 Command Execution Environment
+-----------------------------------
+
+The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
+
+ * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+ redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
+
+ * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd',
+ or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+ * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the
+ shell's parent
+
+ * current traps set by 'trap'
+
+ * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set'
+ or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+ * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+ shell's parent in the environment
+
+ * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+ command-line arguments) or by 'set'
+
+ * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+
+ * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::)
+
+ * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+ Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID'
+
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
+consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are
+inherited from the shell.
+
+ * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+ specified by redirections to the command
+
+ * the current working directory
+
+ * the file creation mode mask
+
+ * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+ variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+ (*note Environment::)
+
+ * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+ the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+ A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+
+ Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and
+asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
+duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
+shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
+at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
+are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the
+subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+ Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value
+of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash
+clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+ If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+calling shell as modified by redirections.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.4 Environment
+-----------------
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
+'name=value'.
+
+ Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
+invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
+processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and
+'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
+environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
+consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be
+modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export
+-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x'
+commands.
+
+ The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented
+temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in
+*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the
+environment seen by that command.
+
+ If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+just those that precede the command name.
+
+ When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to
+the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its
+environment.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.5 Exit Status
+-----------------
+
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+WAITPID system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between
+0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
+are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell
+will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+
+ For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit
+status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This
+seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined
+way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various
+failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number
+is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
+
+ If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
+the return status is 126.
+
+ If a command fails because of an error during expansion or
+redirection, the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+ The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note
+Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note
+Lists::).
+
+ All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they
+succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of
+2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
+arguments.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.6 Signals
+-------------
+
+When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
+'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is
+interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any
+executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control
+is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU',
+and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+ Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not
+in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in
+addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before
+exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
+or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
+the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to
+a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the
+'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive
+'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'.
+
+ If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits.
+
+ If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the
+command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
+status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.8 Shell Scripts
+=================
+
+A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a
+file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and
+neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode
+of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches
+for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
+'$PATH' if not found there.
+
+ When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to
+the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the
+positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are
+given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional
+parameters are unset.
+
+ A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
+turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching
+the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other
+words, executing
+ filename ARGUMENTS
+is equivalent to executing
+ bash filename ARGUMENTS
+
+if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell
+reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been
+invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations
+of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in
+*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child.
+
+ Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's
+command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
+interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl,
+or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that
+language.
+
+ The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional
+argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script
+file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of
+the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that
+do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix
+limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+
+ Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
+been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
+interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top
+
+4 Shell Builtin Commands
+************************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+ Shell.
+* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+ optional behavior.
+* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by
+ POSIX.
+
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name
+of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
+(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly,
+without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to
+implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with
+separate utilities.
+
+ This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or
+have been extended in Bash.
+
+ Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities
+(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory
+Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::),
+and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+Completion Builtins::).
+
+ Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
+
+ Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options.
+The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and
+do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', 'break',
+'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments
+beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept
+arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments
+beginning with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this
+interpretation.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
+=========================
+
+The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne
+Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX
+standard.
+
+': (a colon)'
+ : [ARGUMENTS]
+
+ Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections.
+ The return status is zero.
+
+'. (a period)'
+ . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
+
+ Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
+ shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
+ variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
+ the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
+ '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
+ parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional
+ parameters are unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source'
+ inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string
+ is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source'
+ unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and
+ the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is
+ retained when 'source' completes. The return status is the exit
+ status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are
+ executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return
+ status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+
+'break'
+ break [N]
+
+ Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is
+ supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than
+ or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater
+ than or equal to 1.
+
+'cd'
+ cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
+
+ Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is
+ not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. Any
+ additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the shell
+ variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
+ directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+ alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
+ If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
+
+ The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+ are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
+ processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY.
+
+ By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
+ DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in
+ DIRECTORY.
+
+ If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
+ immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the
+ beginning of DIRECTORY.
+
+ If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working
+ directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful
+ directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
+
+ On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended
+ attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+
+ If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the
+ directory change is attempted.
+
+ If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is
+ the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the
+ absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+ non-zero otherwise.
+
+'continue'
+ continue [N]
+
+ Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until',
+ or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
+ enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1.
+ The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to
+ 1.
+
+'eval'
+ eval [ARGUMENTS]
+
+ The arguments are concatenated together into a single command,
+ which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as
+ the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty
+ arguments, the return status is zero.
+
+'exec'
+ exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]]
+
+ If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a
+ new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
+ dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND.
+ This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes
+ COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is
+ supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND.
+ If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
+ shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In
+ that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns
+ failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is
+ specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell
+ environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status
+ is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+
+'exit'
+ exit [N]
+
+ Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If
+ N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+ Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+'export'
+ export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]]
+
+ Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
+ If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
+ otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option
+ means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are
+ supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
+ exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output
+ in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is
+ followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one
+ of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is
+ supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'getopts'
+ getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS]
+
+ 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+ OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+ character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+ argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The
+ colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option
+ characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next
+ option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not
+ exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+ variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
+ shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an
+ argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable
+ 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must
+ be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the
+ same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+
+ When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of
+ the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'.
+
+ 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead.
+
+ 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+ OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal
+ operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or
+ missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR'
+ is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+ character of 'optstring' is not a colon.
+
+ If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and,
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If
+ 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+ If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a
+ question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a
+ colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option
+ character found.
+
+'hash'
+ hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
+
+ Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+ commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
+ for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching
+ through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any
+ previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option
+ inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
+ NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+ locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+ remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied,
+ the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If
+ multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed
+ before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to
+ be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no
+ arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about
+ remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a
+ NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'pwd'
+ pwd [-LP]
+
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If
+ the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
+ symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname
+ printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero
+ unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the
+ current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'readonly'
+ readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ...
+
+ Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be
+ changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied,
+ each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each
+ NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means
+ each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options
+ are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are
+ given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly
+ names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the
+ output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option
+ causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as
+ input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the
+ variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an
+ invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a
+ valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is
+ supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'return'
+ return [N]
+
+ Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to
+ its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit
+ status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return'
+ is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine
+ the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+ if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command
+ used to determine the status is the last command executed by the
+ trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be
+ used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.'
+ ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the
+ last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least
+ significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap
+ is executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric
+ argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution
+ of a script by '.' or 'source'.
+
+'shift'
+ shift [N]
+
+ Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional
+ parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset.
+ N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. If N
+ is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not
+ changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return
+ status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero,
+ non-zero otherwise.
+
+'test'
+'['
+ test EXPR
+
+ Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0
+ (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate
+ argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described
+ below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not
+ accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
+ '--' as signifying the end of options.
+
+ When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be
+ a ']'.
+
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+ in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the
+ number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when
+ there are five or more arguments.
+
+ '! EXPR'
+ True if EXPR is false.
+
+ '( EXPR )'
+ Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the
+ normal precedence of operators.
+
+ 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
+ True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true.
+
+ 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
+ True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.
+
+ The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
+ a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+
+ 0 arguments
+ The expression is false.
+
+ 1 argument
+ The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
+ null.
+
+ 2 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is
+ one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional
+ Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is
+ true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator,
+ the expression is false.
+
+ 3 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators
+ (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result of the
+ expression is the result of the binary test using the first
+ and third arguments as operands. The '-a' and '-o' operators
+ are considered binary operators when there are three
+ arguments. If the first argument is '!', the value is the
+ negation of the two-argument test using the second and third
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third
+ argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument test
+ of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+
+ 4 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
+ according to precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+ 5 or more arguments
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+ using the rules listed above.
+
+ When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+ lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
+'times'
+ times
+
+ Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
+ children. The return status is zero.
+
+'trap'
+ trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...]
+
+ The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single
+ SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is
+ reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is
+ the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is
+ ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not
+ present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
+ commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are
+ supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands
+ associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+ shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
+ signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is
+ either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case
+ insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
+ exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before
+ every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select'
+ command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first
+ command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a
+ SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
+ function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins
+ finishes executing.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
+ pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or
+ a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed
+ command is part of the command list immediately following an
+ 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or
+ 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||'
+ list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any
+ command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return
+ status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions
+ obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option.
+
+ Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+ Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
+ original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is
+ created.
+
+ The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid
+ signal.
+
+'umask'
+ umask [-p] [-S] [MODE]
+
+ Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins
+ with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the
+ 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask
+ is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE
+ argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p'
+ option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
+ that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode
+ is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and
+ non-zero otherwise.
+
+ Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each
+ number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022'
+ results in permissions of '755'.
+
+'unset'
+ unset [-fnv] [NAME]
+
+ Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is
+ given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
+ removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
+ functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n'
+ option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
+ attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
+ references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If
+ no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
+ is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset.
+ Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return
+ status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
+=========================
+
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been
+extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX
+standard.
+
+'alias'
+ alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+ Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list
+ of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be
+ reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined
+ for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name
+ and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note
+ Aliases::.
+
+'bind'
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX]
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ]
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND
+
+ Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
+ function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
+ macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a
+ command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note
+ Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+ '-m KEYMAP'
+ Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+ bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+ equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.
+
+ '-l'
+ List the names of all Readline functions.
+
+ '-p'
+ Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way
+ that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+ file.
+
+ '-P'
+ List current Readline function names and bindings.
+
+ '-v'
+ Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that
+ they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+ file.
+
+ '-V'
+ List current Readline variable names and values.
+
+ '-s'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in
+ a Readline initialization file.
+
+ '-S'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output.
+
+ '-f FILENAME'
+ Read key bindings from FILENAME.
+
+ '-q FUNCTION'
+ Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION.
+
+ '-u FUNCTION'
+ Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION.
+
+ '-r KEYSEQ'
+ Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ.
+
+ '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
+ Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered.
+ When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the
+ 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
+ buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
+ location of the insertion point. If the executed command
+ changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT',
+ those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
+
+ '-X'
+ List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+ associated commands in a format that can be reused as input.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or
+ an error occurs.
+
+'builtin'
+ builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]]
+
+ Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status.
+ This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as
+ a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+ the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is
+ not a shell builtin command.
+
+'caller'
+ caller [EXPR]
+
+ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+ or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins).
+
+ Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename
+ of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is
+ supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine
+ name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a
+ subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in
+ the call stack.
+
+'command'
+ command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...]
+
+ Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named
+ COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by
+ searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function
+ named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute
+ the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function
+ recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for
+ 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+ The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or
+ an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
+
+ If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of
+ COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word
+ indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be
+ displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In
+ this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
+ non-zero if not.
+
+'declare'
+ declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+ Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
+ then display the values of variables instead.
+
+ The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
+ NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
+ other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored.
+
+ When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will
+ display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+ attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
+ options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the
+ attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will
+ restrict the display to shell functions.
+
+ The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+ the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug'
+ shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+ the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are
+ displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'.
+
+ The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function.
+ It is ignored in all other cases.
+
+ The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+
+ '-a'
+ Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+ '-A'
+ Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+ '-f'
+ Use function names only.
+
+ '-i'
+ The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic
+ evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the
+ variable is assigned a value.
+
+ '-l'
+ When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ attribute is disabled.
+
+ '-n'
+ Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is defined
+ by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and
+ attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or
+ changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the
+ variable referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute
+ cannot be applied to array variables.
+
+ '-r'
+ Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
+ values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+
+ '-t'
+ Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
+ The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+
+ '-u'
+ When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ attribute is disabled.
+
+ '-x'
+ Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the
+ environment.
+
+ Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
+ exceptions that '+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
+ and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
+ function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the 'local'
+ command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable name is
+ followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+ When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
+ create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
+ until subsequent assignments.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an
+ attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
+ attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+ using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
+ NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
+ turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
+ made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
+ is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
+
+'echo'
+ echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
+
+ Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline.
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is
+ specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option
+ is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+ characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation
+ of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to
+ dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape
+ characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the
+ end of options.
+
+ 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
+ '\a'
+ alert (bell)
+ '\b'
+ backspace
+ '\c'
+ suppress further output
+ '\e'
+ '\E'
+ escape
+ '\f'
+ form feed
+ '\n'
+ new line
+ '\r'
+ carriage return
+ '\t'
+ horizontal tab
+ '\v'
+ vertical tab
+ '\\'
+ backslash
+ '\0NNN'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+ (zero to three octal digits)
+ '\xHH'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ HH (one or two hex digits)
+ '\uHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+ '\UHHHHHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+
+'enable'
+ enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
+
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to
+ be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+ shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n'
+ is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled.
+ For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of
+ the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'.
+
+ If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list
+ of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
+ consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to
+ list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is
+ enabled.
+
+ The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
+ shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+ The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
+
+ If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+ The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
+ If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
+ builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
+
+ The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
+ there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+'help'
+ help [-dms] [PATTERN]
+
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is
+ specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+ '-d'
+ Display a short description of each PATTERN
+ '-m'
+ Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like
+ format
+ '-s'
+ Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN
+
+ The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN.
+
+'let'
+ let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...]
+
+ The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+ variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+ given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION
+ evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+'local'
+ local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ...
+
+ For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and
+ assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by
+ 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes
+ the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function
+ and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made
+ local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options
+ changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to
+ their original values when the function returns. The return status
+ is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME
+ is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable.
+
+'logout'
+ logout [N]
+
+ Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.
+
+'mapfile'
+ mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
+ [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+ The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
+
+ '-d'
+ The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input
+ line, rather than newline.
+ '-n'
+ Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are
+ copied.
+ '-O'
+ Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index
+ is 0.
+ '-s'
+ Discard the first COUNT lines read.
+ '-t'
+ Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read.
+ '-u'
+ Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard
+ input.
+ '-C'
+ Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c'
+ option specifies QUANTUM.
+ '-c'
+ Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ CALLBACK.
+
+ If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000.
+ When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+ array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+ element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the
+ line is read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY
+ before assigning to it.
+
+ 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is
+ not an indexed array.
+
+'printf'
+ printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
+
+ Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
+ control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
+ to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
+ causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to
+ the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following
+ extensions:
+
+ '%b'
+ Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note
+ Bash Builtins::).
+ '%q'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input.
+ '%(DATEFMT)T'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The
+ corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
+ of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may
+ be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the
+ time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified,
+ conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an
+ exception to the usual 'printf' behavior.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language
+ constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is
+ the ASCII value of the following character.
+
+ The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
+ If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
+ format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+ appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on
+ success, non-zero on failure.
+
+'read'
+ read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS]
+ [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...]
+
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split
+ into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the
+ first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the
+ second NAME, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream
+ than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The
+ characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the
+ line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+ (described above in *note Word Splitting::). The backslash
+ character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the
+ next character read and for line continuation. If no names are
+ supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable 'REPLY'. The
+ exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, 'read'
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+ variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly
+ variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+ argument to '-u'.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+ '-a ANAME'
+ The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+ variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from
+ ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are
+ ignored.
+
+ '-d DELIM'
+ The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input
+ line, rather than newline.
+
+ '-e'
+ Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the
+ line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing
+ was not previously active) editing settings.
+
+ '-i TEXT'
+ If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed
+ into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+
+ '-n NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter
+ if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter.
+
+ '-N NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
+ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is
+ encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters
+ encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not
+ cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. The
+ result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is
+ that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+ (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below).
+
+ '-p PROMPT'
+ Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+ to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is
+ coming from a terminal.
+
+ '-r'
+ If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
+ character. The backslash is considered to be part of the
+ line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used
+ as a line continuation.
+
+ '-s'
+ Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters
+ are not echoed.
+
+ '-t TIMEOUT'
+ Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line
+ of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read
+ within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with
+ a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option
+ is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal,
+ pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+ from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any
+ partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If
+ TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to
+ read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+ the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit
+ status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+
+ '-u FD'
+ Read input from file descriptor FD.
+
+'readarray'
+ readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
+ [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+
+ A synonym for 'mapfile'.
+
+'source'
+ source FILENAME
+
+ A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+'type'
+ type [-afptP] [NAME ...]
+
+ For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+ command name.
+
+ If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is
+ one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME
+ is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell
+ reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then
+ nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status.
+
+ If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the
+ disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not
+ return 'file'.
+
+ The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t'
+ would not return 'file'.
+
+ If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which
+ is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'.
+
+ If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that
+ contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and
+ functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used.
+
+ If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
+ functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
+
+ The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
+ if any are not found.
+
+'typeset'
+ typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+ The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+ shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command.
+
+'ulimit'
+ ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT]
+
+ 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
+ started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
+ option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+
+ '-S'
+ Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+
+ '-H'
+ Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+
+ '-a'
+ All current limits are reported.
+
+ '-b'
+ The maximum socket buffer size.
+
+ '-c'
+ The maximum size of core files created.
+
+ '-d'
+ The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+
+ '-e'
+ The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
+
+ '-f'
+ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ children.
+
+ '-i'
+ The maximum number of pending signals.
+
+ '-k'
+ The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+ '-l'
+ The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+
+ '-m'
+ The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
+ limit).
+
+ '-n'
+ The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
+ not allow this value to be set).
+
+ '-p'
+ The pipe buffer size.
+
+ '-q'
+ The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+
+ '-r'
+ The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+
+ '-s'
+ The maximum stack size.
+
+ '-t'
+ The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+
+ '-u'
+ The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+
+ '-v'
+ The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
+ and, on some systems, to its children.
+
+ '-x'
+ The maximum number of file locks.
+
+ '-P'
+ The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+ '-T'
+ The maximum number of threads.
+
+ If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
+ new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values
+ 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
+ the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit
+ cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+ may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the
+ current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is
+ printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When setting new
+ limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and
+ soft limits are set. If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed.
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in
+ seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', '-T',
+ '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, when in
+ POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which are in
+ 512-byte increments.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is
+ supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+'unalias'
+ unalias [-a] [NAME ... ]
+
+ Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied,
+ all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior
+============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and
+ positional parameters.
+* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.1 The Set Builtin
+---------------------
+
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set'
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+
+'set'
+ set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+ set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+ If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names
+ and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
+ to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for
+ setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only
+ variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are
+ listed.
+
+ When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+ Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+
+ '-a'
+ Each variable or function that is created or modified is given
+ the export attribute and marked for export to the environment
+ of subsequent commands.
+
+ '-b'
+ Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+ immediately, rather than before printing the next primary
+ prompt.
+
+ '-e'
+ Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may
+ consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::),
+ a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
+ Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
+ immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of
+ the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in
+ a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final
+ '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
+ the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero
+ status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored,
+ the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed
+ before the shell exits.
+
+ This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+ environment separately (*note Command Execution
+ Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before
+ executing all the commands in the subshell.
+
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
+ where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+ within the compound command or function body will be affected
+ by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns
+ a failure status. If a compound command or shell function
+ sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored,
+ that setting will not have any effect until the compound
+ command or the command containing the function call completes.
+
+ '-f'
+ Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+
+ '-h'
+ Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for
+ execution. This option is enabled by default.
+
+ '-k'
+ All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+ in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+ the command name.
+
+ '-m'
+ Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes
+ run in a separate process group. When a background job
+ completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
+
+ '-n'
+ Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
+ check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by
+ interactive shells.
+
+ '-o OPTION-NAME'
+
+ Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME:
+
+ 'allexport'
+ Same as '-a'.
+
+ 'braceexpand'
+ Same as '-B'.
+
+ 'emacs'
+ Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
+ Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing
+ interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+ 'errexit'
+ Same as '-e'.
+
+ 'errtrace'
+ Same as '-E'.
+
+ 'functrace'
+ Same as '-T'.
+
+ 'hashall'
+ Same as '-h'.
+
+ 'histexpand'
+ Same as '-H'.
+
+ 'history'
+ Enable command history, as described in *note Bash
+ History Facilities::. This option is on by default in
+ interactive shells.
+
+ 'ignoreeof'
+ An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+
+ 'keyword'
+ Same as '-k'.
+
+ 'monitor'
+ Same as '-m'.
+
+ 'noclobber'
+ Same as '-C'.
+
+ 'noexec'
+ Same as '-n'.
+
+ 'noglob'
+ Same as '-f'.
+
+ 'nolog'
+ Currently ignored.
+
+ 'notify'
+ Same as '-b'.
+
+ 'nounset'
+ Same as '-u'.
+
+ 'onecmd'
+ Same as '-t'.
+
+ 'physical'
+ Same as '-P'.
+
+ 'pipefail'
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of
+ the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
+ status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit
+ successfully. This option is disabled by default.
+
+ 'posix'
+ Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation
+ differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash
+ behave as a strict superset of that standard.
+
+ 'privileged'
+ Same as '-p'.
+
+ 'verbose'
+ Same as '-v'.
+
+ 'vi'
+ Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also
+ affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+ 'xtrace'
+ Same as '-x'.
+
+ '-p'
+ Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and
+ '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
+ inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS',
+ 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
+ appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
+ started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+ real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied,
+ these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
+ the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup,
+ the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off
+ causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
+ user and group ids.
+
+ '-t'
+ Exit after reading and executing one command.
+
+ '-u'
+ Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+ parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter
+ expansion. An error message will be written to the standard
+ error, and a non-interactive shell will exit.
+
+ '-v'
+ Print shell input lines as they are read.
+
+ '-x'
+ Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case'
+ commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and
+ their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+ expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4'
+ variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+ the command and its expanded arguments.
+
+ '-B'
+ The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace
+ Expansion::). This option is on by default.
+
+ '-C'
+ Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from
+ overwriting existing files.
+
+ '-E'
+ If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
+ environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such
+ cases.
+
+ '-H'
+ Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History
+ Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive
+ shells.
+
+ '-P'
+ If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands
+ such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical
+ directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the
+ logical chain of directories when performing commands which
+ change the current directory.
+
+ For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
+ '/usr/local/sys' then:
+ $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+ /usr/sys
+ $ cd ..; pwd
+ /usr
+
+ If 'set -P' is on, then:
+ $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+ /usr/local/sys
+ $ cd ..; pwd
+ /usr/local
+
+ '-T'
+ If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+ in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are
+ normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+ '--'
+ If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters
+ are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a
+ '-'.
+
+ '-'
+ Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be
+ assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v'
+ options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the
+ positional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+ Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off.
+ The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The
+ current set of options may be found in '$-'.
+
+ The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are
+ assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter
+ '#' is set to N.
+
+ The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is
+ supplied.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin
+-----------------------
+
+This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+
+'shopt'
+ shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...]
+
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o'
+ option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
+ builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or
+ with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
+ with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option
+ causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as
+ input. Other options have the following meanings:
+
+ '-s'
+ Enable (set) each OPTNAME.
+
+ '-u'
+ Disable (unset) each OPTNAME.
+
+ '-q'
+ Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
+ the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments
+ are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+ are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+
+ '-o'
+ Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the
+ '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt'
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+
+ Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
+ default.
+
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+ enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
+ the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+ option.
+
+ The list of 'shopt' options is:
+
+ 'autocd'
+ If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
+ executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This
+ option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+ 'cdable_vars'
+ If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that
+ is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ whose value is the directory to change to.
+
+ 'cdspell'
+ If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component
+ in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for
+ are transposed characters, a missing character, and a
+ character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected
+ path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is
+ only used by interactive shells.
+
+ 'checkhash'
+ If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+ table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command
+ no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+
+ 'checkjobs'
+ If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs
+ before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running,
+ this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is
+ attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
+ Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
+ are stopped.
+
+ 'checkwinsize'
+ If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if
+ necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'.
+
+ 'cmdhist'
+ If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+ command in the same history entry. This allows easy
+ re-editing of multi-line commands.
+
+ 'compat31'
+ If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
+ respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~'
+ operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison
+ when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>'
+ operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+ collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+ locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+ 'compat32'
+ If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
+ respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous
+ item) and the effect of interrupting a command list. Bash
+ versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the
+ list after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+
+ 'compat40'
+ If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
+ respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see
+ description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
+ command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list
+ as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions
+ continue with the next command in the list.
+
+ 'compat41'
+ If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a
+ double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The
+ single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters
+ between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the
+ behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash
+ behavior remains as in previous versions.
+
+ 'compat42'
+ If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the
+ pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal.
+
+ 'compat43'
+ If set, Bash does not print a warning message if an attempt is
+ made to use a quoted compound array assignment as an argument
+ to 'declare', makes word expansion errors non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior
+ is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+ and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is
+ executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell
+ function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
+ 'complete_fullquote'
+ If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and
+ directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash
+ removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+ characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when
+ these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in
+ words to be completed. This means that dollar signs in
+ variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted;
+ however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be
+ quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using
+ backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions
+ through 4.2.
+
+ 'direxpand'
+ If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word
+ expansion when performing filename completion. This changes
+ the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash
+ attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+
+ 'dirspell'
+ If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
+ during word completion if the directory name initially
+ supplied does not exist.
+
+ 'dotglob'
+ If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the
+ results of filename expansion.
+
+ 'execfail'
+ If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it
+ cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec'
+ builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec'
+ fails.
+
+ 'expand_aliases'
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+ *note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for
+ interactive shells.
+
+ 'extdebug'
+ If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger
+ profile before the shell starts, identical to the '--debugger'
+ option. If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by
+ debuggers is enabled:
+
+ 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number
+ corresponding to each function name supplied as an
+ argument.
+
+ 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero
+ value, the next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+ 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of
+ 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell
+ function or a shell script executed by the '.' or
+ 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
+ 'return'.
+
+ 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+ their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+ 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps.
+
+ 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'ERR' trap.
+
+ 'extglob'
+ If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+ (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
+
+ 'extquote'
+ If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed
+ within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
+ This option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'failglob'
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename
+ expansion result in an expansion error.
+
+ 'force_fignore'
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable
+ cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even
+ if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note
+ Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option
+ is enabled by default.
+
+ 'globasciiranges'
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
+ expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the
+ traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is,
+ the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into
+ account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and
+ upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
+ together.
+
+ 'globstar'
+ If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context
+ will match all files and zero or more directories and
+ subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only
+ directories and subdirectories match.
+
+ 'gnu_errfmt'
+ If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
+ error message format.
+
+ 'histappend'
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the
+ value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
+ than overwriting the file.
+
+ 'histreedit'
+ If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the
+ opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+
+ 'histverify'
+ If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history
+ substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+ Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline
+ editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+
+ 'hostcomplete'
+ If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is
+ being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This
+ option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'huponexit'
+ If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
+ interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::).
+
+ 'inherit_errexit'
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ 'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when POSIX mode is
+ enabled.
+
+ 'interactive_comments'
+ Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all
+ remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
+ interactive shell. This option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'lastpipe'
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last
+ command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the
+ current shell environment.
+
+ 'lithist'
+ If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
+ commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
+ rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+
+ 'login_shell'
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+ (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed.
+
+ 'mailwarn'
+ If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+ accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The
+ mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
+
+ 'no_empty_cmd_completion'
+ If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to
+ search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is
+ attempted on an empty line.
+
+ 'nocaseglob'
+ If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing filename expansion.
+
+ 'nocasematch'
+ If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+ when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
+ conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
+ word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
+ part of programmable completion.
+
+ 'nullglob'
+ If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
+ expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+
+ 'progcomp'
+ If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
+ Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+
+ 'promptvars'
+ If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
+ substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
+ being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the
+ Prompt::). This option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'restricted_shell'
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+ (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed.
+ This is not reset when the startup files are executed,
+ allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell
+ is restricted.
+
+ 'shift_verbose'
+ If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message
+ when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
+ parameters.
+
+ 'sourcepath'
+ If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
+ the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+ This option is enabled by default.
+
+ 'xpg_echo'
+ If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+ by default.
+
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+ enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
+ the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+ option.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.4 Special Builtins
+====================
+
+For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several
+builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode,
+the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three
+respects:
+
+ 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command
+ lookup.
+
+ 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive
+ shell exits.
+
+ 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the
+ shell environment after the command completes.
+
+ When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX
+mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::.
+
+ These are the POSIX special builtins:
+ break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
+ shift trap unset
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top
+
+5 Shell Variables
+*****************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+ as the Bourne Shell.
+* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash.
+
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash
+automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
+==========================
+
+Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+
+'CDPATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the
+ 'cd' builtin command.
+
+'HOME'
+ The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin
+ command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde
+ expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+'IFS'
+ A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell
+ splits words as part of expansion.
+
+'MAIL'
+ If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
+ 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+ arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+
+'MAILPATH'
+ A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
+ checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that
+ is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the
+ filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the
+ message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
+
+'OPTARG'
+ The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+ builtin.
+
+'OPTIND'
+ The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+ builtin.
+
+'PATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+ commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+ 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may
+ appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
+
+'PS1'
+ The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note
+ Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences
+ that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed.
+
+'PS2'
+ The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.2 Bash Variables
+==================
+
+These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not
+normally treat them specially.
+
+ A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control
+Variables::).
+
+'BASH'
+ The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASHOPTS'
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
+ list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin
+ command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in
+ 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable
+ is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the
+ list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This
+ variable is readonly.
+
+'BASHPID'
+ Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This
+ differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
+
+'BASH_ALIASES'
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin.
+ (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
+ appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements
+ currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+ If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+ if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_ARGC'
+ An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+ frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
+ parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
+ executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a
+ subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
+ onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended
+ debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin).
+
+'BASH_ARGV'
+ An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
+ bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
+ subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
+ the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed,
+ the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell
+ sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
+ The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to
+ the 'shopt' builtin).
+
+'BASH_CMDS'
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin
+ (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
+ appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements
+ currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash
+ table. If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_COMMAND'
+ The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+ unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
+ which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+
+'BASH_COMPAT'
+ The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note
+ The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility
+ levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+ 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+ compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty
+ string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+ current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not
+ one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+ message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+ current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to the
+ compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described
+ above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid
+ values). The current version is also a valid value.
+
+'BASH_ENV'
+ If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+ script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup
+ file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup
+ Files::.
+
+'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
+ The command argument to the '-c' invocation option.
+
+'BASH_LINENO'
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+ files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+ ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+ function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
+
+'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+ dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command.
+
+'BASH_REMATCH'
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary
+ operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
+ Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the
+ string matching the entire regular expression. The element with
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression. This variable is read-only.
+
+'BASH_SOURCE'
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+ corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable
+ are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in
+ the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
+
+'BASH_SUBSHELL'
+ Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
+ when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial
+ value is 0.
+
+'BASH_VERSINFO'
+ A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold
+ version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned
+ to the array members are as follows:
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
+ The major version number (the RELEASE).
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
+ The minor version number (the VERSION).
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
+ The patch level.
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
+ The build version.
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
+ The release status (e.g., BETA1).
+
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
+ The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
+
+'BASH_VERSION'
+ The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASH_XTRACEFD'
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+ will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to
+ that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated
+ from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed
+ when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+ output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+ unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+
+'CHILD_MAX'
+ Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+ remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a
+ POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently
+ 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
+ system-dependent.
+
+'COLUMNS'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'COMP_CWORD'
+ An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
+ cursor position. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note
+ Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_LINE'
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_POINT'
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
+ of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the
+ end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
+ '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_TYPE'
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
+ attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
+ normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
+ tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+ '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
+ menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_KEY'
+ The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+ completion function.
+
+'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+ The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+ subsequently reset.
+
+'COMP_WORDS'
+ An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current
+ command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split
+ it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is
+ available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMPREPLY'
+ An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+ generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
+ completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array
+ element contains one possible completion.
+
+'COPROC'
+ An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
+ from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
+
+'DIRSTACK'
+ An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
+ stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
+ displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this
+ array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
+ stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and
+ remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change
+ the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
+ special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EMACS'
+ If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+ starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an
+ Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+'ENV'
+ Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'EUID'
+ The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
+ is readonly.
+
+'EXECIGNORE'
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::)
+ defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using 'PATH'. Files whose full pathnames match one of these
+ patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup. This does not
+ affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands. Full
+ pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+ 'EXECIGNORE'. Use this variable to ignore shared library files
+ that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files.
+ The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell
+ option.
+
+'FCEDIT'
+ The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin
+ command.
+
+'FIGNORE'
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the
+ entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
+ filenames. A sample value is '.o:~'
+
+'FUNCNAME'
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is
+ the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
+ bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'.
+ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+ Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset,
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'.
+ Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+ 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
+ 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+ information.
+
+'FUNCNEST'
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
+
+'GLOBIGNORE'
+ A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
+ be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a
+ filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+ 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern
+ matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option.
+
+'GROUPS'
+ An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect.
+ If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+ is subsequently reset.
+
+'histchars'
+ Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+ substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
+ first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
+ character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
+ normally '!'. The second character is the character which
+ signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
+ a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the
+ character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a
+ comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'.
+ The history comment character causes history substitution to be
+ skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not
+ necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as
+ a comment.
+
+'HISTCMD'
+ The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+ command. If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'HISTCONTROL'
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+ on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace',
+ lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the
+ history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the
+ previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is
+ shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of
+ 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to
+ be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any
+ value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset,
+ or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
+ parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+'HISTFILE'
+ The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
+ default value is '~/.bash_history'.
+
+'HISTFILESIZE'
+ The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+ if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by
+ removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to
+ this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0,
+ the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and
+ numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets
+ the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any
+ startup files.
+
+'HISTIGNORE'
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+ anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+ line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against
+ the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied.
+ In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&'
+ matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a
+ backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The
+ second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'. The pattern matching honors the setting of the
+ 'extglob' shell option.
+
+ 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of
+ '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is
+ identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns,
+ separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
+ 'ignoreboth'.
+
+'HISTSIZE'
+ The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If
+ the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+ Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+ on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the
+ default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+
+'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+ string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+ history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable
+ is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
+ preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment
+ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+
+'HOSTFILE'
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that
+ should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The
+ list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+ shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
+ after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file
+ to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
+ does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts'
+ to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When
+ 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+
+'HOSTNAME'
+ The name of the current host.
+
+'HOSTTYPE'
+ A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+
+'IGNOREEOF'
+ Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character
+ as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of
+ consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first
+ character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the
+ variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value)
+ then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF'
+ signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect
+ for interactive shells.
+
+'INPUTRC'
+ The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the
+ default of '~/.inputrc'.
+
+'LANG'
+ Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'.
+
+'LC_ALL'
+ This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_'
+ variable specifying a locale category.
+
+'LC_COLLATE'
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+ results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+ expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+ filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
+ Expansion::).
+
+'LC_CTYPE'
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+ behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+ matching (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+'LC_MESSAGES'
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+ strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+'LC_NUMERIC'
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ formatting.
+
+'LC_TIME'
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+ formatting.
+
+'LINENO'
+ The line number in the script or shell function currently
+ executing.
+
+'LINES'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'MACHTYPE'
+ A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is
+ executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format.
+
+'MAILCHECK'
+ How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+ files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default
+ is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
+ so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is
+ unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal
+ to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+'MAPFILE'
+ An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile'
+ builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
+'OLDPWD'
+ The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'OPTERR'
+ If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by
+ the 'getopts' builtin command.
+
+'OSTYPE'
+ A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+
+'PIPESTATUS'
+ An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status
+ values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground
+ pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+
+'POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+ If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+ enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the
+ startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been
+ supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables
+ POSIX mode, as if the command
+ set -o posix
+ had been executed.
+
+'PPID'
+ The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is
+ readonly.
+
+'PROMPT_COMMAND'
+ If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the
+ printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1').
+
+'PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
+ If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+ number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
+ the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
+ Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+
+'PS0'
+ The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and displayed by
+ interactive shells after reading a command and before the command
+ is executed.
+
+'PS3'
+ The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select'
+ command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts
+ with '#? '
+
+'PS4'
+ The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
+ when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
+ character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to
+ indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '.
+
+'PWD'
+ The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'RANDOM'
+ Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0
+ and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds
+ the random number generator.
+
+'READLINE_LINE'
+ The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
+ (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'READLINE_POINT'
+ The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
+ for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'REPLY'
+ The default variable for the 'read' builtin.
+
+'SECONDS'
+ This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was
+ started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value
+ assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus
+ the number of seconds since the assignment.
+
+'SHELL'
+ The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment
+ variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to
+ it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+
+'SHELLOPTS'
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
+ list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+ command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in
+ 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this
+ variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell
+ option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup
+ files. This variable is readonly.
+
+'SHLVL'
+ Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
+ This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are
+ nested.
+
+'TIMEFORMAT'
+ The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+ how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time'
+ reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an
+ escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+ information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+ follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+
+ '%%'
+ A literal '%'.
+
+ '%[P][l]R'
+ The elapsed time in seconds.
+
+ '%[P][l]U'
+ The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+
+ '%[P][l]S'
+ The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+
+ '%P'
+ The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+ The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+ fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after
+ the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are
+ changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+
+ The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the
+ fraction is included.
+
+ If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+ $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+ If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A
+ trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+'TMOUT'
+ If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the
+ default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+ The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if
+ input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
+ from a terminal.
+
+ In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
+ seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary
+ prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds
+ if a complete line of input does not arrive.
+
+'TMPDIR'
+ If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+
+'UID'
+ The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is
+ readonly.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top
+
+6 Bash Features
+***************
+
+This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give
+ to Bash.
+* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts.
+* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is.
+* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for
+ the 'test' builtin.
+* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables.
+* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another.
+* Arrays:: Array Variables.
+* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories.
+* Controlling the Prompt:: Customizing the various prompt strings.
+* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what
+ the POSIX standard specifies.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.1 Invoking Bash
+=================
+
+ bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+ bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
+ bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+ All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin
+(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
+invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that
+you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+
+'--debugger'
+ Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+ starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
+ Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt'
+ builtin).
+
+'--dump-po-strings'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+ the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file
+ format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format.
+
+'--dump-strings'
+ Equivalent to '-D'.
+
+'--help'
+ Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+
+'--init-file FILENAME'
+'--rcfile FILENAME'
+ Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an
+ interactive shell.
+
+'--login'
+ Equivalent to '-l'.
+
+'--noediting'
+ Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::)
+ to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+
+'--noprofile'
+ Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of
+ the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile',
+ '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
+ shell.
+
+'--norc'
+ Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
+ shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'.
+
+'--posix'
+ Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+ from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to
+ make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash
+ POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
+
+'--restricted'
+ Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'--verbose'
+ Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read.
+
+'--version'
+ Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard
+ output and exit successfully.
+
+ There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin.
+
+'-c'
+ Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+ COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the
+ COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any
+ remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The
+ assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in
+ warning and error messages.
+
+'-i'
+ Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
+ described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+'-l'
+ Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+ When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+ login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not
+ interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec
+ bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with
+ a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description
+ of the special behavior of a login shell.
+
+'-r'
+ Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'-s'
+ If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+ processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This
+ option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an
+ interactive shell.
+
+'-D'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+ the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to
+ language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX'
+ (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no
+ commands will be executed.
+
+'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
+ SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt'
+ builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present,
+ '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If
+ SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+ options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If
+ the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
+
+'--'
+ A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option
+ processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames
+ and arguments.
+
+ A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-',
+or one invoked with the '--login' option.
+
+ An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose
+input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive
+Shells::, for more information.
+
+ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor
+the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be
+the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the
+file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's
+exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the
+script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.2 Bash Startup Files
+======================
+
+This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of
+the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are
+expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note
+Tilde Expansion::).
+
+ Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login'
+........................................................
+
+When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile',
+'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes
+commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
+this behavior.
+
+ When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
+shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes
+commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
+
+Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
+.........................................
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This
+may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE'
+option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of
+'~/.bashrc'.
+
+ So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line
+ if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+
+Invoked non-interactively
+.........................
+
+When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
+example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+ if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+
+ As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files.
+
+Invoked with name 'sh'
+......................
+
+If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup
+behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while
+conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+
+ When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
+commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked
+as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable
+'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value
+as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as
+'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other
+startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive
+shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other
+startup files.
+
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
+are read.
+
+Invoked in POSIX mode
+.....................
+
+When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line
+option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
+interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and
+executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
+startup files are read.
+
+Invoked by remote shell daemon
+..............................
+
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. If Bash
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will
+not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option may be used to
+inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force
+another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke
+the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+
+Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
+................................................
+
+If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
+they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id
+is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at
+invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id
+is not reset.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.3 Interactive Shells
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell?
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
+-----------------------------------
+
+An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless
+'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input
+and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.
+
+ An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+terminal.
+
+ The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
+parameters when an interactive shell is started.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?
+--------------------------------
+
+To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running
+interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains
+'i' when the shell is interactive. For example:
+
+ case "$-" in
+ *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
+ *) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+ esac
+
+ Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is
+unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus:
+
+ if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+ echo This shell is not interactive
+ else
+ echo This shell is interactive
+ fi
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior
+--------------------------------
+
+When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+
+ 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash
+ Startup Files::.
+
+ 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job
+ control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job
+ control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+ 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a
+ command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second
+ and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash displays 'PS0'
+ after it reads a command but before executing it.
+
+ 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
+ command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash
+ Variables::).
+
+ 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands
+ from the user's terminal.
+
+ 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o'
+ instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its
+ standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history
+ expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default.
+ Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE'
+ when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+ 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default.
+
+ 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note
+ Signals::).
+
+ 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled
+ ((*note Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+ 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
+ the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
+
+ 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
+ the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash
+ Variables::).
+
+ 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables
+ after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
+ unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
+ Expansion::).
+
+ 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause
+ the shell to exit.
+
+ 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
+ status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+ 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
+ Shell Builtins::).
+
+ 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+ 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd'
+ builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell'
+ option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
+
+ 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if
+ a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+ printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
+================================
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
+'test' and '[' builtin commands.
+
+ Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used
+to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric
+comparison operators as well. Bash handles several filenames specially
+when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which
+Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them;
+otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the
+FILE argument to one of the primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then
+file descriptor N is checked. If the FILE argument to one of the
+primaries is one of '/dev/stdin', '/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically
+using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering.
+
+ Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
+symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
+link itself.
+
+'-a FILE'
+ True if FILE exists.
+
+'-b FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a block special file.
+
+'-c FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a character special file.
+
+'-d FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a directory.
+
+'-e FILE'
+ True if FILE exists.
+
+'-f FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a regular file.
+
+'-g FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+
+'-h FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-k FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+
+'-p FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+
+'-r FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is readable.
+
+'-s FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero.
+
+'-t FD'
+ True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal.
+
+'-u FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+
+'-w FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is writable.
+
+'-x FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is executable.
+
+'-G FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+
+'-L FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-N FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+'-O FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
+'-S FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is a socket.
+
+'FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
+
+'FILE1 -nt FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2,
+ or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
+
+'FILE1 -ot FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
+ does not.
+
+'-o OPTNAME'
+ True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options
+ appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+'-v VARNAME'
+ True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
+ value).
+
+'-R VARNAME'
+ True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference.
+
+'-z STRING'
+ True if the length of STRING is zero.
+
+'-n STRING'
+'STRING'
+ True if the length of STRING is non-zero.
+
+'STRING1 == STRING2'
+'STRING1 = STRING2'
+ True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command,
+ this performs pattern matching as described above (*note
+ Conditional Constructs::).
+
+ '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance.
+
+'STRING1 != STRING2'
+ True if the strings are not equal.
+
+'STRING1 < STRING2'
+ True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'STRING1 > STRING2'
+ True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'ARG1 OP ARG2'
+ 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These
+ arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not
+ equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or
+ greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be
+ positive or negative integers.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.5 Shell Arithmetic
+====================
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the
+shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let'
+builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin.
+
+ Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for
+overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The
+operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same
+as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into
+levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of
+decreasing precedence.
+
+'ID++ ID--'
+ variable post-increment and post-decrement
+
+'++ID --ID'
+ variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+
+'- +'
+ unary minus and plus
+
+'! ~'
+ logical and bitwise negation
+
+'**'
+ exponentiation
+
+'* / %'
+ multiplication, division, remainder
+
+'+ -'
+ addition, subtraction
+
+'<< >>'
+ left and right bitwise shifts
+
+'<= >= < >'
+ comparison
+
+'== !='
+ equality and inequality
+
+'&'
+ bitwise AND
+
+'^'
+ bitwise exclusive OR
+
+'|'
+ bitwise OR
+
+'&&'
+ logical AND
+
+'||'
+ logical OR
+
+'expr ? expr : expr'
+ conditional operator
+
+'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
+ assignment
+
+'expr1 , expr2'
+ comma
+
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression,
+shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the
+parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset
+evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
+expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
+expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
+given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A
+null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+
+ Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A
+leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
+form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base.
+If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, the
+digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the
+uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order. If BASE is less than or
+equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably
+to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+above.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.6 Aliases
+===========
+
+ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
+commands.
+
+ The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the
+alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell
+metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an
+alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
+including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text
+is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being
+expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
+'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
+expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value
+is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
+checked for alias expansion.
+
+ Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
+with the 'unalias' command.
+
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
+in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(*note Shell Functions::).
+
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::).
+
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before
+executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
+definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the
+alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This
+behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are
+expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is
+executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a
+consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after
+that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on
+a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands.
+
+ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.7 Arrays
+==========
+
+Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will
+explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
+contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
+arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted,
+indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+to using the syntax
+ NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
+
+The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
+to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use
+ declare -a NAME
+The syntax
+ declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
+is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
+
+Associative arrays are created using
+ declare -A NAME.
+
+ Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare'
+and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an
+array.
+
+ Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+ NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... )
+where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array
+assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to
+indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is
+assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
+index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
+
+ When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+
+ This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual
+array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
+syntax introduced above.
+
+ When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a
+negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
+The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
+expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands
+to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
+'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
+member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and
+'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When
+there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and
+the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special
+parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
+'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the
+number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an
+element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
+array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
+index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+ Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a
+valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary.
+
+ An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
+a value. The null string is a valid value.
+
+ It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as
+the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned
+in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar
+to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double
+quotes.
+
+ The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset
+NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
+above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by
+filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array.
+
+ The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a'
+option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an
+associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.
+The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read
+from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the
+standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare'
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as
+input.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.8 The Directory Stack
+=======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+ the directory stack.
+
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
+directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the
+stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The
+'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The
+current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack.
+
+ The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of
+the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack
+
+6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
+------------------------------
+
+'dirs'
+ dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
+
+ Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
+ are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command
+ removes directories from the list. The current directory is always
+ the first directory in the stack.
+
+ '-c'
+ Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+ '-l'
+ Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
+ format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+ '-p'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ line.
+ '-v'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+ '+N'
+ Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+ printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with
+ zero.
+ '-N'
+ Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
+ list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting
+ with zero.
+
+'popd'
+ popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+
+ When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from
+ the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory. The
+ elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed
+ with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
+
+ '-n'
+ Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ manipulated.
+ '+N'
+ Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+ '-N'
+ Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+
+'pushd'
+ pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
+
+ Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
+ then 'cd' to DIR. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+ directories and makes the new top the current directory.
+
+ '-n'
+ Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ manipulated.
+ '+N'
+ Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ by rotating the stack.
+ '-N'
+ Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ by rotating the stack.
+ 'DIR'
+ Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current
+ directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the
+ 'cd' builtin.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.9 Controlling the Prompt
+==========================
+
+The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
+prints each primary prompt. If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
+non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed
+on the command line.
+
+ In addition, the following table describes the special characters
+which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4':
+
+'\a'
+ A bell character.
+'\d'
+ The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+'\D{FORMAT}'
+ The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
+ into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a
+ locale-specific time representation. The braces are required.
+'\e'
+ An escape character.
+'\h'
+ The hostname, up to the first '.'.
+'\H'
+ The hostname.
+'\j'
+ The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+'\l'
+ The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
+'\n'
+ A newline.
+'\r'
+ A carriage return.
+'\s'
+ The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following
+ the final slash).
+'\t'
+ The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\T'
+ The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\@'
+ The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+'\A'
+ The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+'\u'
+ The username of the current user.
+'\v'
+ The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+'\V'
+ The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+'\w'
+ The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
+ tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+'\W'
+ The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
+'\!'
+ The history number of this command.
+'\#'
+ The command number of this command.
+'\$'
+ If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'.
+'\NNN'
+ The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN.
+'\\'
+ A backslash.
+'\['
+ Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+ embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+'\]'
+ End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+
+ The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History
+Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+
+ After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject
+to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.10 The Restricted Shell
+=========================
+
+If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A
+restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
+the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+
+ * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
+ * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or
+ 'BASH_ENV' variables.
+ * Specifying command names containing slashes.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
+ builtin command.
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
+ option to the 'hash' builtin command.
+ * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ startup.
+ * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
+ startup.
+ * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
+ redirection operators.
+ * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+ * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
+ to the 'enable' builtin.
+ * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ builtins.
+ * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
+ * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'.
+
+ These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
+Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
+spawned to execute the script.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features
+
+6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
+====================
+
+Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
+-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
+to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
+by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
+
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+startup files.
+
+ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
+
+ 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+ re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available
+ with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
+
+ 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+ exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+
+ 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+ is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
+ 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+ 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+ 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+ recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+ 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
+ and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
+ on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
+ 'promptvars' option.
+
+ 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
+ normal Bash files.
+
+ 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+ command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+ 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
+ value of '$HISTFILE').
+
+ 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
+ word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+ 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+ the redirection.
+
+ 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not
+ contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+ may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid
+ name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+ 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+ builtins.
+
+ 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+ command lookup.
+
+ 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash
+ does not print the 'function' keyword.
+
+ 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+ the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+ Tilde Expansion::.
+
+ 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+ used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
+ its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+ format of the timing information.
+
+ 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+ double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+ used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+ the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+ In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+ 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
+ next token begins with a '-'.
+
+ 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a
+ double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled.
+
+ 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+ non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
+ the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
+ options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
+ assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
+
+ 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+ statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
+ trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
+
+ 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
+ special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+ 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+ iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
+ in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
+
+ 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not
+ found.
+
+ 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+ expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+ 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+ 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+ read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+ the 'eval' builtin.
+
+ 29. Process substitution is not available.
+
+ 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+ the '#' and '?' special parameters.
+
+ 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context
+ where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if
+ it were double-quoted.
+
+ 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+ the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+ 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in
+ the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+ special builtin command had been executed.
+
+ 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+ assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
+ assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+ lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
+ by 'command'.
+
+ 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+ placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+ whether the job is the current or previous job.
+
+ 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
+ line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
+
+ 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
+ prefix.
+
+ 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
+ in the format required by POSIX.
+
+ 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
+ 'SIG'.
+
+ 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+ disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+ digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
+ handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+ use '-' as the first argument.
+
+ 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
+ for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
+
+ 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+ 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command
+ substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent
+ shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash
+ clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+ 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+ display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
+ supplied.
+
+ 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ display shell function names and definitions.
+
+ 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+ metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+ 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+ constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
+ argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
+ instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
+
+ 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+ system with the '-P' option.
+
+ 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
+ indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+ 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
+
+ 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+ file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+ such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
+
+ 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
+ the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
+ '$EDITOR'.
+
+ 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+ interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is
+ displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+
+ 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
+ and '-f' options.
+
+ 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
+ interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+ The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+ 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+ has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
+ 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
+ greater than 128.
+
+ 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+ of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+ There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
+even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
+
+ 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
+ entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+ 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
+
+ 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
+ for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+ Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
+specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when
+building (*note Optional Features::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top
+
+7 Job Control
+*************
+
+This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash
+allows you to access its facilities.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Job Control Basics:: How job control works.
+* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact
+ with job control.
+* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job
+ control.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control
+
+7.1 Job Control Basics
+======================
+
+Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the
+execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later
+point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
+driver and Bash.
+
+ The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
+currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command.
+When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like:
+ [1] 25647
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
+the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash
+uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
+
+ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes
+are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose
+process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune
+to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the
+terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN'
+('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
+caught, suspends the process.
+
+ If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
+control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND
+character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
+that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the
+DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
+to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
+control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
+'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
+kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+
+ There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
+character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+
+ Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+'
+refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
+stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A
+single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there
+is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that
+job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs'
+command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous
+job with a '-'.
+
+ A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For
+example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job. Using '%?ce', on the other
+hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line.
+If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an
+error.
+
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1'
+is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
+equivalent to 'bg %1'
+
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b'
+option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes
+immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is
+executed for each child process that exits.
+
+ If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or
+running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs'
+option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs'
+command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt
+to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print
+another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control
+
+7.2 Job Control Builtins
+========================
+
+'bg'
+ bg [JOBSPEC ...]
+
+ Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had
+ been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job
+ is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job
+ control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+ JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without
+ job control.
+
+'fg'
+ fg [JOBSPEC]
+
+ Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current
+ job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The
+ return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or
+ non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job
+ control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC
+ specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+'jobs'
+ jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC]
+ jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]
+
+ The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
+ following meanings:
+
+ '-l'
+ List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+
+ '-n'
+ Display information only about jobs that have changed status
+ since the user was last notified of their status.
+
+ '-p'
+ List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
+
+ '-r'
+ Display only running jobs.
+
+ '-s'
+ Display only stopped jobs.
+
+ If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that
+ job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed.
+
+ If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
+ in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID,
+ and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit
+ status.
+
+'kill'
+ kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID
+ kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS]
+
+ Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named
+ by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either
+ a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without
+ the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
+ If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l'
+ option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when
+ '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
+ arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS
+ is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a
+ process terminated by a signal. The '-L' option is equivalent to
+ '-l'. The return status is zero if at least one signal was
+ successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid
+ option is encountered.
+
+'wait'
+ wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...]
+
+ Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or
+ job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the
+ last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in
+ the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently
+ active child processes are waited for, and the return status is
+ zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to
+ terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID
+ specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status
+ is 127.
+
+'disown'
+ disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ]
+
+ Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs.
+ If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+ but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
+ receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
+ '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If
+ no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all
+ jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
+ operation to running jobs.
+
+'suspend'
+ suspend [-f]
+
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT'
+ signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be
+ used to override this and force the suspension.
+
+ When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not
+accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control
+
+7.3 Job Control Variables
+=========================
+
+'auto_resume'
+ This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+ job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
+ commands without redirections are treated as candidates for
+ resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if
+ there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+ the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a
+ stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it.
+ If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied
+ must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
+ 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
+ name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides
+ functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control
+ Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be
+ a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+ analogous to the '%' job ID.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top
+
+8 Command Line Editing
+**********************
+
+This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
+editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline
+library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash.
+Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
+shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read'
+builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing
+interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time
+using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command
+(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi'
+options to 'set'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text.
+* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view.
+* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands
+ available for binding
+* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline
+ behave like the vi editor.
+* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for
+ a specific command.
+* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to
+ complete arguments for a particular command.
+* A Programmable Completion Example:: An example shell function for
+ generating possible completions.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.1 Introduction to Line Editing
+================================
+
+The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+keystrokes.
+
+ The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
+produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
+
+ The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
+key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On
+keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
+space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a
+Meta key. The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as
+a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
+Compose key for typing accented characters.
+
+ If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a
+Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
+_first_, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as "metafying"
+the <k> key.
+
+ The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
+character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'.
+
+ In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>,
+<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
+in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
+keyboards.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.2 Readline Interaction
+========================
+
+Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The
+Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
+you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands,
+you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
+insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with
+the line, you simply press <RET>. You do not have to be at the end of
+the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the
+location of the cursor within the line.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline.
+* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line.
+* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+* Searching:: Searching through previous lines.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
+------------------------------
+
+In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
+character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
+space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
+character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
+
+ Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
+you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type
+'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'.
+
+ When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
+characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
+the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind
+the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+
+'C-b'
+ Move back one character.
+'C-f'
+ Move forward one character.
+<DEL> or <Backspace>
+ Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+'C-d'
+ Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+Printing characters
+ Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+'C-_' or 'C-x C-u'
+ Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
+ empty line.
+
+(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
+the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
+the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the
+character to the left of the cursor.)
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
+--------------------------------
+
+The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
+order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other
+commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+
+'C-a'
+ Move to the start of the line.
+'C-e'
+ Move to the end of the line.
+'M-f'
+ Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
+ digits.
+'M-b'
+ Move backward a word.
+'C-l'
+ Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+
+ Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward
+a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
+characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
+-------------------------------
+
+"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
+away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the
+line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)
+
+ If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
+can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
+place later.
+
+ When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any
+number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line
+specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
+available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
+
+ Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+
+'C-k'
+ Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
+ line.
+
+'M-d'
+ Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
+ as those used by 'M-f'.
+
+'M-<DEL>'
+ Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+ words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the
+ same as those used by 'M-b'.
+
+'C-w'
+ Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different
+ than 'M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
+
+ Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+
+'C-y'
+ Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
+ cursor.
+
+'M-y'
+ Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
+ if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.4 Readline Arguments
+------------------------
+
+You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
+argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
+command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
+act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
+start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'.
+
+ The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
+meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
+sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
+have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
+remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the
+'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will
+delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified
+string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and
+"non-incremental".
+
+ Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string. As each character of the search string is typed,
+Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
+typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
+history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches
+forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the
+'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
+search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
+'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort
+an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
+current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or
+'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
+other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
+and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
+search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
+history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
+last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+
+ Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's
+are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+string, any remembered search string is used.
+
+ Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
+starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.3 Readline Init File
+======================
+
+Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
+installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
+keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
+putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
+directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
+variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
+'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
+ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'.
+
+ When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
+file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+
+ In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
+incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+
+* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+
+* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
+-------------------------------
+
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments.
+Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note
+Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings
+and key bindings.
+
+Variable Settings
+ You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
+ values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the
+ init file. The syntax is simple:
+
+ set VARIABLE VALUE
+
+ Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
+ binding to use 'vi' line editing commands:
+
+ set editing-mode vi
+
+ Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized
+ without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+
+ Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
+ on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any
+ other value results in the variable being set to off.
+
+ The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and
+ values. *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+ A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+ variables.
+
+ 'bell-style'
+ Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
+ bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If
+ set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is
+ available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline
+ attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+
+ 'bind-tty-special-chars'
+ If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
+ control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
+ driver to their Readline equivalents.
+
+ 'blink-matching-paren'
+ If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
+ to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
+ inserted. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'colored-completion-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays
+ the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
+ different color. The color definitions are taken from the
+ value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. The default is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'colored-stats'
+ If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using
+ different colors to indicate their file type. The color
+ definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS'
+ environment variable. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'comment-begin'
+ The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+ 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
+ '"#"'.
+
+ 'completion-display-width'
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+ when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
+ less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
+ value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+ The default value is -1.
+
+ 'completion-ignore-case'
+ If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and
+ completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value
+ is 'off'.
+
+ 'completion-map-case'
+ If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+ Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as
+ equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
+ and completion.
+
+ 'completion-prefix-display-length'
+ The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
+ possible completions that is displayed without modification.
+ When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
+ than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
+ possible completions.
+
+ 'completion-query-items'
+ The number of possible completions that determines when the
+ user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
+ displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
+ than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
+ wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This
+ variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal
+ to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. The
+ default limit is '100'.
+
+ 'convert-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
+ eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
+ eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
+ to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on',
+ but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains
+ eight-bit characters.
+
+ 'disable-completion'
+ If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
+ Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
+ they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'echo-control-characters'
+ When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they
+ support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a
+ signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'.
+
+ 'editing-mode'
+ The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
+ bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
+ editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+ This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'.
+
+ 'emacs-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The
+ value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+ meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is
+ available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+ sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+ embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The
+ default is '@'.
+
+ 'enable-bracketed-paste'
+ When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
+ way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
+ buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating
+ each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This
+ can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as
+ editing commands. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'enable-keypad'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application
+ keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
+ the arrow keys. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'enable-meta-key'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta
+ modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+ On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
+ characters. The default is 'on'.
+
+ 'expand-tilde'
+ If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+ attempts word completion. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'history-preserve-point'
+ If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point
+ (the current cursor position) at the same location on each
+ history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or
+ 'next-history'. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'history-size'
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+ list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are
+ deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less
+ than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By
+ default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an
+ attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
+ the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+
+ 'horizontal-scroll-mode'
+ This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it
+ to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
+ scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
+ longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
+ a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to 'off'.
+
+ 'input-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
+ not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+ regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
+ default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if
+ the locale contains eight-bit characters. The name
+ 'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable.
+
+ 'isearch-terminators'
+ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+ search without subsequently executing the character as a
+ command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and 'C-J' will terminate
+ an incremental search.
+
+ 'keymap'
+ Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
+ commands. Acceptable 'keymap' names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+ equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. The default value is 'emacs'.
+ The value of the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the
+ default keymap.
+
+ 'keyseq-timeout'
+ Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
+ complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
+ additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no
+ input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
+ shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value
+ to determine whether or not input is available on the current
+ input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is
+ specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+ Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
+ variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+ non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
+ pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
+ value is '500'.
+
+ 'mark-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash
+ appended. The default is 'on'.
+
+ 'mark-modified-lines'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an
+ asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been
+ modified. This variable is 'off' by default.
+
+ 'mark-symlinked-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to
+ directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+ 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'match-hidden-files'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match
+ files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when
+ performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading
+ '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+ completed. This variable is 'on' by default.
+
+ 'menu-complete-display-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+ the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
+ cycling through the list. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'output-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the
+ eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+ sequence. The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to
+ 'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
+
+ 'page-completions'
+ If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to
+ display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
+ variable is 'on' by default.
+
+ 'print-completions-horizontally'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches
+ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
+ the screen. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'revert-all-at-newline'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history
+ lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By
+ default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
+ undo lists across calls to 'readline'. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'show-all-if-ambiguous'
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+ If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible
+ completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+ of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'.
+
+ 'show-all-if-unmodified'
+ This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
+ in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to
+ 'on', words which have more than one possible completion
+ without any possible partial completion (the possible
+ completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
+ be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The
+ default value is 'off'.
+
+ 'show-mode-in-prompt'
+ If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt
+ indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
+ insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default
+ value is 'off'.
+
+ 'skip-completed-text'
+ If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior
+ when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active
+ when performing completion in the middle of a word. If
+ enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
+ completion that match characters after point in the word being
+ completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
+ not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
+ completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will
+ result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming
+ there is a single possible completion. The default value is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(cmd)'.
+
+ 'vi-ins-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(ins)'.
+
+ 'visible-stats'
+ If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended
+ to the filename when listing possible completions. The
+ default is 'off'.
+
+Key Bindings
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+ First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
+ change. The following sections contain tables of the command name,
+ the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
+ command does.
+
+ Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
+ the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
+ a colon, and then the name of the command. There can be no space
+ between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as
+ part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in
+ different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
+
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+
+ The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings
+ in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+ *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+ KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For
+ example:
+ Control-u: universal-argument
+ Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+ Control-o: "> output"
+
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function
+ 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro
+ expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+ '> output' into the line).
+
+ A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+ processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
+ NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+
+ "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
+ entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
+ sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
+ can be used, as in the following example, but the special
+ character names are not recognized.
+
+ "\C-u": universal-argument
+ "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+ "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
+ ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file',
+ and '<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text
+ 'Function Key 1'.
+
+ The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+ specifying key sequences:
+
+ '\C-'
+ control prefix
+ '\M-'
+ meta prefix
+ '\e'
+ an escape character
+ '\\'
+ backslash
+ '\"'
+ <">, a double quotation mark
+ '\''
+ <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+
+ In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
+ of backslash escapes is available:
+
+ '\a'
+ alert (bell)
+ '\b'
+ backspace
+ '\d'
+ delete
+ '\f'
+ form feed
+ '\n'
+ newline
+ '\r'
+ carriage return
+ '\t'
+ horizontal tab
+ '\v'
+ vertical tab
+ '\NNN'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+ (one to three digits)
+ '\xHH'
+ the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+ HH (one or two hex digits)
+
+ When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
+ used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to
+ be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes
+ described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other
+ character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example,
+ the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into
+ the line:
+ "\C-x\\": "\\"
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
+---------------------------------
+
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
+variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are
+four parser directives used.
+
+'$if'
+ The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+ mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
+ The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters
+ are required to isolate it.
+
+ 'mode'
+ The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test
+ whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used
+ in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to
+ set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps
+ only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode.
+
+ 'term'
+ The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+ bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+ terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
+ '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+ the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This
+ allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance.
+
+ 'application'
+ The APPLICATION construct is used to include
+ application-specific settings. Each program using the
+ Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
+ for a particular value. This could be used to bind key
+ sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For
+ instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
+ quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+ $if Bash
+ # Quote the current or previous word
+ "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+ $endif
+
+'$endif'
+ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if'
+ command.
+
+'$else'
+ Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the
+ test fails.
+
+'$include'
+ This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+ commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following
+ directive reads from '/etc/inputrc':
+ $include /etc/inputrc
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.3 Sample Init File
+----------------------
+
+Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding,
+variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
+
+ # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+ # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
+ # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+ #
+ # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+ # Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+ #
+ # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+ # assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+ $include /etc/Inputrc
+
+ #
+ # Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+ set editing-mode emacs
+
+ $if mode=emacs
+
+ Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored
+
+ #
+ # Arrow keys in keypad mode
+ #
+ #"\M-OD": backward-char
+ #"\M-OC": forward-char
+ #"\M-OA": previous-history
+ #"\M-OB": next-history
+ #
+ # Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+ #
+ "\M-[D": backward-char
+ "\M-[C": forward-char
+ "\M-[A": previous-history
+ "\M-[B": next-history
+ #
+ # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+ #
+ #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char
+ #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char
+ #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history
+ #"\M-\C-OB": next-history
+ #
+ # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+ #
+ #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char
+ #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char
+ #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history
+ #"\M-\C-[B": next-history
+
+ C-q: quoted-insert
+
+ $endif
+
+ # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default.
+ TAB: complete
+
+ # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+ $if Bash
+ # edit the path
+ "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+ # prepare to type a quoted word --
+ # insert open and close double quotes
+ # and move to just after the open quote
+ "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+ # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+ # in sequences and macros)
+ "\C-x\\": "\\"
+ # Quote the current or previous word
+ "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+ # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+ "\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+ # Edit variable on current line.
+ "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+ $endif
+
+ # use a visible bell if one is available
+ set bell-style visible
+
+ # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+ set input-meta on
+
+ # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+ # than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+ set convert-meta off
+
+ # display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+ # rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+ set output-meta on
+
+ # if there are more than 150 possible completions for
+ # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
+ set completion-query-items 150
+
+ # For FTP
+ $if Ftp
+ "\C-xg": "get \M-?"
+ "\C-xt": "put \M-?"
+ "\M-.": yank-last-arg
+ $endif
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.4 Bindable Readline Commands
+==============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line.
+* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines.
+* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text.
+* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking.
+* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters
+* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands.
+
+This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or,
+for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'.
+(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key
+sequence are unbound by default.
+
+ In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
+position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark'
+command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+"region".
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.1 Commands For Moving
+-------------------------
+
+'beginning-of-line (C-a)'
+ Move to the start of the current line.
+
+'end-of-line (C-e)'
+ Move to the end of the line.
+
+'forward-char (C-f)'
+ Move forward a character.
+
+'backward-char (C-b)'
+ Move back a character.
+
+'forward-word (M-f)'
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
+ letters and digits.
+
+'backward-word (M-b)'
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
+ composed of letters and digits.
+
+'shell-forward-word ()'
+ Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by
+ non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'shell-backward-word ()'
+ Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
+ delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'clear-screen (C-l)'
+ Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
+ line at the top of the screen.
+
+'redraw-current-line ()'
+ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+'accept-line (Newline or Return)'
+ Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
+ non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
+ the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a
+ modified history line, then restore the history line to its
+ original state.
+
+'previous-history (C-p)'
+ Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
+ command.
+
+'next-history (C-n)'
+ Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+
+'beginning-of-history (M-<)'
+ Move to the first line in the history.
+
+'end-of-history (M->)'
+ Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+ being entered.
+
+'reverse-search-history (C-r)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+
+'forward-search-history (C-s)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+
+'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+ anywhere in a history line.
+
+'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+ anywhere in a history line.
+
+'history-search-forward ()'
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-search-backward ()'
+ Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substr-search-forward ()'
+ Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substr-search-backward ()'
+ Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+ between the start of the current line and the point. The search
+ string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
+ non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
+ Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+ second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N,
+ insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
+ previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
+ the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
+ argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N'
+ history expansion had been specified.
+
+'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
+ Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+ previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly
+ like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back
+ through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+ specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+ Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+ the direction to move through the history. A negative argument
+ switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The
+ history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+ as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
+--------------------------------
+
+'end-of-file (usually C-d)'
+ The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+ 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on
+ the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+ interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
+
+'delete-char (C-d)'
+ Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
+ same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see
+ above for the effects.
+
+'backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
+ Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
+ to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+
+'forward-backward-delete-char ()'
+ Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+ end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+ deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
+ Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
+ insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example.
+
+'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
+ Insert yourself.
+
+'bracketed-paste-begin ()'
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+ escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+ assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
+ as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
+ read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one
+ was bound to 'self-insert') instead of executing any editing
+ commands.
+
+'transpose-chars (C-t)'
+ Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
+ the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion
+ point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
+ characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect.
+
+'transpose-words (M-t)'
+ Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
+ past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of
+ the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+
+'upcase-word (M-u)'
+ Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'downcase-word (M-l)'
+ Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'capitalize-word (M-c)'
+ Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
+ argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'overwrite-mode ()'
+ Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+ switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
+ argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
+ 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
+ 'readline()' starts in insert mode.
+
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the
+ text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+ Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character
+ before point with a space.
+
+ By default, this command is unbound.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
+-------------------------
+
+'kill-line (C-k)'
+ Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+
+'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
+ Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'unix-line-discard (C-u)'
+ Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'kill-whole-line ()'
+ Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+ By default, this is unbound.
+
+'kill-word (M-d)'
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
+ as 'forward-word'.
+
+'backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ 'backward-word'.
+
+'shell-kill-word ()'
+ Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+ words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
+ as 'shell-forward-word'.
+
+'shell-backward-kill-word ()'
+ Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
+ 'shell-backward-word'.
+
+'unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+ The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+
+'unix-filename-rubout ()'
+ Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+ character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the
+ kill-ring.
+
+'delete-horizontal-space ()'
+ Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is
+ unbound.
+
+'kill-region ()'
+ Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is
+ unbound.
+
+'copy-region-as-kill ()'
+ Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+ right away. By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'copy-backward-word ()'
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries
+ are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is
+ unbound.
+
+'copy-forward-word ()'
+ Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
+ boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this
+ command is unbound.
+
+'yank (C-y)'
+ Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+
+'yank-pop (M-y)'
+ Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
+ if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
+----------------------------------
+
+'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
+ Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+ argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument.
+
+'universal-argument ()'
+ This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
+ followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed
+ by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric
+ argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this
+ command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
+ digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
+ multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so
+ executing this function the first time makes the argument count
+ four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
+ By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
+-----------------------------------
+
+'complete (<TAB>)'
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual
+ completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts
+ completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
+ '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text
+ begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in
+ turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
+ attempted.
+
+'possible-completions (M-?)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point. When
+ displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+ for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value
+ of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that
+ order.
+
+'insert-completions (M-*)'
+ Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+ been generated by 'possible-completions'.
+
+'menu-complete ()'
+ Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a
+ single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
+ completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list
+ of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
+ 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
+ moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+ argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
+ command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
+ default.
+
+'menu-complete-backward ()'
+ Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a
+ negative argument.
+
+'delete-char-or-list ()'
+ Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+ end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
+ behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is
+ unbound by default.
+
+'complete-filename (M-/)'
+ Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+
+'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a filename.
+
+'complete-username (M-~)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ username.
+
+'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a username.
+
+'complete-variable (M-$)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+ variable.
+
+'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a shell variable.
+
+'complete-hostname (M-@)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ hostname.
+
+'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a hostname.
+
+'complete-command (M-!)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+ command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
+ against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins,
+ and finally executable filenames, in that order.
+
+'possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a command name.
+
+'dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+ against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ matches.
+
+'dabbrev-expand ()'
+ Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
+ text against lines from the history list for possible completion
+ matches.
+
+'complete-into-braces (M-{)'
+ Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible
+ completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+ shell (*note Brace Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
+---------------------
+
+'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
+ Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+
+'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
+ Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+ and save the definition.
+
+'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
+ Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
+ characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+
+'print-last-kbd-macro ()'
+ Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+ INPUTRC file.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
+---------------------------------
+
+'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
+ Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
+ bindings or variable assignments found there.
+
+'abort (C-g)'
+ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+ (subject to the setting of 'bell-style').
+
+'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
+ If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is
+ bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
+
+'prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
+ Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a
+ meta key. Typing '<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'.
+
+'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
+ Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+
+'revert-line (M-r)'
+ Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+ 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+
+'tilde-expand (M-&)'
+ Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+
+'set-mark (C-@)'
+ Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ mark is set to that position.
+
+'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
+ Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set
+ to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
+ mark.
+
+'character-search (C-])'
+ A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
+ that character. A negative count searches for previous
+ occurrences.
+
+'character-search-backward (M-C-])'
+ A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+ of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
+ occurrences.
+
+'skip-csi-sequence ()'
+ Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+ those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
+ with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+ no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of
+ inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+
+'insert-comment (M-#)'
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin'
+ variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+ characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+ 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
+ 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In
+ either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+ The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make
+ the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the
+ comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
+ shell.
+
+'dump-functions ()'
+ Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
+ output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
+ formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+ file. This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-variables ()'
+ Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+ Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+ output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+ INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-macros ()'
+ Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
+ is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+ file. This command is unbound by default.
+
+'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
+ used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+ completions.
+
+'glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
+ The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+ expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is
+ appended before pathname expansion.
+
+'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
+ The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+ 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname
+ expansion.
+
+'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
+ Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+
+'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
+ Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history
+ expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell
+ Expansions::).
+
+'history-expand-line (M-^)'
+ Perform history expansion on the current line.
+
+'magic-space ()'
+ Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+ (*note History Interaction::).
+
+'alias-expand-line ()'
+ Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
+ Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+
+'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
+ A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'.
+
+'operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
+ Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+ relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
+ argument is ignored.
+
+'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)'
+ Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+ result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL',
+ '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.5 Readline vi Mode
+====================
+
+While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing
+functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
+The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+
+ In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing
+modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
+Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode.
+
+ When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in
+'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
+you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
+the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k'
+and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.6 Programmable Completion
+===========================
+
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which
+a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
+'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
+programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+
+ First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been
+defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
+possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
+compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the
+command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
+searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an
+attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default.
+
+ Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
+
+ First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
+which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
+'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash
+Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.
+
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G'
+option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
+match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not
+used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used.
+
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is
+considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become the possible completions.
+
+ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
+command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the
+command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT',
+'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
+above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked,
+the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the
+function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
+the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
+($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No
+filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+
+ Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt'
+builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to
+generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the
+'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
+
+ Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an
+environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list
+of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
+used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+
+ After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a
+pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced
+with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped
+with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
+matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+characters.
+
+ Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S'
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
+is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+
+ If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
+the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec
+was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+
+ If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of
+filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was
+supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
+completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the
+'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was
+defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+
+ When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the
+setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
+
+ There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
+compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
+executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+than being loaded all at once.
+
+ For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each
+kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following
+default completion function would load completions dynamically:
+
+ _completion_loader()
+ {
+ . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+ }
+ complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Next: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
+====================================
+
+Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable
+completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular
+command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is
+happening.
+
+'compgen'
+ compgen [OPTION] [WORD]
+
+ Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the
+ OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin
+ with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the
+ standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various
+ shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities,
+ while available, will not have useful values.
+
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the
+ programmable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is
+ specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or
+ no matches were generated.
+
+'complete'
+ complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST]
+ [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT]
+ [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
+ complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]
+
+ Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the
+ '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to
+ be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion
+ specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
+ completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that the
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" command
+ completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
+ completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates
+ that the remaining options and actions should apply to "empty"
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
+
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when word
+ completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable
+ Completion::). The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
+
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary,
+ the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
+ expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked.
+
+ '-o COMP-OPTION'
+ The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's
+ behavior beyond the simple generation of completions.
+ COMP-OPTION may be one of:
+
+ 'bashdefault'
+ Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the
+ compspec generates no matches.
+
+ 'default'
+ Use Readline's default filename completion if the
+ compspec generates no matches.
+
+ 'dirnames'
+ Perform directory name completion if the compspec
+ generates no matches.
+
+ 'filenames'
+ Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
+ it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+ adding a slash to directory names quoting special
+ characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option
+ is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+ with '-F'.
+
+ 'noquote'
+ Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they
+ are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
+
+ 'nosort'
+ Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+
+ 'nospace'
+ Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to
+ words completed at the end of the line.
+
+ 'plusdirs'
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+ directory name completion is attempted and any matches
+ are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+ '-A ACTION'
+ The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of
+ possible completions:
+
+ 'alias'
+ Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'.
+
+ 'arrayvar'
+ Array variable names.
+
+ 'binding'
+ Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline
+ Commands::).
+
+ 'builtin'
+ Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified
+ as '-b'.
+
+ 'command'
+ Command names. May also be specified as '-c'.
+
+ 'directory'
+ Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'.
+
+ 'disabled'
+ Names of disabled shell builtins.
+
+ 'enabled'
+ Names of enabled shell builtins.
+
+ 'export'
+ Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified
+ as '-e'.
+
+ 'file'
+ File names. May also be specified as '-f'.
+
+ 'function'
+ Names of shell functions.
+
+ 'group'
+ Group names. May also be specified as '-g'.
+
+ 'helptopic'
+ Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::).
+
+ 'hostname'
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+ 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+ 'job'
+ Job names, if job control is active. May also be
+ specified as '-j'.
+
+ 'keyword'
+ Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'.
+
+ 'running'
+ Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+
+ 'service'
+ Service names. May also be specified as '-s'.
+
+ 'setopt'
+ Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ 'shopt'
+ Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin
+ (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ 'signal'
+ Signal names.
+
+ 'stopped'
+ Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+
+ 'user'
+ User names. May also be specified as '-u'.
+
+ 'variable'
+ Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as
+ '-v'.
+
+ '-C COMMAND'
+ COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
+ is used as the possible completions.
+
+ '-F FUNCTION'
+ The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
+ environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
+ command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
+ being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+ completed, as described above (*note Programmable
+ Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are
+ retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable.
+
+ '-G GLOBPAT'
+ The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
+ the possible completions.
+
+ '-P PREFIX'
+ PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+ after all other options have been applied.
+
+ '-S SUFFIX'
+ SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other
+ options have been applied.
+
+ '-W WORDLIST'
+ The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
+ expanded. The possible completions are the members of the
+ resultant list which match the word being completed.
+
+ '-X FILTERPAT'
+ FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is
+ applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+ preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+ FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in
+ FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+ not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument,
+ an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME
+ for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
+ completion specification.
+
+'compopt'
+ compopt [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
+ Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
+ or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
+ If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
+ NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are
+ those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D'
+ option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the
+ "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+ command for which no completion has previously been defined. The
+ '-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to
+ "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+ blank line.
+
+ The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+ attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no
+ completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.8 A Programmable Completion Example
+=====================================
+
+The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell
+function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'.
+
+ The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It
+is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used
+for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to
+determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the
+'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+'COMP_CWORD' variable.
+
+ The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do
+much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond
+accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde
+Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above
+(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars'
+shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value
+of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names
+containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions
+it generates one per line.
+
+ Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one
+completion per array element. The programmable completion system
+retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.
+
+ # A completion function for the cd builtin
+ # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+ _comp_cd()
+ {
+ local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS
+ local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+ local i j k
+
+ # Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname
+ case "$2" in
+ \~*) eval cur="$2" ;;
+ *) cur=$2 ;;
+ esac
+
+ # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+ if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+ # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+ IFS=$'\n'
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+ IFS=$' \t\n'
+ # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+ else
+ IFS=$'\n'
+ _skipdot=false
+ # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+ _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+ _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+ _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+ for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+ if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+ k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
+ for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+ COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory
+ done
+ done
+ $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+ IFS=$' \t\n'
+ fi
+
+ # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+ if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+ fi
+
+ return 0
+ }
+
+ We install the completion function using the '-F' option to
+'complete':
+
+ # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+ # use the bash default completion for other arguments
+ complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+
+Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other
+details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline
+what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
+completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately.
+That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it
+can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend
+'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
+CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o
+nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the
+directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault'
+option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible
+completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include
+things like command name completion, variable completion for words
+beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns
+(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
+
+ Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time
+we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command.
+
+ Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most
+of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of
+the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many
+GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the
+project now lives at <http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/>. There
+are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+
+ An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with
+bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
+
+9 Using History Interactively
+*****************************
+
+This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
+from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For
+information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the
+GNU Readline Library Manual.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+ history.
+* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+ the command history.
+* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.1 Bash History Facilities
+===========================
+
+When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The
+Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the
+list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The
+shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
+the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+ When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file
+named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file
+named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
+no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the
+'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the
+last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note
+Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise
+the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
+history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the
+history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than
+'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
+non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
+is not truncated.
+
+ If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated
+with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
+history comment character. When the history file is read, lines
+beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
+
+ The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to
+display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
+editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For
+History::).
+
+ The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
+the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist'
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line
+of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons
+where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell
+option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these
+options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.2 Bash History Builtins
+=========================
+
+Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and
+history file.
+
+'fc'
+ fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]
+ fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]
+
+ The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from
+ the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both
+ FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most
+ recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index
+ into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset
+ from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is
+ set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous
+ command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is
+ given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag
+ suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag
+ reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
+ ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is
+ not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used:
+ '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the
+ 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if
+ that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete,
+ the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+
+ In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of
+ PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is
+ intepreted the same as FIRST above.
+
+ A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that
+ typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing
+ 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history'
+ history [N]
+ history -c
+ history -d OFFSET
+ history [-anrw] [FILENAME]
+ history -ps ARG
+
+ With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines
+ prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists
+ only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is
+ set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to
+ display the time stamp associated with each displayed history
+ entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time
+ stamp and the history line.
+
+ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+ '-c'
+ Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other
+ options to replace the history list completely.
+
+ '-d OFFSET'
+ Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be
+ specified as it appears when the history is displayed.
+
+ '-a'
+ Append the new history lines to the history file. These are
+ history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash
+ session, but not already appended to the history file.
+
+ '-n'
+ Append the history lines not already read from the history
+ file to the current history list. These are lines appended to
+ the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
+ session.
+
+ '-r'
+ Read the history file and append its contents to the history
+ list.
+
+ '-w'
+ Write out the current history list to the history file.
+
+ '-p'
+ Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
+ result on the standard output, without storing the results in
+ the history list.
+
+ '-s'
+ The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single
+ entry.
+
+ When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if
+ FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not,
+ then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.3 History Expansion
+=====================
+
+The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the
+syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+
+ History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
+input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
+a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
+previous commands quickly.
+
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+read, before the shell breaks it into words.
+
+ History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to
+determine which line from the history list should be used during
+substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for
+inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is
+called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
+are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the
+selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
+Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is '!' by default. Only '\' and '''
+may be used to escape the history expansion character, but the history
+expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes
+the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.
+
+ Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash
+Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If
+the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used,
+history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer
+for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the
+'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p'
+option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a
+history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the
+'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
+
+ The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained
+above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment
+character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use.
+* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest.
+* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.1 Event Designators
+-----------------------
+
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+the current position in the history list.
+
+'!'
+ Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+ the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is
+ enabled using the 'shopt' builtin).
+
+'!N'
+ Refer to command line N.
+
+'!-N'
+ Refer to the command N lines back.
+
+'!!'
+ Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'.
+
+'!STRING'
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list starting with STRING.
+
+'!?STRING[?]'
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be
+ omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
+
+'^STRING1^STRING2^'
+ Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
+ with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
+
+'!#'
+ The entire command line typed so far.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.2 Word Designators
+----------------------
+
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':'
+separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
+being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line
+separated by single spaces.
+
+ For example,
+
+'!!'
+ designates the preceding command. When you type this, the
+ preceding command is repeated in toto.
+
+'!!:$'
+ designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
+ shortened to '!$'.
+
+'!fi:2'
+ designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
+ with the letters 'fi'.
+
+ Here are the word designators:
+
+'0 (zero)'
+ The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
+
+'N'
+ The Nth word.
+
+'^'
+ The first argument; that is, word 1.
+
+'$'
+ The last argument.
+
+'%'
+ The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search.
+
+'X-Y'
+ A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'.
+
+'*'
+ All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'.
+ It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the
+ event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+
+'X*'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$'
+
+'X-'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word.
+
+ If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.3 Modifiers
+---------------
+
+After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
+more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'.
+
+'h'
+ Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+
+'t'
+ Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+
+'r'
+ Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the
+ basename.
+
+'e'
+ Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+
+'p'
+ Print the new command but do not execute it.
+
+'q'
+ Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+
+'x'
+ Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at
+ spaces, tabs, and newlines.
+
+'s/OLD/NEW/'
+ Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
+ Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'. The delimiter may be
+ quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If '&' appears in
+ NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the '&'.
+ The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
+ input line.
+
+'&'
+ Repeat the previous substitution.
+
+'g'
+'a'
+ Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
+ conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'.
+
+'G'
+ Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
+
+10 Installing Bash
+******************
+
+This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the
+various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU
+operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix
+systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for
+MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions.
+* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various
+ systems.
+* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more
+ than one kind of system from
+ the same source tree.
+* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU
+ programs.
+* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program.
+* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when
+ building Bash.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.1 Basic Installation
+=======================
+
+These are installation instructions for Bash.
+
+ The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+
+ 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
+ './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using
+ 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh
+ ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute
+ 'configure' itself.
+
+ Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints
+ messages telling which features it is checking for.
+
+ 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting
+ script.
+
+ 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
+
+ 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will
+ also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+ The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
+those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
+each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a
+'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
+creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
+future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
+saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
+'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
+'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
+don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+
+ To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
+script understands, type
+
+ bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
+
+at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+
+ If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to
+figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
+mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+
+ The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
+called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
+or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
+this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
+
+ You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
+code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that
+'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
+computer), type 'make distclean'.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.2 Compilers and Options
+==========================
+
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
+'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure'
+initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using
+a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
+this:
+
+ CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+
+ On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this:
+
+ env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+
+ The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+=========================================
+
+You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same
+time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own
+directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports
+the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where
+you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure'
+script from the source directory. You may need to supply the
+'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are.
+'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory
+that 'configure' is in and in '..'.
+
+ If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH'
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the
+source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one
+architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
+architecture.
+
+ Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use
+the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
+links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that
+creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
+directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
+
+ bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+
+The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
+for at least one architecture before you can create build directories
+for other architectures.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.4 Installation Names
+=======================
+
+By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
+'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
+than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
+by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
+'make install'.
+
+ You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
+give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will
+use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.5 Specifying the System Type
+===============================
+
+There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically,
+but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually
+'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it
+can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE'
+can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a
+canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g.,
+'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
+
+ See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
+field.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.6 Sharing Defaults
+=====================
+
+If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you
+can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default
+values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure'
+looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
+'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all
+'configure' scripts do.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.7 Operation Controls
+=======================
+
+'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
+
+'--cache-file=FILE'
+ Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
+ './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for
+ debugging 'configure'.
+
+'--help'
+ Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit.
+
+'--quiet'
+'--silent'
+'-q'
+ Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+
+'--srcdir=DIR'
+ Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually
+ 'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+
+'--version'
+ Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
+ script, and exit.
+
+ 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.8 Optional Features
+======================
+
+The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where
+FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several
+'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc'
+or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use
+'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is
+enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'.
+
+ Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that
+the Bash 'configure' recognizes.
+
+'--with-afs'
+ Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+
+'--with-bash-malloc'
+ Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'.
+ This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
+ older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This
+ 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+ This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a
+ list of systems for which this should be turned off, and
+ 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
+ systems.
+
+'--with-curses'
+ Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
+ be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+ database.
+
+'--with-gnu-malloc'
+ A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'.
+
+'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
+ Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of
+ Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works
+ only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or
+ not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables
+ 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by
+ default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+ the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is
+ 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is
+ set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory
+ pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in
+ subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include'
+ and the library in PREFIX/'lib').
+
+'--with-purify'
+ Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from
+ Rational Software.
+
+'--enable-minimal-config'
+ This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the
+ historical Bourne shell.
+
+ There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled
+and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+
+'--enable-largefile'
+ Enable support for large files
+ (http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if
+ the operating system requires special compiler options to build
+ programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default,
+ if the operating system provides large file support.
+
+'--enable-profiling'
+ This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+ processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed.
+
+'--enable-static-link'
+ This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used.
+ This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
+
+ The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
+following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
+be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
+
+ All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
+'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
+unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-alias'
+ Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+ builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+'--enable-arith-for-command'
+ Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
+ behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
+ Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-array-variables'
+ Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note
+ Arrays::).
+
+'--enable-bang-history'
+ Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History
+ Interaction::).
+
+'--enable-brace-expansion'
+ Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ).
+ See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description.
+
+'--enable-casemod-attributes'
+ Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
+ builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE
+ attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
+ uppercase upon assignment.
+
+'--enable-casemod-expansion'
+ Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+
+'--enable-command-timing'
+ Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for
+ displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time'
+ (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell
+ builtins and functions to be timed.
+
+'--enable-cond-command'
+ Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note
+ Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-cond-regexp'
+ Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
+ '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note
+ Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-coprocesses'
+ Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word
+ (*note Pipelines::).
+
+'--enable-debugger'
+ Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+
+'--enable-direxpand-default'
+ Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
+ be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally
+ disabled by default.
+
+'--enable-directory-stack'
+ Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd',
+ 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
+
+'--enable-disabled-builtins'
+ Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after
+ 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash
+ Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin
+ commands.
+
+'--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
+ Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional
+ Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-extended-glob'
+ Include support for the extended pattern matching features
+ described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
+
+'--enable-extended-glob-default'
+ Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
+ under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
+
+'--enable-function-import'
+ Include support for importing function definitions exported by
+ another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+
+'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
+ Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
+ above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls
+ the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions.
+
+'--enable-help-builtin'
+ Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
+ and variables (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'--enable-history'
+ Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands
+ (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+
+'--enable-job-control'
+ This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the
+ operating system supports them.
+
+'--enable-multibyte'
+ This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+ system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-net-redirections'
+ This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+ '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
+ redirections (*note Redirections::).
+
+'--enable-process-substitution'
+ This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if
+ the operating system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-progcomp'
+ Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+ Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no
+ effect.
+
+'--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
+ Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped
+ characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt
+ strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list
+ of prompt string escape sequences.
+
+'--enable-readline'
+ Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+ version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::).
+
+'--enable-restricted'
+ Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled,
+ Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note
+ The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
+
+'--enable-select'
+ Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation
+ of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-separate-helpfiles'
+ Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help'
+ builtin instead of storing the text internally.
+
+'--enable-single-help-strings'
+ Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string
+ for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to
+ different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler
+ cannot handle very long string literals.
+
+'--enable-strict-posix-default'
+ Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'--enable-usg-echo-default'
+ A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
+
+'--enable-xpg-echo-default'
+ Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
+ default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default
+ value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash
+ 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
+ Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description
+ of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes.
+
+ The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements
+for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are
+not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the
+comments associated with each definition for more information about its
+effect.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top
+
+Appendix A Reporting Bugs
+*************************
+
+Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make
+sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
+of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
+
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
+encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug
+reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'.
+
+ All bug reports should include:
+ * The version number of Bash.
+ * The hardware and operating system.
+ * The compiler used to compile Bash.
+ * A description of the bug behaviour.
+ * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+ to reproduce it.
+
+'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+ Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top
+
+Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+**************************************************
+
+Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
+expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the
+POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
+implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
+shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
+significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater
+depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh'
+included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
+the baseline reference.
+
+ * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
+ differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+ * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
+ Bash::).
+
+ * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
+ the 'bind' builtin.
+
+ * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note
+ Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete',
+ 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it.
+
+ * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
+ 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history
+ list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
+ 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
+
+ * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History
+ Interaction::).
+
+ * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+ appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+ Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash
+ provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+ * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
+ characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+ (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
+
+ * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
+ translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D',
+ '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list
+ the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
+ Translation::).
+
+ * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a
+ pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement
+ needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option
+ to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
+ command fails.
+
+ * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note
+ Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be
+ controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable.
+
+ * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
+ for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
+ Constructs::).
+
+ * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the
+ generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+ * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional
+ testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::),
+ including optional regular expression matching.
+
+ * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and
+ '[[' constructs.
+
+ * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+ expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+ * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+ builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+ * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note
+ Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
+ Arithmetic::).
+
+ * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
+ automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does
+ not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
+ using the 'export' command.
+
+ * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
+ value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+ * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##'
+ expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
+ values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is
+ supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the
+ substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
+ is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+ PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
+ available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
+ of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
+ (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
+ Parameter Expansion::).
+
+ * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
+
+ * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
+ Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``'
+ (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+ * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
+
+ * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about
+ the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host
+ ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the
+ instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
+
+ * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+ not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding
+ shell security hole.
+
+ * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to
+ negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne
+ shell uses only '!'.
+
+ * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
+ including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
+ SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+ * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
+ 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
+ * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
+ name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+ * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+ 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+ (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+ even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all
+ variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+ command is executed from the file system.
+
+ * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+ to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+ * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+ opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection
+ operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the
+ same file (*note Redirections::).
+
+ * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
+ be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+ * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection
+ operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+ * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
+ redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+ * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
+ services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+ * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+ files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|'
+ redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'.
+
+ * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+ each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and
+ physical modes.
+
+ * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
+ and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
+ function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash
+ Builtins::).
+
+ * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
+ command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable'
+ builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
+ to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+ command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+ (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+ * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+ using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+ * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a
+ '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display
+ variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
+ as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable
+ attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
+ and values simultaneously.
+
+ * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
+ arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+ searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
+ Builtins::).
+
+ * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell
+ facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
+ (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
+ ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY'
+ variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The
+ Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p'
+ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e'
+ option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control
+ input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+ they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if
+ input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+ '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of
+ characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read
+ until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+ * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+ executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+ Builtins::).
+
+ * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
+ optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+ options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+ Bash::).
+
+ * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set'
+ builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+ * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
+ commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
+ Builtin::).
+
+ * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
+ different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
+ the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+ * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
+ any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
+ with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the bash
+ debugger.
+
+ * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified
+ with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for'
+ command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for'
+ command, and before the first command executes in a shell function.
+ The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+ function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace'
+ option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug'
+ shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'.
+ Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple
+ command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the
+ 'set' builtin is enabled.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
+ 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and
+ 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed
+ before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script
+ executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the
+ 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using
+ the 'shopt' builtin.
+
+ * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
+ information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+ * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output
+ to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused
+ as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+ * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
+ 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+ Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+ the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+ * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+ strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+ * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+ Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+ * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+ table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
+ 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'.
+
+ * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+ for shell scripts.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and
+ 'priv') not present in Bash.
+
+ * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins.
+
+ * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell
+ accounting.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'.
+
+More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::.
+
+B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
+====================================================
+
+Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+
+ * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a
+ shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement.
+
+ * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will
+ silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain
+ circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+ trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with
+ 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function
+ call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+ * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when
+ invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective
+ UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value,
+ commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM',
+ or 'SIGCHLD'.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH',
+ 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'.
+
+ * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v');
+ the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact,
+ some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+ with a '-'.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a
+ script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
+ for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
+
+ * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it
+ turns on job control).
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top
+
+Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
+*****************************************
+
+ Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+ Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ <http://fsf.org/>
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ 0. PREAMBLE
+
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+ equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
+ covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+ long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+ conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+ legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+ reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+ adjacent pages.
+
+ If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
+ numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+ remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+ through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
+
+ 4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+ You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
+ under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
+ release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+ Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
+ the Modified Version:
+
+ A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title
+ as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+ version gives permission.
+
+ B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+ entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
+ the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
+ principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
+ authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
+ from this requirement.
+
+ C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+ Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+ D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+ E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+ F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+ notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
+ Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
+ the Addendum below.
+
+ G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+ license notice.
+
+ H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+ I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
+ and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
+ authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+ Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+ an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+ previous sentence.
+
+ J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
+ for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
+ likewise the network locations given in the Document for
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
+ "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ that was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+ to gives permission.
+
+ K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+ in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+ M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+ may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+ N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
+ "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
+ Section.
+
+ O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+ If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+ appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.
+
+ You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+ nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+ parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+ has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+ definition of a standard.
+
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
+ and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+ the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
+ of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+ one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+ the old one.
+
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+ License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+ assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+ 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+ this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
+ combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
+ their Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+ multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+ copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
+ but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
+ by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+ original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
+ unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
+ the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
+ combined work.
+
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
+ "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
+ Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+ "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
+ must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
+
+ 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+ documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+ copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+ that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
+
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+ distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
+ a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.
+
+ 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+ A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
+ separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+ storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+ copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
+ legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
+ works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
+ License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
+ are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
+
+ If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
+ of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
+ on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+ electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
+ form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
+ the whole aggregate.
+
+ 8. TRANSLATION
+
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+ distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
+ 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+ permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+ translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+ original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+ translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+ Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
+ include the original English version of this License and the
+ original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original version of
+ this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
+ prevail.
+
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+ "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
+ Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
+ actual title.
+
+ 9. TERMINATION
+
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+ except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+ otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
+ and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+ license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+ reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+ reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+ violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+ received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
+ that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
+ after your receipt of the notice.
+
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
+ the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+ same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+ the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+ versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+ differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+ <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
+
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+ number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+ version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
+ have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
+ that specified version or of any later version that has been
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
+ Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+ choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+ decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
+
+ 11. RELICENSING
+
+ "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+ World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+ provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+ public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
+ A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
+ site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+ site.
+
+ "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+ corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+ California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+ published by that same organization.
+
+ "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ in part, as part of another Document.
+
+ An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+ License, and if all works that were first published under this
+ License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
+ incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
+ texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
+ to November 1, 2008.
+
+ The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+ site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+ 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+====================================================
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
+ Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+ Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ Free Documentation License''.
+
+ If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+
+ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
+ the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+ being LIST.
+
+ If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+ If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
+
+Appendix D Indexes
+******************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands.
+* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words.
+* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the
+ variable you want.
+* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions.
+* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in
+ this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes
+
+D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
+===================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* .: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 17)
+* :: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 11)
+* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 268)
+* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
+* bg: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 7)
+* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21)
+* break: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 36)
+* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 102)
+* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 111)
+* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 44)
+* command: Bash Builtins. (line 128)
+* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins.
+ (line 12)
+* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
+ (line 30)
+* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
+ (line 229)
+* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 85)
+* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 148)
+* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins.
+ (line 7)
+* disown: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 89)
+* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245)
+* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 294)
+* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 94)
+* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 102)
+* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 119)
+* export: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 126)
+* fc: Bash History Builtins.
+ (line 10)
+* fg: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 17)
+* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 142)
+* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 185)
+* help: Bash Builtins. (line 323)
+* history: Bash History Builtins.
+ (line 40)
+* jobs: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 27)
+* kill: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 58)
+* let: Bash Builtins. (line 342)
+* local: Bash Builtins. (line 350)
+* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 364)
+* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 369)
+* popd: Directory Stack Builtins.
+ (line 35)
+* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 414)
+* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
+ (line 53)
+* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 205)
+* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458)
+* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 550)
+* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 215)
+* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 234)
+* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
+* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 255)
+* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 559)
+* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 101)
+* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 268)
+* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 343)
+* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 349)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 564)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 596)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 602)
+* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 398)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 701)
+* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
+ (line 416)
+* wait: Job Control Builtins.
+ (line 76)
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes
+
+D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words
+=================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
+* [[: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 121)
+* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 121)
+* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
+* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
+* case: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 28)
+* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
+* done: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
+* elif: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 7)
+* else: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 7)
+* esac: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 28)
+* fi: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 7)
+* for: Looping Constructs. (line 32)
+* function: Shell Functions. (line 13)
+* if: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 7)
+* in: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 28)
+* select: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 79)
+* then: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 7)
+* time: Pipelines. (line 9)
+* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
+* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22)
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes
+
+D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
+================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !: Special Parameters. (line 50)
+* #: Special Parameters. (line 33)
+* $: Special Parameters. (line 45)
+* $!: Special Parameters. (line 51)
+* $#: Special Parameters. (line 34)
+* $$: Special Parameters. (line 46)
+* $*: Special Parameters. (line 10)
+* $-: Special Parameters. (line 41)
+* $0: Special Parameters. (line 56)
+* $?: Special Parameters. (line 37)
+* $@: Special Parameters. (line 23)
+* $_: Special Parameters. (line 65)
+* *: Special Parameters. (line 9)
+* -: Special Parameters. (line 40)
+* 0: Special Parameters. (line 55)
+* ?: Special Parameters. (line 36)
+* @: Special Parameters. (line 22)
+* _: Special Parameters. (line 64)
+* auto_resume: Job Control Variables.
+ (line 6)
+* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13)
+* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16)
+* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25)
+* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30)
+* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 39)
+* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 49)
+* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 59)
+* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 68)
+* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 73)
+* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 88)
+* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 94)
+* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 97)
+* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 105)
+* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 109)
+* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 117)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 124)
+* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 129)
+* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 152)
+* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 155)
+* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 38)
+* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 45)
+* blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 50)
+* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 9)
+* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 166)
+* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 55)
+* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 62)
+* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 173)
+* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 68)
+* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 73)
+* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 80)
+* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 85)
+* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 91)
+* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 98)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 225)
+* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 179)
+* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 208)
+* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 185)
+* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 190)
+* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 198)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 212)
+* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 218)
+* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 108)
+* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 231)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 235)
+* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 116)
+* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 121)
+* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 126)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 245)
+* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 132)
+* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 142)
+* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 150)
+* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 250)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 254)
+* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 258)
+* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 161)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 271)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 275)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 281)
+* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 298)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 310)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 316)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 331)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 336)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 356)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 367)
+* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 165)
+* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 171)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 387)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 394)
+* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 13)
+* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 180)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 402)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 413)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 416)
+* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 18)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 419)
+* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 187)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 429)
+* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 195)
+* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 202)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 433)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 437)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 441)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 448)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 453)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 457)
+* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 461)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 465)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 469)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 475)
+* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 22)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 479)
+* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 27)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487)
+* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 232)
+* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 237)
+* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 242)
+* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 249)
+* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 187)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 491)
+* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 34)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 494)
+* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 38)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 498)
+* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 254)
+* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 260)
+* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 42)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 501)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 506)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 515)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 519)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 523)
+* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 529)
+* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 48)
+* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
+ (line 53)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 534)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 539)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 545)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 548)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 553)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 557)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 561)
+* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 270)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 564)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 570)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 575)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 584)
+* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 276)
+* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 282)
+* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 291)
+* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 297)
+* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
+* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 589)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 627)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 639)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 643)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 310)
+* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 320)
+* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 330)
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
+
+D.4 Function Index
+==================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 10)
+* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
+ (line 6)
+* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 124)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
+* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
+* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 9)
+* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
+* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
+ (line 20)
+* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
+* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33)
+* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
+* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61)
+* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 41)
+* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 46)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
+* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 6)
+* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 80)
+* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 49)
+* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 72)
+* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 100)
+* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 56)
+* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 64)
+* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 58)
+* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 63)
+* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 54)
+* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 95)
+* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12)
+* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 43)
+* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 46)
+* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
+* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 109)
+* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 14)
+* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57)
+* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 73)
+* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 85)
+* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 79)
+* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 90)
+* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 138)
+* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
+* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
+* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
+ (line 23)
+* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
+* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 36)
+* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
+* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
+* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
+ (line 31)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
+* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 91)
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 97)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 103)
+* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 127)
+* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 117)
+* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 53)
+* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 47)
+* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 65)
+* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 59)
+* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 60)
+* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 22)
+* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 130)
+* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 6)
+* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 50)
+* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 15)
+* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 19)
+* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 120)
+* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 26)
+* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 38)
+* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
+ (line 17)
+* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
+ (line 41)
+* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
+ (line 35)
+* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 133)
+* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65)
+* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 86)
+* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 15)
+* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 52)
+* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 76)
+* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 60)
+* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 68)
+* prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 18)
+* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
+ (line 13)
+* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26)
+* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 6)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
+* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
+ (line 27)
+* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 25)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30)
+* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 32)
+* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 33)
+* shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
+* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 112)
+* shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
+* shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 28)
+* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 51)
+* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
+* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 29)
+* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42)
+* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48)
+* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 22)
+* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10)
+* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 41)
+* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 12)
+* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 37)
+* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 53)
+* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 68)
+* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
+ (line 80)
+* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
+ (line 71)
+* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 71)
+
+
+File: bash.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes
+
+D.5 Concept Index
+=================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* alias expansion: Aliases. (line 6)
+* arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
+* arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion.
+ (line 6)
+* arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
+* arrays: Arrays. (line 6)
+* background: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* Bash configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6)
+* Bash installation: Basic Installation. (line 6)
+* Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features.
+ (line 6)
+* brace expansion: Brace Expansion. (line 6)
+* builtin: Definitions. (line 17)
+* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials.
+ (line 6)
+* command execution: Command Search and Execution.
+ (line 6)
+* command expansion: Simple Command Expansion.
+ (line 6)
+* command history: Bash History Facilities.
+ (line 6)
+* command search: Command Search and Execution.
+ (line 6)
+* command substitution: Command Substitution.
+ (line 6)
+* command timing: Pipelines. (line 9)
+* commands, compound: Compound Commands. (line 6)
+* commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs.
+ (line 6)
+* commands, grouping: Command Grouping. (line 6)
+* commands, lists: Lists. (line 6)
+* commands, looping: Looping Constructs. (line 6)
+* commands, pipelines: Pipelines. (line 6)
+* commands, shell: Shell Commands. (line 6)
+* commands, simple: Simple Commands. (line 6)
+* comments, shell: Comments. (line 6)
+* completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins.
+ (line 6)
+* configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6)
+* control operator: Definitions. (line 21)
+* coprocess: Coprocesses. (line 6)
+* directory stack: The Directory Stack. (line 6)
+* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials.
+ (line 6)
+* environment: Environment. (line 6)
+* evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
+* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6)
+* execution environment: Command Execution Environment.
+ (line 6)
+* exit status: Definitions. (line 26)
+* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6)
+* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6)
+* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion.
+ (line 6)
+* expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. (line 6)
+* expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. (line 9)
+* expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion.
+ (line 6)
+* expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. (line 9)
+* expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
+* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
+* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions.
+ (line 6)
+* field: Definitions. (line 30)
+* filename: Definitions. (line 35)
+* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9)
+* foreground: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6)
+* history builtins: Bash History Builtins.
+ (line 6)
+* history events: Event Designators. (line 8)
+* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6)
+* history list: Bash History Facilities.
+ (line 6)
+* History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example.
+ (line 114)
+* identifier: Definitions. (line 51)
+* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6)
+* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6)
+* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction.
+ (line 6)
+* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128)
+* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
+* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
+* job: Definitions. (line 38)
+* job control: Definitions. (line 42)
+* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands.
+ (line 18)
+* killing text: Readline Killing Commands.
+ (line 6)
+* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
+* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 125)
+* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6)
+* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46)
+* name: Definitions. (line 51)
+* native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6)
+* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials.
+ (line 6)
+* operator, shell: Definitions. (line 57)
+* parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion.
+ (line 6)
+* parameters: Shell Parameters. (line 6)
+* parameters, positional: Positional Parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* parameters, special: Special Parameters. (line 6)
+* pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9)
+* pattern matching: Pattern Matching. (line 6)
+* pipeline: Pipelines. (line 6)
+* POSIX: Definitions. (line 9)
+* POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. (line 6)
+* process group: Definitions. (line 62)
+* process group ID: Definitions. (line 66)
+* process substitution: Process Substitution.
+ (line 6)
+* programmable completion: Programmable Completion.
+ (line 6)
+* prompting: Controlling the Prompt.
+ (line 6)
+* quoting: Quoting. (line 6)
+* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6)
+* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables.
+ (line 23)
+* redirection: Redirections. (line 6)
+* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70)
+* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell.
+ (line 6)
+* return status: Definitions. (line 75)
+* shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6)
+* shell function: Shell Functions. (line 6)
+* shell script: Shell Scripts. (line 6)
+* shell variable: Shell Parameters. (line 6)
+* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
+* signal: Definitions. (line 78)
+* signal handling: Signals. (line 6)
+* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82)
+* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
+* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6)
+* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
+* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
+* token: Definitions. (line 86)
+* translation, native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6)
+* variable, shell: Shell Parameters. (line 6)
+* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 37)
+* word: Definitions. (line 90)
+* word splitting: Word Splitting. (line 6)
+* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands.
+ (line 6)
+
+
+
+Tag Table:
+Node: Top897
+Node: Introduction2817
+Node: What is Bash?3033
+Node: What is a shell?4147
+Node: Definitions6685
+Node: Basic Shell Features9636
+Node: Shell Syntax10855
+Node: Shell Operation11881
+Node: Quoting13174
+Node: Escape Character14474
+Node: Single Quotes14959
+Node: Double Quotes15307
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting16585
+Node: Locale Translation17838
+Node: Comments18734
+Node: Shell Commands19352
+Node: Simple Commands20224
+Node: Pipelines20855
+Node: Lists23598
+Node: Compound Commands25327
+Node: Looping Constructs26330
+Node: Conditional Constructs28793
+Node: Command Grouping39715
+Node: Coprocesses41194
+Node: GNU Parallel43026
+Node: Shell Functions46999
+Node: Shell Parameters52205
+Node: Positional Parameters56618
+Node: Special Parameters57518
+Node: Shell Expansions60855
+Node: Brace Expansion62949
+Node: Tilde Expansion65730
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion68078
+Node: Command Substitution82210
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion83565
+Node: Process Substitution84497
+Node: Word Splitting85617
+Node: Filename Expansion87561
+Node: Pattern Matching89845
+Node: Quote Removal93543
+Node: Redirections93838
+Node: Executing Commands103258
+Node: Simple Command Expansion103928
+Node: Command Search and Execution105858
+Node: Command Execution Environment108194
+Node: Environment111178
+Node: Exit Status112837
+Node: Signals114507
+Node: Shell Scripts116474
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands118989
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins121023
+Node: Bash Builtins141623
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior170268
+Node: The Set Builtin170613
+Node: The Shopt Builtin181026
+Node: Special Builtins196825
+Node: Shell Variables197804
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables198241
+Node: Bash Variables200272
+Node: Bash Features228652
+Node: Invoking Bash229551
+Node: Bash Startup Files235500
+Node: Interactive Shells240603
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?241013
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?241662
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior242477
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions245852
+Node: Shell Arithmetic250092
+Node: Aliases252909
+Node: Arrays255457
+Node: The Directory Stack260541
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins261325
+Node: Controlling the Prompt264293
+Node: The Restricted Shell267039
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode268864
+Node: Job Control279215
+Node: Job Control Basics279675
+Node: Job Control Builtins284394
+Node: Job Control Variables288924
+Node: Command Line Editing290080
+Node: Introduction and Notation291751
+Node: Readline Interaction293374
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials294565
+Node: Readline Movement Commands296348
+Node: Readline Killing Commands297308
+Node: Readline Arguments299226
+Node: Searching300270
+Node: Readline Init File302456
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax303603
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs323790
+Node: Sample Init File326315
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands329432
+Node: Commands For Moving330636
+Node: Commands For History331779
+Node: Commands For Text336068
+Node: Commands For Killing339457
+Node: Numeric Arguments341938
+Node: Commands For Completion343077
+Node: Keyboard Macros347268
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands347955
+Node: Readline vi Mode353759
+Node: Programmable Completion354666
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins362127
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example372013
+Node: Using History Interactively377265
+Node: Bash History Facilities377949
+Node: Bash History Builtins380950
+Node: History Interaction384947
+Node: Event Designators387911
+Node: Word Designators389130
+Node: Modifiers390767
+Node: Installing Bash392169
+Node: Basic Installation393306
+Node: Compilers and Options395997
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures396738
+Node: Installation Names398401
+Node: Specifying the System Type399219
+Node: Sharing Defaults399935
+Node: Operation Controls400608
+Node: Optional Features401566
+Node: Reporting Bugs411823
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell413017
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License429869
+Node: Indexes455046
+Node: Builtin Index455500
+Node: Reserved Word Index462327
+Node: Variable Index464775
+Node: Function Index480234
+Node: Concept Index493391
+
+End Tag Table
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+3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q
(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)
-72 432 Q F0(The follo)108 444 Q
+72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q
(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25
-E F1(blank)108 456 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 -.1
-(wo)108 468 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G
+E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2
+-.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S
(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E
-(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108
-480 Q F0(A)12.67 E F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
+(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108
+492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165
(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)
3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F
-(betic character or an underscore.)144 492 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
-F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 504 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
-516 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
-F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 528 S 2.5
-(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 540 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 552 Q F4(tok)
-2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
-(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F1 2.5
-(|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 564 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72 580.8 Q
-(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 592.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0
-.307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306
-(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w)
--.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 604.8 Q .227
-(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
-(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
-(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 616.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E
-F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1
-11.295(!c)144 633.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795
+(betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E
+F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144
+528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1
+F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5
+(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q
+F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E
+(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5
+(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R(<newline>)10 E F6(RESER)72
+592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds)
+-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)
+-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F
+.306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q
+.227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227
+(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0
+(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 628.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E
+F2(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2
+11.295(!c)144 645.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795
(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795
(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144
-645.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 662.4 Q F1(Simple Commands)87 674.4 Q F0(A)
-108 686.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388
+657.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 674.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)
+108 698.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388
(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25
-F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389
-(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 698.4 R F4
+F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389
+(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 710.4 R F4
(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815
(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 710.4 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 722.4 Q
(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E
(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)
--2.5 E .175(The return v)108 727.2 R .175(alue of a)-.25 F F4 .175
-(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 F .175
-(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F4(n)A F0 .176
-(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F4(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(3)195.95 E 0 Cg EP
+-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(3)197.055 E 0 Cg
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or mor\
-e commands separated by one of the control operators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996
-E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E
-(format for a pipeline is:)108 108 Q([)144 124.8 Q F1(time)A F0([)2.5 E
-F1<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F2(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|)-2.5 E/F3
-10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .243
-(The standard output of)108 141.6 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244
-(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2)
-2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F .643
-(tion is performed before an)108 153.6 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642
-(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.143 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(REDIRECTION)3.142 E F0(belo)2.892 E 3.142(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.142
-E F0(is)3.142 E(used,)108 165.6 Q F2(command)3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s)
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The return v)108
+84 Q(alue of a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(simple command)2.5 E F0
+(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F1(n)A F0
+(if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E/F2
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 100.8 Q F0(A)108 112.8 Q F1(pipeline)
+2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \
+of the control operators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996
+E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 124.8 Q([)144
+141.6 Q F2(time)A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0(]] [ ! ])A F1(command)2.5 E F0
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+(command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .244(The standard output of)108 158.4 R
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+(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F1(command2)
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+(tion is performed before an)108 170.4 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642
+(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)3.143
+E F0(is)3.143 E(used,)108 182.4 Q F1(command)3.648 E F0 2.248 -.55('s s)
D 1.147(tandard error).55 F 3.647(,i)-.4 G 3.647(na)-3.647 G 1.147
-(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F2(command2)
-3.648 E F0 2.248 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028
-(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 177.6 R F1 .028(2>&1 |)
+(ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F1(command2)
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+(input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 194.4 R F2 .028(2>&1 |)
2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028
(his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F
-(dard output is performed after an)108 189.6 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
+(dard output is performed after an)108 206.4 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G
(edirections speci\214ed by the command.)-2.5 E .48
-(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 206.4 R .48
-(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0
-.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 218.4 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187
-(is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186
-(eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186
-(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15
-F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 230.4 R .611
-(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611
-(he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611
-(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 242.4 S .55
+(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 223.2 R .48
+(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F0
+.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 235.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186
+(is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186
+(eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187
+(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15
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+(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61
+(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F0 .61
+(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 259.2 S .55
(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55
(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15
G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F
(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108
-254.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 271.2 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
+271.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 288 R F2(time)2.799 E F0(reserv)
2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\
-ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 283.2 S
-.14(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
-F1<ad70>2.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-)
-2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 295.2 R .303(When the shell is in)
-5.302 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
-(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
-.303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 307.2 Q .736
+ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 300 S
+.139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E
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+2.639 F .303(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 312 R .303(When the shell is in)5.303
+F F1 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303
+(oes not recognize)-2.803 F F2(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F
+.303(ed w)-.15 F .302(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 324 Q .735
(en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236
E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736
-(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.235
-(wt)-.25 G(he)-3.235 E 2.225
-(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108
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-(Shell V)4.726 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 331.2 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85
-(When the shell is in)108 348 R F2 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F1(time)
-3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35(wline. In)
--.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.073
+(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.236
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+(timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 336
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+F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 348 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85
+(When the shell is in)108 364.8 R F1 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F2
+(time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35
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(total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108
-360 R(The)6.074 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.574 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.324 G
-1.074(riable may be).25 F
-(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 372 Q
-(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 388.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87
-405.6 Q F0(A)108 417.6 Q F2(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or \
-more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.85 F F1(;)2.849 E F0
-(,)A F1(&)2.849 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.849 E F0 2.849(,o)C(r)-2.849 E F1(||)
-2.849 E F0 2.849(,a)C .349(nd option-)-2.849 F
-(ally terminated by one of)108 429.6 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0
-2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .96
-(Of these list operators,)108 446.4 R F1(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(||)
-3.46 E F0(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15
-F .961(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F1(&)3.461 E F0 3.461
-(,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F
-(dence.)108 458.4 Q 2.5(As)108 475.2 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E
-(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0
-(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
-(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 492 R F1(&)2.529
-E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
-(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0
-(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 504 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375
-(shell does not w)2.875 F .375
-(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376
-(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 516 R F1(;)3.349 E F0 .849
-(are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
-.848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return)
-5.848 F(status is the e)108 528 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences of on\
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-556.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
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-2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 590.4 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)
--.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)
-2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 607.2 Q F2
-(command1)144 624 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 645.6 Q
-F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2
+376.8 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G
+1.073(riable may be).25 F
+(used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q
+(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F2(Lists)87
+422.4 Q F0(A)108 434.4 Q F1(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a sequence of one o\
+r more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F F2(;)2.85 E
+F0(,)A F2(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F2(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 E F2(||)2.85
+E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F(ally terminated by one of)108
+446.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(<newline>)
+2.5 E F0(.)A .961(Of these list operators,)108 463.2 R F2(&&)3.461 E F0
+(and)3.461 E F2(||)3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961
+(qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46
+E F2(&)3.46 E F0 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96
+(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 475.2 Q 2.5(As)108 492 S
+(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list)
+2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029
+(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 508.8 R F2(&)
+2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029
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+(in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 520.8 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376
+(shell does not w)2.876 F .375
+(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375
+(Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 532.8 R F2(;)3.348 E F0 .848
+(are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F
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+5.849 F(status is the e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)
+-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \
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+108 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5
+E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G
+2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 590.4 Q F2(&&)
+2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 607.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)
+-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F1(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e)
+2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 624 Q F1
+(command1)144 640.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 657.6
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(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0
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189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1
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144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\
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(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0
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-(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436
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3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F
.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653
-(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e)
-144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648
+(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e)
+144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648
(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)
--.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153
-(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654
-(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
+/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).)
+-.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153
+(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653
+(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F
(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0
(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E
F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2
E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2
-(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e)
-144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
-3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235
-(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G
-(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
--.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e)
-5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)
-3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144
-225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F
+(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e)
+144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)
+3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236
+(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G
+(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)
+-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e)
+5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e)
+3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144
+225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F
F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592
-(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e)
-3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144
-237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F
+(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e)
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+237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F
-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229
(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G
-2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G
-.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 249.6 R .228
-(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
-(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f)
-.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727
+2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G
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+(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2
+(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f)
+.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728
E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1
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-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0
-.432(The list of w)144 290.4 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)
-2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)
--.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843
+.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)
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+-.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842
(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842
(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)
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-(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
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+(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701
(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)
-2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
-(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214
-F 1.537(played w)144 338.4 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)
--.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If)
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-F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.566
-(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
-5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25
-F F2(name)144 362.4 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972
-(The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt)
--3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E F4
-(.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br)
+2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
+(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213
+F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of)
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(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
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(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E
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-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5
E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)
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-(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
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(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see)
--.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E
-3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144
-439.2 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092
-(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092
-(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268
+-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E
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+-.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72
+(xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268
(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25
(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G
-1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 463.2 R
-.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353
-(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517
-(tution, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R 1.517
-(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516
-(is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re)
-144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346
-(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347
-(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 499.2 Q F2(list)
-2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the)
-2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277
-(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F
-.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 511.2 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0
-.849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0
-(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 523.2 R .078
-(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078
-(in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077
-(causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F
-.227(the statement, if an)144 535.2 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e)
-.65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727
-E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e)
-5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 547.2
-Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2
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-2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
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+.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1
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+(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q
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-E F0 1.087(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087
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--.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
+-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
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--.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q
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(w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input)
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(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e)
--.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277
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--.25(ff)-3.097 G .597(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E
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-(cial properties, e)144 534 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G
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-(loses its special properties, e)144 570 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G
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--.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 468 R(UIL)
--.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)
-5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2
-(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 480 Q -.15(xe)
--.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 492 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587
-(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .588
+(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 708 Q F0 .015
+(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015
+(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015
+(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\
+ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 720 Q
+(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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+SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1
+(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1
+(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)
+-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36
+(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1
+(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
+.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588
+(The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
-5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 504 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION)
-2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471
-(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 516 S
-.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
-(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
-(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
--3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 528 R .868
-(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
--.1 F 26.328(administrator who installs)144 540 R F1(bash)28.828 E F0
-31.329(.A)C 26.329(common v)-2.5 F 26.329(alue is)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0
-SF(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 552
-Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 564 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 576
-R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)
-2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-.471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011
-(the startup \214les, as if the)144 588 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
+5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
+2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
+(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S
+.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
+(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
+(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
+-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868
+(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
+-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C
+(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
+(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 192 Q
+F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 216 R
+.471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971
+E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472
+(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
+(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
-(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 600 Q F1(bash)2.5
-E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
--2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 612 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
-(If set, the v)144 624 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash)2.5
+E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
+-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 252 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
+(If set, the v)144 264 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR)
-108 636 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
-(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 648 R .676
+108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
+(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
-(nents to retain when e)144 660 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
+(nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
-(Characters remo)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
-(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 684 Q F0 .065(The v)
-19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15
-F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
-(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 696 R
+(Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
+(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v)
+144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)
+-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174
+(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R
+.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)
+2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
+(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 708 Q F0 .117(The v)19.33 F .117
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)
-5.118 E(def)144 720 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS3)108 84 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
-3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.115
-(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)144 96 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E
-F1(PS4)108 108 Q F0 .1(The v)19.33 F .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25
-F .1(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
-(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 120 Q F0 .292
+3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
+144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1
+(The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1
+(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
+(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .292
(displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291
-(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 132 Q 2.5(,t)
+(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 144 Q F0 .663
-(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 156 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .663
+(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 468 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664
-(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 168 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 180 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
-192 R .826
+G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
+504 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 204 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 216 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
+(an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
-(and their meanings are as follo)144 228 Q
-(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 246 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 258 Q/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68
-E F1(%[)144 270 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 282 Q
-F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
-13.34 E F1(%P)144 294 Q F0
-(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
-(The optional)144 310.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
-3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
+(and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q
+(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5
+(Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1
+(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p)
+A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q
+F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
+(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606
+Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87
+(The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
+3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
-144 322.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
+144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
-(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 334.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3
+(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4
(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
-F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 346.8 Q
-(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 363.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
+F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q
+(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
-F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
-3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 375.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0
+F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
+3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364
-(If this v)144 392.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
+(If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865
E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)
-144 404.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113
+144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113
(.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113
(alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144
-416.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
-(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108
-428.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 440.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,)
--.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941
-(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441
-G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 452.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311
-(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
-(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F
-.885(ing from a terminal.)144 464.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185
--.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886
-(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 476.4
-S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1
-(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1
-F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 488.4
-Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 500.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 512.4
+728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E
+(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E
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+SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941
+(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0
+.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1
+-.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1
+(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811
+F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31
+(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R
+.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15
+F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144
+132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
+F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)
+-.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144
+144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168
R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39
(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391
-(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 524.4 Q 2.5(su)
--.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 536.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144
-548.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
+(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55
+G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R
+.531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
-(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 560.4 R
+(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
- for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 572.4 S .367(isting stopped job)
+ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
-584.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this)
-3.805 F(conte)144 596.4 Q 1.133
+240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125
+(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
-(match the name of a stopped job e)144 608.4 R .624(xactly; if set to)
--.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
+(match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15
+F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
-(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 620.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
+(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
-(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 632.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E
-F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27
-E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)
+(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0
+.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E
+F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)
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-(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
-(are preserv)108 530.4 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
-(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 542.4 Q
+-.25 E(between each term.)108 196.8 Q(The def)5 E
+(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 213.6
+R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581
+(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
+(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
+(are preserv)108 225.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
+(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 237.6 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 559.2 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132
+-.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 254.4 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132
(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
-t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 571.2 R 3.441
+t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 266.4 R 3.441
(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
-(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
-(unchanged. A)108 583.2 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0
+(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
+(unchanged. A)108 278.4 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0
.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
-(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
-(sion. T)108 595.2 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
+(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
+(sion. T)108 290.4 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
-F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 607.2 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
+F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 302.4 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
-108 624 R(longer than in the abo)108 636 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:)
-.15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 652.8 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G
-(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 664.8 Q(cho)144 676.8 Q
+108 319.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
+(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 348 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G
+(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 360 Q(cho)144 372 Q
(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
--.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 693.6 R .618
+-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 388.8 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
-(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 705.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
-.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 717.6 Q -.15
+(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 400.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 412.8 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F3(\214le{1,2})108 729.6 Q F0 .515
-(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
-(ord is output as)-.1 F F3 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e)
-3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72
-768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 20 20
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .436(If strict compatibility with)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(sh)2.936 E F0 .436(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
-(with the)2.936 F F1(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936
-F .437(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 96 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
-(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 424.8 Q F0 .514
+(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
+(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e)
+3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
+(If strict compatibility with)108 436.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
+(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
+(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
+(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 448.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
-87 112.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 124.8 R 1.087(ord be)
--.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
-1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
+87 465.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 477.6 R 1.086(ord be)
+-.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
+1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\
-ed a)108 136.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E
-F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726
-(in the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x\
- follo)108 148.8 R .725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F
-F3(lo)108 160.8 Q .522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G
-.522
+ed a)108 489.6 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685
+(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\
+\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 501.6 R
+.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 513.6 Q
+.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F2(HOME)108 172.8 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F2(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
-(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
-(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
+-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 525.6 Q/F4
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
+(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
+(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
-with the speci\214ed login name.)108 184.8 Q .092
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 201.6 R .092
-(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
-(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
-5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 213.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
-(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
-.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
-5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 225.6 R F3(N)4.141
-E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
-(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 537.6 Q .093
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 554.4 R .092
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
+(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
+5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 566.4 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
+.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
+5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 578.4 R F2(N)4.142
+E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
+(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-237.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 249.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
-.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
-.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
+590.4 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 602.4 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G
+.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
+.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
-108 261.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 278.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
+108 614.4 Q(If the login name is in)108 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
-(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 295.2 R .167
+(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 648 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
-F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
-.467(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .467(xpansion is also performed.)
--.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468
-(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108
-319.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
--.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
-.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
-(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 336 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `)
-108 348 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e)
--4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F
-4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 360
-R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F
-.407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
-(tect the v)108 372 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
-(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
-(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 384
-Q 1.189
+F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E
+.468(these cases, tilde e)108 660 R .468(xpansion is also performed.)
+-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467
+(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 672
+Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
+(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4
+(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E
+F1 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)108 700.8 R
+F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F
+1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106
+(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 712.8 R
+.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406
+(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
+(tect the v)108 724.8 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
+(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
+(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
+(2016 August 26)142.895 E(20)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 21 21
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of the name.)108
+84 Q 1.19
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
-400.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
--3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
-412.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15
-(ex)108 424.8 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 441.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0
-(})A 1.204(The v)144 453.6 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)3.704 E(ameter)
--.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204
-(The braces are required when)6.204 F F3(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264
-(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 465.6 R F3(par)4.014 E
+100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189
+(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15
+(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R 2.15
+(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 124.8 S
+(pansion.).15 E(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15
+E F0(})A 1.205(The v)144 153.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E
+(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204
+(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264
+(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)4.014 E
(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
-(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676
-(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 477.6 R(The)7.677 E F3(par)
-5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo)
-5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 489.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)
+(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.677
+(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par)
+5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo)
+5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 189.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)
C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0
-(\).)A .816(If the \214rst character of)108 506.4 R F3(par)3.316 E
-(ameter)-.15 E F0 .816(is an e)3.316 F .816(xclamation point \()-.15 F
-F1(!)A F0 .816(\), it introduces a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.316(lo).15 G
-3.315(fv)-3.316 G .815(ariable indirection.)-3.565 F F1(Bash)108 518.4 Q
-F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
-(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
-E .352(able is then e)108 530.4 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351
-(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
-.351(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 542.4 Q F0 2.519
-(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)
-2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019
-F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1
-(!)A F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.52(}a)C(nd)-2.52 E(${)108 554.4 Q
-F1(!)A F3(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65
-(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763
-(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763
-(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 566.4 Q
-.334(In each of the cases belo)108 583.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E
+(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E
+(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F
+F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a)
+2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G
+(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.635(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.635 H 2.635
+(lo).25 G 2.635(fv)-2.635 G .135(ariable indirection.)-2.885 F F1(Bash)
+5.134 E F0 .134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134
+(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+.134(as the)2.634 F 1.003(name of the v)108 230.4 R 1.003
+(ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003
+(xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003
+(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .595
+(rather than the v)108 242.4 R .595(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.095 E
+(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595
+(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.594
+(.I)C(f)-5.594 E F2(par)3.094 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .594(is a nameref,)
+3.094 F .477(this e)108 254.4 R .477(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F
+.477(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(par)2.978 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .478
+(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.978 F 2.164(rect e)108 266.4
+R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163
+(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2
+(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F1(!)A F2
+(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 2.163(]} described)B(belo)108 278.4 Q 3.8 -.65
+(w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E
+2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E
+.334(In each of the cases belo)108 295.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E
(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
-F(and arithmetic e)108 595.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09
-(When not performing substring e)108 612 R 1.089
+F(and arithmetic e)108 307.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09
+(When not performing substring e)108 324 R 1.089
(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G
(e.g.,)-3.589 E F1(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089
-(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 624 Q(Omittin\
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(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0
2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
-(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 715.2 R .677
-(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E
-F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562
-(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 727.2 R
-F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .009(are found, and the shell option)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
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+(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 120 R
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(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0
-.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 96
+.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 144
R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1
(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943
F 1.38(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108
-108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F
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F1(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103
-(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 120 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
+(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 168 R -.05(ga)-.15 G
.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104
-(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 132 R .378
+(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 180 R .378
(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08
E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377
-(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 144 R(xplicitly)-.15 E
+(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 192 R(xplicitly)-.15 E
3.078(,u)-.65 G .578(nless the shell option)-3.078 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E
F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .579
(When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.789(must al)108
-156 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I)
+204 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I)
-.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)4.288
G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788(character is not treated specially)
6.788 F 6.788(.S)-.65 G 1.788(ee the)-6.788 F .165(description of)108
-168 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E/F2
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--.828 F F0 .166(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E
-F0(,)A F1(null-)2.666 E(glob)108 180 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5
-(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 196.8 Q
-F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.786 E F0 .286(shell v)2.536 F .285
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(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25
-F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E
-F2(GLO-)2.785 E(BIGNORE)108 208.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214\
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-4.816 E F0(is)4.566 E(remo)108 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.66(df).15 G .16
-(rom the list of matches.)-2.66 F .16(The \214lenames)5.16 F F1 -.63(``)
-2.66 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.16 E F1 -.63(``)2.66 G(..).63 E
--.63('')-.55 G F0 .16(are al)5.79 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .159(ys ignored when).1
-F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.659 E F0(is)2.409 E .045(set and not null.)108 232.8 R
-(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2
-(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046(to a non-null v)2.296 F .046
-(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob)
-2.546 E F0 .787(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)108 244.8 R
-.787(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.287 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
-.787(will match.)5.787 F 2.386 -.8(To g)5.787 H .786(et the old beha).8
-F .786(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .641(\214lenames be)108 256.8 R .641
-(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.141 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
-3.141(,m)C(ak)-3.141 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.141 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
-.642(one of the patterns in)5.642 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.142 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)5.142 E F1(dotglob)3.142 E F0 .642
-(option is)3.142 F(disabled when)108 268.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 285.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
--2.5 E F0(An)108 302.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
-a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
--3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 314.4
-R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G
-1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F
-.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 326.4 R .576
+F F2(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E F3(GLO-)2.785 E
+(BIGNORE)108 256.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214lename that als\
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+(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1(nocaseglob)
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+(is unset.)2.882 F .632(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632
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+(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\
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+(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 386.4 R 1.12
+(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12
+(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576
+(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 398.4 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
--.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 338.4 Q(.)-.65 E
-(The special pattern characters ha)108 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 372 Q F0 .376(Matches an)
-31 F 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F
-.376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377
-(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 384 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775
+-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 410.4 Q(.)-.65 E
+(The special pattern characters ha)108 427.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 444 Q F0 .376(Matches an)
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+F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377
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(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)
-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775
(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\
- or more directories and subdirectories.)180 396 R 1.058(If follo)6.058
-F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 408 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G
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+F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 480 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G
(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
-(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 420 Q F0
-(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1([...])
-144 432 Q F0 .579(Matches an)21.84 F 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
+(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 492 Q F0
+(Matches an)180 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
+([...])144 504 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 504 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579
(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578
(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684
-(denotes a)180 444 R F3 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)
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-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684
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G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212
(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212(If the)
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([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a)6.123 F F1
(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124
(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895
-(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 480 R .894
+(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 552 R .894
(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v)
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-(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 516 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0
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2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0
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be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)
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-558 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch)
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3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571
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-(is one of the follo)180 570 Q
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-(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 618 Q -.4(Wi)
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A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\
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3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704
(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108
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(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255
-(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.756 E
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\))
-.833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833
-E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 156 Q F2
-(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 168 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 180 Q F2
-(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 192 Q(ything e)-.15
-E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E
-F1(Quote Remo)87 208.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113
-(After the preceding e)108 220.8 R 1.113
-(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\)
-3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E F0
-1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 232.8 Q .3
+108 142.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 166.8 Q F1
+(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0
+(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 178.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 190.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2
+(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 202.8 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 214.8 Q F1
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+(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 250.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
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+-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(Quote Remo)87 291.6
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-(Before a command is e)108 261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
-(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
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(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405
-(by the shell.)108 273.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
+(by the shell.)108 356.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)
--.25 F(dif)108 285.6 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\
+-.25 F(dif)108 368.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\
the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02
(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215
-(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 297.6 R -.15
+(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 380.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E
.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108
-309.6 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0
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-.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 321.6 Q 2.5
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(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\
h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\
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-108 350.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
+stead be preceded by a w)108 421.2 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)
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(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
-(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 362.4 S
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.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F
-F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679
-(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 374.4 Q
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(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo)108
-391.2 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
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-(ion operator is)108 403.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
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+(ion operator is)108 486 R F2(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
-(redirection operator is)108 415.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
+(redirection operator is)108 498 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .824(The w)108 432 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
+-2.5 E .824(The w)108 514.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463
-(jected to brace e)108 444 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462
+(jected to brace e)108 526.8 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462
(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462
-(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 456 R
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-F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 468 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash)
-2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
-(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 484.8 Q -.15
-(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 501.6 Q F1(>)2.5
-E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
-(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 518.4
-Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
-535.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
-(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 552 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E
-F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
+F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 550.8 S(rd,).1 E F2
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+(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 567.6 Q -.15
+(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 584.4 Q F2(>)2.5
+E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A
+(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 601.2
+Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 618
+Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
+(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 634.8 R F1(dirlist)3.027
+E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
-(output before the standard output w)108 564 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
-(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 580.8 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
+(output before the standard output w)108 646.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
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+F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
-(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 592.8 Q F1(/de)144 609.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A
-F0(If)180 621.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
-E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
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-180 645.6 Q F1(/de)144 657.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
-(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 669.6 Q F1(/de)144 681.6 Q
-(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 693.6 Q F1(/de)
-144 705.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 717.6 Q
-F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
-(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
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-(vice name,)180 729.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.996
-E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
--.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497(is an inte)2.997 F .497
-(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5
-E F0(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)
-108 124.8 S
-(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
-(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\
-hould be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946
-(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F
-(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
-170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
+96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
+(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/stderr)
+-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F1(/de)144 156 Q
+(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180
+168 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
+(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
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+(vice name,)180 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
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+192 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 204 Q F2(host)
+2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
+(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
+(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
+(vice name,)180 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108
+232.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
+-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
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+(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
+(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
+278.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
-(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2
+108 290.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
+(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 302.4 Q F2
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
-(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2
-(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output)
--.18 E F0 .175
+(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F2
+(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 352.8 Q(ecting Output)
+-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 256.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174
-(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8
-R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
-.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F
--.15(ex)108 280.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
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+-.15(ex)108 388.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
-(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155
-(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C
-.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
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-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 343.2 R
-.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658
-(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-)
-5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
+(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 405.6 Q([)144 422.4 Q
+F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
+(If the redirection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
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+(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 451.2 R
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2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
-(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408
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(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
-367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
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-384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641
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+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 516 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0
-.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108
-420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
-(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 475.2 Q
-(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248
-(This construct allo)108 487.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
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+.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
+528 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
+(The general format for appending output is:)108 544.8 Q([)144 561.6 Q
+F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 578.4 Q
+(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
+(This construct allo)108 590.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
-499.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(There are tw)108 516 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+602.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(There are tw)108 619.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
-(&>)144 532.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 544.8 Q F1(>&)144 556.8 Q
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 573.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(&>)144 636 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 648 Q F1(>&)144 660 Q F2(wor)
+A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 676.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
--.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 590.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
-E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 607.2 R F2(wor)
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
+E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 710.4 R F2(wor)
2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)
--.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G
-.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 619.2 Q
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+.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 722.4 Q
F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
-(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 636 S
-(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248
-(This construct allo)108 648 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\
-e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F
-(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 660 Q
-(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
-676.8 Q F1(&>>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-(This is semantically equi)108 710.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
-(>>)144 727.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(\(see)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87
-100.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\
-nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\
-ontaining only)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delimiter)108.35
-124.8 Q F0 .614(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615
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+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)
+-.18 E F0 .249(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\
+utput \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le de\
+scrip-)-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)
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+(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
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+(This is semantically equi)108 158.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
+(>>)144 175.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108
+192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
+(Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\
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+a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .615
+(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
-F(dard input for a command.)108 136.8 Q
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 153.6 Q F1(<<)144 170.4 Q F0([)A
-F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 182.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E
-(delimiter)144 194.4 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 211.2 R .302
-(ariable e)-.25 F .302(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15
-F .301(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .225
-(is performed on)108 223.2 R F2(wor)2.725 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.225(.I).77 G
-2.726(fa)-5.225 G .526 -.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F2
-(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0 .226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F2(delimiter)3.076
-E F0 .226(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.726(lo)
-.25 G(n)-2.726 E F2(wor)108 235.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.715(,a).77 G .215
-(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.715 F 2.714(xpanded. If)
--.15 F F2(wor)2.714 E(d)-.37 E F0 .214
-(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.714 F .499
-(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 247.2 R .499
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .5
-(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 259.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5
+F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E
+F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])
+A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q
+(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108
+319.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302
+(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302
+(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108
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+-.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415
+(is quoted, the)3.685 F F2(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415
+(is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n)
+-2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773
+(and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 343.2 R 3.274
+(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774
+(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 2.59
+(are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R 2.59
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59
+(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5
E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5
-E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602
-(If the redirection operator is)108 276 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)
+E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
+(If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)
C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\
- the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 288 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G
+ the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G
(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 304.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
-2.5(Av)108 316.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1
-(<<<)144 333.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 350.4 Q F2(wor)2.893 E(d)
--.37 E F0(under)2.893 E .393(goes brace e)-.18 F .393(xpansion, tilde e)
--.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .394(ariable e)-.25 F .394
-(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.148(tution, arithmetic e)108 362.4 R
-2.148(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F
-2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.147
-(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(formed. The)108 374.4 R(re\
-sult is supplied as a single string to the command on its standard inpu\
-t.)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 391.2 Q F0
-(The redirection operator)108 403.2 Q([)144 420 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
-(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 436.8 R(If)5.127 E
+-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 412.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
+2.5(Av)108 424.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)
+144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q
+F2(wor)2.894 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393
+(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393
+(ariable e)-.25 F .393(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.147
+(tution, arithmetic e)108 470.4 R 2.147(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
+-.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F 2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148
+(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.148(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E
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+(result is supplied as a single string, with a ne)2.813 F .312
+(wline appended, to the command on its standard)-.25 F
+(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)
+2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87
+511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(])
+A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R(If)5.127 E
F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-448.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
+568.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 460.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
-(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 472.8 Q
-(The operator)108 489.6 Q([)144 506.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q
+(The operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .444
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 523.2 R
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 643.2 R
(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 535.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 547.2 R F2(wor)
+utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor)
3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E
F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254
(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0
.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E
-.965(not e)108 559.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
+.965(not e)108 679.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
--3.466 F(pre)108 571.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 588 Q
-(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 600 Q([)144
-616.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 633.6 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)
-3.036 E F0 .536(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o)
-.24 G 3.036(rt)-3.036 G .535
-(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2(n)3.035 E F0
-.535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 645.6 Q F2(digit)5 E F0
-(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly)
-108 662.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 679.2 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 696 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2(digit)2.785 E F0
-.285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o).24 G 2.785
-(rt)-2.785 G .286(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F
-F2(n)2.786 E F0 .286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 84 Q
-(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)
-144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R 1.349
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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+108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2
+(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536
+(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536
+(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)
+-3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2
+(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5
+E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
+(Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
+144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 192 Q
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2
+(digit)2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0
+2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F2(n)2.786 E F0
+.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1
+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)
+A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
+266.4 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
-108 141.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
+108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F0(allo)3.173
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173
E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
-ses that may be set and unset with the)108 182.4 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0
+ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0
(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
-F(\(see)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
+F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
-(check)108 206.4 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
+(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
-F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 218.4 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0
+F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0
1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
-3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 230.4 R 1.12
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12
(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
-(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
+(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.296(not e)108 254.4 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
+.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
-(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 266.4 R
+(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 403.2 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
--3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 278.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
-E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 295.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
+E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 312 R .284
+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 448.8 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
-108 324 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
-(Aliases are not e)108 340.8 R 1.22
+108 460.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
+(Aliases are not e)108 477.6 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
-(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
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(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337
-(one complete line of input before e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
+(one complete line of input before e)108 518.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 393.6 S .904
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 530.4 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161
-(another command does not tak)108 405.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
+(another command does not tak)108 542.4 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277
-(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 417.6 R .277
+(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 554.4 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108
-429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F
+566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
-n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495
-(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 441.6
-R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084
-(tion are not a)108 453.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
-(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
-(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
--.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
-(rate line, and do not use)108 465.6 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
-(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 482.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
--2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .613
+(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 578.4 R .612
+(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2
+(av)108 590.4 S .058(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058
+(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .059
+(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108
+602.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 619.2
+S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3
-(FUNCTIONS)72 499.2 Q F0 3.468(As)108 511.2 S .968
+(FUNCTIONS)72 636 Q F0 3.468(As)108 648 S .968
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
-.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 523.2 R
+.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 660 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316
-(mands associated with that function name is e)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
-G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
+(mands associated with that function name is e)108 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315
(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035
-(shell; no ne)108 547.2 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
+(shell; no ne)108 684 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
-F .64(function is e)108 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
+F .64(function is e)108 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 571.2
-R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 708 R
+F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532
(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F
-.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 583.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E
-(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
+.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 720 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)
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(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
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+(All other aspects of the shell e)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25
+(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
-1.048(these e)108 612 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG)
--.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F1(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048
-(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F1(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu)
-3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.549 E -.09(BU)108 624 S(IL).09
-E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479
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(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
-.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 636 R F4(declar)2.92
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E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)-.25 F
-F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
-(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 648 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1
-(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072
-(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321
-F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 660 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0
-(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 676.8 S .655
-(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local)
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3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E
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(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E
-(The)108 705.6 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028
+(The)108 189.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028
(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028
(alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108
-717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
+201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.)
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--.35 E .043(If the b)108 84 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .043(cuted in a function, the function completes and e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 96
-R 1.012(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)
--.15 G 1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0
-1.011(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 108
-R -.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
+-.15 E .043(If the b)108 218.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re)
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+(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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+(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
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+(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 242.4 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
-108 120 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5
-(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65
-G(cution.).15 E 1.359
-(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 136.8 R F1
-<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
-F0(or)3.858 E F1(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F
-3.39(mands. The)108 148.8 R F1<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1
-(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
+108 254.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
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+-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359
+(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 271.2 R F2
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+(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
-.327(\214le and line number)108 160.8 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G
-(he)-2.827 E F1(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
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(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326
-(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 172.8 R
-1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.797 E
-F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798
+(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 307.2 R
+1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>3.797 E
+F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F2(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798
(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161
-(deleted using the)108 184.8 R F1<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the)
-2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16
+(deleted using the)108 319.2 R F2<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the)
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(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25
F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108
-196.8 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825
-(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 208.8 Q
+331.2 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825
+(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 343.2 Q
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .372
-(Functions may be recursi)108 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)
--5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
+(Functions may be recursi)108 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)
+-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371
(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141
-(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 237.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
+(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 372 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141
-(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 249.6 Q .3
--.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72
-266.4 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298
-(The shell allo)108 278.4 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297
+(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 384 Q .3
+-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72
+400.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298
+(The shell allo)108 412.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297
(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297
-(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0
-(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 290.4 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205
-(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705
-(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15
-F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
-(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428
-(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G
-.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108
-314.4 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919
-(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F
-1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 326.4 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 343.2 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25
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-(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 391.2 S F0
-(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 403.2 S F0
-(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108
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-(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108
-439.2 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 451.2 Q F0
-(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 463.2 Q F0
-(comparison)144 475.2 Q F1(== !=)108 487.2 Q F0(equality and inequality)
-13.07 E F1(&)108 499.2 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 511.2 Q F0
-(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108
-523.2 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 535.2 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1
-(||)108 547.2 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 559.2 S(pr).2 E F1(?)
-A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0
-(conditional operator)144 571.2 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 583.2 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G
-2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G
-(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 595.2 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 607.2 S
-(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 619.2 Q .68
-(Shell v)108 636 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
-(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
-(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
--.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 648 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F
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-(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
--.25 F -.15(ex)108 660 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G
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-(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466
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-(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
-(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39
-(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 684 R 1.389
-(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he)
--3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389
-(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is)
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--.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F3(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)
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-(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406
-(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 724.8
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-(he form [)-2.612 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(base#)A F0 .112
-(]n, where the optional)B F1(base)2.612 E F0 .113
-(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534
-(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 96 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534
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-(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943
-(@, and _, in that order)108 120 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base)
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(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F
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(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
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(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
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(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
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-(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E
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-(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F3<ad68>108 404.4 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0
--.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
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-(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F3<ad53>108 560.4 Q F1
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-(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E
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-(hell resends the).15 F F2(SIGHUP)108 148.8 Q F0 1.004
-(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent)
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--.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356
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-(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1
-(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F2(SIGHUP)
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-(return immediately with an e)108 266.4 Q
+(return immediately with an e)108 475.2 Q
(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72
-283.2 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 295.2 S 4.568(bc)
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-E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E
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-(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F5(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E
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(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)
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(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108
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-(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 470.4 Q
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-(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145
-(board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16
-(ground processes are allo)108 494.4 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F
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+(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 679.2 Q
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+(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146
+(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16
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+F1(\\@)144 96 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 96 Q F1
+(\\A)144 108 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 108 Q F1
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+(the history number of this command)180 192 Q F1(\\#)144 204 Q F0
+(the command number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\$)144 216 Q F0
+(if the ef)180 216 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E
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+(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 228 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E
+F1(\\\\)144 240 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 240 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 252 Q
+F0(be)180 252 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \
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+(control sequence into the prompt)180 264 Q F1(\\])144 276 Q F0
+(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 276 Q .119
+(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 292.8 R
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+(belo)108 316.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
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+(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 328.8 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
-.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 132 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
--.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F/F2
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-(shell option \(see the)2.852 F(description of the)108 144 Q F2(shopt)
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--.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72
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+.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 340.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
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+F(description of the)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
+F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
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(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 172.8 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F2
-(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 184.8 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F
--.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
-(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F2<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208
-(option to the)3.708 F F2 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G
-3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 196.8 Q .851
+108 381.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
+(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 393.6 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2
+(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
+(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F1<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209
+(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G
+3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 405.6 Q .851
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
-3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852
-(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 208.8 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851
+(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 417.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
--3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
-.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 220.8 Q F1 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
+-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
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-(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E
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-(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 249.6 Q
+(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E
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+(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 458.4 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
-108 261.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
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-(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 273.6 R
-(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153
-(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653
-(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)
-108 285.6 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)
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-F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13
--.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65
-(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 297.6 R F4 .599
-(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599
-(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599
-(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G
-.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F
-(the Control k)108 309.6 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4
-(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62
-(Readline commands may be gi)108 326.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G
-(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619
-(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108
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-3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
+108 470.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
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+-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
+(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 494.4 S .83
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+(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
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+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0
+.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
+-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
+(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 518.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
+(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
+.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
+(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
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+108 547.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
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(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
-(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 350.4 R 1.018
-(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
-1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
-(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 362.4 Q
+(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 559.2 R 1.018
+(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
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+(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 571.2 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
--.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 379.2 R F4
+-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 588 R F3
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
-(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
-(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4
-(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 391.2 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
-F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4
+(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
+(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3
+(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 600 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F
+.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3
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.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
--.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 403.2 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F
-.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
+-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 612 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567
+(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
-108 415.2 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 432 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\
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-F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091
-(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 456 R .196(en from the v)
--.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F1(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
+108 624 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 640.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\
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+R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092
+(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 664.8 R .196(en from the v)
+-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
-(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696
-E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
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-(va)108 480 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe)
-6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15
-(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737
-(lines are ignored.)108 492 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)
--.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737(Lines be)5.737 F
-.737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .736(indicate conditional)
-3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 504 R(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15
-(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)
-108 520.8 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987
-(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0
-3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987(programs that use this library may)
-3.487 F(add their o)108 532.8 Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15
-(Fo)108 549.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E
-(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E
-(gument)-.18 E(or)108 578.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 590.4 Q -.15(ve)
--.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 602.4 Q F4(inputr)
-2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)
--2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4(univer)2.5 E
-(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo)108 619.2 R
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-3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4(ESC)3.761 E
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-(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F4
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-(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 648 R .209(ws k)-.25 F
--.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
-(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
--.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 660 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2
-(Readline K)87 676.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
-(The syntax for controlling k)108 688.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
-(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
-(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
-5.366 F .382(command or the te)108 700.8 R .383(xt of a macro and a k)
--.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383
-(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853
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+(lines are ignored.)108 700.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
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+F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 484.8 Q
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(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
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-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 268.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
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-(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
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-G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913
--.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
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(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
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-(Controls whether readline be)144 496.8 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15
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(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
-(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 544.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1
-G(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 556.8 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
-(When set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
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(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
-(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 616.8 Q
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-(ing the character as a command.)144 204 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
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1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
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--2.552 E(to decide which k)144 372 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
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-(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 252 Q
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(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
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(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096
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(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
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(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
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(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108
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(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507
(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E
-1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 576 R(An)6.396 E
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3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396
(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls)
-.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 588 R .791 -.15(ve t)-.15
-H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
-(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492
+.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 688.8 R .791 -.15(ve t)
+-.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492
(ument switches the direction).18 F .494
-(through the history \(back or forw)144 600 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
+(through the history \(back or forw)144 700.8 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F
.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144
-612 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)
--.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 624 Q F0 .622
-(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 636 R .622
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(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623
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(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1
-(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 660 Q F0 .939
-(Perform history e)144 672 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
+(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 120 Q F0 .939
+(Perform history e)144 132 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
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--3.438 F(tion of history e)144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space)
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(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F2
(HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
-(belo)144 720 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 .395
-(Perform alias e)144 96 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F(See)
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-(ve f)-.15 H .394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)
-144 108 Q F1(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 120 Q F0
-(Perform history and alias e)144 132 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 144 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
-.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 156 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)
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+(Perform alias e)144 204 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
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+(Perform history and alias e)144 240 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
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-(Accept the current line for e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
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+(Accept the current line for e)144 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15
(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F
-(history for editing.)144 192 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
+(history for editing.)144 300 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
(ument is ignored.).18 E F1
-(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 204 Q F0(In)144
-216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026
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(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026
(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0
-(attempts to in)144 228 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL)
+(attempts to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL)
-.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0
(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E
2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87
-244.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 256.8
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Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798
-(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 268.8 R .799
+(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 376.8 R .799
(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299
(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592
-(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 280.8 R
+(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 388.8 R
.592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F
-(as the end of input and returns)144 292.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1
-(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 304.8 Q F0 .441
-(Delete the character at point.)144 316.8 R .442
+(as the end of input and returns)144 400.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1
+(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 412.8 Q F0 .441
+(Delete the character at point.)144 424.8 R .442
(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1
-(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 328.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
+(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 436.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
-108 340.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 352.8 R
+108 448.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 460.8 R
5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552
-(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 364.8 Q F1
--.25(fo)108 376.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 388.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
+(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 472.8 Q F1
+-.25(fo)108 484.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 496.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
-(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 400.8 Q F1
-(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 412.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
-424.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
+(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 508.8 Q F1
+(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 520.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
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(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278
-(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 436.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
-(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 448.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
-(Insert a tab character)144 460.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
-(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 472.8 Q F0
-(Insert the character typed.)144 484.8 Q F1
-(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 496.8 Q F0 .321
-(Drag the character before point forw)144 508.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
+(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 544.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
+(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 556.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
+(Insert a tab character)144 568.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
+(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 580.8 Q F0
+(Insert the character typed.)144 592.8 Q F1
+(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 604.8 Q F0 .321
+(Drag the character before point forw)144 616.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322
(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144
-520.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 532.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E
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+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 640.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E
.3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
-(transpose\255w)108 544.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
-556.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
+(transpose\255w)108 652.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
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-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
-(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 568.8 Q 2.5
-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 580.8 Q
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 676.8 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 688.8 Q
(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144
-592.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F
+700.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
-(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 616.8 Q
-(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 628.8 Q 1.647
-(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 712.8 S(rd, b).1
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(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
--.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 640.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 652.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144
-664.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 676.8 S(rd, b)
-.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108
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-(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
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+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 132
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+-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1
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(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 712.8 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
+(Wi)144 180 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
-(fects)-.25 E(only)144 724.8 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
+(fects)-.25 E(only)144 192 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
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--.35 E 3.969(mode. In)144 84 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469
-(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468
-(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957(pushing the te)144 96 R .957
-(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1
-(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 .958(replace the character)3.458
-F(before point with a space.)144 108 Q(By def)5 E
-(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 124.8 Q
-(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 136.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
-148.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 160.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
-144 172.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
-(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 184.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 196.8
+F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
+(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 204 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
+1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
+F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
+.957(pushing the te)144 216 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
+(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
+.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 228 Q
+(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
+244.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 256.8 Q F0
+(Kill the te)144 268.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 280.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 292.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 304.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 316.8
Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
--2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 208.8 Q F0
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 328.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-220.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 232.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 244.8 R .728
+340.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 352.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 364.8 R .728
(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 256.8 S
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 376.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
-(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 268.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 280.8 Q(ord behind point.)
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 388.8 Q
+(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 400.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
-(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 292.8 Q
-(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 304.8 R .729
-(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
-(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 316.8 S
+(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 412.8 Q
+(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 424.8
+R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
+.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 436.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
-108 328.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 340.8 R
-3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
+108 448.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 460.8 R 3.025
+(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
-5.525 E(ward\255w)144 352.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 364.8 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 376.8 R .364
+5.525 E(ward\255w)144 472.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 484.8 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .364
(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
-388.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 400.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
-144 412.8 R .166
+508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
+144 532.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 424.8 Q
+-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 436.8 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 448.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
-460.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 472.8 Q(xt in the current re)
--.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 484.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
-F0(Cop)144 496.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 556.8 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 568.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
+580.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 592.8 Q(xt in the current re)
+-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 604.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
+F0(Cop)144 616.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 508.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 520.8 Q 4.8(yt)
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.8(yt)
-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E
(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144
-532.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 544.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E
-(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 556.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008
+652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E
+(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008
(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25
E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
-(ward\255w)144 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 580.8 Q
-F0 -1(Ya)144 592.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
-(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 604.8 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 616.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q
+F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer at point.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(46)
+192.055 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 47 47
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 84 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 96 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 633.6 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 645.6 Q
-(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 657.6 R .641
-(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
-(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)
--.15 E(ati)144 669.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 681.6 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779
-(This is another w)144 693.6 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
-(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 112.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 124.8 Q
+(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 136.8 R .367
+(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
+(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
+(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
+E F0 .779(This is another w)144 172.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
+3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-705.6 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-717.6 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+184.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+196.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 729.6 R .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
-(wed by a character that is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 February 2)141.79 E(44)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 45 45
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .243(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 84 R .243
-(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 96 Q .378
-(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
-(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
-.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 108 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
--2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 124.8 Q(complete \(T)108 136.8 Q(AB\))-.9
-E F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 148.8 R 1.137
+(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 220.8 R 1.23
+(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 232.8 R .822
+(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
+(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
+E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
+87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 160.8 Q .532(xt as a v)
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 172.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
+144 309.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 184.8 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 196.8 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 208.8 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 220.8 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 232.8 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 333.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 345.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 357.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 369.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
-244.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 256.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
-268.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
+381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
+405.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.193(possible completions.)144 280.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
+1.193(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 292.8 R .828
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 429.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 304.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
+(\(subject to the setting of)144 441.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 316.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
+(positions forw)144 453.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(through the list.)144 328.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
+E(through the list.)144 465.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 340.8 Q F0 .82
-(Identical to)144 352.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 477.6 Q F0 .82
+(Identical to)144 489.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
-(menu\255complete)144 364.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(menu\255complete)144 501.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
-F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 376.8 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 388.8 R
+F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 513.6 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 525.6 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 400.8 R -.15
+2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 537.6 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
-(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 412.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
-(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 424.8 Q F0
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 436.8 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 448.8 Q
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 460.8 Q
+(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 549.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 561.6 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 573.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 585.6 Q
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 597.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 472.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 484.8 Q
+(complete\255user)108 609.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 621.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
-108 496.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 508.8 Q
+108 633.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
-520.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144
-532.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-F1(possible\255v)108 544.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 556.8 Q
+657.6 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144
+669.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
+F1(possible\255v)108 681.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 568.8 Q F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 580.8 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 592.8 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 604.8 Q
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 705.6 Q F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768
+Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(47)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 48 48
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 84 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 616.8 Q F0 .581
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 628.8 R .581
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 108 Q F0 .581
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 R .581
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
-(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 640.8 R
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 132 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
-(\214nally e)144 652.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(\214nally e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 664.8 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 676.8 Q
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 156 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 688.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 700.8 R .425
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 180 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .425
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
-(for possible completion matches.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 February 2)141.79 E(45)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 46 46
-%%BeginPageSetup
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-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dab)108 84 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
-(\255expand).15 E F0 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 96 R .611
+(for possible completion matches.)144 204 Q F1(dab)108 216 Q(br)-.1 E
+-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
+(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 228 R .611
(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
-(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 108 Q F1
-(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 120 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
+(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 240 Q F1
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 252 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
-in braces so)144 132 R(the list is a)144 144 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+in braces so)144 264 R(the list is a)144 276 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 160.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
-E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 172.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
-.833 E F0(Be)144 184.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 292.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F0(Be)144 316.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 196.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
-(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 208.8 Q
+(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 340.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 232.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 352.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
+E F0(Re-e)144 364.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
- appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 244.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
-E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 256.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
-F0(Print the last k)144 268.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+ appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 376.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
+E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 388.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E
+F0(Print the last k)144 400.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1
-(Miscellaneous)87 285.6 Q -.18(re)108 297.6 S<ad72>.18 E
+(Miscellaneous)87 417.6 Q -.18(re)108 429.6 S<ad72>.18 E
(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
-(Read in the contents of the)144 309.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
+(Read in the contents of the)144 441.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0
1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776
(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144
-321.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 333.6 Q F0 3.248
-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 345.6 R
+453.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 465.6 Q F0 3.248
+(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 477.6 R
5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
-(bell\255style)144 357.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 369.6 Q
+(bell\255style)144 489.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 501.6 Q
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
-C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 381.6 R F2(x)
+C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 513.6 R F2(x)
4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
-(uppercase character)144 393.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 405.6 Q
-(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 417.6 Q
+(uppercase character)144 525.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 537.6 Q
+(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 549.6 Q
(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0
(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 429.6 Q F0
-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 441.6 Q F1
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 453.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 465.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
+(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 561.6 Q F0
+(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 573.6 Q F1
+-2.29 -.18(re v)108 585.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 597.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
-(return the line to its initial state.)144 477.6 Q F1
-(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 489.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 501.6 Q
+(return the line to its initial state.)144 609.6 Q F1
+(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 621.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 633.6 Q
(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1
-(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 513.6 Q F0
-(Set the mark to the point.)144 525.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
+(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 645.6 Q F0
+(Set the mark to the point.)144 657.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
-(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 537.6 Q F0(Sw)
-144 549.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
+(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 669.6 Q F0(Sw)
+144 681.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
-144 561.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144
-585.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
+(character\255sear)108 705.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144
+717.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
-144 597.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 609.6 Q
-(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 621.6 S 1.044
-(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
-3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
-(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 633.6 Q F1
-(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 645.6 Q F0 1.826
-(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 657.6 R 2.126 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)
--.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 669.6 R
-.791(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
-(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
-.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 681.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G
-2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15
-(ve n)-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F
-(xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\
-ing stray characters into the editing b)144 693.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E
-5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 705.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
-(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 February 2)141.79 E(46)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 47 47
+144 729.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 84 Q F0
--.4(Wi)144 96 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)-.18 F
-.481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
-2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 108 Q .098
-(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097
-(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E
-.321(the characters at the be)144 120 R .321
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
+3.544(Ac)144 96 S 1.044(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15
+(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
+(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F1
+(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F0 1.826
+(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
+-.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
+4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 144 R .791
+(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791
+(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
+.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
+(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n)
+-.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
+-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\
+y characters into the editing b)144 168 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)
+-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
+(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108
+192 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 204 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)
+-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0
+-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 216 Q .245
+(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244
+(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321
+(the characters at the be)144 228 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
--.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 132 R F1
+-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 240 R F1
(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831
(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
-(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 144 R 1.468
+(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R 1.468
(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
-1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 156 Q F0 .84
+1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 264 Q F0 .84
(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
-(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 168 Q -.15
+(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 276 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 180 Q
-(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 192 R .791
+(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 288 Q
+(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 300 R .791
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792
-(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 204
+(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 312
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\
-le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 216 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
--.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 228 R .176
+le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 324 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))
+-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 336 R .176
(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516
-(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 240 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
+(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 348 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
-108 264 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 276 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
+144 360 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
+108 372 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 384 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F
.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F
-.872(the line is redra)144 288 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
+.872(the line is redra)144 396 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 300 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 312 Q F0 .627
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 324 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+(ex)144 408 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 420 Q F0 .627
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 432 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 336 Q
+(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 444 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 348 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
-1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 360 R 1.799
+2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 456 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
+1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 468 R 1.799
(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 372 R .304
+-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 480 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 384 Q(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 396 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
-(Print all of the readline k)144 408 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 492 Q(c)-.37 E F0
+(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 504 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
+(Print all of the readline k)144 516 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
-3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 420 Q
+3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 528 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)144 432 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 444 Q
-(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 456 Q
+(\214le.)144 540 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 552 Q
+(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 564 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 472.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
-484.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
+F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 580.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
+592.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 496.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
+F2(compspec)108 604.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
--.25 F(programmable completion f)108 508.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
+-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 616.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497
-(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 525.6 R .497
+(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 633.6 R .497
(If the command w)5.497 F .498
(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108
-537.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
+645.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233
(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)
2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-)
5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \
-used to generate the list of possible completions)108 549.6 R .823
-(for the w)108 561.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
+used to generate the list of possible completions)108 657.6 R .823
+(for the w)108 669.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F
.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\
-ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 573.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
+ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 681.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\
r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\
-rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 585.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
+rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 693.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0(option to)
-108 597.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
+108 705.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\
- matching w)108 614.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817
-(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 626.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)
-2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15
-E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
-(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 643.2 R
+ matching w)108 722.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817
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+84 Q(ault)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0
+(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1
+(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
+(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 100.8 R
.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 655.2 R .595
+.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 112.8 R .595
(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 667.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
-(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 684 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G
-1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
+(shell v)108 124.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E
+F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 141.6 Q 4.084(yc)-.15
+G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
-(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 696 S
+(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S
.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
-(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
+(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
-(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 708 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3
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-(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 297.6 Q 1.605
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(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098
-(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 309.6 R .098
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(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25
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-(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 458.4 R .279
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(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)
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-(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
-(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 237.6
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-.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
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+(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 379.2
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--.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108
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(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
-(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 290.4 Q F2
-(Ev)87 307.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 319.2 R -.15(ve)
+(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 432 Q F2
+(Ev)87 448.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 460.8 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\
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-108 331.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5
-(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 348 Q
-F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)
--.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)
--4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 360 Q
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-E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 372 Q F1(n)A F0
-(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 384 Q
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-E F2(!!)108 396 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E
-(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 408 Q F1(string)A
-F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\
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-F2(!?)108 432 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent \
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-144 444 R F1(string)144 456 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E
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-108 473 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784
-(Quick substitution.)144 480 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784
-(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1
-(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783
-(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 492 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1
+ history list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)
+108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5
+(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 489.6
+Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 489.6 R 1.608
+(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107
+(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F
+(\(when the)144 501.6 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0
+(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 513.6 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144
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+(Refer to the current command minus)144 525.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2
+(!!)108 537.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 537.6 Q(vious command.)-.25 E
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+A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\
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+F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 573.6 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the\
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+.783(Quick substitution.)144 621.6 R .783(Repeat the pre)5.783 F .784
+(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.284 E F1
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+(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 633.6 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1
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-(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 504 Q F0
-(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75
-(Wo)87 520.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 532.8 S 1.313
+(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 645.6 Q F0
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+-.75(Wo)87 662.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 674.4 S 1.314
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
--.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
-(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F
-.53(from the w)108 544.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
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+(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F
+.529(from the w)108 686.4 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2
($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F2<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r)
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-(are numbered from the be)108 556.8 R 1.3
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(If a w)108 84 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
-(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)87 100.8 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108
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-(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183
-(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 124.8 Q F1(h)108
-141.6 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
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+(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2
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+(x)108.77 168 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 168 S(ange of w)-2.5 E
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+(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F
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+(just one w)144 192 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+(After the optional w)108 261.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4
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(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
-108 153.6 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)144 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 165.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
-(\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C
-(ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 177.6 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3
--.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1
-(p)108 189.6 Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
-(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 201.6 Q F0
-(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
--.1 E F1(x)108 213.6 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
-E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
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-(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
-(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144
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+108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
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+(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 326.4 Q F0(Remo)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15
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+(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 350.4 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 350.4 Q
+(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 362.4 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 362.4 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0
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+2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 374.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E
+F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 386.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221
+(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
+3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
+.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 398.4 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
-5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
-F .666(be quoted in)144 261.6 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
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+F .666(be quoted in)144 410.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
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-(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
-F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774
-(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
-(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 285.6 Q F2(string)
+F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 422.4 R
+(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
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+(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 434.4 Q F2(string)
2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
-(&)108 297.6 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
-(g)108 309.6 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
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-('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 321.6 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
--.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
-(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
-(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
-(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 333.6 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
-(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 345.6 Q F0(.)A
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-(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 446.4 Q F1(:)108
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-.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F
-(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)
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-(cute commands from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02
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-(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 541.2 R -.15(xe)-.15
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--6.458 E F2(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458
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-(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 132 R(The)6.347 E F1
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--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 492 Q F1<ad53>144 504 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
-2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
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-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 705.6 Q F3(name)
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-(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 168 Q F1<ad64>
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-(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879
-(enabled. If)144 216 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379
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-(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 228 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994
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-(...])2.5 E(The)144 268.8 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671
-(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67
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-(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 345.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
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(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
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-216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136
-(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 228 Q
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-(ailure.)-.1 E F3(fg)108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)
-144 256.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413
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(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413
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-(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617
-(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 280.8 Q
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-(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362
-(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 292.8 Q
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-(as started without job control.)-.1 F F3(getopts)108 309.6 Q F1
-(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F3(getopts)144
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-(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F1
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+(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
+(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 549.6 Q
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+(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2
(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149
-(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 333.6 R .15
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(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45
--.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 345.6 Q .579
+-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 602.4 Q .579
(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
-(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 357.6 R 1.665
-(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F3(getopts)
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4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797
-(option in the shell v)144 369.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.297 E F0
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(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G
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-(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9
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+(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585
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(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803
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F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804
(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294
-(reset between multiple calls to)144 417.6 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293
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(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F
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-Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 453.6 R F3(getopts)
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4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044
-(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 465.6 Q F0
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(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G
-(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
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(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892
-(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E F1(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F3(getopts)144
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(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F
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-R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)
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-E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4
-(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F
-(diagnostic message is printed.)144 609.6 Q 1.242(If a required ar)144
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3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5
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-C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858(Each time)144
-96 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858
-(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name)3.718 E F0 .858
-(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956(the directories in)144 108 R F1
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-(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 120 R
-F1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
+(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 288 Q F1(hash)108 304.8
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+R F1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243
(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2
(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712
-(of the command.)144 132 R(The)6.712 E F1<ad72>4.212 E F0 1.711
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(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F1<ad64>4.211 E F0
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(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I)
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3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F
F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144
-168 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795
-(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1
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<ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934
-(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 180
-R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .934
-(n, or if).15 F(only)144 192 Q F1<ad6c>2.821 E F0 .321
+(output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144
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(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F
-.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 204 Q F2(name)2.86 E
-F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.)
-.25 E F1(help)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2
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G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144
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(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307
-(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 256.8 Q F1
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-(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 280.8 Q F0(Display the description of each)
-21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)
--2.5 E F1<ad73>144 292.8 Q F0
-(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E
-F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 309.6 Q F2
-(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 326.4 Q F2(n)A F1(])A
-(history \255c)108 338.4 Q(history \255d)108 350.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)
--.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A
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-(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 386.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)
+(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 477.6 Q F1
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+(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 501.6 Q F0(Display the description of each)
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+(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 513.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5
+E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 530.4 Q F2
+(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 547.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A
+(history \255c)108 559.2 Q(history \255d)108 571.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)
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-398.4 S .752
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(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
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-G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 410.4 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F
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F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88
-(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 422.4 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265
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(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2
(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019
-(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 434.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
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(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
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(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
-(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 691.2 R .416
-(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415
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-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1
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-(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 180 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 196.8 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0
-.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 208.8 Q -.25
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+180 369.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15
+F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad70>
+144 393.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 393.6 Q 2.5(sp)
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+(Display only running jobs.)180 405.6 Q F1<ad73>144 417.6 Q F0
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+E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
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(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 225.6 R F1
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-3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 237.6 Q
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+(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q
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2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
-F1(kill)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
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<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
-(kill \255l)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5
-G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 278.4 R F2
-(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
-(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
-(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 290.4 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
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-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 302.4 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
-1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
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+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 540 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
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-F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)
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-(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 326.4
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-F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 338.4 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F
-F1<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 350.4
-R F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
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-.25 E F1(let)108 379.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37
-E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 391.2 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
-(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
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-(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F
-(the last)144 403.2 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
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-E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 432 S 2.56(re)
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--.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)
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-(an)144 444 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
-(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
-C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
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+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 588 R
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+628.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197
+(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197
+(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
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+(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 669.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F
+.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0
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+-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)
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(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-456 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
-(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 468 Q F0 1.165
-(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
-(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 480 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 F
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-(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 492 Q
-F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108
-508.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(map\214le)108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5
-E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0
-2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)
-2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)
-2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5
-E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E
-F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2
+693.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
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-(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 506.4 R .847
+(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 132 R .847
(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348
-F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 518.4 R -.15(ve)-.4
-G .355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G
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2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354
-(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 530.4 Q
-(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 547.2 Q .463(guments to non-string format s\
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-(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 559.2
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+(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 184.8
R 1.259
(wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v)
--.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 571.2 Q(alue of the follo)
--.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 588 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0
-.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
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-.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033
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(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
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--.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 612 Q(The return v)5 E
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(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
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2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\
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--.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 664.8 R 1.316
-(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315
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-(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 676.8 R 5.871(.A)
--.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15
-(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 688.8 Q
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0
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--.25 F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
--2.5 E F1<ad>144 108 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3
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(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
-F F1(dirs)180 120 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5
-E F2(dir)144.35 132 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287
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(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc)
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(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
-F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 172.8 R F2(dir)
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3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)
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-(stack is empty)144 184.8 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\
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directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)
--.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 196.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
-E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 225.6 R .845
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(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
-237.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
-.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
-(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263
-(enabled. If)144 249.6 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
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(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
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--.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 273.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 290.4 S
-(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816 E F2
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-(][)C F1<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e>
--3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E
-F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr)
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-F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\
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-(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
--.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038
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-(and so on, with lefto)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
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-(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
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--.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
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-.857(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857
-(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857
-(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .754(uses for e)144 374.4 R
-.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E
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-H .075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .076
-(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.076 E
-(if supplied, ha)144 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 410.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
-180 422.4 R 1.049
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(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
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-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
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-(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q
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--.25 F(an)180 650.4 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
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+.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769
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+(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
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+5.274 F 1.002
+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 240 R
+F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 252 R .608
+(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0
+3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 264 S .669
+(riable is assigned e).25 F .669
+(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67
+(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 276 Q F0(option belo)
+2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 288 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)
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+(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 312 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
+(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 662.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F(the line.)180 674.4 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
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(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 686.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 348 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 348 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 698.4 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929
-G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428
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(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
-(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 722.4 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
-F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(with a fractional portion follo)180 84 Q(wing the decimal point.)
--.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15
-E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is reading input\
- from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 96 R
-.506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 108 R .59(gular \214les.)
--.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589(times out,)3.09 F F1
--.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889
--.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F
--.25(va)180 120 S(riable).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.77 E F0
-5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)
-2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27
-(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12
-(The e)180 132 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G
-1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G
-1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 144 R -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E
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-E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 172.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191
-(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E
-/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
-F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 184.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad)
-.18 E F0 1.343
-(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871
-(128\), a v)144 196.8 R .871
-(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F
-.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
-(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 208.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
-<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 225.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)
--.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
-(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0
-.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144
-249.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
+(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 384 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
+(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 396 Q
+(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
+.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
+g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
+408 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 420 R .59
+(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2
+G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 432 S(riable)
+.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
+(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
+F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
+(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 444 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
+-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
+.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
+456 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
+.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476
+(If no)144 484.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476
+(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E
+F3(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477(The e)4.977
+F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773
+(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 496.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad)
+.18 E F0 .772
+(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F
+-.25(va)144 508.8 S 2.004
+(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005
+(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F
+(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 520.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>
+2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A
+F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A
+(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)
+-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
+(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 561.6 R
+1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
-(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 261.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 573.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 273.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
+-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 585.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
-3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 285.6 R -.15(ve)
+3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 597.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 297.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 609.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 309.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-321.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+144 621.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+633.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
-144 333.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
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-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
-(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 345.6 Q F0
-(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 362.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 374.4 R
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 657.6 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 674.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 686.4 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
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-(the return status is that of the last command e)144 386.4 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E
-F1 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466
-(side a function, b)144 398.4 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F1(sour)
-A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F
-.088(stop e)144 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087
-(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)2.947 E F0 .087
-(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 422.4 R .613
-(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F2(n)3.113 E F0 .613
-(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613
-(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 434.4 R
-.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F1 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01
-(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 446.4 S .409
-(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41
-(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F1(sour)2.91 E
-(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41
-(ommand associated with the).15 F F1(RETURN)144 458.4 Q F0(trap is e)2.5
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F1(set)108 475.2 Q
-F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E
-F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E
-F1(set)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
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-(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 499.2 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F
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-(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
-(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 511.2
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+(the return status is that of the last command e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
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+G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 710.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
+(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
+-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144
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+F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)
+3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F
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+-.15 E F0 .084(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)
+-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E
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+F .588(causes the shell to stop e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
+(cuting that script and return either).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)
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+.326(mand e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326
+(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.)
+-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F
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+(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
+(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 144 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1
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+.749(mand associated with the)144 156 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
+(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 168 Q F1
+(set)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
+F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
+F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
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+(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .836
+(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
+.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
+(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 220.8
R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 523.2 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 232.8 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0
.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412
(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53
-(locale. When)144 535.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
+(locale. When)144 244.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F
-1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 547.2 R 1.623
+1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 256.8 R 1.623
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
-144 559.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
+144 268.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 571.2 Q
-F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
-(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54
-(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 583.2 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)
--.4 E F1<ad62>144 595.2 Q F0 .132
-(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 280.8 Q
+F0 1.377(Each v)184 280.8 R 1.377
+(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F
+1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 292.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
+E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 304.8 Q F0 .132
+(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 304.8 R
2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
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--.27(BA)184 282 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
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-(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 294 R .38
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(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
-(user \(group\) id, and the)184 306 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
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(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
-(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
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(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 330 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
+E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 702 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
-(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1<ad74>144 354 Q F0
-(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15
-E F1<ad75>144 366 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\
-bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an)
--.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 378 R 2.682
-(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183
-(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
-(able or parameter)184 390 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
+(set to the real user and group ids.)184 714 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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+(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \
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+E .746(able or parameter)184 120 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
-402 Q F1<ad76>144 414 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
--.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 426 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
-(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
-2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
-F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 438 R F1
--.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
-(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)
-3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 450 Q
+132 Q F1<ad76>144 144 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 144 Q 2.5
+(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 156 Q F0 .315(After e)184 156 R
+.315(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command)
+2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)
+2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236
+(or arithmetic)184 168 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236
+(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)
+-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
+(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 180 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
-<ad42>144 462 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
+<ad42>144 192 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 192 R 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 474 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 486 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 204 Q
+(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 216 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)2.714 E
F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
-3.053(tors. This)184 498 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
+3.053(tors. This)184 228 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
-.15 F(tor)184 510 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 522 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on)
--2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
+.15 F(tor)184 240 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad45>144 252 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 252 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
+(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
-F .838(mands e)184 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F .838(mands e)184 264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 546 Q F1
-<ad48>144 558 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 276 Q F1
+<ad48>144 288 Q F0(Enable)184 288 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
-F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 570 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 582 Q F0 .959
-(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 300 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 312 Q F0 .959
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 312 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822
-(that change the current w)184 594 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
+(that change the current w)184 324 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 606 R(def)2.685
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 336 R(def)2.685
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 618 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-630 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184 348 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
+360 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 360 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 642 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 654 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 666 Q
-F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
-(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 678 Q F2
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 384 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 396 Q
+F0 .401(If no ar)184 396 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G
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+(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 408 Q F2
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
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-690 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2
-(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G
-1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 702 R
+420 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 420 R
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+1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 432 R
F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
-(parameters remain unchanged.)184 714 Q .425(The options are of)144
-730.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+(parameters remain unchanged.)184 444 Q .425(The options are of)144
+460.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72
-768 Q(2014 February 2)141.79 E(66)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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--.35 E .178(to be turned of)144 84 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
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+(to be turned of)144 472.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
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--.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 108 Q F1(shift)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144
-136.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)
-2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F
-(bers)144 148.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)
-2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082
-(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H
-.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)
--5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 160.8
-R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06
-(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06
-(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143
-(positional parameters are not changed.)144 172.8 R .144
-(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144
-(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 184.8 Q F1(shopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)
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+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 549.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
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--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 213.6 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639
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(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
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-(listed belo)144 225.6 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H
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(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2
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(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F
-.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 249.6 R(The)5.945 E
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F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form)
-3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 261.6 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 273.6 Q
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-Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
-297.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
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-(set or unset.)180 309.6 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E
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-(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 321.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
-F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 333.6 Q F0
-(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
-(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
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-(set or unset, respecti)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
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-2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 374.4 Q(ault.)
--.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-391.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
-4.044 F .696
+3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 650.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
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+(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233(set or unset, respecti)144
+112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234
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+(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 124.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E
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(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
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(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
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(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
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+ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 345.6 R .426
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F2<ad48>2.925 E
F0(nor)2.925 E F2<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-435.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
+357.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.742(of the special v)144 447.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2
+.742(of the special v)144 369.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 459.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F3(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 471.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
+F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 393.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
-(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 483.6 Q 2.5
+(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 405.6 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2
-<ad61>144 495.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2<ad62>144
-507.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
-F2<ad63>144 519.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
-F2<ad64>144 531.6 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
--.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 543.6 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2<ad66>144 555.6 Q
-F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
-26.97 E F2<ad69>144 567.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
-27.52 E F2<ad6c>144 579.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 591.6 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 603.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
+<ad61>144 417.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 417.6 Q F2
+<ad62>144 429.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 429.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F2<ad63>144 441.6 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 441.6 Q F2<ad64>144 453.6
+Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 453.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
+-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 465.6 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 465.6 Q F2<ad66>144
+477.6 Q F0
+(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
+477.6 Q F2<ad69>144 489.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
+489.6 Q F2<ad6b>144 501.6 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 501.6 Q F2
+<ad6c>144 513.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 513.6 Q
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 525.6 Q F0
+(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 525.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 615.6 Q F2<ad70>144 627.6 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2
-<ad71>144 639.6 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F2<ad72>144
-651.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F2<ad73>144
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-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2<ad75>144 687.6 Q
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-(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 699.6 Q F0 .47
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+(be set\))180 549.6 Q F2<ad70>144 561.6 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 561.6 Q F2
+<ad71>144 573.6 Q F0
+(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 573.6 Q F2
+<ad72>144 585.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 585.6
+Q F2<ad73>144 597.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 597.6 Q F2<ad74>144
+609.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 609.6 Q F2
+<ad75>144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 621.6 Q -.25
+(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 633.6 Q F0 .47
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(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad78>144 84 Q F0
-(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 96 Q F0
-(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 112.8 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
-F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
-(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045
-(no option is gi)144 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144
-136.8 R F1<ad70>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1
-<ad75>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144
-148.8 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083
-F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583
-(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
-160.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 189.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
-5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.439(unscaled v)
+144 84 R 1.439(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.438
+(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-3.939 F(The)6.438 E .404
+(return status is 0 unless an in)144 96 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404
+(lid option or ar).25 F .404
+(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
+108 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 136.8
+R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 201.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-213.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+pted by)144 148.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+160.8 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 225.6 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 172.8 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 237.6 Q F0 .551
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 249.6 Q
+(mode)144.38 184.8 Q F0 .552
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
+F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 196.8 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 266.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 278.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+(unalias)108 213.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 225.6 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
-F(remo)144 290.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+F(remo)144 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 307.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 254.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 319.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0
-3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 266.4 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0
+3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
-(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 331.2 Q F0 1.551
-(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
-(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 343.2 R F1
-<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
+(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 278.4 Q F0 1.55
+(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
+(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
+4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 290.4 R F1
+<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
-F(remo)144 355.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
+F(remo)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037
(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
-F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492
-(be unset rather than the v)144 367.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
+F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492
+(be unset rather than the v)144 314.4 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
-<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F
-.221(options are supplied, each)144 379.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221
-(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22
-(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188
-(tion with that name is unset.)144 391.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
-1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G
-1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 403.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
+<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22
+(options are supplied, each)144 326.4 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22
+(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221
+(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189
+(tion with that name is unset.)144 338.4 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
+1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G
+1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205
+(passed to subsequent commands.)144 350.4 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
-E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E
-F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 415.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
-4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
+E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E
+F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 362.4 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
+4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348
-F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144
-427.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
+F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144
+374.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a)
--.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 444 Q
+-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 391.2 Q
F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8
-(Wa)144 456 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its\
- termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026
-(may be a process ID)2.766 F .256
-(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 468 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256
+(Wa)144 403.2 S .026(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\
+ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.027 E F2(n)2.887 E F0 .027
+(may be a process ID)2.767 F .256
+(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25
+G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256
(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E
-F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 480 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318
+F2(n)3.116 E F0 .317(is not gi)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .317
(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318
(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318
-(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1<ad6e>144
-492 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa)
-2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362
-(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If)
-5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 504 S(on-e)
--2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F
-.095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15
-F(of the last process or job w)144 516 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 532.8 Q F0(If)108 544.8 Q F1
-(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397 E
-F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.897
-(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897
-(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 556.8 R .945
-(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945
-(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E
-(beha)108 568.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1
-(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
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%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/bashbug.0 b/doc/bashbug.0
index 41fc1edb..e40eed37 100644
--- a/doc/bashbug.0
+++ b/doc/bashbug.0
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-BASHBUG(1) BASHBUG(1)
+BASHBUG(1) General Commands Manual BASHBUG(1)
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
bbaasshhbbuugg will utilize the following environment variables if they exist:
- EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg
- defaults to eemmaaccss.
+ EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg
+ attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including
+ eemmaaccss, and defaults to vvii.
HHOOMMEE Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail
fails.
@@ -47,4 +48,4 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS
-GNU Bash-4.0 1998 July 30 BASHBUG(1)
+GNU Bash-4.4 2016 February 15 BASHBUG(1)
diff --git a/doc/bashbug.1 b/doc/bashbug.1
index 962cb9cb..61d9122a 100644
--- a/doc/bashbug.1
+++ b/doc/bashbug.1
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet@po.cwru.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Tue Apr 3 15:46:30 EDT 2007
+.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 15 14:42:40 EST 2016
.\"
-.TH BASHBUG 1 "1998 July 30" "GNU Bash-4.0"
+.TH BASHBUG 1 "2016 February 15" "GNU Bash-4.4"
.SH NAME
bashbug \- report a bug in bash
.SH SYNOPSIS
@@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ Specifies the preferred editor. If
.B EDITOR
is not set,
.B bashbug
-defaults to
-.BR emacs .
+attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including
+.BR emacs ,
+and defaults to \fBvi\fP.
.TP
.B HOME
Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails.
diff --git a/doc/bashbug.ps b/doc/bashbug.ps
index efbcdda1..a5df73f5 100644
--- a/doc/bashbug.ps
+++ b/doc/bashbug.ps
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
-%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
-%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 17 17:38:06 2008
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%%+ font Times-Bold
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-%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
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+%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () ()
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%%BeginProlog
-%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2
+%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.22 3
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet
/setpacking where{
pop
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ exch pop add exch pop
/level0 save def
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
+DEFS/BPhook known{DEFS begin BPhook end}if
72 RES div dup scale
LS{
90 rotate
@@ -137,7 +138,10 @@ pop
findfont
dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin
{
-1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse
+1 index/FID ne
+2 index/UniqueID ne
+and
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}forall
/Encoding exch def
dup/FontName exch def
@@ -175,8 +179,10 @@ newpath
userdict begin
/showpage{}def
/setpagedevice{}def
+mark
}bind def
/PEND{
+cleartomark
countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat
level1 restore
}bind def
@@ -189,17 +195,17 @@ setpacking
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%%BeginSetup
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-def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron
-/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef
+def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
+/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
-/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent
+/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent
/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen
/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon
/semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O
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+112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bashb)108 124.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E/F3
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(--ver)A(sion)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(--help)-2.5 E F0
+2.5(][)C F3(email-addr)-2.5 E(ess)-.37 E F0(])A F1(DESCRIPTION)72 141.6
+Q F2(bashb)108 153.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .446
(is a shell script to help the user compose and mail b)2.947 F .446
(ug reports concerning bash in a standard for)-.2 F(-)-.2 E(mat.)108
165.6 Q F2(bashb)5.961 E(ug)-.2 E F0(in)3.461 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
@@ -265,20 +272,23 @@ F0(in the in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(king user').2 E 2.5(sh)-.55 G
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(bashb)108 283.2 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(will utilize the follo)2.5 E(wing en)-.25
E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariables if the)-.25 E 2.5(ye)-.15 G(xist:)-2.65 E
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-F2(bashb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(def)2.5 E(aults to)-.1 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(.)
-A F2(HOME)108 328.8 Q F0(Directory in which the f)144 340.8 Q(ailed b)
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-(he mail f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F2(TMPDIR)108 357.6 Q F0
+F2(EDIT)108 300 Q(OR)-.18 E F0 .327(Speci\214es the preferred editor)144
+312 R 2.827(.I)-.55 G(f)-2.827 E F4(EDIT)2.827 E(OR)-.162 E F0 .327
+(is not set,)2.577 F F2(bashb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .328
+(attempts to locate a number of alter)2.827 F(-)-.2 E(nati)144 324 Q .3
+-.15(ve e)-.25 H(ditors, including).15 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C
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+(Directory in which the f)144 352.8 Q(ailed b)-.1 E(ug report is sa)-.2
+E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he mail f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E
+F2(TMPDIR)108 369.6 Q F0
(Directory in which to create temporary \214les and directories.)144
-369.6 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 386.4 Q F3(bash)108 398.4 Q F0(\(1\))A F1 -.548
-(AU)72 415.2 S(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 427.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E
-(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 439.2 Q(g)-.18 E
-(Chet Rame)108 456 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8
+381.6 Q F1(SEE ALSO)72 398.4 Q F3(bash)108 410.4 Q F0(\(1\))A F1 -.548
+(AU)72 427.2 S(THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 439.2 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E
+(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 451.2 Q(g)-.18 E
+(Chet Rame)108 468 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8
E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet@po.cwru.edu)
-108 468 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(1998 July 30)148.175 E(1)203.165 E 0 Cg
-EP
+108 480 Q(GNU Bash-4.4)72 768 Q(2016 February 15)138.46 E(1)193.45 E 0
+Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi
index f56627f8..6b4fc491 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.dvi
+++ b/doc/bashref.dvi
Binary files differ
diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html
index 6f927076..8c2eabf0 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.html
+++ b/doc/bashref.html
@@ -1,1390 +1,1451 @@
-<HTML>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on February, 24 2014 by texi2html 1.64 -->
-<!--
-Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
- Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
- Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
- and many others.
-Maintained by: Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
-Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
-
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<html>
+<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016).
+
+This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016,
+of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
+for Bash, Version 4.4.
+
+Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
+A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+"GNU Free Documentation License". -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<head>
+<title>Bash Reference Manual</title>
+
+<meta name="description" content="Bash Reference Manual">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Bash Reference Manual">
+<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
+<meta name="distribution" content="global">
+<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
+<link href="#Indexes" rel="index" title="Indexes">
+<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
+<link href="dir.html#Top" rel="up" title="(dir)">
+<style type="text/css">
+<!--
+a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
+blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
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-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>Bash Reference Manual: </TITLE>
-
-<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Bash Reference Manual: ">
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-<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
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-
-<BODY LANG="" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080" ALINK="#FF0000">
-
-<A NAME="SEC_Top"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
-
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014).
-The Bash home page is <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014,
-of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
-for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.3.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+</style>
+
+
+</head>
+
+<body lang="en">
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Bash Reference Manual</h1>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="contents">
+
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-Bash_003f-1" href="#What-is-Bash_003f">1.1 What is Bash?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-a-shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">1.2 What is a shell?</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">2 Definitions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Basic-Shell-Features-1" href="#Basic-Shell-Features">3 Basic Shell Features</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Syntax-1" href="#Shell-Syntax">3.1 Shell Syntax</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Operation-1" href="#Shell-Operation">3.1.1 Shell Operation</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Quoting-1" href="#Quoting">3.1.2 Quoting</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Escape-Character-1" href="#Escape-Character">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Single-Quotes-1" href="#Single-Quotes">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Double-Quotes-1" href="#Double-Quotes">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Locale_002dSpecific-Translation" href="#Locale-Translation">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Comments-1" href="#Comments">3.1.3 Comments</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Commands">3.2 Shell Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Simple-Commands-1" href="#Simple-Commands">3.2.1 Simple Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Pipelines-1" href="#Pipelines">3.2.2 Pipelines</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Lists-of-Commands" href="#Lists">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compound-Commands-1" href="#Compound-Commands">3.2.4 Compound Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Looping-Constructs-1" href="#Looping-Constructs">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Constructs">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Grouping-Commands" href="#Command-Grouping">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Coprocesses-1" href="#Coprocesses">3.2.5 Coprocesses</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-GNU-Parallel-1" href="#GNU-Parallel">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Functions-1" href="#Shell-Functions">3.3 Shell Functions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameters-1" href="#Shell-Parameters">3.4 Shell Parameters</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Positional-Parameters-1" href="#Positional-Parameters">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-Parameters-1" href="#Special-Parameters">3.4.2 Special Parameters</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Expansions-1" href="#Shell-Expansions">3.5 Shell Expansions</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Brace-Expansion-1" href="#Brace-Expansion">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Tilde-Expansion-1" href="#Tilde-Expansion">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Substitution-1" href="#Command-Substitution">3.5.4 Command Substitution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Arithmetic-Expansion-1" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Process-Substitution-1" href="#Process-Substitution">3.5.6 Process Substitution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Word-Splitting-1" href="#Word-Splitting">3.5.7 Word Splitting</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Filename-Expansion-1" href="#Filename-Expansion">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Pattern-Matching-1" href="#Pattern-Matching">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Quote-Removal-1" href="#Quote-Removal">3.5.9 Quote Removal</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirections-1" href="#Redirections">3.6 Redirections</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Input" href="#Redirecting-Input">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Output" href="#Redirecting-Output">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Appending-Redirected-Output" href="#Appending-Redirected-Output">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Here-Documents" href="#Here-Documents">3.6.6 Here Documents</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Here-Strings" href="#Here-Strings">3.6.7 Here Strings</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Duplicating-File-Descriptors" href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Moving-File-Descriptors" href="#Moving-File-Descriptors">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing" href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Executing-Commands-1" href="#Executing-Commands">3.7 Executing Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Simple-Command-Expansion-1" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Search-and-Execution-1" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Execution-Environment-1" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">3.7.4 Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Exit-Status-1" href="#Exit-Status">3.7.5 Exit Status</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Signals-1" href="#Signals">3.7.6 Signals</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Scripts-1" href="#Shell-Scripts">3.8 Shell Scripts</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Builtin-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">4 Shell Builtin Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Builtin-Commands" href="#Bash-Builtins">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Set-Builtin-1" href="#The-Set-Builtin">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Shopt-Builtin-1" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-Builtins-1" href="#Special-Builtins">4.4 Special Builtins</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Shell-Variables">5 Shell Variables</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Variables-1" href="#Bash-Variables">5.2 Bash Variables</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Features-2" href="#Bash-Features">6 Bash Features</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Invoking-Bash-1" href="#Invoking-Bash">6.1 Invoking Bash</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Startup-Files-1" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">6.2 Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shells-1" href="#Interactive-Shells">6.3 Interactive Shells</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Arithmetic-1" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Aliases-1" href="#Aliases">6.6 Aliases</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Arrays-1" href="#Arrays">6.7 Arrays</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Directory-Stack-1" href="#The-Directory-Stack">6.8 The Directory Stack</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Directory-Stack-Builtins-1" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-Prompt-1" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Restricted-Shell-1" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">6.10 The Restricted Shell</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-POSIX-Mode-1" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-1" href="#Job-Control">7 Job Control</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Basics-1" href="#Job-Control-Basics">7.1 Job Control Basics</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Builtins-1" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">7.2 Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Variables-1" href="#Job-Control-Variables">7.3 Job Control Variables</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Line-Editing-1" href="#Command-Line-Editing">8 Command Line Editing</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Line-Editing" href="#Introduction-and-Notation">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Interaction-1" href="#Readline-Interaction">8.2 Readline Interaction</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Bare-Essentials-1" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Movement-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Killing-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Arguments-1" href="#Readline-Arguments">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History" href="#Searching">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-1" href="#Readline-Init-File">8.3 Readline Init File</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Init-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Sample-Init-File-1" href="#Sample-Init-File">8.3.3 Sample Init File</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bindable-Readline-Commands-1" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Moving-1" href="#Commands-For-Moving">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History" href="#Commands-For-History">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Changing-Text" href="#Commands-For-Text">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Killing-And-Yanking" href="#Commands-For-Killing">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Numeric-Arguments" href="#Numeric-Arguments">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Letting-Readline-Type-For-You" href="#Commands-For-Completion">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Keyboard-Macros-1" href="#Keyboard-Macros">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Some-Miscellaneous-Commands" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-vi-Mode-1" href="#Readline-vi-Mode">8.5 Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-1" href="#Programmable-Completion">8.6 Programmable Completion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Using-History-Interactively-1" href="#Using-History-Interactively">9 Using History Interactively</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Facilities-1" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">9.1 Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Builtins-1" href="#Bash-History-Builtins">9.2 Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-History-Expansion" href="#History-Interaction">9.3 History Expansion</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Event-Designators-1" href="#Event-Designators">9.3.1 Event Designators</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Word-Designators-1" href="#Word-Designators">9.3.2 Word Designators</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Modifiers-1" href="#Modifiers">9.3.3 Modifiers</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Installing-Bash-1" href="#Installing-Bash">10 Installing Bash</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Basic-Installation-1" href="#Basic-Installation">10.1 Basic Installation</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compilers-and-Options-1" href="#Compilers-and-Options">10.2 Compilers and Options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Installation-Names-1" href="#Installation-Names">10.4 Installation Names</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Specifying-the-System-Type-1" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">10.5 Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Sharing-Defaults-1" href="#Sharing-Defaults">10.6 Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Operation-Controls-1" href="#Operation-Controls">10.7 Operation Controls</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Optional-Features-1" href="#Optional-Features">10.8 Optional Features</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Reporting-Bugs-1" href="#Reporting-Bugs">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">Appendix D Indexes</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands" href="#Builtin-Index">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words" href="#Reserved-Word-Index">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Parameter-and-Variable-Index" href="#Variable-Index">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Function-Index-1" href="#Function-Index">D.4 Function Index</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">D.5 Concept Index</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<a name="Top"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-1"></a>
+<h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
+
+<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016).
+The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016,
+of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
+for <code>Bash</code>, Version 4.4.
+</p>
+<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
-borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<TT>`sh'</TT>), the Korn Shell
-(<TT>`ksh'</TT>), and the C-shell (<TT>`csh'</TT> and its successor,
-<TT>`tcsh'</TT>). The following menu breaks the features up into
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp>sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
+(<samp>ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp>csh</samp> and its successor,
+<samp>tcsh</samp>). The following menu breaks the features up into
categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
which are specific to Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+</p>
+<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
reference on shell behavior.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An introduction to the shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Some definitions used in the rest of this
- manual.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell "building blocks".</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands that are a part of the shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables used or set by Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Features found only in Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What job control is and how Bash allows you
- to use it.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line
- editing features.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="2">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some definitions used in the rest of this
+ manual.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="3">Basic Shell Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell &quot;building blocks&quot;.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="4">Shell Builtin Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands that are a part of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="5">Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables used or set by Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="6">Bash Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Features found only in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="7">Job Control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What job control is and how Bash allows you
+ to use it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="8">Command Line Editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter describing the command line
+ editing features.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="9">Using History Interactively</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command History Expansion
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installing-Bash">Installing Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to build and install Bash on your system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to report bugs in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A terse list of the differences
between Bash and historical
- versions of /bin/sh.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<HR SIZE=1>
-<A NAME="SEC1"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<A NAME="Introduction"></A>
-<H1> 1. Introduction </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC1::-->
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2">1.1 What is Bash?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3">1.2 What is a shell?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A brief introduction to shells.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="What is Bash?"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC2"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 1.1 What is Bash? </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC2::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
-for the GNU operating system.
-The name is an acronym for the <SAMP>`Bourne-Again SHell'</SAMP>,
+ versions of /bin/sh.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Copying and sharing this documentation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various indexes for this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction to shells.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">What is a shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.1 What is Bash?</h3>
+
+<p>Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
+for the <small>GNU</small> operating system.
+The name is an acronym for the &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;,
a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
-the current Unix shell <CODE>sh</CODE>,
+the current Unix shell <code>sh</code>,
which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
of Unix.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash is largely compatible with <CODE>sh</CODE> and incorporates useful
-features from the Korn shell <CODE>ksh</CODE> and the C shell <CODE>csh</CODE>.
-It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE
-POSIX Shell and Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX
-specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).
-It offers functional improvements over <CODE>sh</CODE> for both interactive and
+</p>
+<p>Bash is largely compatible with <code>sh</code> and incorporates useful
+features from the Korn shell <code>ksh</code> and the C shell <code>csh</code>.
+It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the <small>IEEE</small>
+<small>POSIX</small> Shell and Tools portion of the <small>IEEE</small> <small>POSIX</small>
+specification (<small>IEEE</small> Standard 1003.1).
+It offers functional improvements over <code>sh</code> for both interactive and
programming use.
-</P><P>
-
-While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including
-a version of <CODE>csh</CODE>, Bash is the default shell.
-Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs
+</p>
+<p>While the <small>GNU</small> operating system provides other shells, including
+a version of <code>csh</code>, Bash is the default shell.
+Like other <small>GNU</small> software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs
on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems -
-independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2,
+independently-supported ports exist for <small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>,
and Windows platforms.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="What is a shell?"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC3"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 1.2 What is a shell? </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC3::-->
-<P>
-
-At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.2 What is a shell?</h3>
+
+<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text
and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
-</P><P>
-
-A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+</p>
+<p>A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
-interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming
+interface to the rich set of <small>GNU</small> utilities. The programming
language features allow these utilities to be combined.
Files containing commands can be created, and become
commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as
-system commands in directories such as <TT>`/bin'</TT>, allowing users
+system commands in directories such as <samp>/bin</samp>, allowing users
or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
tasks.
-</P><P>
-
-Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
+</p>
+<p>Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
from a file.
-</P><P>
-
-A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and
+</p>
+<p>A shell allows execution of <small>GNU</small> commands, both synchronously and
asynchronously.
The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
-The <EM>redirection</EM> constructs permit
+The <em>redirection</em> constructs permit
fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
-Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands'
+Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands&rsquo;
environments.
-</P><P>
-
-Shells also provide a small set of built-in
-commands (<EM>builtins</EM>) implementing functionality impossible
+</p>
+<p>Shells also provide a small set of built-in
+commands (<em>builtins</em>) implementing functionality impossible
or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
-For example, <CODE>cd</CODE>, <CODE>break</CODE>, <CODE>continue</CODE>, and
-<CODE>exec</CODE> cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
+For example, <code>cd</code>, <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, and
+<code>exec</code> cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
they directly manipulate the shell itself.
-The <CODE>history</CODE>, <CODE>getopts</CODE>, <CODE>kill</CODE>, or <CODE>pwd</CODE>
+The <code>history</code>, <code>getopts</code>, <code>kill</code>, or <code>pwd</code>
builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
All of the shell builtins are described in
subsequent sections.
-</P><P>
-
-While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+</p>
+<p>While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides
variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions.
-</P><P>
-
-Shells offer features geared specifically for
+</p>
+<p>Shells offer features geared specifically for
interactive use rather than to augment the programming language.
These interactive features include job control, command line
editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is
described in this manual.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Definitions"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC4"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 2. Definitions </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC4::-->
-These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>POSIX</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX1"></A>
-A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Definitions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">2 Definitions</h2>
+<p>These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>POSIX</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-POSIX"></a>
+<p>A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
-POSIX 1003.1 standard.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>blank</CODE>
-<DD>A space or tab character.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX2"></A>
-A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+<small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blank</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A space or tab character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin-1"></a>
+<p>A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>control operator</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX3"></A>
-A <CODE>token</CODE> that performs a control function. It is a <CODE>newline</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>control operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-control-operator"></a>
+<p>A <code>token</code> that performs a control function. It is a <code>newline</code>
or one of the following:
-<SAMP>`||'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;&#38;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`|&#38;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`('</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>exit status</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX4"></A>
-The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
+&lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit-status"></a>
+<p>The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>field</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX5"></A>
-A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>field</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-field"></a>
+<p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
the command name and arguments.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>filename</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX6"></A>
-A string of characters used to identify a file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>job</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX7"></A>
-A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-filename"></a>
+<p>A string of characters used to identify a file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job"></a>
+<p>A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
from it, that are all in the same process group.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>job control</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX8"></A>
-A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job control</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job-control"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
(resume) execution of processes.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>metacharacter</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX9"></A>
-A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
-a <CODE>blank</CODE> or one of the following characters:
-<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`('</SAMP>, <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP>, or
-<SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>name</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX10"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX11"></A>
-A <CODE>word</CODE> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
-and beginning with a letter or underscore. <CODE>Name</CODE>s are used as
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>metacharacter</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-metacharacter"></a>
+<p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
+a <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, <code>newline</code>, or one of the following characters:
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, or
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>name</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-name"></a>
+<a name="index-identifier"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+and beginning with a letter or underscore. <code>Name</code>s are used as
shell variable and function names.
-Also referred to as an <CODE>identifier</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>operator</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX12"></A>
-A <CODE>control operator</CODE> or a <CODE>redirection operator</CODE>.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>, for a list of redirection operators.
-Operators contain at least one unquoted <CODE>metacharacter</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>process group</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX13"></A>
-A collection of related processes each having the same process
-group ID.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>process group ID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX14"></A>
-A unique identifier that represents a <CODE>process group</CODE>
+Also referred to as an <code>identifier</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-operator_002c-shell"></a>
+<p>A <code>control operator</code> or a <code>redirection operator</code>.
+See <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>, for a list of redirection operators.
+Operators contain at least one unquoted <code>metacharacter</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group"></a>
+<p>A collection of related processes each having the same process
+group <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group ID</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group-ID"></a>
+<p>A unique identifier that represents a <code>process group</code>
during its lifetime.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>reserved word</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX15"></A>
-A <CODE>word</CODE> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
-words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <CODE>for</CODE> and
-<CODE>while</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>return status</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX16"></A>
-A synonym for <CODE>exit status</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>signal</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX17"></A>
-A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reserved word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-reserved-word"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <code>for</code> and
+<code>while</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return-status"></a>
+<p>A synonym for <code>exit status</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-signal"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
of an event occurring in the system.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>special builtin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX18"></A>
-A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
-POSIX standard.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>token</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A>
-A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
-It is either a <CODE>word</CODE> or an <CODE>operator</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>word</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX20"></A>
-A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
-Words may not include unquoted <CODE>metacharacters</CODE>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Basic Shell Features"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC5"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 3. Basic Shell Features </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC5::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash is an acronym for <SAMP>`Bourne-Again SHell'</SAMP>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>special builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-special-builtin"></a>
+<p>A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+<small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>token</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-token"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
+It is either a <code>word</code> or an <code>operator</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-word"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
+Words may not include unquoted <code>metacharacters</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">3 Basic Shell Features</h2>
+<a name="index-Bourne-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Bash is an acronym for &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;.
The Bourne shell is
the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
-The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX
-specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
-</P><P>
-
-This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
-commands, control structures, shell functions, shell <I>parameters</I>,
+The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the <small>POSIX</small>
+specification for the &lsquo;standard&rsquo; Unix shell.
+</p>
+<p>This chapter briefly summarizes the shell&rsquo;s &lsquo;building blocks&rsquo;:
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell <i>parameters</i>,
shell expansions,
-<I>redirections</I>, which are a way to direct input and output from
+<i>redirections</i>, which are a way to direct input and output from
and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6">3.1 Shell Syntax</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What your input means to the shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The types of commands you can use.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Grouping commands by name.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell stores values.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands parameters and the various
- expansions available.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to control where input and output go.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when you run a command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Executing files of shell commands.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Syntax"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC6"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.1 Shell Syntax </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC6::-->
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7">3.1.1 Shell Operation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The basic operation of the shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to remove the special meaning from characters.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify comments.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What your input means to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The types of commands you can use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Grouping commands by name.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell stores values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands parameters and the various
+ expansions available.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to control where input and output go.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when you run a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing files of shell commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.1 Shell Syntax</h3>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The basic operation of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify comments.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a
-comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (<SAMP>`#'</SAMP>), and the rest
+comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;), and the rest
of that line.
-
-Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and
+</p>
+<p>Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and
divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
-</P><P>
-
-The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
+</p>
+<p>The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
-command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status
+command, waits for the command&rsquo;s exit status, and makes that exit status
available for further inspection or processing.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Operation"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC7"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.1.1 Shell Operation </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC7::-->
-<P>
-
-The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Operation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Operation-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.1 Shell Operation</h4>
+
+<p>The following is a brief description of the shell&rsquo;s operation when it
reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the
following:
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-Reads its input from a file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), from a string
-supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), or from the user's terminal.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
-described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A>. These tokens are separated by
-<CODE>metacharacters</CODE>. Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Performs the various shell expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>), breaking
-the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>)
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Reads its input from a file (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), from a string
+supplied as an argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), or from the user&rsquo;s terminal.
+
+</li><li> Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
+described in <a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a>. These tokens are separated by
+<code>metacharacters</code>. Alias expansion is performed by this step
+(see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
+(see <a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Performs the various shell expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>)
and commands and arguments.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Performs any necessary redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) and removes
+</li><li> Performs any necessary redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) and removes
the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Executes the command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
-status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>).
-<P>
-
-</OL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Quoting"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC8"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.1.2 Quoting </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC8::-->
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to remove the special meaning from a single
- character.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
- of characters.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
- sequence of characters.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to translate strings into different languages.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+
+</li><li> Executes the command (see <a href="#Executing-Commands">Executing Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Operation</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting"></a>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from a single
+ character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+ of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+ sequence of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale Translation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to translate strings into different languages.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
parameter expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-Each of the shell metacharacters (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>)
+</p>
+<p>Each of the shell metacharacters (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>)
has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the
-<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, usually <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, must be quoted
-to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>), the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, usually &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion. See <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for
more details concerning history expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-There are three quoting mechanisms: the
-<VAR>escape character</VAR>, single quotes, and double quotes.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Escape Character"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC9"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.1.2.1 Escape Character </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC9::-->
-A non-quoted backslash <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> is the Bash escape character.
+</p>
+<p>There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+<var>escape character</var>, single quotes, and double quotes.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Escape-Character"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Escape-Character-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</h4>
+<p>A non-quoted backslash &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; is the Bash escape character.
It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
-with the exception of <CODE>newline</CODE>. If a <CODE>\newline</CODE> pair
-appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <CODE>\newline</CODE>
+with the exception of <code>newline</code>. If a <code>\newline</code> pair
+appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <code>\newline</code>
is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
the input stream and effectively ignored).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Single Quotes"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC10"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC10::-->
-<P>
-
-Enclosing characters in single quotes (<SAMP>`''</SAMP>) preserves the literal value
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Single-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Escape Character</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Single-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in single quotes (&lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Double Quotes"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC11"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC11::-->
-<P>
-
-Enclosing characters in double quotes (<SAMP>`"'</SAMP>) preserves the literal value
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Double-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Double-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in double quotes (&lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
-<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>,
-and, when history expansion is enabled, <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>.
-The characters <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> and <SAMP>``'</SAMP>
-retain their special meaning within double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;,
+and, when history expansion is enabled, &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+When the shell is in
+<small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
the following characters:
-<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, or <CODE>newline</CODE>.
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, or <code>newline</code>.
Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a
special meaning are left unmodified.
A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
a backslash.
-If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;
appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
-The backslash preceding the <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> is not removed.
-</P><P>
-
-The special parameters <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> have special meaning
-when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="ANSI-C Quoting"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC12"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC12::-->
-<P>
-
-Words of the form <CODE>$'<VAR>string</VAR>'</CODE> are treated specially. The
-word expands to <VAR>string</VAR>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+The backslash preceding the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; is not removed.
+</p>
+<p>The special parameters &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; have special meaning
+when in double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></a>
+
+<p>Words of the form <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> are treated specially. The
+word expands to <var>string</var>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
present, are decoded as follows:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>\a</CODE>
-<DD>alert (bell)
-<DT><CODE>\b</CODE>
-<DD>backspace
-<DT><CODE>\e</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>\E</CODE>
-<DD>an escape character (not ANSI C)
-<DT><CODE>\f</CODE>
-<DD>form feed
-<DT><CODE>\n</CODE>
-<DD>newline
-<DT><CODE>\r</CODE>
-<DD>carriage return
-<DT><CODE>\t</CODE>
-<DD>horizontal tab
-<DT><CODE>\v</CODE>
-<DD>vertical tab
-<DT><CODE>\\</CODE>
-<DD>backslash
-<DT><CODE>\'</CODE>
-<DD>single quote
-<DT><CODE>\"</CODE>
-<DD>double quote
-<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character (not ANSI C)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
+<dd><p>single quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>double quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>question mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(one to three digits)
-<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
-<DT><CODE>\u<VAR>HHHH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<VAR>HHHH</VAR> (one to four hex digits)
-<DT><CODE>\U<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR> (one to eight hex digits)
-<DT><CODE>\c<VAR>x</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>a control-<VAR>x</VAR> character
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c<var>x</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>a control-<var>x</var> character
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
been present.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Locale Translation"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC13"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC13::-->
-<P>
-
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>) will cause
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Locale-Translation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Locale_002dSpecific-Translation"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</h4>
+<a name="index-localization"></a>
+<a name="index-internationalization"></a>
+<a name="index-native-languages"></a>
+<a name="index-translation_002c-native-languages"></a>
+
+<p>A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;) will cause
the string to be translated according to the current locale.
-If the current locale is <CODE>C</CODE> or <CODE>POSIX</CODE>, the dollar sign
+If the current locale is <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code>, the dollar sign
is ignored.
If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
double-quoted.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX21"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX22"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX23"></A>
-Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE>
+</p>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAIN"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"></a>
+<p>Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the <CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE> shell variable, possibly adding a
-suffix of <SAMP>`.mo'</SAMP>. If you use the <CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE> variable, you
-may need to set the <CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE> variable to the location of
+value of the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variable, possibly adding a
+suffix of &lsquo;<samp>.mo</samp>&rsquo;. If you use the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable, you
+may need to set the <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the location of
the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this
fashion:
-<CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE>/<CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE>/LC_MESSAGES/<CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE>.mo.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Comments"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC14"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.1.3 Comments </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC14::-->
-<P>
-
-In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
-<CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-builtin is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>),
-a word beginning with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>
+<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>/<code>LC_MESSAGES</code>/LC_MESSAGES/<code>TEXTDOMAIN</code>.mo.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Comments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Comments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 Comments</h4>
+<a name="index-comments_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+<code>interactive_comments</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin is enabled (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
-be ignored. An interactive shell without the <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
-option enabled does not allow comments. The <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
+be ignored. An interactive shell without the <code>interactive_comments</code>
+option enabled does not allow comments. The <code>interactive_comments</code>
option is on by default in interactive shells.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for a description of what makes
+See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for a description of what makes
a shell interactive.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC15"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.2 Shell Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC15::-->
-<P>
-
-A simple shell command such as <CODE>echo a b c</CODE> consists of the command
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.2 Shell Commands</h3>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>A simple shell command such as <code>echo a b c</code> consists of the command
itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
-</P><P>
-
-More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
+</p>
+<p>More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
some other grouping.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The most common type of command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Connecting the input and output of several
- commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to execute commands sequentially.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for control flow.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Two-way communication between commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Running commands in parallel.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Simple Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC16"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.1 Simple Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC16::-->
-<P>
-
-A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
-It's just a sequence of words separated by <CODE>blank</CODE>s, terminated
-by one of the shell's control operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>). The
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="1">Simple Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The most common type of command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="2">Pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Connecting the input and output of several
+ commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lists" accesskey="3">Lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to execute commands sequentially.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="4">Compound Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for control flow.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="5">Coprocesses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Two-way communication between commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="6">GNU Parallel</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running commands in parallel.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Simple Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-simple"></a>
+
+<p>A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+It&rsquo;s just a sequence of words separated by <code>blank</code>s, terminated
+by one of the shell&rsquo;s control operators (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>). The
first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
-rest of the words being that command's arguments.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>) of a simple command is
+rest of the words being that command&rsquo;s arguments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>) of a simple command is
its exit status as provided
-by the POSIX 1003.1 <CODE>waitpid</CODE> function, or 128+<VAR>n</VAR> if
-the command was terminated by signal <VAR>n</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Pipelines"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC17"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.2 Pipelines </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC17::-->
-<P>
-
-A <CODE>pipeline</CODE> is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of
-the control operators <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`|&#38;'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX24"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX25"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX26"></A>
-The format for a pipeline is
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[time [-p]] [!] <VAR>command1</VAR> [ | or |&#38; <VAR>command2</VAR> ] <small>...</small>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
+by the <small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 <code>waitpid</code> function, or 128+<var>n</var> if
+the command was terminated by signal <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pipelines"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pipelines-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.2 Pipelines</h4>
+<a name="index-pipeline"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-pipelines"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>pipeline</code> is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-time"></a>
+<a name="index-_0021"></a>
+<a name="index-command-timing"></a>
+<p>The format for a pipeline is
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[time [-p]] [!] <var>command1</var> [ | or |&amp; <var>command2</var> ] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
to the input of the next command.
-That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This
+That is, each command reads the previous command&rsquo;s output. This
connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
command.
-</P><P>
-
-If <SAMP>`|&#38;'</SAMP> is used, <VAR>command1</VAR>'s standard error, in addition to
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is used, <var>command1</var>&rsquo;s standard error, in addition to
its standard output, is connected to
-<VAR>command2</VAR>'s standard input through the pipe;
-it is shorthand for <CODE>2&#62;&#38;1 |</CODE>.
+<var>command2</var>&rsquo;s standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for <code>2&gt;&amp;1 |</code>.
This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
performed after any redirections specified by the command.
-</P><P>
-
-The reserved word <CODE>time</CODE> causes timing statistics
+</p>
+<p>The reserved word <code>time</code> causes timing statistics
to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
-user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option changes the output format to that specified
-by POSIX.
-When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>),
-it does not recognize <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
-The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable may be set to a format string that
+user and system time consumed by the command&rsquo;s execution.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option changes the output format to that specified
+by <small>POSIX</small>.
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+it does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be set to a format string that
specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word permits the timing of
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of the available formats.
+The use of <code>time</code> as a reserved word permits the timing of
shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
-<CODE>time</CODE> command cannot time these easily.
-</P><P>
-
-When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>), <CODE>time</CODE>
+<code>time</code> command cannot time these easily.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), <code>time</code>
may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
-The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable may be used to specify the format of
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be used to specify the format of
the time information.
-</P><P>
-
-If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), the
+</p>
+<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
-</P><P>
-
-Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>). The exit
+</p>
+<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
+(see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>). The exit
status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
-pipeline, unless the <CODE>pipefail</CODE> option is enabled
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-If <CODE>pipefail</CODE> is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
+pipeline, unless the <code>pipefail</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+If <code>pipefail</code> is enabled, the pipeline&rsquo;s return status is the
value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if all commands exit successfully.
-If the reserved word <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> precedes the pipeline, the
+If the reserved word &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; precedes the pipeline, the
exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
above.
The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
returning a value.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Lists"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC18"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.3 Lists of Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC18::-->
-<P>
-
-A <CODE>list</CODE> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
-of the operators <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;&#38;'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`||'</SAMP>,
-and optionally terminated by one of <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, or a
-<CODE>newline</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Of these list operators, <SAMP>`&#38;&#38;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`||'</SAMP>
-have equal precedence, followed by <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>,
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Lists"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compound Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Lists-of-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-lists"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>list</code> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+and optionally terminated by one of &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a
+<code>newline</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Of these list operators, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;
+have equal precedence, followed by &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
which have equal precedence.
-</P><P>
-
-A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <CODE>list</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <code>list</code>
to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
-</P><P>
-
-If a command is terminated by the control operator <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>,
+</p>
+<p>If a command is terminated by the control operator &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
-This is known as executing the command in the <VAR>background</VAR>.
+This is known as executing the command in the <var>background</var>.
The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
status is 0 (true).
-When job control is not active (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>),
+When job control is not active (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
-explicit redirections, is redirected from <CODE>/dev/null</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Commands separated by a <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> are executed sequentially; the shell
+explicit redirections, is redirected from <code>/dev/null</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Commands separated by a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; are executed sequentially; the shell
waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
-</P><P>
-
-AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
-separated by the control operators <SAMP>`&#38;&#38;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`||'</SAMP>,
-respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left
+</p>
+<p><small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
+separated by the control operators &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+respectively. <small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are executed with left
associativity.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<p>An <small>AND</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
-An AND list has the form
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>command1</VAR> &#38;&#38; <VAR>command2</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<VAR>command2</VAR> is executed if, and only if, <VAR>command1</VAR>
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
returns an exit status of zero.
-</P><P>
-
-An OR list has the form
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>command1</VAR> || <VAR>command2</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</p>
+<p>An <small>OR</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> || <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
-<VAR>command2</VAR> is executed if, and only if, <VAR>command1</VAR>
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
returns a non-zero exit status.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status of
-AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command
+</p>
+<p>The return status of
+<small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists is the exit status of the last command
executed in the list.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Compound Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC19"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.4 Compound Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC19::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for iterative action.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for conditional execution.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Ways to group commands.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-Compound commands are the shell programming constructs.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compound-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compound-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.4 Compound Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-compound"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for iterative action.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for conditional execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Command Grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ways to group commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Compound commands are the shell programming constructs.
Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
-Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with a compound command
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with a compound command
apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
-</P><P>
-
-In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be
+</p>
+<p>In most cases a list of commands in a compound command&rsquo;s description may be
separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be
followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
to group commands and execute them as a unit.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Looping Constructs"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC20"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC20::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash supports the following looping constructs.
-</P><P>
-
-Note that wherever a <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> appears in the description of a
-command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>until</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX27"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX28"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX29"></A>
-The syntax of the <CODE>until</CODE> command is:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>until <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as
-<VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status which is not zero.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-looping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+</p>
+<p>Note that wherever a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; appears in the description of a
+command&rsquo;s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>until</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-until"></a>
+<a name="index-do"></a>
+<a name="index-done"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>until</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">until <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status which is not zero.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>, or zero if none was executed.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>while</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX30"></A>
-The syntax of the <CODE>while</CODE> command is:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>while <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as
-<VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status of zero.
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>while</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-while"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>while</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">while <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status of zero.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-in <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>, or zero if none was executed.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>for</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX31"></A>
-The syntax of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>for <VAR>name</VAR> [ [in [<VAR>words</VAR> <small>...</small>] ] ; ] do <VAR>commands</VAR>; done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Expand <VAR>words</VAR>, and execute <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each member
-in the resultant list, with <VAR>name</VAR> bound to the current member.
-If <SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is not present, the <CODE>for</CODE> command
-executes the <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each positional parameter that is
-set, as if <SAMP>`in "$@"'</SAMP> had been specified
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>).
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>for</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-for"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>for</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for <var>name</var> [ [in [<var>words</var> &hellip;] ] ; ] do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Expand <var>words</var>, and execute <var>commands</var> once for each member
+in the resultant list, with <var>name</var> bound to the current member.
+If &lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is not present, the <code>for</code> command
+executes the <var>commands</var> once for each positional parameter that is
+set, as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified
+(see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>).
The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
-If there are no items in the expansion of <VAR>words</VAR>, no commands are
+If there are no items in the expansion of <var>words</var>, no commands are
executed, and the return status is zero.
-</P><P>
-
-An alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is also supported:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> )) ; do <VAR>commands</VAR> ; done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-First, the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated according
-to the rules described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
-The arithmetic expression <VAR>expr2</VAR> is then evaluated repeatedly
+</p>
+<p>An alternate form of the <code>for</code> command is also supported:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> )) ; do <var>commands</var> ; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>First, the arithmetic expression <var>expr1</var> is evaluated according
+to the rules described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+The arithmetic expression <var>expr2</var> is then evaluated repeatedly
until it evaluates to zero.
-Each time <VAR>expr2</VAR> evaluates to a non-zero value, <VAR>commands</VAR> are
-executed and the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr3</VAR> is evaluated.
+Each time <var>expr2</var> evaluates to a non-zero value, <var>commands</var> are
+executed and the arithmetic expression <var>expr3</var> is evaluated.
If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
-The return value is the exit status of the last command in <VAR>commands</VAR>
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in <var>commands</var>
that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-The <CODE>break</CODE> and <CODE>continue</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+<p>The <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
may be used to control loop execution.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Conditional Constructs"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC21"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC21::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>if</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX32"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX34"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX35"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX36"></A>
-The syntax of the <CODE>if</CODE> command is:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>if <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; then
- <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>;
-[elif <VAR>more-test-commands</VAR>; then
- <VAR>more-consequents</VAR>;]
-[else <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR>;]
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Grouping</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>if</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-if"></a>
+<a name="index-then"></a>
+<a name="index-else"></a>
+<a name="index-elif"></a>
+<a name="index-fi"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>if</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if <var>test-commands</var>; then
+ <var>consequent-commands</var>;
+[elif <var>more-test-commands</var>; then
+ <var>more-consequents</var>;]
+[else <var>alternate-consequents</var>;]
fi
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-The <VAR>test-commands</VAR> list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
-the <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> list is executed.
-If <VAR>test-commands</VAR> returns a non-zero status, each <CODE>elif</CODE> list
+<p>The <var>test-commands</var> list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
+the <var>consequent-commands</var> list is executed.
+If <var>test-commands</var> returns a non-zero status, each <code>elif</code> list
is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
-the corresponding <VAR>more-consequents</VAR> is executed and the
+the corresponding <var>more-consequents</var> is executed and the
command completes.
-If <SAMP>`else <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR>'</SAMP> is present, and
-the final command in the final <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>elif</CODE> clause
-has a non-zero exit status, then <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR> is executed.
+If &lsquo;<samp>else <var>alternate-consequents</var></samp>&rsquo; is present, and
+the final command in the final <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> clause
+has a non-zero exit status, then <var>alternate-consequents</var> is executed.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
zero if no condition tested true.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>case</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX37"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
-The syntax of the <CODE>case</CODE> command is:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>case <VAR>word</VAR> in [ [(] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [| <VAR>pattern</VAR>]<small>...</small>) <VAR>command-list</VAR> ;;]<small>...</small> esac
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to
-the first <VAR>pattern</VAR> that matches <VAR>word</VAR>.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-case"></a>
+<a name="index-in"></a>
+<a name="index-esac"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>case</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case <var>word</var> in [ [(] <var>pattern</var> [| <var>pattern</var>]&hellip;) <var>command-list</var> ;;]&hellip; esac
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>case</code> will selectively execute the <var>command-list</var> corresponding to
+the first <var>pattern</var> that matches <var>word</var>.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
-The <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> is used to separate multiple patterns, and the <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>
+The &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; is used to separate multiple patterns, and the &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;
operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
-as a <VAR>clause</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-Each clause must be terminated with <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;&#38;'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`;;&#38;'</SAMP>.
-The <VAR>word</VAR> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+as a <var>clause</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Each clause must be terminated with &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <var>word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is
-attempted. Each <VAR>pattern</VAR> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
+attempted. Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-There may be an arbitrary number of <CODE>case</CODE> clauses, each terminated
-by a <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;&#38;'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`;;&#38;'</SAMP>.
+</p>
+<p>There may be an arbitrary number of <code>case</code> clauses, each terminated
+by a &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
The first pattern that matches determines the
command-list that is executed.
-It's a common idiom to use <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> as the final pattern to define the
+It&rsquo;s a common idiom to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as the final pattern to define the
default case, since that pattern will always match.
-</P><P>
-
-Here is an example using <CODE>case</CODE> in a script that could be used to
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example using <code>case</code> in a script that could be used to
describe one interesting feature of an animal:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo -n &quot;Enter the name of an animal: &quot;
read ANIMAL
-echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+echo -n &quot;The $ANIMAL has &quot;
case $ANIMAL in
- horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
- man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
- *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+ horse | dog | cat) echo -n &quot;four&quot;;;
+ man | kangaroo ) echo -n &quot;two&quot;;;
+ *) echo -n &quot;an unknown number of&quot;;;
esac
-echo " legs."
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+echo &quot; legs.&quot;
+</pre></div>
-</P><P>
-If the <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+<p>If the &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
the first pattern match.
-Using <SAMP>`;&#38;'</SAMP> in place of <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> causes execution to continue with
-the <VAR>command-list</VAR> associated with the next clause, if any.
-Using <SAMP>`;;&#38;'</SAMP> in place of <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> causes the shell to test the patterns
-in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <VAR>command-list</VAR>
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes execution to continue with
+the <var>command-list</var> associated with the next clause, if any.
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes the shell to test the patterns
+in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <var>command-list</var>
on a successful match.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero if no <VAR>pattern</VAR> is matched. Otherwise, the
-return status is the exit status of the <VAR>command-list</VAR> executed.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>select</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX40"></A>
-<P>
-
-The <CODE>select</CODE> construct allows the easy generation of menus.
-It has almost the same syntax as the <CODE>for</CODE> command:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>select <VAR>name</VAR> [in <VAR>words</VAR> <small>...</small>]; do <VAR>commands</VAR>; done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-The list of words following <CODE>in</CODE> is expanded, generating a list
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if no <var>pattern</var> is matched. Otherwise, the
+return status is the exit status of the <var>command-list</var> executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>select</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-select"></a>
+
+<p>The <code>select</code> construct allows the easy generation of menus.
+It has almost the same syntax as the <code>for</code> command:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select <var>name</var> [in <var>words</var> &hellip;]; do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The list of words following <code>in</code> is expanded, generating a list
of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the
-<SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
-as if <SAMP>`in "$@"'</SAMP> had been specified.
-The <CODE>PS3</CODE> prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
+&lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified.
+The <code>PS3</code> prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
standard input.
If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
-words, then the value of <VAR>name</VAR> is set to that word.
+words, then the value of <var>name</var> is set to that word.
If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
-If <CODE>EOF</CODE> is read, the <CODE>select</CODE> command completes.
-Any other value read causes <VAR>name</VAR> to be set to null.
-The line read is saved in the variable <CODE>REPLY</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-The <VAR>commands</VAR> are executed after each selection until a
-<CODE>break</CODE> command is executed, at which
-point the <CODE>select</CODE> command completes.
-</P><P>
-
-Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+If <code>EOF</code> is read, the <code>select</code> command completes.
+Any other value read causes <var>name</var> to be set to null.
+The line read is saved in the variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>commands</var> are executed after each selection until a
+<code>break</code> command is executed, at which
+point the <code>select</code> command completes.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
selected.
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>select fname in *;
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select fname in *;
do
echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
break;
done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-<DT><CODE>((<small>...</small>))</CODE>
-<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>(( <VAR>expression</VAR> ))
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>((&hellip;))</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
-The arithmetic <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the rules
-described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+<p>The arithmetic <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>let "<VAR>expression</VAR>"
-</pre></td></tr></table>See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a full description of the <CODE>let</CODE> builtin.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>[[<small>...</small>]]</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX42"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[[ <VAR>expression</VAR> ]]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
-the conditional expression <VAR>expression</VAR>.
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let &quot;<var>expression</var>&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a full description of the <code>let</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[[&hellip;]]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005b_005b"></a>
+<a name="index-_005d_005d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ <var>expression</var> ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression <var>expression</var>.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
-between the <CODE>[[</CODE> and <CODE>]]</CODE>; tilde expansion, parameter and
+between the <code>[[</code> and <code>]]</code>; tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
substitution, and quote removal are performed.
-Conditional operators such as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> must be unquoted to be recognized
+Conditional operators such as &lsquo;<samp>-f</samp>&rsquo; must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
-</P><P>
-
-When used with <CODE>[[</CODE>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
-</P><P>
-
-When the <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP> operators are used, the string to the
+</p>
+<p>When the &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo; operators are used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
-to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>,
-as if the <CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option were enabled.
-The <SAMP>`='</SAMP> operator is identical to <SAMP>`=='</SAMP>.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>,
+as if the <code>extglob</code> shell option were enabled.
+The &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; operator is identical to &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
-The return value is 0 if the string matches (<SAMP>`=='</SAMP>) or does not
-match (<SAMP>`!='</SAMP>)the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (&lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;) or does not
+match (&lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;)the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
to be matched as a string.
-</P><P>
-
-An additional binary operator, <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP>, is available, with the same
-precedence as <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP>.
+</p>
+<p>An additional binary operator, &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo;, is available, with the same
+precedence as &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;.
When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>3)).
+an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <i>regex</i>3)).
The return value is 0 if the string matches
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
-expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+expression&rsquo;s return value is 2.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
@@ -1394,748 +1455,683 @@ since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
-expression are saved in the array variable <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE>.
-The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index 0 is the portion of the string
+expression are saved in the array variable <code>BASH_REMATCH</code>.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 is the portion of the string
matching the entire regular expression.
-The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index <VAR>n</VAR> is the portion of the
-string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression.
-</P><P>
-
-For example, the following will match a line
-(stored in the shell variable <VAR>line</VAR>)
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+</p>
+<p>For example, the following will match a line
+(stored in the shell variable <var>line</var>)
if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of
any number, including zero, of
-space characters, zero or one instances of <SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, then a <SAMP>`b'</SAMP>:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-That means values like <SAMP>`aab'</SAMP> and <SAMP>` aaaaaab'</SAMP> will match, as
-will a line containing a <SAMP>`b'</SAMP> anywhere in its value.
-</P><P>
-
-Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
+space characters, zero or one instances of &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, then a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That means values like &lsquo;<samp>aab</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp> aaaaaab</samp>&rsquo; will match, as
+will a line containing a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; anywhere in its value.
+</p>
+<p>Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
shell.
It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
-expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal.
+expressions while paying attention to the shell&rsquo;s quote removal.
Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression
+<p>If you want to match a character that&rsquo;s special to the regular expression
grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
-This means that in the pattern <SAMP>`xxx.txt'</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> matches any
+This means that in the pattern &lsquo;<samp>xxx.txt</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches any
character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
-pattern <SAMP>`"xxx.txt"'</SAMP> it can only match a literal <SAMP>`.'</SAMP>.
+pattern &lsquo;<samp>&quot;xxx.txt&quot;</samp>&rsquo; it can only match a literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;.
Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
meaning from the following character.
-The following two sets of commands are <EM>not</EM> equivalent:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>pattern='\.'
+The following two sets of commands are <em>not</em> equivalent:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='\.'
[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
[[ . =~ \. ]]
-[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+[[ . =~ &quot;$pattern&quot; ]]
[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
+<p>The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
-<SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, so the literal <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> matches.
-If the string in the first examples were anything other than <SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, say
-<SAMP>`a'</SAMP>, the pattern would not match, because the quoted <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> in the
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, so the literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches.
+If the string in the first examples were anything other than &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, say
+&lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, the pattern would not match, because the quoted &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; in the
pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
-</P><P>
-
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>( <VAR>expression</VAR> )</CODE>
-<DD>Returns the value of <VAR>expression</VAR>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>( <var>expression</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expression</var>.
This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>! <VAR>expression</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>expression</VAR> is false.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>expression1</VAR> &#38;&#38; <VAR>expression2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if both <VAR>expression1</VAR> and <VAR>expression2</VAR> are true.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>expression1</VAR> || <VAR>expression2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if either <VAR>expression1</VAR> or <VAR>expression2</VAR> is true.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> and <CODE>||</CODE> operators do not evaluate <VAR>expression2</VAR> if the
-value of <VAR>expression1</VAR> is sufficient to determine the return
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! <var>expression</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expression</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expression1</var> and <var>expression2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> || <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expression1</var> or <var>expression2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>&amp;&amp;</code> and <code>||</code> operators do not evaluate <var>expression2</var> if the
+value of <var>expression1</var> is sufficient to determine the return
value of the entire conditional expression.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Command Grouping"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC22"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC22::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Grouping"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Grouping-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-grouping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the
commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>()</CODE>
-<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>( <VAR>list</VAR> )
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
-environment to be created (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and each
-of the commands in <VAR>list</VAR> to be executed in that subshell. Since the
-<VAR>list</VAR> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>()</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">( <var>list</var> )
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+environment to be created (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and each
+of the commands in <var>list</var> to be executed in that subshell. Since the
+<var>list</var> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
effect after the subshell completes.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>{}</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX43"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX44"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{ <VAR>list</VAR>; }
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>{}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_007b"></a>
+<a name="index-_007d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{ <var>list</var>; }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created.
-The semicolon (or newline) following <VAR>list</VAR> is required.
-</DL>
-<P>
+The semicolon (or newline) following <var>list</var> is required.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
+<p>In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces
-are <CODE>reserved words</CODE>, so they must be separated from the <VAR>list</VAR>
-by <CODE>blank</CODE>s or other shell metacharacters.
-The parentheses are <CODE>operators</CODE>, and are
+are <code>reserved words</code>, so they must be separated from the <var>list</var>
+by <code>blank</code>s or other shell metacharacters.
+The parentheses are <code>operators</code>, and are
recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
-from the <VAR>list</VAR> by whitespace.
-</P><P>
-
-The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
-<VAR>list</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Coprocesses"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC23"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.5 Coprocesses </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC23::-->
-<P>
-
-A <CODE>coprocess</CODE> is a shell command preceded by the <CODE>coproc</CODE>
+from the <var>list</var> by whitespace.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+<var>list</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Coprocesses"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Coprocesses-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.5 Coprocesses</h4>
+<a name="index-coprocess"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>coprocess</code> is a shell command preceded by the <code>coproc</code>
reserved word.
A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
-had been terminated with the <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> control operator, with a two-way pipe
+had been terminated with the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
-</P><P>
-
-The format for a coprocess is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>coproc [<VAR>NAME</VAR>] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>redirections</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-This creates a coprocess named <VAR>NAME</VAR>.
-If <VAR>NAME</VAR> is not supplied, the default name is <VAR>COPROC</VAR>.
-<VAR>NAME</VAR> must not be supplied if <VAR>command</VAR> is a simple
-command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>); otherwise, it is interpreted as
+</p>
+<p>The format for a coprocess is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">coproc [<var>NAME</var>] <var>command</var> [<var>redirections</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This creates a coprocess named <var>NAME</var>.
+If <var>NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <var>COPROC</var>.
+<var>NAME</var> must not be supplied if <var>command</var> is a simple
+command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>); otherwise, it is interpreted as
the first word of the simple command.
-</P><P>
-
-When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
-named <CODE>NAME</CODE> in the context of the executing shell.
-The standard output of <VAR>command</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+named <code>NAME</code> in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of <var>command</var>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to <CODE>NAME</CODE>[0].
-The standard input of <VAR>command</VAR>
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[0].
+The standard input of <var>command</var>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
-and that file descriptor is assigned to <CODE>NAME</CODE>[1].
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[1].
This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
-command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+command (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
The file descriptors are not available in subshells.
-</P><P>
-
-The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable <CODE>NAME</CODE>_PID.
-The <CODE>wait</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable <code>NAME</code>_PID.
+The <code>wait</code>
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
-</P><P>
-
-Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
-the <CODE>coproc</CODE> command always returns success.
-The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="GNU Parallel"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC24"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.2.6 GNU Parallel </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC24::-->
-<P>
-
-There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the <code>coproc</code> command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <var>command</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</h4>
+
+<p>There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
-</P><P>
-
-GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+</p>
+<p>GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU
Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations
(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify
-the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace <CODE>xargs</CODE> or feed
+the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace <code>xargs</code> or feed
commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
+</p>
+<p>For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
-</P><P>
-
-For example, it is easy to replace <CODE>xargs</CODE> to gzip all html files in the
+</p>
+<p>For example, it is easy to replace <code>xargs</code> to gzip all html files in the
current directory and its subdirectories:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
-</pre></td></tr></table>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
-use find's <SAMP>`-print0'</SAMP> option and parallel's <SAMP>`-0'</SAMP> option.
-</P><P>
-
-You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
-number of files is too large to process with one <CODE>mv</CODE> invocation:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls | parallel mv {} destdir
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
-While using <CODE>ls</CODE> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+</pre></div>
+<p>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
+use find&rsquo;s <samp>-print0</samp> option and parallel&rsquo;s <samp>-0</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one <code>mv</code> invocation:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+While using <code>ls</code> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
deal with all filenames.
If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-as alluded to above.
-</P><P>
-
-This will run as many <CODE>mv</CODE> commands as there are files in the current
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>as alluded to above.
+</p>
+<p>This will run as many <code>mv</code> commands as there are files in the current
directory.
-You can emulate a parallel <CODE>xargs</CODE> by adding the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> option:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+You can emulate a parallel <code>xargs</code> by adding the <samp>-X</samp> option:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
-GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+<p>GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> while IFS= read -r x; do
- do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
- do-something2 &#60; "$x"
- done &#60; file | process-output
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> while IFS= read -r x; do
+ do-something1 &quot;$x&quot; &quot;config-$x&quot;
+ do-something2 &lt; &quot;$x&quot;
+ done &lt; file | process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cat list | parallel &quot;do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 &lt; {}&quot; | process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 &&#38; rm {}"
-</pre></td></tr></table>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use <CODE>ls</CODE> for brevity here; using <CODE>find</CODE> as above is more
+(We use <code>ls</code> for brevity here; using <code>find</code> as above is more
robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
written as
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot; ::: *.gz
+</pre></div>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 &&#38; rm {}" ::: *.gz
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+<p>If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
the output. For instance, the following command
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
-</pre></td></tr></table>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
-</pre></td></tr></table>will ensure that the output of <CODE>traceroute foss.org.my</CODE> is displayed first.
-</P><P>
-
-Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
-similar to <SAMP>`cat file | bash'</SAMP>.
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the <samp>-k</samp> option
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will ensure that the output of <code>traceroute foss.org.my</code> is displayed first.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
+similar to &lsquo;<samp>cat file | bash</samp>&rsquo;.
It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell.
-Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <TT>`file'</TT> contains a list of
+Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <samp>file</samp> contains a list of
shell commands, one per line,
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>parallel -j 10 &#60; file
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel -j 10 &lt; file
+</pre></div>
-will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+<p>will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Functions"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC25"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.3 Shell Functions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC25::-->
-<P>
-
-Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Functions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Functions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.3 Shell Functions</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-function"></a>
+<a name="index-functions_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
using a single name for the group. They are executed just like
-a "regular" command.
+a &quot;regular&quot; command.
When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
Shell functions are executed in the current
shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
-</P><P>
-
-Functions are declared using this syntax:
-<A NAME="IDX45"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-or
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>function <VAR>name</VAR> [()] <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-This defines a shell function named <VAR>name</VAR>. The reserved
-word <CODE>function</CODE> is optional.
-If the <CODE>function</CODE> reserved
+</p>
+<p>Functions are declared using this syntax:
+<a name="index-function"></a>
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var> () <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">function <var>name</var> [()] <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This defines a shell function named <var>name</var>. The reserved
+word <code>function</code> is optional.
+If the <code>function</code> reserved
word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
-The <VAR>body</VAR> of the function is the compound command
-<VAR>compound-command</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A>).
-That command is usually a <VAR>list</VAR> enclosed between { and }, but
-may be any compound command listed above.
-<VAR>compound-command</VAR> is executed whenever <VAR>name</VAR> is specified as the
+The <var>body</var> of the function is the compound command
+<var>compound-command</var> (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
+That command is usually a <var>list</var> enclosed between { and }, but
+may be any compound command listed above,
+with one exception: If the <code>function</code> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+<var>compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var>name</var> is specified as the
name of a command.
-When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>),
-<VAR>name</VAR> may not be the same as one of the special builtins
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>).
-Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with the shell function
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<var>name</var> may not be the same as one of the special builtins
+(see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with the shell function
are performed when the function is executed.
-</P><P>
-
-A function definition may be deleted using the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>unset</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+</p>
+<p>A function definition may be deleted using the <samp>-f</samp> option to the
+<code>unset</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
last command executed in the body.
-</P><P>
-
-Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
+</p>
+<p>Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
-<CODE>blank</CODE>s or newlines.
+<code>blank</code>s or newlines.
This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
as such when they are separated from the command list
by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
-Also, when using the braces, the <VAR>list</VAR> must be terminated by a semicolon,
-a <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, or a newline.
-</P><P>
-
-When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+Also, when using the braces, the <var>list</var> must be terminated by a semicolon,
+a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a newline.
+</p>
+<p>When a function is executed, the arguments to the
function become the positional parameters
-during its execution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>).
-The special parameter <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> that expands to the number of
+during its execution (see <a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a>).
+The special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; that expands to the number of
positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
-Special parameter <CODE>0</CODE> is unchanged.
-The first element of the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> variable is set to the
+Special parameter <code>0</code> is unchanged.
+The first element of the <code>FUNCNAME</code> variable is set to the
name of the function while the function is executing.
-</P><P>
-
-All other aspects of the shell execution
+</p>
+<p>All other aspects of the shell execution
environment are identical between a function and its caller
with these exceptions:
-the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps
+the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps
are not inherited unless the function has been given the
-<CODE>trace</CODE> attribute using the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin or
-the <CODE>-o functrace</CODE> option has been enabled with
-the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin,
-(in which case all functions inherit the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps),
-and the <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited unless the <CODE>-o errtrace</CODE>
+<code>trace</code> attribute using the <code>declare</code> builtin or
+the <code>-o functrace</code> option has been enabled with
+the <code>set</code> builtin,
+(in which case all functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps),
+and the <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited unless the <code>-o errtrace</code>
shell option has been enabled.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>, for the description of the
-<CODE>trap</CODE> builtin.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+See <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, for the description of the
+<code>trap</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
abort.
-</P><P>
-
-If the builtin command <CODE>return</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>If the builtin command <code>return</code>
is executed in a function, the function completes and
execution resumes with the next command after the function
call.
-Any command associated with the <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is executed
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
before execution resumes.
When a function completes, the values of the
-positional parameters and the special parameter <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>
-are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
-execution. If a numeric argument is given to <CODE>return</CODE>,
-that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's
+positional parameters and the special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function&rsquo;s
+execution. If a numeric argument is given to <code>return</code>,
+that is the function&rsquo;s return status; otherwise the function&rsquo;s
return status is the exit status of the last command executed
-before the <CODE>return</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Variables local to the function may be declared with the
-<CODE>local</CODE> builtin. These variables are visible only to
+before the <code>return</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+<code>local</code> builtin. These variables are visible only to
the function and the commands it invokes.
-</P><P>
-
-Function names and definitions may be listed with the
-<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> (<CODE>typeset</CODE>)
-builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> (<code>typeset</code>)
+builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <samp>-F</samp> option to <code>declare</code> or <code>typeset</code>
will list the function names only
-(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <CODE>extdebug</CODE>
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code>extdebug</code>
shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that subshells
automatically have them defined with the
-<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>export</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>export</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
-shell's children.
+shell&rsquo;s children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
-</P><P>
-
-Functions may be recursive.
-The <CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+</p>
+<p>Functions may be recursive.
+The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Parameters"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC26"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.4 Shell Parameters </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC26::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell's command-line arguments.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Parameters denoted by special characters.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-A <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an entity that stores values.
-It can be a <CODE>name</CODE>, a number, or one of the special characters
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.4 Shell Parameters</h3>
+<a name="index-parameters"></a>
+<a name="index-variable_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-variable"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell&rsquo;s command-line arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters denoted by special characters.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A <var>parameter</var> is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a <code>name</code>, a number, or one of the special characters
listed below.
-A <VAR>variable</VAR> is a parameter denoted by a <CODE>name</CODE>.
-A variable has a <VAR>value</VAR> and zero or more <VAR>attributes</VAR>.
-Attributes are assigned using the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin command
-(see the description of the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
+A <var>variable</var> is a parameter denoted by a <code>name</code>.
+A variable has a <var>value</var> and zero or more <var>attributes</var>.
+Attributes are assigned using the <code>declare</code> builtin command
+(see the description of the <code>declare</code> builtin in <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
-the <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin command.
-</P><P>
-
-A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>=[<VAR>value</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table>If <VAR>value</VAR>
+the <code>unset</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+<p>A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=[<var>value</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>If <var>value</var>
is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
-<VAR>value</VAR>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+<var>value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
-removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <CODE>integer</CODE>
-attribute set, then <VAR>value</VAR>
-is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <CODE>$((<small>...</small>))</CODE>
-expansion is not used (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>).
+removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <code>integer</code>
+attribute set, then <var>value</var>
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <code>$((&hellip;))</code>
+expansion is not used (see <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a>).
Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
-of <CODE>"$@"</CODE> as explained below.
+of <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> as explained below.
Filename expansion is not performed.
Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
-<CODE>alias</CODE>,
-<CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>typeset</CODE>, <CODE>export</CODE>, <CODE>readonly</CODE>,
-and <CODE>local</CODE> builtin commands.
-When in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>), these builtins may appear
-in a command after one or more instances of the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin
+<code>alias</code>,
+<code>declare</code>, <code>typeset</code>, <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>,
+and <code>local</code> builtin commands (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), these builtins may appear
+in a command after one or more instances of the <code>command</code> builtin
and retain these assignment statement properties.
-</P><P>
-
-In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
+to a shell variable or array index (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo;
operator can be used to
-append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to a variable for which the <VAR>integer</VAR> attribute
-has been set, <VAR>value</VAR> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
-added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
-When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using <SAMP>`='</SAMP>), and new
-values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+append to or add to the variable&rsquo;s previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <code>declare</code> that
+accept assignment statements (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to a variable for which the <var>integer</var> attribute
+has been set, <var>value</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
+added to the variable&rsquo;s current value, which is also evaluated.
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the
+variable&rsquo;s value is not unset (as it is when using &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array&rsquo;s
maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs
in an associative array.
-When applied to a string-valued variable, <VAR>value</VAR> is expanded and
-appended to the variable's value.
-</P><P>
-
-A variable can be assigned the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute using the
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
-to create a <VAR>nameref</VAR>, or a reference to another variable.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, <var>value</var> is expanded and
+appended to the variable&rsquo;s value.
+</p>
+<p>A variable can be assigned the <var>nameref</var> attribute using the
+<samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> or <code>local</code> builtin commands
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+to create a <var>nameref</var>, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation
-is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
-value.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable&rsquo;s value.
A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
argument, running
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -n ref=$1
-</pre></td></tr></table>inside the function creates a nameref variable <VAR>ref</VAR> whose value is
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -n ref=$1
+</pre></div>
+<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <var>ref</var> whose value is
the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to <VAR>ref</VAR> are treated as references and
-assignments to the variable whose name was passed as <CODE>$1</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the control variable in a <CODE>for</CODE> loop has the nameref attribute,
+References and assignments to <var>ref</var>, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as <code>$1</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the control variable in a <code>for</code> loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute.
+Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
-Namerefs can be unset using the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-Otherwise, if <CODE>unset</CODE> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+Namerefs can be unset using the <samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>unset</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Otherwise, if <code>unset</code> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Positional Parameters"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC27"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.4.1 Positional Parameters </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC27::-->
-<P>
-
-A <VAR>positional parameter</VAR> is a parameter denoted by one or more
-digits, other than the single digit <CODE>0</CODE>. Positional parameters are
-assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
-and may be reassigned using the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command.
-Positional parameter <CODE>N</CODE> may be referenced as <CODE>${N}</CODE>, or
-as <CODE>$N</CODE> when <CODE>N</CODE> consists of a single digit.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-positional"></a>
+
+<p>A <var>positional parameter</var> is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit <code>0</code>. Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell&rsquo;s arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the <code>set</code> builtin command.
+Positional parameter <code>N</code> may be referenced as <code>${N}</code>, or
+as <code>$N</code> when <code>N</code> consists of a single digit.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
-The <CODE>set</CODE> and <CODE>shift</CODE> builtins are used to set and
-unset them (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>).
+The <code>set</code> and <code>shift</code> builtins are used to set and
+unset them (see <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">Shell Builtin Commands</a>).
The positional parameters are
temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Special Parameters"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC28"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.4.2 Special Parameters </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC28::-->
-<P>
-
-The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Special Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-special"></a>
+
+<p>The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX46"></A>
-<DT><CODE>*</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX47"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX48"></A>
-($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code>
+<a name="index-_002a"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002a"></a>
+<p>($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
expands to a separate word.
In contexts where it is performed, those words
are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the <CODE>IFS</CODE>
-special variable. That is, <CODE>"$*"</CODE> is equivalent
-to <CODE>"$1<VAR>c</VAR>$2<VAR>c</VAR><small>...</small>"</CODE>, where <VAR>c</VAR>
-is the first character of the value of the <CODE>IFS</CODE>
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable. That is, <code>&quot;$*&quot;</code> is equivalent
+to <code>&quot;$1<var>c</var>$2<var>c</var>&hellip;&quot;</code>, where <var>c</var>
+is the first character of the value of the <code>IFS</code>
variable.
-If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
-If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If <code>IFS</code> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
separators.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX49"></A>
-<DT><CODE>@</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX50"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX51"></A>
-($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@</code>
+<a name="index-_0040"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0040"></a>
+<p>($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
-separate word. That is, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> is equivalent to
-<CODE>"$1" "$2" <small>...</small></CODE>.
+separate word. That is, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> is equivalent to
+<code>&quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; &hellip;</code>.
If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
part of the original word.
-When there are no positional parameters, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> and
-<CODE>$@</CODE>
+When there are no positional parameters, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> and
+<code>$@</code>
expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX52"></A>
-<DT><CODE>#</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX53"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX54"></A>
-($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX55"></A>
-<DT><CODE>?</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX56"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX57"></A>
-($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>#</code>
+<a name="index-_0023"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0023"></a>
+<p>($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>?</code>
+<a name="index-_003f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_003f"></a>
+<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
pipeline.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX58"></A>
-<DT><CODE>-</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX59"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX60"></A>
-($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
-invocation, by the <CODE>set</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code>
+<a name="index-_002d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002d"></a>
+<p>($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
+invocation, by the <code>set</code>
builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
-(such as the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX61"></A>
-<DT><CODE>$</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX62"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX63"></A>
-($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a <CODE>()</CODE> subshell, it
-expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX64"></A>
-<DT><CODE>!</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX65"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX66"></A>
-($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the
+(such as the <samp>-i</samp> option).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code>
+<a name="index-_0024"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0024"></a>
+<p>($$) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the shell. In a <code>()</code> subshell, it
+expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!</code>
+<a name="index-_0021-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0021"></a>
+<p>($!) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the job most recently placed into the
background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
-the <CODE>bg</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX67"></A>
-<DT><CODE>0</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX68"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX69"></A>
-($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
+the <code>bg</code> builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>0</code>
+<a name="index-0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_00240"></a>
+<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the name of that file.
-If Bash is started with the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
-then <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the first argument after the string to be
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>$0</code> is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the <samp>-c</samp> option (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
+then <code>$0</code> is set to the first argument after the string to be
executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set
to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX70"></A>
-<DT><CODE>_</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX71"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX72"></A>
-($_, an underscore.)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>_</code>
+<a name="index-_005f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_005f"></a>
+<p>($_, an underscore.)
At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
or argument list.
@@ -2144,404 +2140,367 @@ after expansion.
Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
and placed in the environment exported to that command.
When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Expansions"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC29"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.5 Shell Expansions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC29::-->
-<P>
-
-Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
-<CODE>token</CODE>s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
-</P><P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>brace expansion
-<LI>tilde expansion
-<LI>parameter and variable expansion
-<LI>command substitution
-<LI>arithmetic expansion
-<LI>word splitting
-<LI>filename expansion
-</UL>
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of expressions within braces.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of the ~ character.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands variables to their values.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Using the output of a command as an argument.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to write and read to and from a
- command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the results of expansion are split into separate
- arguments.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How and when quote characters are removed from
- words.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-The order of expansions is:
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirections</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.5 Shell Expansions</h3>
+<a name="index-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+<code>token</code>s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> brace expansion
+</li><li> tilde expansion
+</li><li> parameter and variable expansion
+</li><li> command substitution
+</li><li> arithmetic expansion
+</li><li> word splitting
+</li><li> filename expansion
+</li></ul>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of expressions within braces.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of the ~ character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands variables to their values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the output of a command as an argument.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to write and read to and from a
+ command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the results of expansion are split into separate
+ arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How and when quote characters are removed from
+ words.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The order of expansions is:
brace expansion;
tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
word splitting;
and filename expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
-available: <VAR>process substitution</VAR>.
+</p>
+<p>On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: <var>process substitution</var>.
This is performed at the
same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
command substitution.
-</P><P>
-
-Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
+</p>
+<p>After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(<var>quote removal</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
expand a single word to a single word.
The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
-<CODE>"$@"</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>) and <CODE>"${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}"</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-After all expansions, <CODE>quote removal</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>)
+<code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>) and <code>&quot;${<var>name</var>[@]}&quot;</code>
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+<p>After all expansions, <code>quote removal</code> (see <a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a>)
is performed.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Brace Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC30"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.1 Brace Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC30::-->
-<P>
-
-Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-brace-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-brace"></a>
+
+<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
This mechanism is similar to
-<VAR>filename expansion</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>),
+<var>filename expansion</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
but the filenames generated need not exist.
-Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <VAR>preamble</VAR>,
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <var>preamble</var>,
followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
between a pair of braces,
-followed by an optional <VAR>postscript</VAR>.
+followed by an optional <var>postscript</var>.
The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
to right.
-</P><P>
-
-Brace expansions may be nested.
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansions may be nested.
The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
is preserved.
For example,
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
ade ace abe
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-A sequence expression takes the form <CODE>{<VAR>x</VAR>..<VAR>y</VAR>[..<VAR>incr</VAR>]}</CODE>,
-where <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> are either integers or single characters,
-and <VAR>incr</VAR>, an optional increment, is an integer.
+<p>A sequence expression takes the form <code>{<var>x</var>..<var>y</var>[..<var>incr</var>]}</code>,
+where <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> are either integers or single characters,
+and <var>incr</var>, an optional increment, is an integer.
When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
-<VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive.
-Supplied integers may be prefixed with <SAMP>`0'</SAMP> to force each term to have the
+<var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo; to force each term to have the
same width.
-When either <VAR>x</VAR> or <VAR>y</VAR> begins with a zero, the shell
+When either <var>x</var> or <var>y</var> begins with a zero, the shell
attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
zero-padding where necessary.
When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
-lexicographically between <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive,
+lexicographically between <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive,
using the default C locale.
-Note that both <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> must be of the same type.
+Note that both <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> must be of the same type.
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
-</P><P>
-
-Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash
does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
expansion or the text between the braces.
-To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <SAMP>`${'</SAMP>
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string &lsquo;<samp>${</samp>&rsquo;
is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+</p>
+<p>A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
sequence expression.
Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
-</P><P>
-
-A { or <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+</p>
+<p>A { or &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
being considered part of a brace expression.
-To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <SAMP>`${'</SAMP>
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string &lsquo;<samp>${</samp>&rsquo;
is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+</p>
+<p>This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
above example:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
-</pre></td></tr></table>or
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Tilde Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC31"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC31::-->
-<P>
-
-If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (<SAMP>`~'</SAMP>), all of the
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-tilde-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></a>
+
+<p>If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), all of the
characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
-if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <VAR>tilde-prefix</VAR>.
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <var>tilde-prefix</var>.
If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
-possible <VAR>login name</VAR>.
+possible <var>login name</var>.
If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
-value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> shell variable.
-If <CODE>HOME</CODE> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
+value of the <code>HOME</code> shell variable.
+If <code>HOME</code> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
shell is substituted instead.
Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
associated with the specified login name.
-</P><P>
-
-If the tilde-prefix is <SAMP>`~+'</SAMP>, the value of
-the shell variable <CODE>PWD</CODE> replaces the tilde-prefix.
-If the tilde-prefix is <SAMP>`~-'</SAMP>, the value of the shell variable
-<CODE>OLDPWD</CODE>, if it is set, is substituted.
-</P><P>
-
-If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
-number <VAR>N</VAR>, optionally prefixed by a <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>,
+</p>
+<p>If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~+</samp>&rsquo;, the value of
+the shell variable <code>PWD</code> replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~-</samp>&rsquo;, the value of the shell variable
+<code>OLDPWD</code>, if it is set, is substituted.
+</p>
+<p>If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number <var>N</var>, optionally prefixed by a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;,
the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
-by the <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
-in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
+by the <code>dirs</code> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
-leading <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> is assumed.
-</P><P>
-
-If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+leading &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; is assumed.
+</p>
+<p>If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
left unchanged.
-</P><P>
-
-Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
-following a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> or the first <SAMP>`='</SAMP>.
+</p>
+<p>Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; or the first &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;.
In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
-<CODE>PATH</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>,
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>CDPATH</code>,
and the shell assigns the expanded value.
-</P><P>
-
-The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>~</CODE>
-<DD>The value of <CODE>$HOME</CODE>
-<DT><CODE>~/foo</CODE>
-<DD><TT>`$HOME/foo'</TT>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~fred/foo</CODE>
-<DD>The subdirectory <CODE>foo</CODE> of the home directory of the user
-<CODE>fred</CODE>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~+/foo</CODE>
-<DD><TT>`$PWD/foo'</TT>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~-/foo</CODE>
-<DD><TT>`${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'</TT>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs +<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs +<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>~-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs -<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP>
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Parameter Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC32"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC32::-->
-<P>
-
-The <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> character introduces parameter expansion,
+</p>
+<p>The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>$HOME</code>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>~/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$HOME/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~fred/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The subdirectory <code>foo</code> of the home directory of the user
+<code>fred</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$PWD/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs -<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-parameter-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-parameter"></a>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; character introduces parameter expansion,
command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name
or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
characters immediately following it which could be
interpreted as part of the name.
-</P><P>
-
-When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first <SAMP>`}'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first &lsquo;<samp>}</samp>&rsquo;
not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<VAR>parameter</VAR>}.
-The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted.
-The <VAR>parameter</VAR> is a shell parameter as described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>) or an array reference (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
-The braces are required when <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<var>parameter</var>}.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+The <var>parameter</var> is a shell parameter as described above
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>) or an array reference (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+The braces are required when <var>parameter</var>
is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
-or when <VAR>parameter</VAR> is followed by a character that is not to be
+or when <var>parameter</var> is followed by a character that is not to be
interpreted as part of its name.
-</P><P>
-
-If the first character of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an exclamation point (!),
+</p>
+<p>If the first character of <var>parameter</var> is an exclamation point (!),
+and <var>parameter</var> is not a <var>nameref</var>,
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR> as the name of the variable; this variable is then
+<var>parameter</var> as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
-than the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself.
-This is known as <CODE>indirect expansion</CODE>.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}
-and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}
+than the value of <var>parameter</var> itself.
+This is known as <code>indirect expansion</code>.
+If <var>parameter</var> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <var>parameter</var> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<var>prefix</var>*}
+and ${!<var>name</var>[@]}
described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
-</P><P>
-
-In each of the cases below, <VAR>word</VAR> is subject to tilde expansion,
+</p>
+<p>In each of the cases below, <var>word</var> is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
-below (e.g., <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP>), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+</p>
+<p>When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo;), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
Put another way, if the colon is included,
-the operator tests for both <VAR>parameter</VAR>'s existence and that its value
+the operator tests for both <var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s existence and that its value
is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:-<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is unset or null, the expansion of
-<VAR>word</VAR> is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:=<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-is unset or null, the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
-is assigned to <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
-The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is then substituted.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:-<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of
+<var>word</var> is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
+<var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:=<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is unset or null, the expansion of <var>word</var>
+is assigned to <var>parameter</var>.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is then substituted.
Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
in this way.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:?<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-is null or unset, the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> (or a message
-to that effect if <VAR>word</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is null or unset, the expansion of <var>word</var> (or a message
+to that effect if <var>word</var>
is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
-is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is
+is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <var>parameter</var> is
substituted.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:+<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:+<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
-<VAR>word</VAR> is substituted.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>:<VAR>length</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
-It expands to up to <VAR>length</VAR> characters of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, an indexed array subscripted by
-<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+<var>word</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>:<var>length</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
+It expands to up to <var>length</var> characters of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, an indexed array subscripted by
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, or an associative array name, the results differ as
described below.
-If <VAR>length</VAR> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>
+If <var>length</var> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
+<var>parameter</var> starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>
and extending to the end of the value.
-<VAR>length</VAR> and <VAR>offset</VAR> are arithmetic expressions
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
-<P>
-
-If <VAR>offset</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+<var>length</var> and <var>offset</var> are arithmetic expressions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If <var>offset</var> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
-If <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero,
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero,
it is interpreted as an offset in characters
-from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> rather than
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var> rather than
a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
-<VAR>offset</VAR> and that result.
+<var>offset</var> and that result.
Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
-one space to avoid being confused with the <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP> expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
+one space to avoid being confused with the &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo; expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
subscripted arrays:
-</P><P>
-
-@verbatim
-$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
$ echo ${string:7}
7890abcdefgh
$ echo ${string:7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${string:7:2}
78
@@ -2550,7 +2509,6 @@ $ echo ${string:7:-2}
$ echo ${string: -7}
bcdefgh
$ echo ${string: -7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${string: -7:2}
bc
@@ -2560,7 +2518,6 @@ $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
$ echo ${1:7}
7890abcdefgh
$ echo ${1:7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${1:7:2}
78
@@ -2569,7 +2526,6 @@ $ echo ${1:7:-2}
$ echo ${1: -7}
bcdefgh
$ echo ${1: -7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${1: -7:2}
bc
@@ -2579,7 +2535,6 @@ $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
$ echo ${array[0]:7}
7890abcdefgh
$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
78
@@ -2588,60 +2543,51 @@ $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
bcdefgh
$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
-</P><P>
$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
bc
$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
bcdef
-</P><P>
-
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the result is <VAR>length</VAR> positional
-parameters beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>.
-A negative <VAR>offset</VAR> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the result is <var>length</var> positional
+parameters beginning at <var>offset</var>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
parameter.
-It is an expansion error if <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero.
-</P><P>
-
-The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
parameters:
-</P><P>
-
-@verbatim
-$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${7}
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${7:0}
-</P><P>
+$ echo ${@:7:0}
-$ echo ${7:2}
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
7 8
-$ echo ${7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression &#60; 0
-$ echo ${ -7:2}
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
b c
-$ echo ${0}
+$ echo ${@:0}
./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
-$ echo ${0:2}
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
./bash 1
-$ echo ${ -7:0}
-</P><P>
+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an indexed array name subscripted
-by <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the result is the <VAR>length</VAR>
-members of the array beginning with <CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>[<VAR>offset</VAR>]}</CODE>.
-A negative <VAR>offset</VAR> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is an indexed array name subscripted
+by &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the <var>length</var>
+members of the array beginning with <code>${<var>parameter</var>[<var>offset</var>]}</code>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
index of the specified array.
-It is an expansion error if <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero.
-</P><P>
-
-These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
arrays:
-</P><P>
-
-@verbatim
-$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
$ echo ${array[@]:7}
7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
@@ -2649,566 +2595,548 @@ $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
b c
$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
-bash: -2: substring expression &#60; 0
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
$ echo ${array[@]:0}
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
0 1
$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
-</P><P>
-Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+</pre>
+<p>Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
results.
-</P><P>
-
-Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+</p>
+<p>Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
-If <VAR>offset</VAR> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <CODE>$@</CODE> is
+If <var>offset</var> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <code>$@</code> is
prefixed to the list.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>@}</CODE>
-<DD>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>,
-separated by the first character of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable.
-When <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>@}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+separated by the first character of the <code>IFS</code> special variable.
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
variable name expands to a separate word.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${!<VAR>name</VAR>[*]}</CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>name</VAR> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
-(keys) assigned in <VAR>name</VAR>.
-If <VAR>name</VAR> is not an array, expands to 0 if <VAR>name</VAR> is set and null
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[@]}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[*]}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>name</var> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in <var>name</var>.
+If <var>name</var> is not an array, expands to 0 if <var>name</var> is set and null
otherwise.
-When <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
key expands to a separate word.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${#<VAR>parameter</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>The length in characters of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${#<var>parameter</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The length in characters of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is
substituted.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the value substituted
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the value substituted
is the number of positional parameters.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array name subscripted by <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array name subscripted by &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;,
the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+If <var>parameter</var>
is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+<var>parameter</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>#<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>##<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>word</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
-expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). If the pattern matches
-the beginning of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>,
-then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-with the shortest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> case) or the
-longest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`##'</SAMP> case) deleted.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+expansion (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>). If the pattern matches
+the beginning of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>
+with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array variable subscripted with
-<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array variable subscripted with
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>%<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>%%<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>word</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion.
If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR>, then the result of the expansion is the value of
-<VAR>parameter</VAR> with the shortest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> case)
-or the longest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> case) deleted.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+<var>parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the value of
+<var>parameter</var> with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; case)
+or the longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>/<VAR>pattern</VAR>/<VAR>string</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><P>
-
-The <VAR>pattern</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>/<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion.
-<VAR>Parameter</VAR> is expanded and the longest match of <VAR>pattern</VAR>
-against its value is replaced with <VAR>string</VAR>.
-If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, all matches of <VAR>pattern</VAR> are
-replaced with <VAR>string</VAR>. Normally only the first match is replaced.
-If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>, it must match at the beginning
-of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
-If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, it must match at the end
-of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
-If <VAR>string</VAR> is null, matches of <VAR>pattern</VAR> are deleted
-and the <CODE>/</CODE> following <VAR>pattern</VAR> may be omitted.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+<var>Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var>pattern</var>
+against its value is replaced with <var>string</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, all matches of <var>pattern</var> are
+replaced with <var>string</var>. Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>string</var> is null, matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted
+and the <code>/</code> following <var>pattern</var> may be omitted.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the substitution operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>^<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>^^<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>,<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>,,<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
-The <VAR>pattern</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <var>parameter</var>.
+The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion.
-Each character in the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is tested against
-<VAR>pattern</VAR>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+Each character in the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is tested against
+<var>pattern</var>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
-The <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> operator converts lowercase letters matching <VAR>pattern</VAR>
-to uppercase; the <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> operator converts matching uppercase letters
+The &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; operator converts lowercase letters matching <var>pattern</var>
+to uppercase; the &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; operator converts matching uppercase letters
to lowercase.
-The <SAMP>`^^'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`,,'</SAMP> expansions convert each matched character in the
-expanded value; the <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> expansions match and convert only
+The &lsquo;<samp>^^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,,</samp>&rsquo; expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; expansions match and convert only
the first character in the expanded value.
-If <VAR>pattern</VAR> is omitted, it is treated like a <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, which matches
+If <var>pattern</var> is omitted, it is treated like a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, which matches
every character.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the case modification operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
-is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Command Substitution"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC33"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.4 Command Substitution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC33::-->
-<P>
-
-Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>@<var>operator</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+or information about <var>parameter</var> itself, depending on the value of
+<var>operator</var>. Each <var>operator</var> is a single letter:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>Q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting mechansim.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<var>parameter</var> as if it were a prompt string (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or <code>declare</code> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <var>parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s attributes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+<p>The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 Command Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
the command itself.
Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$(<VAR>command</VAR>)
-</pre></td></tr></table>or
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>`<VAR>command</VAR>`
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Bash performs the expansion by executing <VAR>command</VAR> and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(<var>command</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">`<var>command</var>`
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Bash performs the expansion by executing <var>command</var> in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
-The command substitution <CODE>$(cat <VAR>file</VAR>)</CODE> can be
-replaced by the equivalent but faster <CODE>$(&#60; <VAR>file</VAR>)</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+The command substitution <code>$(cat <var>file</var>)</code> can be
+replaced by the equivalent but faster <code>$(&lt; <var>file</var>)</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
-<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>.
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;.
The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
command substitution.
-When using the <CODE>$(<VAR>command</VAR>)</CODE> form, all characters between
+When using the <code>$(<var>command</var>)</code> form, all characters between
the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
-</P><P>
-
-Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
+</p>
+<p>Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
-</P><P>
-
-If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+</p>
+<p>If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
filename expansion are not performed on the results.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Arithmetic Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC34"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC34::-->
-<P>
-
-Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$(( <VAR>expression</VAR> ))
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
+<p>The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and quote removal.
The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
-</P><P>
-
-The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+</p>
+<p>The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Process Substitution"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC35"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.6 Process Substitution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC35::-->
-<P>
-
-Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (FIFOs) or the <TT>`/dev/fd'</TT> method of naming open files.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Process-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Splitting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Process-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.6 Process Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-process-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Process substitution allows a process&rsquo;s input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#60;(<VAR>list</VAR>)
-</pre></td></tr></table>or
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#62;(<VAR>list</VAR>)
-</pre></td></tr></table>The process <VAR>list</VAR> is run with its input or output connected to a
-FIFO or some file in <TT>`/dev/fd'</TT>. The name of this file is
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&lt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>The process <var>list</var> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion. If the <CODE>&#62;(<VAR>list</VAR>)</CODE> form is used, writing to
-the file will provide input for <VAR>list</VAR>. If the
-<CODE>&#60;(<VAR>list</VAR>)</CODE> form is used, the file passed as an
-argument should be read to obtain the output of <VAR>list</VAR>.
-Note that no space may appear between the <CODE>&#60;</CODE> or <CODE>&#62;</CODE>
+expansion.
+If the <code>&gt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for <var>list</var>. If the
+<code>&lt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of <var>list</var>.
+Note that no space may appear between the <code>&lt;</code> or <code>&gt;</code>
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
-</P><P>
-
-When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (<small>FIFO</small>s) or the <samp>/dev/fd</samp> method of naming open files.
+</p>
+<p>When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Word Splitting"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC36"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.7 Word Splitting </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC36::-->
-<P>
-
-The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Splitting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Splitting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.7 Word Splitting</h4>
+<a name="index-word-splitting"></a>
+
+<p>The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
word splitting.
-</P><P>
-
-The shell treats each character of <CODE>$IFS</CODE> as a delimiter, and splits
+</p>
+<p>The shell treats each character of <code>$IFS</code> as a delimiter, and splits
the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
as field terminators.
-If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is unset, or its value is exactly <CODE>&#60;space&#62;&#60;tab&#62;&#60;newline&#62;</CODE>,
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, or its value is exactly <code>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</code>,
the default, then sequences of
-<CODE> &#60;space&#62;</CODE>, <CODE>&#60;tab&#62;</CODE>, and <CODE>&#60;newline&#62;</CODE>
+<code> &lt;space&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;tab&gt;</code>, and <code>&lt;newline&gt;</code>
at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
-expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <CODE>IFS</CODE>
+expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <code>IFS</code>
characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
-If <CODE>IFS</CODE> has a value other than the default, then sequences of
-the whitespace characters <CODE>space</CODE> and <CODE>tab</CODE>
+If <code>IFS</code> has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, and <code>newline</code>
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
-value of <CODE>IFS</CODE> (an <CODE>IFS</CODE> whitespace character).
-Any character in <CODE>IFS</CODE> that is not <CODE>IFS</CODE>
-whitespace, along with any adjacent <CODE>IFS</CODE>
-whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of <CODE>IFS</CODE>
+value of <code>IFS</code> (an <code>IFS</code> whitespace character).
+Any character in <code>IFS</code> that is not <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace, along with any adjacent <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of <code>IFS</code>
whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
-If the value of <CODE>IFS</CODE> is null, no word splitting occurs.
-</P><P>
-
-Explicit null arguments (<CODE>""</CODE> or <CODE>"</CODE>) are retained.
+If the value of <code>IFS</code> is null, no word splitting occurs.
+</p>
+<p>Explicit null arguments (<code>&quot;&quot;</code> or <code>''</code>) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
-</P><P>
-
-Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+<code>-d''</code> becomes <code>-d</code> after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+</p>
+<p>Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
is performed.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Filename Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC37"></A>
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-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.8 Filename Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC37::-->
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell matches patterns.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<A NAME="IDX73"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX74"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX75"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX76"></A>
-<P>
-
-After word splitting, unless the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option has been set
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), Bash scans each word for the characters
-<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`['</SAMP>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previous: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</h4>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell matches patterns.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-filename"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-pathname"></a>
+<a name="index-filename-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-pathname-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>After word splitting, unless the <samp>-f</samp> option has been set
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), Bash scans each word for the characters
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;.
If one of these characters appears, then the word is
-regarded as a <VAR>pattern</VAR>,
+regarded as a <var>pattern</var>,
and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
-filenames matching the pattern (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>).
+filenames matching the pattern (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
If no matching filenames are found,
-and the shell option <CODE>nullglob</CODE> is disabled, the word is left
+and the shell option <code>nullglob</code> is disabled, the word is left
unchanged.
-If the <CODE>nullglob</CODE> option is set, and no matches are found, the word
+If the <code>nullglob</code> option is set, and no matches are found, the word
is removed.
-If the <CODE>failglob</CODE> shell option is set, and no matches are found,
+If the <code>failglob</code> shell option is set, and no matches are found,
an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE> is enabled, the match is performed
+If the shell option <code>nocaseglob</code> is enabled, the match is performed
without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
-</P><P>
-
-When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character <SAMP>`.'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;
at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
-must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <CODE>dotglob</CODE> is set.
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <code>dotglob</code> is set.
When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
matched explicitly.
-In other cases, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> character is not treated specially.
-</P><P>
-
-See the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>,
-for a description of the <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE>, <CODE>nullglob</CODE>,
-<CODE>failglob</CODE>, and <CODE>dotglob</CODE> options.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+In other cases, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; character is not treated specially.
+</p>
+<p>See the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>,
+for a description of the <code>nocaseglob</code>, <code>nullglob</code>,
+<code>failglob</code>, and <code>dotglob</code> options.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
-pattern. If <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+pattern. If <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
-<CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> is removed from the list of matches. The filenames
-<TT>`.'</TT> and <TT>`..'</TT>
-are always ignored when <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <code>nocaseglob</code> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+<samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp>
+are always ignored when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
is set and not null.
-However, setting <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> to a non-null value has the effect of
-enabling the <CODE>dotglob</CODE>
+However, setting <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> to a non-null value has the effect of
+enabling the <code>dotglob</code>
shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
-<SAMP>`.'</SAMP> will match.
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; will match.
To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
-<SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, make <SAMP>`.*'</SAMP> one of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>.
-The <CODE>dotglob</CODE> option is disabled when <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, make &lsquo;<samp>.*</samp>&rsquo; one of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>.
+The <code>dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
is unset.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Pattern Matching"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC38"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H4> 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC38::-->
-<P>
-
-Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</h4>
+<a name="index-pattern-matching"></a>
+<a name="index-matching_002c-pattern"></a>
+
+<p>Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
characters described below, matches itself.
-The NUL character may not occur in a pattern.
+The <small>NUL</small> character may not occur in a pattern.
A backslash escapes the following character; the
escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
literally.
-</P><P>
-
-The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>*</CODE>
-<DD>Matches any string, including the null string.
-When the <CODE>globstar</CODE> shell option is enabled, and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is used in
-a filename expansion context, two adjacent <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>s used as a single
+</p>
+<p>The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the <code>globstar</code> shell option is enabled, and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is used in
+a filename expansion context, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s used as a single
pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
subdirectories.
-If followed by a <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, two adjacent <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>s will match only
+If followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s will match only
directories and subdirectories.
-<DT><CODE>?</CODE>
-<DD>Matches any single character.
-<DT><CODE>[<small>...</small>]</CODE>
-<DD>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
-separated by a hyphen denotes a <VAR>range expression</VAR>;
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any single character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>[&hellip;]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a <var>range expression</var>;
any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
-using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+using the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence and character set,
is matched. If the first character following the
-<SAMP>`['</SAMP> is a <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>
-then any character not enclosed is matched. A <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>
+&lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; is a &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
+then any character not enclosed is matched. A &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;
may be matched by including it as the first or last character
-in the set. A <SAMP>`]'</SAMP> may be matched by including it as the first
+in the set. A &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo; may be matched by including it as the first
character in the set.
The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
the current locale and the values of the
-<CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> and <CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> shell variables, if set.
-<P>
-
-For example, in the default C locale, <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is equivalent to
-<SAMP>`[abcdxyz]'</SAMP>. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
-these locales <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is typically not equivalent to <SAMP>`[abcdxyz]'</SAMP>;
-it might be equivalent to <SAMP>`[aBbCcDdxXyYz]'</SAMP>, for example. To obtain
+<code>LC_COLLATE</code> and <code>LC_ALL</code> shell variables, if set.
+</p>
+<p>For example, in the default C locale, &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to
+&lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is typically not equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;;
+it might be equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[aBbCcDdxXyYz]</samp>&rsquo;, for example. To obtain
the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
-force the use of the C locale by setting the <CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> or
-<CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> environment variable to the value <SAMP>`C'</SAMP>, or enable the
-<CODE>globasciiranges</CODE> shell option.
-</P><P>
-
-Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, <VAR>character classes</VAR> can be specified
+force the use of the C locale by setting the <code>LC_COLLATE</code> or
+<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value &lsquo;<samp>C</samp>&rsquo;, or enable the
+<code>globasciiranges</code> shell option.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, <var>character classes</var> can be specified
using the syntax
-<CODE>[:</CODE><VAR>class</VAR><CODE>:]</CODE>, where <VAR>class</VAR> is one of the
-following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+<code>[:</code><var>class</var><code>:]</code>, where <var>class</var> is one of the
+following classes defined in the <small>POSIX</small> standard:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
print punct space upper word xdigit
-</pre></td></tr></table>A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
-The <CODE>word</CODE> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
-<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, an <VAR>equivalence class</VAR> can be
-specified using the syntax <CODE>[=</CODE><VAR>c</VAR><CODE>=]</CODE>, which
+</pre></div>
+<p>A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The <code>word</code> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
+&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, an <var>equivalence class</var> can be
+specified using the syntax <code>[=</code><var>c</var><code>=]</code>, which
matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
-by the current locale) as the character <VAR>c</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, the syntax <CODE>[.</CODE><VAR>symbol</VAR><CODE>.]</CODE>
-matches the collating symbol <VAR>symbol</VAR>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If the <CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option is enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+by the current locale) as the character <var>c</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, the syntax <code>[.</code><var>symbol</var><code>.]</code>
+matches the collating symbol <var>symbol</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If the <code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code>
builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
-In the following description, a <VAR>pattern-list</VAR> is a list of one
-or more patterns separated by a <SAMP>`|'</SAMP>.
+In the following description, a <var>pattern-list</var> is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
sub-patterns:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>?(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE>
-<DD>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>*(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE>
-<DD>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>+(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE>
-<DD>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>@(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE>
-<DD>Matches one of the given patterns.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE>
-<DD>Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Quote Removal"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC39"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.5.9 Quote Removal </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC39::-->
-<P>
-
-After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
-characters <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`''</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`"'</SAMP> that did not
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>?(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Quote-Removal"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quote-Removal-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.9 Quote Removal</h4>
+
+<p>After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; that did not
result from one of the above expansions are removed.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Redirections"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC40"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.6 Redirections </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC40::-->
-<P>
-
-Before a command is executed, its input and output
-may be <VAR>redirected</VAR>
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Redirections"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Redirections-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.6 Redirections</h3>
+<a name="index-redirection"></a>
+
+<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be <var>redirected</var>
using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
-Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
+Redirection allows commands&rsquo; file handles to be
duplicated, opened, closed,
made to refer to different files,
and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
@@ -3218,3098 +3146,2828 @@ operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
simple command or may follow a command.
Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
left to right.
-</P><P>
-
-Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
-may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<VAR>varname</VAR>}.
+</p>
+<p>Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<var>varname</var>}.
In this case, for each redirection operator except
-&#62;&#38;- and &#60;&#38;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
-than 10 and assign it to {<VAR>varname</VAR>}. If &#62;&#38;- or &#60;&#38;- is preceded
-by {<VAR>varname</VAR>}, the value of <VAR>varname</VAR> defines the file
+&gt;&amp;- and &lt;&amp;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than 10 and assign it to {<var>varname</var>}. If &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;- is preceded
+by {<var>varname</var>}, the value of <var>varname</var> defines the file
descriptor to close.
-</P><P>
-
-In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
-<SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP>, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
+&lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator
-is <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
+is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
descriptor 1).
-</P><P>
-
-The word following the redirection operator in the following
+</p>
+<p>The word following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
-</P><P>
-
-Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+</p>
+<p>Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
the command
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls &#62; <VAR>dirlist</VAR> 2&#62;&#38;1
-</pre></td></tr></table>directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
-(file descriptor 2) to the file <VAR>dirlist</VAR>, while the command
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls 2&#62;&#38;1 &#62; <VAR>dirlist</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>directs only the standard output to file <VAR>dirlist</VAR>,
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls &gt; <var>dirlist</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file <var>dirlist</var>, while the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; <var>dirlist</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs only the standard output to file <var>dirlist</var>,
because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
-before the standard output was redirected to <VAR>dirlist</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>/dev/fd/<VAR>fd</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>fd</VAR> is a valid integer, file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> is duplicated.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>/dev/stdin</CODE>
-<DD>File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>/dev/stdout</CODE>
-<DD>File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>/dev/stderr</CODE>
-<DD>File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR>
+before the standard output was redirected to <var>dirlist</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>/dev/fd/<var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>fd</var> is a valid integer, file descriptor <var>fd</var> is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stderr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
the corresponding TCP socket.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
the corresponding UDP socket.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
-</P><P>
-
-Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+<p>A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+</p>
+<p>Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
internally.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC41"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.1 Redirecting Input </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC41::-->
-Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
-to be opened for reading on file descriptor <CODE>n</CODE>,
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <CODE>n</CODE>
+</p>
+<a name="Redirecting-Input"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</h4>
+<p>Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor <code>n</code>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <code>n</code>
is not specified.
-<P>
-
-The general format for redirecting input is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC42"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.2 Redirecting Output </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC42::-->
-Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
-to be opened for writing on file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting input is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created;
if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
-<P>
-
-The general format for redirecting output is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#62;[|]<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>, and the <CODE>noclobber</CODE>
-option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin has been enabled, the redirection
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;[|]<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and the <code>noclobber</code>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin has been enabled, the redirection
will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
-<VAR>word</VAR> exists and is a regular file.
-If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`&#62;|'</SAMP>, or the redirection operator is
-<SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> and the <CODE>noclobber</CODE> option is not enabled, the redirection
-is attempted even if the file named by <VAR>word</VAR> exists.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC43"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC43::-->
-Redirection of output in this fashion
+<var>word</var> exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, or the redirection operator is
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; and the <code>noclobber</code> option is not enabled, the redirection
+is attempted even if the file named by <var>word</var> exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Redirected-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output in this fashion
causes the file whose name results from
-the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
-to be opened for appending on file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR>
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
-<P>
-
-The general format for appending output is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#62;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC44"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC44::-->
-This construct allows both the
+</p>
+<p>The general format for appending output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
to be redirected to the file whose name is the
-expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
standard error:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#38;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>and
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#62;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>and
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
This is semantically equivalent to
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#62;<VAR>word</VAR> 2&#62;&#38;1
-</pre></td></tr></table>When using the second form, <VAR>word</VAR> may not expand to a number or
-<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. If it does, other redirection operators apply
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>When using the second form, <var>word</var> may not expand to a number or
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;. If it does, other redirection operators apply
(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC45"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC45::-->
-This construct allows both the
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
to be appended to the file whose name is the
-expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#38;&#62;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>This is semantically equivalent to
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#62;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR> 2&#62;&#38;1
-</pre></td></tr></table>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC46"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.6 Here Documents </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC46::-->
-This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
-current source until a line containing only <VAR>word</VAR>
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>This is semantically equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Documents"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Here Documents</h4>
+<p>This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only <var>word</var>
(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
-<P>
-
-The format of here-documents is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#60;&#60;[-]<VAR>word</VAR>
- <VAR>here-document</VAR>
-<VAR>delimiter</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified) for a command.
+</p>
+<p>The format of here-documents is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;[-]<var>word</var>
+ <var>here-document</var>
+<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
-<VAR>word</VAR>. If any characters in <VAR>word</VAR> are quoted, the
-<VAR>delimiter</VAR> is the result of quote removal on <VAR>word</VAR>,
+<var>word</var>. If any part of <var>word</var> is quoted, the
+<var>delimiter</var> is the result of quote removal on <var>word</var>,
and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
-If <VAR>word</VAR> is unquoted,
+If <var>word</var> is unquoted,
all lines of the here-document are subjected to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence <CODE>\newline</CODE> is ignored, and <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>
+the character sequence <code>\newline</code> is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;
must be used to quote the characters
-<SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>``'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`&#60;&#60;-'</SAMP>,
+&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;-</samp>&rsquo;,
then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
-line containing <VAR>delimiter</VAR>.
+line containing <var>delimiter</var>.
This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
natural fashion.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC47"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.7 Here Strings </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC47::-->
-A variant of here documents, the format is:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#60;&#60;&#60; <VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The <VAR>word</VAR> undergoes
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Strings"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Here Strings</h4>
+<p>A variant of here documents, the format is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;&lt; <var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>word</var> undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC48"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC48::-->
-The redirection operator
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
-If <VAR>word</VAR>
-expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <VAR>n</VAR>
+The result is supplied as a single string,
+with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified).
+</p>
+<a name="Duplicating-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If <var>word</var>
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <var>n</var>
is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
-If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
input, a redirection error occurs.
-If <VAR>word</VAR>
-evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
-<P>
-
-The operator
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#62;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If
-<VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
-If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+If <var>n</var> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+</p>
+<p>The operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If
+<var>n</var> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
output, a redirection error occurs.
-If <VAR>word</VAR>
-evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed.
-As a special case, if <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, and <VAR>word</VAR> does not
-expand to one or more digits or <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, the standard output and standard
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+As a special case, if <var>n</var> is omitted, and <var>word</var> does not
+expand to one or more digits or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC49"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC49::-->
-The redirection operator
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#38;<VAR>digit</VAR>-
-</pre></td></tr></table>moves the file descriptor <VAR>digit</VAR> to file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
-or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified.
-<VAR>digit</VAR> is closed after being duplicated to <VAR>n</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-Similarly, the redirection operator
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#62;&#38;<VAR>digit</VAR>-
-</pre></td></tr></table>moves the file descriptor <VAR>digit</VAR> to file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
-or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC50"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC50::-->
-The redirection operator
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
+</p>
+<a name="Moving-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+<var>digit</var> is closed after being duplicated to <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Similarly, the redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+</p>
+<a name="Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <var>word</var>
to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
-<VAR>n</VAR>, or on file descriptor 0 if <VAR>n</VAR>
+<var>n</var>, or on file descriptor 0 if <var>n</var>
is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Executing Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC51"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.7 Executing Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC51::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands simple commands before
- executing them.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash finds commands and runs them.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment in which Bash
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Executing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirections</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Executing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.7 Executing Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands simple commands before
+ executing them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment in which Bash
executes commands that are not
- shell builtins.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment given to a command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The status returned by commands and how Bash
- interprets it.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
- receives a signal.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Simple Command Expansion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC52"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC52::-->
-<P>
-
-When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+ shell builtins.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment given to a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The status returned by commands and how Bash
+ interprets it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+ receives a signal.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-command-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
processing.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
-expanded (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+</li><li> The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
If any words remain after expansion, the first word
is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
the arguments.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Redirections are performed as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Redirections are performed as described above (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
-<LI>
-The text after the <SAMP>`='</SAMP> in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+</li><li> The text after the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
-</OL>
-<P>
+</li></ol>
-If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+<p>If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
-</P><P>
-
-If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+</p>
+<p>If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
command to exit with a non-zero status.
-</P><P>
-
-If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+</p>
+<p>If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions
contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there
were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Command Search and Execution"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC53"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC53::-->
-<P>
-
-After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-execution"></a>
+<a name="index-command-search"></a>
+
+<p>After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
actions are taken.
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
-function is invoked as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>.
-<P>
+function is invoked as described in <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>.
-<LI>
-If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+</li><li> If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that
builtin is invoked.
-<P>
-<LI>
-If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+</li><li> If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
-<CODE>$PATH</CODE> for a directory containing an executable file
+<code>$PATH</code> for a directory containing an executable file
by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
-pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <CODE>PATH</CODE> searches
-(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-A full search of the directories in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>
+pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <code>PATH</code> searches
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+A full search of the directories in <code>$PATH</code>
is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
-function named <CODE>command_not_found_handle</CODE>.
+function named <code>command_not_found_handle</code>.
If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and
-the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+the original command&rsquo;s arguments as its arguments, and the function&rsquo;s
exit status becomes the exit status of the shell.
If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
message and returns an exit status of 127.
-<P>
-<LI>
-If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+</li><li> If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
a separate execution environment.
Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
-<P>
-<LI>
-If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+</li><li> If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
-<VAR>shell script</VAR> and the shell executes it as described in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>.
-<P>
+<var>shell script</var> and the shell executes it as described in
+<a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
-<LI>
-If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+</li><li> If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
the command to complete and collects its exit status.
-<P>
-
-</OL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Command Execution Environment"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC54"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC54::-->
-<P>
-
-The shell has an <VAR>execution environment</VAR>, which consists of the
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-execution-environment"></a>
+
+<p>The shell has an <var>execution environment</var>, which consists of the
following:
-</P><P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
-redirections supplied to the <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-the current working directory as set by <CODE>cd</CODE>, <CODE>pushd</CODE>, or
-<CODE>popd</CODE>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-the file creation mode mask as set by <CODE>umask</CODE> or inherited from
-the shell's parent
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-current traps set by <CODE>trap</CODE>
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <CODE>set</CODE>
-or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <code>exec</code> builtin
+
+</li><li> the current working directory as set by <code>cd</code>, <code>pushd</code>, or
+<code>popd</code>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask as set by <code>umask</code> or inherited from
+the shell&rsquo;s parent
+
+</li><li> current traps set by <code>trap</code>
+
+</li><li> shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <code>set</code>
+or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s parent in the environment
+
+</li><li> shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s
parent in the environment
-<P>
-<LI>
-options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
-arguments) or by <CODE>set</CODE>
-<P>
+</li><li> options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <code>set</code>
-<LI>
-options enabled by <CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
-<P>
+</li><li> options enabled by <code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
-<LI>
-shell aliases defined with <CODE>alias</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>)
-<P>
+</li><li> shell aliases defined with <code>alias</code> (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>)
-<LI>
-various process IDs, including those of background jobs
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), the value of <CODE>$$</CODE>, and the value of
-<CODE>$PPID</CODE>
-<P>
+</li><li> various process <small>ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
+(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the value of <code>$$</code>, and the value of
+<code>$PPID</code>
-</UL>
-<P>
+</li></ul>
-When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+<p>When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
is to be executed, it
is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
from the shell.
-</P><P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> the shell&rsquo;s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
by redirections to the command
-<P>
-<LI>
-the current working directory
-<P>
+</li><li> the current working directory
-<LI>
-the file creation mode mask
-<P>
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask
-<LI>
-shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>)
-<P>
+</li><li> shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>)
-<LI>
-traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
-shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-<P>
+</li><li> traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell&rsquo;s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-</UL>
-<P>
+</li></ul>
-A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment.
-</P><P>
-
-Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+<p>A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment
-cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
-</P><P>
-
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode,
-Bash clears the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option in such subshells.
-</P><P>
-
-If a command is followed by a <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file <TT>`/dev/null'</TT>.
+cannot affect the shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell. When not in <small>POSIX</small> mode,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file <samp>/dev/null</samp>.
Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
shell as modified by redirections.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Environment"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC55"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.4 Environment </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC55::-->
-<P>
-
-When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
-called the <VAR>environment</VAR>.
-This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <CODE>name=value</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Status</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.4 Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-environment"></a>
+
+<p>When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the <var>environment</var>.
+This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <code>name=value</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
-it for <VAR>export</VAR>
+it for <var>export</var>
to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
-The <CODE>export</CODE> and <SAMP>`declare -x'</SAMP>
+The <code>export</code> and &lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo;
commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter
in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
of the environment, replacing the old. The environment
-inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell&rsquo;s
initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
-less any pairs removed by the <CODE>unset</CODE> and <SAMP>`export -n'</SAMP>
-commands, plus any additions via the <CODE>export</CODE> and
-<SAMP>`declare -x'</SAMP> commands.
-</P><P>
-
-The environment for any simple command
+less any pairs removed by the <code>unset</code> and &lsquo;<samp>export -n</samp>&rsquo;
+commands, plus any additions via the <code>export</code> and
+&lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo; commands.
+</p>
+<p>The environment for any simple command
or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
-parameter assignments, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>.
+parameter assignments, as described in <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>.
These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
by that command.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), then all
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-k</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), then all
parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
not just those that precede the command name.
-</P><P>
-
-When Bash invokes an external command, the variable <SAMP>`$_'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>When Bash invokes an external command, the variable &lsquo;<samp>$_</samp>&rsquo;
is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that
command in its environment.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Exit Status"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC56"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.5 Exit Status </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC56::-->
-<P>
-
-The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
-<VAR>waitpid</VAR> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Exit-Status"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Exit-Status-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.5 Exit Status</h4>
+<a name="index-exit-status-1"></a>
+
+<p>The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+<var>waitpid</var> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and
compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
failure modes.
-</P><P>
-
-For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+</p>
+<p>For the shell&rsquo;s purposes, a command which exits with a
zero exit status has succeeded.
A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
ways to indicate various failure modes.
-When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <VAR>N</VAR>,
-Bash uses the value 128+<VAR>N</VAR> as the exit status.
-</P><P>
-
-If a command is not found, the child process created to
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <var>N</var>,
+Bash uses the value 128+<var>N</var> as the exit status.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is not found, the child process created to
execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found
but is not executable, the return status is 126.
-</P><P>
-
-If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+</p>
+<p>If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
the exit status is greater than zero.
-</P><P>
-
-The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) and some of the list
-constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
+</p>
+<p>The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) and some of the list
+constructs (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>).
+</p>
+<p>All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
conditional and list constructs.
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Signals"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC57"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 3.7.6 Signals </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC57::-->
-<P>
-
-When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-<CODE>SIGTERM</CODE> (so that <SAMP>`kill 0'</SAMP> does not kill an interactive shell),
-and <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>
-is caught and handled (so that the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin is interruptible).
-When Bash receives a <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
-In all cases, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>.
-If job control is in effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>), Bash
-ignores <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Signals"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Signals-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.6 Signals</h4>
+<a name="index-signal-handling"></a>
+
+<p>When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+<code>SIGTERM</code> (so that &lsquo;<samp>kill 0</samp>&rsquo; does not kill an interactive shell),
+and <code>SIGINT</code>
+is caught and handled (so that the <code>wait</code> builtin is interruptible).
+When Bash receives a <code>SIGINT</code>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
+In all cases, Bash ignores <code>SIGQUIT</code>.
+If job control is in effect (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>), Bash
+ignores <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
values inherited by the shell from its parent.
When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
-ignore <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> and <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE> in addition to these inherited
+ignore <code>SIGINT</code> and <code>SIGQUIT</code> in addition to these inherited
handlers.
Commands run as a result of
command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
-<CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
-Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to
+<code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <code>SIGHUP</code> to
all jobs, running or stopped.
-Stopped jobs are sent <CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> to ensure that they receive
-the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
-To prevent the shell from sending the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> signal to a
+Stopped jobs are sent <code>SIGCONT</code> to ensure that they receive
+the <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+To prevent the shell from sending the <code>SIGHUP</code> signal to a
particular job, it should be removed
-from the jobs table with the <CODE>disown</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or marked
-to not receive <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> using <CODE>disown -h</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been set with <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), Bash sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when
+from the jobs table with the <code>disown</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or marked
+to not receive <code>SIGHUP</code> using <code>disown -h</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been set with <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), Bash sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when
an interactive login shell exits.
-</P><P>
-
-If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+</p>
+<p>If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes.
+the command completes.
When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
-command via the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin, the reception of a signal for
-which a trap has been set will cause the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin to return
+command via the <code>wait</code> builtin, the reception of a signal for
+which a trap has been set will cause the <code>wait</code> builtin to return
immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
which the trap is executed.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Scripts"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC58"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 3.8 Shell Scripts </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC58::-->
-<P>
-
-A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.8 Shell Scripts</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-script"></a>
+
+<p>A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such
a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
-and neither the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option is supplied
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
+and neither the <samp>-c</samp> nor <samp>-s</samp> option is supplied
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This
mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first
searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
-directories in <CODE>$PATH</CODE> if not found there.
-</P><P>
-
-When Bash runs
-a shell script, it sets the special parameter <CODE>0</CODE> to the name
+directories in <code>$PATH</code> if not found there.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash runs
+a shell script, it sets the special parameter <code>0</code> to the name
of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
are unset.
-</P><P>
-
-A shell script may be made executable by using the <CODE>chmod</CODE> command
+</p>
+<p>A shell script may be made executable by using the <code>chmod</code> command
to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the <CODE>$PATH</CODE> for a command, it spawns a subshell to
+searching the <code>$PATH</code> for a command, it spawns a subshell to
execute it. In other words, executing
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>filename <VAR>arguments</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>is equivalent to executing
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash filename <VAR>arguments</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-if <CODE>filename</CODE> is an executable shell script.
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is equivalent to executing
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>if <code>filename</code> is an executable shell script.
This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
-(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
are retained by the child.
-</P><P>
-
-Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command
+</p>
+<p>Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system&rsquo;s command
execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
-the two characters <SAMP>`#!'</SAMP>, the remainder of the line specifies
+the two characters &lsquo;<samp>#!</samp>&rsquo;, the remainder of the line specifies
an interpreter for the program.
-Thus, you can specify Bash, <CODE>awk</CODE>, Perl, or some other
+Thus, you can specify Bash, <code>awk</code>, Perl, or some other
interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
-</P><P>
-
-The arguments to the interpreter
+</p>
+<p>The arguments to the interpreter
consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash
will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
-</P><P>
-
-Bash scripts often begin with <CODE>#! /bin/bash</CODE> (assuming that
-Bash has been installed in <TT>`/bin'</TT>), since this ensures that
+</p>
+<p>Bash scripts often begin with <code>#! /bin/bash</code> (assuming that
+Bash has been installed in <samp>/bin</samp>), since this ensures that
Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
under another shell.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Builtin Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC59"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 4. Shell Builtin Commands </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC59::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
- Shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Table of builtins specific to Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
- optional behavior.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands classified specially by
- POSIX.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">4 Shell Builtin Commands</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+ Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+ optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands classified specially by
+ POSIX.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
-a simple command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>), the shell executes
+a simple command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>), the shell executes
the command directly, without invoking another program.
Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
-</P><P>
-
-This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+</p>
+<p>This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
to or have been extended in Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+</p>
+<p>Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>), the directory stack
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>), the command history
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
-options preceded by <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> accepts <SAMP>`--'</SAMP>
+facilities (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>), the directory stack
+(see <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a>), the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a>), and the programmable completion
+facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Many of the builtins have been extended by <small>POSIX</small> or Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; accepts &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;
to signify the end of the options.
-The <CODE>:</CODE>, <CODE>true</CODE>, <CODE>false</CODE>, and <CODE>test</CODE>
-builtins do not accept options and do not treat <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> specially.
-The <CODE>exit</CODE>, <CODE>logout</CODE>, <CODE>break</CODE>, <CODE>continue</CODE>, <CODE>let</CODE>,
-and <CODE>shift</CODE> builtins accept and process arguments beginning
-with <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> without requiring <SAMP>`--'</SAMP>.
+The <code>:</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>test</code>
+builtins do not accept options and do not treat &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; specially.
+The <code>exit</code>, <code>logout</code>, <code>return</code>,
+<code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, <code>let</code>,
+and <code>shift</code> builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; without requiring &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;.
Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
-options interpret arguments beginning with <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> as invalid options and
-require <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to prevent this interpretation.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bourne Shell Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC60"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC60::-->
-<P>
-
-The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
-These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>: (a colon)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX77"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>: [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Do nothing beyond expanding <VAR>arguments</VAR> and performing redirections.
+options interpret arguments beginning with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as invalid options and
+require &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; to prevent this interpretation.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</h3>
+
+<p>The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
+These commands are implemented as specified by the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>: <span class="roman">(a colon)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_003a"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">: [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Do nothing beyond expanding <var>arguments</var> and performing redirections.
The return status is zero.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>. (a period)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>. <VAR>filename</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Read and execute commands from the <VAR>filename</VAR> argument in the
-current shell context. If <VAR>filename</VAR> does not contain a slash,
-the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is used to find <VAR>filename</VAR>.
-When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched
-if <VAR>filename</VAR> is not found in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>.
-If any <VAR>arguments</VAR> are supplied, they become the positional
-parameters when <VAR>filename</VAR> is executed. Otherwise the positional
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>. <span class="roman">(a period)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_002e"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">. <var>filename</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read and execute commands from the <var>filename</var> argument in the
+current shell context. If <var>filename</var> does not contain a slash,
+the <code>PATH</code> variable is used to find <var>filename</var>.
+When Bash is not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the current directory is searched
+if <var>filename</var> is not found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+If any <var>arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when <var>filename</var> is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
+If the <samp>-T</samp> option is enabled, <code>source</code> inherits any trap on
+<code>DEBUG</code>; if it is not, any <code>DEBUG</code> trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to <code>source</code>, and <code>source</code> unsets the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap while it executes.
+If <samp>-T</samp> is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code>source</code> completes.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
-zero if no commands are executed. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is not found, or
+zero if no commands are executed. If <var>filename</var> is not found, or
cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
-This builtin is equivalent to <CODE>source</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>break</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX79"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>break [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Exit from a <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, <CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop is exited.
-<VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1.
-The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>cd</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX80"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<VAR>directory</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Change the current working directory to <VAR>directory</VAR>.
-If <VAR>directory</VAR> is not supplied, the value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE>
+This builtin is equivalent to <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>break</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-break"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit from a <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop is exited.
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-cd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<var>directory</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Change the current working directory to <var>directory</var>.
+If <var>directory</var> is not supplied, the value of the <code>HOME</code>
shell variable is used.
-Any additional arguments following <VAR>directory</VAR> are ignored.
+Any additional arguments following <var>directory</var> are ignored.
If the shell variable
-<CODE>CDPATH</CODE> exists, it is used as a search path:
-each directory name in <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is searched for
-<VAR>directory</VAR>, with alternative directory names in <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>
-separated by a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>).
-If <VAR>directory</VAR> begins with a slash, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is not used.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
-are resolved while <CODE>cd</CODE> is traversing <VAR>directory</VAR> and before
-processing an instance of <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> in <VAR>directory</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-By default, or when the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option is supplied, symbolic links
-in <VAR>directory</VAR> are resolved after <CODE>cd</CODE> processes an instance
-of <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> in <VAR>directory</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-If <SAMP>`..'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>directory</VAR>, it is processed by removing the
+<code>CDPATH</code> exists, it is used as a search path:
+each directory name in <code>CDPATH</code> is searched for
+<var>directory</var>, with alternative directory names in <code>CDPATH</code>
+separated by a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;).
+If <var>directory</var> begins with a slash, <code>CDPATH</code> is not used.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+are resolved while <code>cd</code> is traversing <var>directory</var> and before
+processing an instance of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>By default, or when the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, symbolic links
+in <var>directory</var> are resolved after <code>cd</code> processes an instance
+of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>directory</var>, it is processed by removing the
immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning
-of <VAR>directory</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is supplied with <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>
+of <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-e</samp> option is supplied with <samp>-P</samp>
and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
-after a successful directory change, <CODE>cd</CODE> will return an unsuccessful
+after a successful directory change, <code>cd</code> will return an unsuccessful
status.
-</P><P>
-
-On systems that support it, the <SAMP>`-@'</SAMP> option presents the extended
+</p>
+<p>On systems that support it, the <samp>-@</samp> option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
-</P><P>
-
-If <VAR>directory</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, it is converted to <CODE>$OLDPWD</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>If <var>directory</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, it is converted to <code>$OLDPWD</code>
before the directory change is attempted.
-</P><P>
-
-If a non-empty directory name from <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is used, or if
-<SAMP>`-'</SAMP> is the first argument, and the directory change is
+</p>
+<p>If a non-empty directory name from <code>CDPATH</code> is used, or if
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; is the first argument, and the directory change is
successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
written to the standard output.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>continue</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX81"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>continue [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>,
-<CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the execution of the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>continue</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-continue"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">continue [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>,
+<code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the execution of the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop
is resumed.
-<VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1.
-The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>eval</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX82"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>eval [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>eval</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-eval"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">eval [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
-of <CODE>eval</CODE>.
+of <code>eval</code>.
If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
zero.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>exec</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX83"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>exec [-cl] [-a <VAR>name</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-If <VAR>command</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exec</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exec"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exec [-cl] [-a <var>name</var>] [<var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>command</var>
is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
-If the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
-beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <VAR>command</VAR>.
-This is what the <CODE>login</CODE> program does.
-The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option causes <VAR>command</VAR> to be executed with an empty
+If the <samp>-l</samp> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
+beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <var>command</var>.
+This is what the <code>login</code> program does.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option causes <var>command</var> to be executed with an empty
environment.
-If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is supplied, the shell passes <VAR>name</VAR> as the zeroth
-argument to <VAR>command</VAR>.
-If <VAR>command</VAR>
+If <samp>-a</samp> is supplied, the shell passes <var>name</var> as the zeroth
+argument to <var>command</var>.
+If <var>command</var>
cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
-unless the <CODE>execfail</CODE> shell option
+unless the <code>execfail</code> shell option
is enabled. In that case, it returns failure.
An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
-If no <VAR>command</VAR> is specified, redirections may be used to affect
+If no <var>command</var> is specified, redirections may be used to affect
the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the
return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>exit</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX84"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>exit [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Exit the shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's parent.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
-Any trap on <CODE>EXIT</CODE> is executed before the shell terminates.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>export</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX85"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>export [-fn] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> to be passed to child processes
-in the environment. If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, the <VAR>name</VAR>s
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exit [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit the shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s parent.
+If <var>n</var> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+Any trap on <code>EXIT</code> is executed before the shell terminates.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-export"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">export [-fn] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> to be passed to child processes
+in the environment. If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var>name</var>s
refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
-The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option means to no longer mark each <VAR>name</VAR> for export.
-If no <VAR>names</VAR> are supplied, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is given, a
+The <samp>-n</samp> option means to no longer mark each <var>name</var> for export.
+If no <var>names</var> are supplied, or if the <samp>-p</samp> option is given, a
list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of
-the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
-the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is supplied
+The <samp>-p</samp> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <samp>-f</samp> is supplied
with a name that is not a shell function.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>getopts</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX86"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>getopts <VAR>optstring</VAR> <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-<CODE>getopts</CODE> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
-<VAR>optstring</VAR> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>getopts</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-getopts"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">getopts <var>optstring</var> <var>name</var> [<var>args</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>getopts</code> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+<var>optstring</var> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
-The colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) and question mark (<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>) may not be
+The colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) and question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) may not be
used as option characters.
-Each time it is invoked, <CODE>getopts</CODE>
-places the next option in the shell variable <VAR>name</VAR>, initializing
-<VAR>name</VAR> if it does not exist,
+Each time it is invoked, <code>getopts</code>
+places the next option in the shell variable <var>name</var>, initializing
+<var>name</var> if it does not exist,
and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
-variable <CODE>OPTIND</CODE>.
-<CODE>OPTIND</CODE> is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+variable <code>OPTIND</code>.
+<code>OPTIND</code> is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
is invoked.
When an option requires an argument,
-<CODE>getopts</CODE> places that argument into the variable <CODE>OPTARG</CODE>.
-The shell does not reset <CODE>OPTIND</CODE> automatically; it must be manually
-reset between multiple calls to <CODE>getopts</CODE> within the same shell
+<code>getopts</code> places that argument into the variable <code>OPTARG</code>.
+The shell does not reset <code>OPTIND</code> automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to <code>getopts</code> within the same shell
invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
-</P><P>
-
-When the end of options is encountered, <CODE>getopts</CODE> exits with a
+</p>
+<p>When the end of options is encountered, <code>getopts</code> exits with a
return value greater than zero.
-<CODE>OPTIND</CODE> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and <VAR>name</VAR> is set to <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-<CODE>getopts</CODE>
+<code>OPTIND</code> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and <var>name</var> is set to &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code>
normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
-given in <VAR>args</VAR>, <CODE>getopts</CODE> parses those instead.
-</P><P>
-
-<CODE>getopts</CODE> can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
-<VAR>optstring</VAR> is a colon, <VAR>silent</VAR>
+given in <var>args</var>, <code>getopts</code> parses those instead.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code> can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+<var>optstring</var> is a colon, <var>silent</var>
error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages
are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
encountered.
-If the variable <CODE>OPTERR</CODE>
+If the variable <code>OPTERR</code>
is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
-character of <CODE>optstring</CODE> is not a colon.
-</P><P>
-
-If an invalid option is seen,
-<CODE>getopts</CODE> places <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> into <VAR>name</VAR> and, if not silent,
-prints an error message and unsets <CODE>OPTARG</CODE>.
-If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, the option character found is placed in
-<CODE>OPTARG</CODE> and no diagnostic message is printed.
-</P><P>
-
-If a required argument is not found, and <CODE>getopts</CODE>
-is not silent, a question mark (<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>) is placed in <VAR>name</VAR>,
-<CODE>OPTARG</CODE> is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
-If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, then a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) is placed in
-<VAR>name</VAR> and <CODE>OPTARG</CODE> is set to the option character found.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>hash</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX87"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>hash [-r] [-p <VAR>filename</VAR>] [-dt] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Each time <CODE>hash</CODE> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
-commands specified as <VAR>name</VAR> arguments,
+character of <code>optstring</code> is not a colon.
+</p>
+<p>If an invalid option is seen,
+<code>getopts</code> places &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; into <var>name</var> and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets <code>OPTARG</code>.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, the option character found is placed in
+<code>OPTARG</code> and no diagnostic message is printed.
+</p>
+<p>If a required argument is not found, and <code>getopts</code>
+is not silent, a question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in <var>name</var>,
+<code>OPTARG</code> is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, then a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in
+<var>name</var> and <code>OPTARG</code> is set to the option character found.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hash</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-hash"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">hash [-r] [-p <var>filename</var>] [-dt] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Each time <code>hash</code> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as <var>name</var> arguments,
so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
-<CODE>$PATH</CODE>.
+<code>$PATH</code>.
Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option inhibits the path search, and <VAR>filename</VAR> is
-used as the location of <VAR>name</VAR>.
-The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
-The <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
-of each <VAR>name</VAR>.
-If the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
-<VAR>name</VAR> corresponds is printed. If multiple <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are
-supplied with <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> the <VAR>name</VAR> is printed before the hashed
+The <samp>-p</samp> option inhibits the path search, and <var>filename</var> is
+used as the location of <var>name</var>.
+The <samp>-r</samp> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
+of each <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-t</samp> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+<var>name</var> corresponds is printed. If multiple <var>name</var> arguments are
+supplied with <samp>-t</samp> the <var>name</var> is printed before the hashed
full pathname.
-The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a format
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format
that may be reused as input.
-If no arguments are given, or if only <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> is supplied,
+If no arguments are given, or if only <samp>-l</samp> is supplied,
information about remembered commands is printed.
-The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not found or an invalid
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not found or an invalid
option is supplied.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>pwd</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX88"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>pwd [-LP]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
-If the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pwd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-pwd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pwd [-LP]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+If the <samp>-P</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
contain symbolic links.
-If the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
+If the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
symbolic links.
The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
is supplied.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>readonly</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX89"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] <small>...</small>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> as readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readonly</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readonly"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> as readonly.
The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
-If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a shell
function.
-The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to an indexed
-array variable; the <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers to an indexed
+array variable; the <samp>-A</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers
to an associative array variable.
-If both options are supplied, <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> takes precedence.
-If no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are given, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+If no <var>name</var> arguments are given, or if the <samp>-p</samp>
option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
the set of readonly names.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format that
may be reused as input.
-If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of
-the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
-the <VAR>name</VAR> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
-or the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>return</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX90"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>return [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <VAR>n</VAR>
+the <var>name</var> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
+or the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">return [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <var>n</var>
to its caller.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
last command executed in the function.
-<CODE>return</CODE> may also be used to terminate execution of a script
-being executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> (<CODE>source</CODE>) builtin,
-returning either <VAR>n</VAR> or
+If <code>return</code> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+if <code>return</code> is executed during a <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before <code>return</code> was invoked.
+<code>return</code> may also be used to terminate execution of a script
+being executed with the <code>.</code> (<code>source</code>) builtin,
+returning either <var>n</var> or
the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
status of the script.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
8 bits.
-Any command associated with the <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is executed
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
before execution resumes after the function or script.
-The return status is non-zero if <CODE>return</CODE> is supplied a non-numeric
+The return status is non-zero if <code>return</code> is supplied a non-numeric
argument or is used outside a function
-and not during the execution of a script by <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>shift</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX91"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>shift [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Shift the positional parameters to the left by <VAR>n</VAR>.
-The positional parameters from <VAR>n</VAR>+1 <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE> are
-renamed to <CODE>$1</CODE> <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>.
-Parameters represented by the numbers <CODE>$#</CODE> to <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>+1
+and not during the execution of a script by <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shift"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shift [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <var>n</var>.
+The positional parameters from <var>n</var>+1 &hellip; <code>$#</code> are
+renamed to <code>$1</code> &hellip; <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>.
+Parameters represented by the numbers <code>$#</code> to <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>+1
are unset.
-<VAR>n</VAR> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <CODE>$#</CODE>.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is zero or greater than <CODE>$#</CODE>, the positional parameters
+<var>n</var> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <code>$#</code>.
+If <var>n</var> is zero or greater than <code>$#</code>, the positional parameters
are not changed.
-If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
-The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is greater than <CODE>$#</CODE> or
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is greater than <code>$#</code> or
less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>test</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>[</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX92"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX93"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>test <VAR>expr</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Evaluate a conditional express
-ion <VAR>expr</VAR> and return a status of 0
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>test</code></dt>
+<dt><code>[</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-test"></a>
+<a name="index-_005b"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">test <var>expr</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Evaluate a conditional expression <var>expr</var> and return a status of 0
(true) or 1 (false).
Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
-<CODE>test</CODE> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
-an argument of <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> as signifying the end of options.
-</P><P>
-
-When the <CODE>[</CODE> form is used, the last argument to the command must
-be a <CODE>]</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
+<code>test</code> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of <samp>--</samp> as signifying the end of options.
+</p>
+<p>When the <code>[</code> form is used, the last argument to the command must
+be a <code>]</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>! <VAR>expr</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>expr</VAR> is false.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>( <VAR>expr</VAR> )</CODE>
-<DD>Returns the value of <VAR>expr</VAR>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>! <var>expr</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expr</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>( <var>expr</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expr</var>.
This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>expr1</VAR> -a <VAR>expr2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if both <VAR>expr1</VAR> and <VAR>expr2</VAR> are true.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>expr1</VAR> -o <VAR>expr2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if either <VAR>expr1</VAR> or <VAR>expr2</VAR> is true.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The <CODE>test</CODE> and <CODE>[</CODE> builtins evaluate conditional
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -a <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expr1</var> and <var>expr2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -o <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expr1</var> or <var>expr2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtins evaluate conditional
expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT>0 arguments
-<DD>The expression is false.
-<P>
-
-<DT>1 argument
-<DD>The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
-<P>
-
-<DT>2 arguments
-<DD>If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the expression is true if and
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>0 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>1 argument</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>2 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the expression is true if and
only if the second argument is null.
If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the expression
+(see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the expression
is true if the unary test is true.
If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
false.
-<P>
-
-<DT>3 arguments
-<DD>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>3 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
-operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the
+operators (see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
first and third arguments as operands.
-The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> operators are considered binary operators
+The &lsquo;<samp>-a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; operators are considered binary operators
when there are three arguments.
-If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the value is the negation of
+If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the value is the negation of
the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
-If the first argument is exactly <SAMP>`('</SAMP> and the third argument is
-exactly <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+If the first argument is exactly &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; and the third argument is
+exactly &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the one-argument test of the second
argument.
Otherwise, the expression is false.
-<P>
-
-<DT>4 arguments
-<DD>If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the result is the negation of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>4 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
-<P>
-
-<DT>5 or more arguments
-<DD>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>5 or more arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-When used with <CODE>test</CODE> or <SAMP>`['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>
+<p>When used with <code>test</code> or &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>times</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX94"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>times
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>times</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-times"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">times
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
The return status is zero.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>trap</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX95"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>trap [-lp] [<VAR>arg</VAR>] [<VAR>sigspec</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The commands in <VAR>arg</VAR> are to be read and executed when the
-shell receives signal <VAR>sigspec</VAR>. If <VAR>arg</VAR> is absent (and
-there is a single <VAR>sigspec</VAR>) or
-equal to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, each specified signal's disposition is reset
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>trap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-trap"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">trap [-lp] [<var>arg</var>] [<var>sigspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The commands in <var>arg</var> are to be read and executed when the
+shell receives signal <var>sigspec</var>. If <var>arg</var> is absent (and
+there is a single <var>sigspec</var>) or
+equal to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, each specified signal&rsquo;s disposition is reset
to the value it had when the shell was started.
-If <VAR>arg</VAR> is the null string, then the signal specified by
-each <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
-If <VAR>arg</VAR> is not present and <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> has been supplied,
-the shell displays the trap commands associated with each <VAR>sigspec</VAR>.
+If <var>arg</var> is the null string, then the signal specified by
+each <var>sigspec</var> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
+If <var>arg</var> is not present and <samp>-p</samp> has been supplied,
+the shell displays the trap commands associated with each <var>sigspec</var>.
If no arguments are supplied, or
-only <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is given, <CODE>trap</CODE> prints the list of commands
+only <samp>-p</samp> is given, <code>trap</code> prints the list of commands
associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
shell input.
-The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
and their corresponding numbers.
-Each <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a signal name or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix is optional.
-</P><P>
-
-If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR>
-is <CODE>0</CODE> or <CODE>EXIT</CODE>, <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed when the shell exits.
-If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed
-before every simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command,
-<CODE>select</CODE> command, every arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> command, and before
+Each <var>sigspec</var> is either a signal name or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the <code>SIG</code> prefix is optional.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var>
+is <code>0</code> or <code>EXIT</code>, <var>arg</var> is executed when the shell exits.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>DEBUG</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+before every simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
the first command executes in a shell function.
-Refer to the description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) for details of its
-effect on the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap.
-If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>RETURN</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed
-each time a shell function or a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or
-<CODE>source</CODE> builtins finishes executing.
-</P><P>
-
-If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>ERR</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR>
+Refer to the description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) for details of its
+effect on the <code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>RETURN</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the <code>.</code> or
+<code>source</code> builtins finishes executing.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>ERR</code>, the command <var>arg</var>
is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
-The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
-command list immediately following an <CODE>until</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE> keyword,
-part of the test following the <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>elif</CODE> reserved words,
-part of a command executed in a <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list
-except the command following the final <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE>,
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+command list immediately following an <code>until</code> or <code>while</code> keyword,
+part of the test following the <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> reserved words,
+part of a command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list
+except the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return
-status is being inverted using <CODE>!</CODE>.
-These are the same conditions obeyed by the <CODE>errexit</CODE> (<SAMP>`-e'</SAMP>)
+or if the command&rsquo;s return
+status is being inverted using <code>!</code>.
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the <code>errexit</code> (<samp>-e</samp>)
option.
-</P><P>
-
-Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+</p>
+<p>Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero unless a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> does not specify a
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>sigspec</var> does not specify a
valid signal.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>umask</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX96"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>umask [-p] [-S] [<VAR>mode</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Set the shell process's file creation mask to <VAR>mode</VAR>. If
-<VAR>mode</VAR> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>umask</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-umask"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">umask [-p] [-S] [<var>mode</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Set the shell process&rsquo;s file creation mask to <var>mode</var>. If
+<var>mode</var> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
-to that accepted by the <CODE>chmod</CODE> command. If <VAR>mode</VAR> is
-omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP>
-option is supplied without a <VAR>mode</VAR> argument, the mask is printed
+to that accepted by the <code>chmod</code> command. If <var>mode</var> is
+omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the <samp>-S</samp>
+option is supplied without a <var>mode</var> argument, the mask is printed
in a symbolic format.
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, and <VAR>mode</VAR>
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, and <var>mode</var>
is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
-no <VAR>mode</VAR> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
-</P><P>
-
-Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
-of the umask is subtracted from <CODE>7</CODE>. Thus, a umask of <CODE>022</CODE>
-results in permissions of <CODE>755</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>unset</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX97"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>unset [-fnv] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Remove each variable or function <VAR>name</VAR>.
-If the <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is given, each
-<VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved.
-If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is given, the <VAR>name</VAR>s refer to shell
+no <var>mode</var> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+<p>Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
+of the umask is subtracted from <code>7</code>. Thus, a umask of <code>022</code>
+results in permissions of <code>755</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unset [-fnv] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each variable or function <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-v</samp> option is given, each
+<var>name</var> refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is given, the <var>name</var>s refer to shell
functions, and the function definition is removed.
-If the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option is supplied, and <VAR>name</VAR> is a variable with
-the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute, <VAR>name</VAR> will be unset rather than the
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, and <var>name</var> is a variable with
+the <var>nameref</var> attribute, <var>name</var> will be unset rather than the
variable it references.
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> has no effect if the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied.
-If no options are supplied, each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to a variable; if
+<samp>-n</samp> has no effect if the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a variable; if
there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
unset.
Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
-The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is readonly.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC61"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC61::-->
-<P>
-
-This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is readonly.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</h3>
+
+<p>This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
or have been extended in Bash.
-Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>alias</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX98"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>alias [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Without arguments or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, <CODE>alias</CODE> prints
+Some of these commands are specified in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-alias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alias [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without arguments or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, <code>alias</code> prints
the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
them to be reused as input.
-If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <VAR>name</VAR>
-whose <VAR>value</VAR> is given. If no <VAR>value</VAR> is given, the name
+If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <var>name</var>
+whose <var>value</var> is given. If no <var>value</var> is given, the name
and value of the alias is printed.
-Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>bind</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX99"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-lpsvPSVX]
-bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-q <VAR>function</VAR>] [-u <VAR>function</VAR>] [-r <VAR>keyseq</VAR>]
-bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -f <VAR>filename</VAR>
-bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -x <VAR>keyseq:shell-command</VAR>
-bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] <VAR>keyseq:function-name</VAR>
-bind <VAR>readline-command</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Display current Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-q <var>function</var>] [-u <var>function</var>] [-r <var>keyseq</var>]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -f <var>filename</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:function-name</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:readline-command</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display current Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
key and function bindings,
bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
or set a Readline variable.
Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
-Readline initialization file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>),
+Readline initialization file (see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>),
but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
-<SAMP>`"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-m <VAR>keymap</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Use <VAR>keymap</VAR> as the keymap to be affected by
-the subsequent bindings. Acceptable <VAR>keymap</VAR>
+&lsquo;<samp>&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;:re-read-init-file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-m <var>keymap</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use <var>keymap</var> as the keymap to be affected by
+the subsequent bindings. Acceptable <var>keymap</var>
names are
-<CODE>emacs</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-meta</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi-move</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi-command</CODE>, and
-<CODE>vi-insert</CODE>.
-<CODE>vi</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>vi-command</CODE>;
-<CODE>emacs</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>List the names of all Readline functions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List the names of all Readline functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-P</CODE>
-<DD>List current Readline function names and bindings.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
-<DD>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline function names and bindings.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-V</CODE>
-<DD>List current Readline variable names and values.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
initialization file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-S</CODE>
-<DD>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-f <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Read key bindings from <VAR>filename</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-q <VAR>function</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Query about which keys invoke the named <VAR>function</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>function</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Unbind all keys bound to the named <VAR>function</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r <VAR>keyseq</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Remove any current binding for <VAR>keyseq</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-x <VAR>keyseq:shell-command</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Cause <VAR>shell-command</VAR> to be executed whenever <VAR>keyseq</VAR> is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read key bindings from <var>filename</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Query about which keys invoke the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Unbind all keys bound to the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>keyseq</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove any current binding for <var>keyseq</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <var>shell-command</var> to be executed whenever <var>keyseq</var> is
entered.
-When <VAR>shell-command</VAR> is executed, the shell sets the
-<CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> variable to the contents of the Readline line
-buffer and the <CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE> variable to the current location
+When <var>shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets the
+<code>READLINE_LINE</code> variable to the contents of the Readline line
+buffer and the <code>READLINE_POINT</code> variable to the current location
of the insertion point.
-If the executed command changes the value of <CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> or
-<CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE>, those new values will be reflected in the
+If the executed command changes the value of <code>READLINE_LINE</code> or
+<code>READLINE_POINT</code>, those new values will be reflected in the
editing state.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-X</CODE>
-<DD>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
in a format that can be reused as input.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
error occurs.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>builtin [<VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>]]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Run a shell builtin, passing it <VAR>args</VAR>, and return its exit status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">builtin [<var>shell-builtin</var> [<var>args</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Run a shell builtin, passing it <var>args</var>, and return its exit status.
This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
the function.
-The return status is non-zero if <VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> is not a shell
+The return status is non-zero if <var>shell-builtin</var> is not a shell
builtin command.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>caller</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX101"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>caller [<VAR>expr</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins).
-</P><P>
-
-Without <VAR>expr</VAR>, <CODE>caller</CODE> displays the line number and source
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>caller</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-caller"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">caller [<var>expr</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins).
+</p>
+<p>Without <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code> displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as <VAR>expr</VAR>, <CODE>caller</CODE>
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code>
displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
current frame is frame 0.
-</P><P>
-
-The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
-call or <VAR>expr</VAR> does not correspond to a valid position in the
+</p>
+<p>The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or <var>expr</var> does not correspond to a valid position in the
call stack.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>command</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>command [-pVv] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Runs <VAR>command</VAR> with <VAR>arguments</VAR> ignoring any shell function
-named <VAR>command</VAR>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-command"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">command [-pVv] <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Runs <var>command</var> with <var>arguments</var> ignoring any shell function
+named <var>command</var>.
Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
-<CODE>PATH</CODE> are executed.
-If there is a shell function named <CODE>ls</CODE>, running <SAMP>`command ls'</SAMP>
-within the function will execute the external command <CODE>ls</CODE>
+<code>PATH</code> are executed.
+If there is a shell function named <code>ls</code>, running &lsquo;<samp>command ls</samp>&rsquo;
+within the function will execute the external command <code>ls</code>
instead of calling the function recursively.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option means to use a default value for <CODE>PATH</CODE>
+The <samp>-p</samp> option means to use a default value for <code>PATH</code>
that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
-The return status in this case is 127 if <VAR>command</VAR> cannot be
-found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>
+The return status in this case is 127 if <var>command</var> cannot be
+found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <var>command</var>
otherwise.
-</P><P>
-
-If either the <SAMP>`-V'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is supplied, a
-description of <VAR>command</VAR> is printed. The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option
+</p>
+<p>If either the <samp>-V</samp> or <samp>-v</samp> option is supplied, a
+description of <var>command</var> is printed. The <samp>-v</samp> option
causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
-invoke <VAR>command</VAR> to be displayed; the <SAMP>`-V'</SAMP> option produces
+invoke <var>command</var> to be displayed; the <samp>-V</samp> option produces
a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is
-zero if <VAR>command</VAR> is found, and non-zero if not.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>declare</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX103"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Declare variables and give them attributes. If no <VAR>name</VAR>s
+zero if <var>command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>declare</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-declare"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare variables and give them attributes. If no <var>name</var>s
are given, then display the values of variables instead.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option will display the attributes and values of each
-<VAR>name</VAR>.
-When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is used with <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, additional options,
-other than <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP>, are ignored.
-</P><P>
-
-When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is supplied without <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, <CODE>declare</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-p</samp> option will display the attributes and values of each
+<var>name</var>.
+When <samp>-p</samp> is used with <var>name</var> arguments, additional options,
+other than <samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-F</samp>, are ignored.
+</p>
+<p>When <samp>-p</samp> is supplied without <var>name</var> arguments, <code>declare</code>
will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
attributes specified by the additional options.
-If no other options are supplied with <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>, <CODE>declare</CODE> will
-display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>
+If no other options are supplied with <samp>-p</samp>, <code>declare</code> will
+display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The <samp>-f</samp>
option will restrict the display to shell functions.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-F</samp> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
only the function name and attributes are printed.
-If the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option is enabled using <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the source file name and line number where
-the function is defined are displayed as well.
-<SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> implies <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> option forces variables to be created or modified at
-the global scope, even when <CODE>declare</CODE> is executed in a shell function.
+If the <code>extdebug</code> shell option is enabled using <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the source file name and line number where
+each <var>name</var> is defined are displayed as well.
+<samp>-F</samp> implies <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-g</samp> option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when <code>declare</code> is executed in a shell function.
It is ignored in all other cases.
-</P><P>
-
-The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
+</p>
+<p>The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an indexed array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-A</CODE>
-<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an associative array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-f</CODE>
-<DD>Use function names only.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-i</CODE>
-<DD>The variable is to be treated as
-an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) is
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an indexed array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an associative array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use function names only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
performed when the variable is assigned a value.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
converted to lower-case.
The upper-case attribute is disabled.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Give each <VAR>name</VAR> the <VAR>nameref</VAR> attribute, making
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <var>nameref</var> attribute, making
it a name reference to another variable.
-That other variable is defined by the value of <VAR>name</VAR>.
-All references and assignments to <VAR>name</VAR>, except for changing the
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
-<VAR>name</VAR>'s value.
-The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>Make <VAR>name</VAR>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
+That other variable is defined by the value of <var>name</var>.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to <var>name</var>, except for those using or changing the
+<samp>-n</samp> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+<var>name</var>&rsquo;s value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make <var>name</var>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-t</CODE>
-<DD>Give each <VAR>name</VAR> the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute.
-Traced functions inherit the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps from
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <code>trace</code> attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps from
the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
-<DD>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
converted to upper-case.
The lower-case attribute is disabled.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-x</CODE>
-<DD>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> for export to subsequent commands via
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Mark each <var>name</var> for export to subsequent commands via
the environment.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-Using <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> instead of <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> turns off the attribute instead,
-with the exceptions that <SAMP>`+a'</SAMP>
-may not be used to destroy an array variable and <SAMP>`+r'</SAMP> will not
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that &lsquo;<samp>+a</samp>&rsquo;
+may not be used to destroy an array variable and &lsquo;<samp>+r</samp>&rsquo; will not
remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function, <CODE>declare</CODE> makes each <VAR>name</VAR> local,
-as with the <CODE>local</CODE> command, unless the <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> option is used.
-If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable
-is set to <VAR>value</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-When using <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> and the compound assignment syntax to
+When used in a function, <code>declare</code> makes each <var>name</var> local,
+as with the <code>local</code> command, unless the <samp>-g</samp> option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of the variable
+is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>When using <samp>-a</samp> or <samp>-A</samp> and the compound assignment syntax to
create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
subsequent assignments.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
-an attempt is made to define a function using <SAMP>`-f foo=bar'</SAMP>,
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using &lsquo;<samp>-f foo=bar</samp>&rsquo;,
an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
-using the compound assignment syntax (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>),
-one of the <VAR>names</VAR> is not a valid shell variable name,
+using the compound assignment syntax (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>),
+one of the <var>names</var> is not a valid shell variable name,
an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
-or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>echo</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX104"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>echo [-neE] [<VAR>arg</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Output the <VAR>arg</VAR>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo [-neE] [<var>arg</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Output the <var>arg</var>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
newline.
The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
-If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
-If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is given, interpretation of the following
+If <samp>-n</samp> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
+If the <samp>-e</samp> option is given, interpretation of the following
backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
-The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+The <samp>-E</samp> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
-The <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option may be used to
-dynamically determine whether or not <CODE>echo</CODE> expands these
+The <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not <code>echo</code> expands these
escape characters by default.
-<CODE>echo</CODE> does not interpret <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to mean the end of options.
-</P><P>
-
-<CODE>echo</CODE> interprets the following escape sequences:
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>\a</CODE>
-<DD>alert (bell)
-<DT><CODE>\b</CODE>
-<DD>backspace
-<DT><CODE>\c</CODE>
-<DD>suppress further output
-<DT><CODE>\e</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>\E</CODE>
-<DD>escape
-<DT><CODE>\f</CODE>
-<DD>form feed
-<DT><CODE>\n</CODE>
-<DD>new line
-<DT><CODE>\r</CODE>
-<DD>carriage return
-<DT><CODE>\t</CODE>
-<DD>horizontal tab
-<DT><CODE>\v</CODE>
-<DD>vertical tab
-<DT><CODE>\\</CODE>
-<DD>backslash
-<DT><CODE>\0<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>
+<code>echo</code> does not interpret <samp>--</samp> to mean the end of options.
+</p>
+<p><code>echo</code> interprets the following escape sequences:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>suppress further output
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>escape
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>new line
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\0<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(zero to three octal digits)
-<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
-<DT><CODE>\u<VAR>HHHH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<VAR>HHHH</VAR> (one to four hex digits)
-<DT><CODE>\U<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
-<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR> (one to eight hex digits)
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>enable</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <VAR>filename</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <var>filename</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
-If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is used, the <VAR>name</VAR>s become disabled. Otherwise
-<VAR>name</VAR>s are enabled. For example, to use the <CODE>test</CODE> binary
-found via <CODE>$PATH</CODE> instead of the shell builtin version, type
-<SAMP>`enable -n test'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, or no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments appear,
+If <samp>-n</samp> is used, the <var>name</var>s become disabled. Otherwise
+<var>name</var>s are enabled. For example, to use the <code>test</code> binary
+found via <code>$PATH</code> instead of the shell builtin version, type
+&lsquo;<samp>enable -n test</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or no <var>name</var> arguments appear,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
consists of all enabled shell builtins.
-The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means to list
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means to list
each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option means to load the new builtin command <VAR>name</VAR>
-from shared object <VAR>filename</VAR>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
-The <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option will delete a builtin loaded with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
-The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option restricts <CODE>enable</CODE> to the POSIX special
-builtins. If <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is used with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>, the new builtin becomes
-a special builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not a shell builtin
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-f</samp> option means to load the new builtin command <var>name</var>
+from shared object <var>filename</var>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option will delete a builtin loaded with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+The <samp>-s</samp> option restricts <code>enable</code> to the <small>POSIX</small> special
+builtins. If <samp>-s</samp> is used with <samp>-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
+a special builtin (see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not a shell builtin
or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>help</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>help [-dms] [<VAR>pattern</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Display helpful information about builtin commands.
-If <VAR>pattern</VAR> is specified, <CODE>help</CODE> gives detailed help
-on all commands matching <VAR>pattern</VAR>, otherwise a list of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>help</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-help"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">help [-dms] [<var>pattern</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display helpful information about builtin commands.
+If <var>pattern</var> is specified, <code>help</code> gives detailed help
+on all commands matching <var>pattern</var>, otherwise a list of
the builtins is printed.
-</P><P>
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-d</CODE>
-<DD>Display a short description of each <VAR>pattern</VAR>
-<DT><CODE>-m</CODE>
-<DD>Display the description of each <VAR>pattern</VAR> in a manpage-like format
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <VAR>pattern</VAR>
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The return status is zero unless no command matches <VAR>pattern</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>let</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX107"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>let <VAR>expression</VAR> [<VAR>expression</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The <CODE>let</CODE> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
-variables. Each <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the
-rules given below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>. If the
-last <VAR>expression</VAR> evaluates to 0, <CODE>let</CODE> returns 1;
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a short description of each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display the description of each <var>pattern</var> in a manpage-like format
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status is zero unless no command matches <var>pattern</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>let</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-let"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let <var>expression</var> [<var>expression</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>let</code> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+variables. Each <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the
+rules given below in <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>. If the
+last <var>expression</var> evaluates to 0, <code>let</code> returns 1;
otherwise 0 is returned.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>local</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX108"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>local [<VAR>option</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-For each argument, a local variable named <VAR>name</VAR> is created,
-and assigned <VAR>value</VAR>.
-The <VAR>option</VAR> can be any of the options accepted by <CODE>declare</CODE>.
-<CODE>local</CODE> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
-<VAR>name</VAR> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
-children. The return status is zero unless <CODE>local</CODE> is used outside
-a function, an invalid <VAR>name</VAR> is supplied, or <VAR>name</VAR> is a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>local</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-local"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">local [<var>option</var>] <var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each argument, a local variable named <var>name</var> is created,
+and assigned <var>value</var>.
+The <var>option</var> can be any of the options accepted by <code>declare</code>.
+<code>local</code> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
+<var>name</var> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
+children.
+If <var>name</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which <code>local</code> is invoked: shell options changed using
+the <code>set</code> builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless <code>local</code> is used outside
+a function, an invalid <var>name</var> is supplied, or <var>name</var> is a
readonly variable.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>logout</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX109"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>logout [<VAR>n</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Exit a login shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>logout</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-logout"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">logout [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit a login shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s
parent.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>mapfile</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>mapfile [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>]
- [-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>,
-or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR>
-if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied.
-The variable <CODE>MAPFILE</CODE> is the default <VAR>array</VAR>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mapfile</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mapfile"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mapfile [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>] [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>]
+ [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+The variable <code>MAPFILE</code> is the default <var>array</var>.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Copy at most <VAR>count</VAR> lines. If <VAR>count</VAR> is 0, all lines are copied.
-<DT><CODE>-O</CODE>
-<DD>Begin assigning to <VAR>array</VAR> at index <VAR>origin</VAR>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Copy at most <var>count</var> lines. If <var>count</var> is 0, all lines are copied.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-O</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin assigning to <var>array</var> at index <var>origin</var>.
The default index is 0.
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Discard the first <VAR>count</VAR> lines read.
-<DT><CODE>-t</CODE>
-<DD>Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
-<DD>Read lines from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> instead of the standard input.
-<DT><CODE>-C</CODE>
-<DD>Evaluate <VAR>callback</VAR> each time <VAR>quantum</VAR>P lines are read.
-The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option specifies <VAR>quantum</VAR>.
-<DT><CODE>-c</CODE>
-<DD>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <VAR>callback</VAR>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> is specified without <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>,
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Discard the first <var>count</var> lines read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing <var>delim</var> (default newline) from each line read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read lines from file descriptor <var>fd</var> instead of the standard input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var>P lines are read.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option specifies <var>quantum</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <var>callback</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <samp>-C</samp> is specified without <samp>-c</samp>,
the default quantum is 5000.
-When <VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+When <var>callback</var> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
-<VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+<var>callback</var> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
-</P><P>
-
-If not supplied with an explicit origin, <CODE>mapfile</CODE> will clear <VAR>array</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>If not supplied with an explicit origin, <code>mapfile</code> will clear <var>array</var>
before assigning to it.
-</P><P>
-
-<CODE>mapfile</CODE> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
-argument is supplied, <VAR>array</VAR> is invalid or unassignable, or <VAR>array</VAR>
+</p>
+<p><code>mapfile</code> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, <var>array</var> is invalid or unassignable, or <var>array</var>
is not an indexed array.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>printf</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX111"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>printf [-v <VAR>var</VAR>] <VAR>format</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Write the formatted <VAR>arguments</VAR> to the standard output under the
-control of the <VAR>format</VAR>.
-The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-<VAR>var</VAR> rather than being printed to the standard output.
-</P><P>
-
-The <VAR>format</VAR> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>printf</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-printf"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">printf [-v <var>var</var>] <var>format</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write the formatted <var>arguments</var> to the standard output under the
+control of the <var>format</var>.
+The <samp>-v</samp> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<var>var</var> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
-<VAR>argument</VAR>.
-In addition to the standard <CODE>printf(1)</CODE> formats, <CODE>printf</CODE>
+<var>argument</var>.
+In addition to the standard <code>printf(1)</code> formats, <code>printf</code>
interprets the following extensions:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>%b</CODE>
-<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
-corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR>,
-except that <SAMP>`\c'</SAMP> terminates output, backslashes in
-<SAMP>`\''</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\"'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`\?'</SAMP> are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits.
-<DT><CODE>%q</CODE>
-<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the
-corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
-<DT><CODE>%(<VAR>datefmt</VAR>)T</CODE>
-<DD>Causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the date-time string resulting from using
-<VAR>datefmt</VAR> as a format string for <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3).
-The corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> is an integer representing the number of
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in the same way as <code>echo -e</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%(<var>datefmt</var>)T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<var>datefmt</var> as a format string for <code>strftime</code>(3).
+The corresponding <var>argument</var> is an integer representing the number of
seconds since the epoch.
Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
-This is an exception to the usual <CODE>printf</CODE> behavior.
-</DL>
-<P>
+This is an exception to the usual <code>printf</code> behavior.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+<p>Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
the following character.
-</P><P>
-
-The <VAR>format</VAR> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <VAR>arguments</VAR>.
-If the <VAR>format</VAR> requires more <VAR>arguments</VAR> than are supplied, the
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <var>arguments</var>.
+If the <var>format</var> requires more <var>arguments</var> than are supplied, the
extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
non-zero on failure.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>read</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX112"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>read [-ers] [-a <VAR>aname</VAR>] [-d <VAR>delim</VAR>] [-i <VAR>text</VAR>] [-n <VAR>nchars</VAR>]
- [-N <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-p <VAR>prompt</VAR>] [-t <VAR>timeout</VAR>] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-<VAR>fd</VAR> supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option, and the first word
-is assigned to the first <VAR>name</VAR>, the second word to the second <VAR>name</VAR>,
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
-to the last <VAR>name</VAR>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-read"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">read [-ers] [-a <var>aname</var>] [-d <var>delim</var>] [-i <var>text</var>] [-n <var>nchars</var>]
+ [-N <var>nchars</var>] [-p <var>prompt</var>] [-t <var>timeout</var>] [-u <var>fd</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+<var>fd</var> supplied as an argument to the <samp>-u</samp> option,
+split into words as described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>,
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first <var>name</var>, the second word to the second <var>name</var>,
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names,
+the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
+to the last <var>name</var>.
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
-The characters in the value of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable
+The characters in the value of the <code>IFS</code> variable
are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
-uses for expansion (described above in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
-The backslash character <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> may be used to remove any special
+uses for expansion (described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+The backslash character &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; may be used to remove any special
meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
-variable <CODE>REPLY</CODE>.
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <CODE>read</CODE>
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
+variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <code>read</code>
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
-or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-a <VAR>aname</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
-<VAR>aname</VAR>, starting at 0.
-All elements are removed from <VAR>aname</VAR> before the assignment.
-Other <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are ignored.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>delim</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The first character of <VAR>delim</VAR> is used to terminate the input line,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>aname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
+<var>aname</var>, starting at 0.
+All elements are removed from <var>aname</var> before the assignment.
+Other <var>name</var> arguments are ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate the input line,
rather than newline.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-e</CODE>
-<DD>Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to obtain the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
active) editing settings.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-i <VAR>text</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>If Readline is being used to read the line, <VAR>text</VAR> is placed into
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i <var>text</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <var>text</var> is placed into
the editing buffer before editing begins.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n <VAR>nchars</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><CODE>read</CODE> returns after reading <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
-than <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters are read before the delimiter.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>nchars</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><CODE>read</CODE> returns after reading exactly <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters rather
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading <var>nchars</var> characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than <var>nchars</var> characters are read before the delimiter.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading exactly <var>nchars</var> characters rather
than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
-<CODE>read</CODE> times out.
+<code>read</code> times out.
Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
-not treated specially and do not cause <CODE>read</CODE> to return until
-<VAR>nchars</VAR> characters are read.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p <VAR>prompt</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Display <VAR>prompt</VAR>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+not treated specially and do not cause <code>read</code> to return until
+<var>nchars</var> characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in <code>IFS</code>; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the <samp>-r</samp> option below).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>prompt</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display <var>prompt</var>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
to read any input.
The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
not echoed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-t <VAR>timeout</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Cause <CODE>read</CODE> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <code>read</code> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
input (or a specified number of characters)
-is not read within <VAR>timeout</VAR> seconds.
-<VAR>timeout</VAR> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+is not read within <var>timeout</var> seconds.
+<var>timeout</var> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
the decimal point.
-This option is only effective if <CODE>read</CODE> is reading input from a
+This option is only effective if <code>read</code> is reading input from a
terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
from regular files.
-If <CODE>read</CODE> times out, <CODE>read</CODE> saves any partial input read into
-the specified variable <VAR>name</VAR>.
-If <VAR>timeout</VAR> is 0, <CODE>read</CODE> returns immediately, without trying to
+If <code>read</code> times out, <code>read</code> saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable <var>name</var>.
+If <var>timeout</var> is 0, <code>read</code> returns immediately, without trying to
read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on
the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>fd</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Read input from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>readarray</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX113"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>readarray [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>]
- [-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>,
-or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR>
-if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied.
-</P><P>
-
-A synonym for <CODE>mapfile</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>source</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX114"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>source <VAR>filename</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>type</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>type [-afptP] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-For each <VAR>name</VAR>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readarray</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readarray"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readarray [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>] [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>]
+ [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+</p>
+<p>A synonym for <code>mapfile</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>source</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-source"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">source <var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A synonym for <code>.</code> (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-type"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">type [-afptP] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each <var>name</var>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> prints a single word
-which is one of <SAMP>`alias'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`function'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`builtin'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`file'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`keyword'</SAMP>,
-if <VAR>name</VAR> is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-t</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> prints a single word
+which is one of &lsquo;<samp>alias</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>function</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>builtin</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>keyword</samp>&rsquo;,
+if <var>name</var> is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
-If the <VAR>name</VAR> is not found, then nothing is printed, and
-<CODE>type</CODE> returns a failure status.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> either returns the name
-of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>
-would not return <SAMP>`file'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option forces a path search for each <VAR>name</VAR>, even if
-<SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> would not return <SAMP>`file'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-If a command is hashed, <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> print the hashed value,
-which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> returns all of the places
-that contain an executable named <VAR>file</VAR>.
-This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option
+If the <var>name</var> is not found, then nothing is printed, and
+<code>type</code> returns a failure status.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> either returns the name
+of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if <samp>-t</samp>
+would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option forces a path search for each <var>name</var>, even if
+<samp>-t</samp> would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is hashed, <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> print the hashed value,
+which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <code>$PATH</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-a</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> returns all of the places
+that contain an executable named <var>file</var>.
+This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the <samp>-p</samp> option
is not also used.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> does not attempt to find
-shell functions, as with the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero if all of the <VAR>names</VAR> are found, non-zero
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-f</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> does not attempt to find
+shell functions, as with the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if all of the <var>names</var> are found, non-zero
if any are not found.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>typeset</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX116"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The <CODE>typeset</CODE> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>typeset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-typeset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>typeset</code> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
shell.
-It is a synonym for the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin command.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>ulimit</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [<VAR>limit</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-<CODE>ulimit</CODE> provides control over the resources available to processes
+It is a synonym for the <code>declare</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ulimit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-ulimit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [<var>limit</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>ulimit</code> provides control over the resources available to processes
started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-S</CODE>
-<DD>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-H</CODE>
-<DD>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>All current limits are reported.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-b</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum socket buffer size.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-c</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum size of core files created.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-d</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum size of a process's data segment.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-e</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-f</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-i</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of pending signals.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-m</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All current limits are reported.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum socket buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of core files created.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of a process&rsquo;s data segment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum scheduling priority (&quot;nice&quot;).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pending signals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
allow this value to be set).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>The pipe buffer size.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-q</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum stack size.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-t</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The pipe buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum stack size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
some systems, to its children.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-x</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of file locks.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-T</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum number of threads.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If <VAR>limit</VAR> is given, and the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option is not used,
-<VAR>limit</VAR> is the new value of the specified resource.
-The special <VAR>limit</VAR> values <CODE>hard</CODE>, <CODE>soft</CODE>, and
-<CODE>unlimited</CODE> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of file locks.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of threads.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>limit</var> is given, and the <samp>-a</samp> option is not used,
+<var>limit</var> is the new value of the specified resource.
+The special <var>limit</var> values <code>hard</code>, <code>soft</code>, and
+<code>unlimited</code> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
and no limit, respectively.
A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
-is printed, unless the <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> option is supplied.
-When setting new limits, if neither <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> is supplied,
+is printed, unless the <samp>-H</samp> option is supplied.
+When setting new limits, if neither <samp>-H</samp> nor <samp>-S</samp> is supplied,
both the hard and soft limits are set.
-If no option is given, then <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
-increments, except for <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>, which is in seconds; <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>,
-which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and <SAMP>`-T'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which are unscaled values.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+If no option is given, then <samp>-f</samp> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
+increments, except for <samp>-t</samp>, which is in seconds; <samp>-p</samp>,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+<samp>-P</samp>,
+<samp>-T</samp>,
+<samp>-b</samp>,
+<samp>-k</samp>,
+<samp>-n</samp> and <samp>-u</samp>, which are unscaled values;
+and, when in <small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<samp>-c</samp> and <samp>-f</samp>, which are in 512-byte increments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>unalias</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX118"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>unalias [-a] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small> ]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Remove each <VAR>name</VAR> from the list of aliases. If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unalias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unalias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unalias [-a] [<var>name</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each <var>name</var> from the list of aliases. If <samp>-a</samp> is
supplied, all aliases are removed.
-Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Modifying Shell Behavior"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC62"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC62::-->
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</h3>
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Change the values of shell attributes and
- positional parameters.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modify shell optional behavior.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="The Set Builtin"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC63"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 4.3.1 The Set Builtin </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC63::-->
-<P>
-
-This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <CODE>set</CODE>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the values of shell attributes and
+ positional parameters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modify shell optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <code>set</code>
allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>set</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-If no options or arguments are supplied, <CODE>set</CODE> displays the names
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>set</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-set"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If no options or arguments are supplied, <code>set</code> displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
Read-only variables cannot be reset.
-In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed.
-</P><P>
-
-When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+In <small>POSIX</small> mode, only shell variables are listed.
+</p>
+<p>When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export
-to the environment of subsequent commands.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-b</CODE>
-<DD>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-e</CODE>
-<DD>Exit immediately if
-a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>), which may consist of a single simple command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>),
-a list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>),
-or a compound command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit immediately if
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>), which may consist of a single simple command
+(see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>),
+a list (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
+or a compound command (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>)
returns a non-zero status.
The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
-command list immediately following a <CODE>while</CODE> or <CODE>until</CODE> keyword,
-part of the test in an <CODE>if</CODE> statement,
-part of any command executed in a <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list except
-the command following the final <CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE>,
+command list immediately following a <code>while</code> or <code>until</code> keyword,
+part of the test in an <code>if</code> statement,
+part of any command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list except
+the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
any command in a pipeline but the last,
-or if the command's return status is being inverted with <CODE>!</CODE>.
+or if the command&rsquo;s return status is being inverted with <code>!</code>.
If a compound command other than a subshell
returns a non-zero status because a command failed
-while <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
-A trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
-<P>
-
-This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
-separately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and may cause
+while <samp>-e</samp> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on <code>ERR</code>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+</p>
+<p>This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and may cause
subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
-</P><P>
-
-If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
-<SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is being ignored,
+</p>
+<p>If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
+<samp>-e</samp> is being ignored,
none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
-will be affected by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> setting, even if <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is set
+will be affected by the <samp>-e</samp> setting, even if <samp>-e</samp> is set
and a command returns a failure status.
-If a compound command or shell function sets <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> while executing in
-a context where <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> is ignored, that setting will not have any
+If a compound command or shell function sets <samp>-e</samp> while executing in
+a context where <samp>-e</samp> is ignored, that setting will not have any
effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
call completes.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-f</CODE>
-<DD>Disable filename expansion (globbing).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-h</CODE>
-<DD>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-k</CODE>
-<DD>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
the command name.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-m</CODE>
-<DD>Job control is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job control is enabled (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
All processes run in a separate process group.
When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
containing its exit status.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a
-script for syntax errors.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
This option is ignored by interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>option-name</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><P>
-
-Set the option corresponding to <VAR>option-name</VAR>:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>allexport</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-a</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>braceexpand</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-B</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>emacs</CODE>
-<DD>Use an <CODE>emacs</CODE>-style line editing interface (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
-This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>errexit</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-e</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>errtrace</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-E</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>functrace</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-T</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>hashall</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-h</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>histexpand</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-H</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>history</CODE>
-<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>option-name</var></code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the option corresponding to <var>option-name</var>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>allexport</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-a</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>braceexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-B</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use an <code>emacs</code>-style line editing interface (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-E</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>functrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-T</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hashall</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-h</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-H</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable command history, as described in <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>.
This option is on by default in interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>ignoreeof</CODE>
-<DD>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>keyword</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-k</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>monitor</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-m</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>noclobber</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-C</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>noexec</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-n</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>noglob</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-f</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nolog</CODE>
-<DD>Currently ignored.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>notify</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-b</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nounset</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-u</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>onecmd</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-t</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>physical</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-P</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>pipefail</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ignoreeof</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-k</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>monitor</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-m</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noclobber</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-C</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noexec</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-n</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-f</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nolog</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Currently ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>notify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-b</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nounset</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-u</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>onecmd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-t</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>physical</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-P</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pipefail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
This option is disabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>posix</CODE>
-<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
-from the POSIX standard to match the standard
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard
+(see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
standard.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>privileged</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-p</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>verbose</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-v</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>vi</CODE>
-<DD>Use a <CODE>vi</CODE>-style line editing interface.
-This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>xtrace</CODE>
-<DD>Same as <CODE>-x</CODE>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>Turn on privileged mode.
-In this mode, the <CODE>$BASH_ENV</CODE> and <CODE>$ENV</CODE> files are not
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>privileged</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-p</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-v</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use a <code>vi</code>-style line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-x</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on privileged mode.
+In this mode, the <code>$BASH_ENV</code> and <code>$ENV</code> files are not
processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-and the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+and the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code> and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is not supplied, these actions
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, these actions
are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset.
Turning this option off causes the effective user
and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-t</CODE>
-<DD>Exit after reading and executing one command.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
-<DD>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
-<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit after reading and executing one command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as an error when performing parameter expansion.
An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
shell will exit.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
-<DD>Print shell input lines as they are read.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-x</CODE>
-<DD>Print a trace of simple commands, <CODE>for</CODE> commands, <CODE>case</CODE>
-commands, <CODE>select</CODE> commands, and arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> commands
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print shell input lines as they are read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a trace of simple commands, <code>for</code> commands, <code>case</code>
+commands, <code>select</code> commands, and arithmetic <code>for</code> commands
and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
-expanded and before they are executed. The value of the <CODE>PS4</CODE>
+expanded and before they are executed. The value of the <code>PS4</code>
variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
the command and its expanded arguments.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-B</CODE>
-<DD>The shell will perform brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-B</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell will perform brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
This option is on by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-C</CODE>
-<DD>Prevent output redirection using <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#62;&#38;'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`&#60;&#62;'</SAMP>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Prevent output redirection using &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
from overwriting existing files.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-E</CODE>
-<DD>If set, any trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE> is inherited by shell functions, command
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>ERR</code> is inherited by shell functions, command
substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
-The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-H</CODE>
-<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; style history substitution (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
This option is on by default for interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-P</CODE>
-<DD>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
-<CODE>cd</CODE> which change the current directory. The physical directory
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
+<code>cd</code> which change the current directory. The physical directory
is used instead. By default, Bash follows
the logical chain of directories when performing commands
which change the current directory.
-<P>
-
-For example, if <TT>`/usr/sys'</TT> is a symbolic link to <TT>`/usr/local/sys'</TT>
+</p>
+<p>For example, if <samp>/usr/sys</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>/usr/local/sys</samp>
then:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-If <CODE>set -P</CODE> is on, then:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+<p>If <code>set -P</code> is on, then:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/local/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr/local
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-<DT><CODE>-T</CODE>
-<DD>If set, any trap on <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> are inherited by
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
in a subshell environment.
-The <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps are normally not inherited
+The <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps are normally not inherited
in such cases.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--</CODE>
-<DD>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
-<VAR>arguments</VAR>, even if some of them begin with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-</CODE>
-<DD>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <VAR>arguments</VAR>
-to be assigned to the positional parameters. The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP>
-and <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> options are turned off.
+<var>arguments</var>, even if some of them begin with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <var>arguments</var>
+to be assigned to the positional parameters. The <samp>-x</samp>
+and <samp>-v</samp> options are turned off.
If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-Using <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> rather than <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> causes these options to be
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; causes these options to be
turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the
-shell. The current set of options may be found in <CODE>$-</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-The remaining N <VAR>arguments</VAR> are positional parameters and are
-assigned, in order, to <CODE>$1</CODE>, <CODE>$2</CODE>, <small>...</small> <CODE>$N</CODE>.
-The special parameter <CODE>#</CODE> is set to N.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="The Shopt Builtin"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC64"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC64::-->
-<P>
-
-This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>shopt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX120"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<VAR>optname</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+shell. The current set of options may be found in <code>$-</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The remaining N <var>arguments</var> are positional parameters and are
+assigned, in order, to <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, &hellip; <code>$N</code>.
+The special parameter <code>#</code> is set to N.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<var>optname</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-<SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option is used, those available with the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP>
-option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-With no options, or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, a list of all settable
+<samp>-o</samp> option is used, those available with the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+With no options, or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, a list of all settable
options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
may be reused as input.
Other options have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Enable (set) each <VAR>optname</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-u</CODE>
-<DD>Disable (unset) each <VAR>optname</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-q</CODE>
-<DD>Suppresses normal output; the return status
-indicates whether the <VAR>optname</VAR> is set or unset.
-If multiple <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments are given with <SAMP>`-q'</SAMP>,
-the return status is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR> are enabled;
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable (set) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable (unset) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses normal output; the return status
+indicates whether the <var>optname</var> is set or unset.
+If multiple <var>optname</var> arguments are given with <samp>-q</samp>,
+the return status is zero if all <var>optnames</var> are enabled;
non-zero otherwise.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-o</CODE>
-<DD>Restricts the values of
-<VAR>optname</VAR> to be those defined for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If either <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>
-is used with no <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments, <CODE>shopt</CODE> shows only
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Restricts the values of
+<var>optname</var> to be those defined for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If either <samp>-s</samp> or <samp>-u</samp>
+is used with no <var>optname</var> arguments, <code>shopt</code> shows only
those options which are set or unset, respectively.
-</P><P>
-
-Unless otherwise noted, the <CODE>shopt</CODE> options are disabled (off)
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, the <code>shopt</code> options are disabled (off)
by default.
-</P><P>
-
-The return status when listing options is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
-the return status is zero unless an <VAR>optname</VAR> is not a valid shell
+the return status is zero unless an <var>optname</var> is not a valid shell
option.
-</P><P>
-
-The list of <CODE>shopt</CODE> options is:
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>autocd</CODE>
-<DD>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
-it were the argument to the <CODE>cd</CODE> command.
+</p>
+<p>The list of <code>shopt</code> options is:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>autocd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the <code>cd</code> command.
This option is only used by interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>cdable_vars</CODE>
-<DD>If this is set, an argument to the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command that
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdable_vars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, an argument to the <code>cd</code> builtin command that
is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
value is the directory to change to.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>cdspell</CODE>
-<DD>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
-<CODE>cd</CODE> command will be corrected.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+<code>cd</code> command will be corrected.
The errors checked for are transposed characters,
a missing character, and a character too many.
If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
and the command proceeds.
This option is only used by interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>checkhash</CODE>
-<DD>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkhash</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>checkjobs</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkjobs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes
the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
-intervening command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>).
+intervening command (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>checkwinsize</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash checks the window size after each command
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkwinsize</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each command
and, if necessary, updates the values of
-<CODE>LINES</CODE> and <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>cmdhist</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+<code>LINES</code> and <code>COLUMNS</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cmdhist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compat31</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat31</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> operator
+arguments to the conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; operator
and with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE>
-conditional command's <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators.
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators.
Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
-bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compat32</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale&rsquo;s collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat32</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE>
-conditional command's <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators (see previous item).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compat40</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat40</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the <CODE>[[</CODE>
-conditional command's <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators (see description
-of <CODE>compat31</CODE>)
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see description
+of <code>compat31</code>)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compat41</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat41</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
-quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1.
+quoted. This is the behavior of <small>POSIX</small> mode through version 4.1.
The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compat42</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat42</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
expansion using quote removal.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>complete_fullquote</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat43</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to <code>declare</code>,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <code>break</code> or
+<code>continue</code> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller&rsquo;s context).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete_fullquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
performing completion.
If not set, Bash
@@ -6324,966 +5982,949 @@ This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
filenames.
This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>direxpand</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>direxpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing
buffer.
If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>dirspell</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>dotglob</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dotglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a &lsquo;.&rsquo; in
the results of filename expansion.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>execfail</CODE>
-<DD>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
-it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <CODE>exec</CODE>
-builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if <CODE>exec</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>execfail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <code>exec</code>
+builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if <code>exec</code>
fails.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>expand_aliases</CODE>
-<DD>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand_aliases</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+<a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>extdebug</CODE>
-<DD>If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
-<P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extdebug</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the <samp>--debugger</samp> option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <samp>-F</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
name supplied as an argument.
-<P>
-<LI>
-If the command run by the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap returns a non-zero value, the
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a non-zero value, the
next command is skipped and not executed.
-<P>
-<LI>
-If the command run by the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap returns a value of 2, and the
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a value of 2, and the
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins), a call to
-<CODE>return</CODE> is simulated.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> are updated as described in their
-descriptions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
-<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
-subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
-<CODE>ERR</CODE> trap.
-</OL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>extglob</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>) are enabled.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>extquote</CODE>
-<DD>If set, <CODE>$'<VAR>string</VAR>'</CODE> and <CODE>$"<VAR>string</VAR>"</CODE> quoting is
-performed within <CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>}</CODE> expansions
+executed by the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to <code>return</code>.
+
+</li><li> <code>BASH_ARGC</code> and <code>BASH_ARGV</code> are updated as described in their
+descriptions (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps.
+
+</li><li> Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>ERR</code> trap.
+</li></ol>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>) are enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> and <code>$&quot;<var>string</var>&quot;</code> quoting is
+performed within <code>${<var>parameter</var>}</code> expansions
enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>failglob</CODE>
-<DD>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>failglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
result in an expansion error.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>force_fignore</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the suffixes specified by the <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> shell variable
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>force_fignore</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the suffixes specified by the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable
cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
the ignored words are the only possible completions.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>globasciiranges</CODE>
-<DD>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globasciiranges</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
-comparisons. That is, the current locale's collating sequence
+comparisons. That is, the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence
is not taken into account, so
-<SAMP>`b'</SAMP> will not collate between <SAMP>`A'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`B'</SAMP>,
+&lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; will not collate between &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>B</samp>&rsquo;,
and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>globstar</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the pattern <SAMP>`**'</SAMP> used in a filename expansion context will
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globstar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the pattern &lsquo;<samp>**</samp>&rsquo; used in a filename expansion context will
match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
-If the pattern is followed by a <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, only directories and
+If the pattern is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, only directories and
subdirectories match.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>gnu_errfmt</CODE>
-<DD>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>gnu_errfmt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard <small>GNU</small> error
message format.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>histappend</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
-of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histappend</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the <code>HISTFILE</code>
variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>histreedit</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and Readline
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histreedit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
failed history substitution.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>histverify</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and Readline
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histverify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>hostcomplete</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
-hostname completion when a word containing a <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is being
-completed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>). This option is enabled
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostcomplete</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
+hostname completion when a word containing a &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is being
+completed (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>). This option is enabled
by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>huponexit</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash will send <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when an interactive
-login shell exits (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
-<DD>Allow a word beginning with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>huponexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash will send <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>inherit_errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <code>errexit</code> option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when <small>POSIX</small> mode is enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>interactive_comments</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>lastpipe</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lastpipe</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>lithist</CODE>
-<DD>If enabled, and the <CODE>cmdhist</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lithist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If enabled, and the <code>cmdhist</code>
option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>login_shell</CODE>
-<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>login_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
The value may not be changed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>mailwarn</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mailwarn</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
-<CODE>"The mail in <VAR>mailfile</VAR> has been read"</CODE> is displayed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>no_empty_cmd_completion</CODE>
-<DD>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
-the <CODE>PATH</CODE> for possible completions when completion is attempted
+<code>&quot;The mail in <var>mailfile</var> has been read&quot;</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>no_empty_cmd_completion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
+the <code>PATH</code> for possible completions when completion is attempted
on an empty line.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nocaseglob</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocaseglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
performing filename expansion.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
-performing matching while executing <CODE>case</CODE> or <CODE>[[</CODE>
-conditional commands.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nullglob</CODE>
-<DD>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocasematch</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing matching while executing <code>case</code> or <code>[[</code>
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nullglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>progcomp</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the programmable completion facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>) are enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>) are enabled.
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>promptvars</CODE>
-<DD>If set, prompt strings undergo
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>promptvars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, prompt strings undergo
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
-as described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+as described below (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>restricted_shell</CODE>
-<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>restricted_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+(see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
The value may not be changed.
This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>shift_verbose</CODE>
-<DD>If this is set, the <CODE>shift</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift_verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, the <code>shift</code>
builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
number of positional parameters.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>sourcepath</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the <CODE>source</CODE> builtin uses the value of <CODE>PATH</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>sourcepath</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>source</code> builtin uses the value of <code>PATH</code>
to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
This option is enabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>xpg_echo</CODE>
-<DD>If set, the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xpg_echo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>echo</code> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
by default.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
-The return status when listing options is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR>
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
-<VAR>optname</VAR> is not a valid shell option.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Special Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC65"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 4.4 Special Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC65::-->
-<P>
-
-For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified
-several builtin commands as <EM>special</EM>.
-When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins
+<var>optname</var> is not a valid shell option.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.4 Special Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-special-builtin-1"></a>
+
+<p>For historical reasons, the <small>POSIX</small> standard has classified
+several builtin commands as <em>special</em>.
+When Bash is executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the special builtins
differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
-<OL>
-<LI>
-Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
-<P>
+</li><li> If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
-<LI>
-If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
environment after the command completes.
-</OL>
-<P>
+</li></ol>
-When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no
+<p>When Bash is not executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, these builtins behave no
differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
-The Bash POSIX mode is described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-These are the POSIX special builtins:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
-shift trap unset
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Variables"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC66"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 5. Shell Variables </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC66::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
- as the Bourne Shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">List of variables that exist in Bash.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
+The Bash <small>POSIX</small> mode is described in <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>.
+</p>
+<p>These are the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set<!-- /@w -->
+shift trap unset<!-- /@w -->
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">5 Shell Variables</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+ as the Bourne Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of variables that exist in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bourne Shell Variables"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC67"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC67::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</h3>
+
+<p>Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX121"></A>
-<DT><CODE>CDPATH</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX122"></A>
-A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
-the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX123"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HOME</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX124"></A>
-The current user's home directory; the default for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>CDPATH</code>
+<a name="index-CDPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
+the <code>cd</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOME</code>
+<a name="index-HOME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current user&rsquo;s home directory; the default for the <code>cd</code> builtin
command.
The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX125"></A>
-<DT><CODE>IFS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX126"></A>
-A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
+(see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IFS</code>
+<a name="index-IFS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
words as part of expansion.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX127"></A>
-<DT><CODE>MAIL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX128"></A>
-If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
-and the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> variable
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAIL</code>
+<a name="index-MAIL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the <code>MAILPATH</code> variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX129"></A>
-<DT><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX130"></A>
-A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILPATH</code>
+<a name="index-MAILPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
for new mail.
Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with
-a <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>.
-When used in the text of the message, <CODE>$_</CODE> expands to the name of
+a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+When used in the text of the message, <code>$_</code> expands to the name of
the current mail file.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX131"></A>
-<DT><CODE>OPTARG</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX132"></A>
-The value of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX133"></A>
-<DT><CODE>OPTIND</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX134"></A>
-The index of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX135"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PATH</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX136"></A>
-A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTARG</code>
+<a name="index-OPTARG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTIND</code>
+<a name="index-OPTIND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PATH</code>
+<a name="index-PATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
commands.
-A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <CODE>PATH</CODE> indicates the
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <code>PATH</code> indicates the
current directory.
A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
or trailing colon.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX137"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PS1</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX138"></A>
-The primary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`\s-\v\$ '</SAMP>.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for the complete list of escape
-sequences that are expanded before <CODE>PS1</CODE> is displayed.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX139"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PS2</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX140"></A>
-The secondary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`&#62; '</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash Variables"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC68"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 5.2 Bash Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC68::-->
-<P>
-
-These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS1</code>
+<a name="index-PS1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The primary prompt string. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>\s-\v\$ </samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for the complete list of escape
+sequences that are expanded before <code>PS1</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS2</code>
+<a name="index-PS2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The secondary prompt string. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>&gt; </samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.2 Bash Variables</h3>
+
+<p>These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
do not normally treat them specially.
-</P><P>
-
-A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+</p>
+<p>A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
variables for controlling the job control facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX141"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX142"></A>
-The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX143"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX144"></A>
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
-The options appearing in <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE> are those reported
-as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`shopt'</SAMP>.
+(see <a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-BASHOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-s</samp> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>BASHOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>shopt</samp>&rsquo;.
If this variable is in the environment when Bash
starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX145"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASHPID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX146"></A>
-Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
-This differs from <CODE>$$</CODE> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHPID</code>
+<a name="index-BASHPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
+This differs from <code>$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX147"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX148"></A>
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin.
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX149"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX150"></A>
-An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fALIASES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the <code>alias</code> builtin.
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If <code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGC</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
-with <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>) is at the top of the stack. When a
+with <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>) is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
-<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE>.
-The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
-(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
-for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+<code>BASH_ARGC</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGC</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
builtin).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX151"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX152"></A>
-An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
-are pushed onto <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE>.
-The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
-(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
-for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+are pushed onto <code>BASH_ARGV</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGV</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
builtin).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX153"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX154"></A>
-An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-hash table of commands as maintained by the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX155"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX156"></A>
-The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCMDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the <code>hash</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If <code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX157"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX158"></A>
-The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>, for a description of the various compatibility
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMPAT</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value is used to set the shell&rsquo;s compatibility level.
+See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of the various compatibility
levels and their effects.
The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
-If <CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
level is set to the default for the current version.
-If <CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
compatibility level to the default for the current version.
The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
-accepted by the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin described above (for example,
-<VAR>compat42</VAR> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin described above (for example,
+<var>compat42</var> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
The current version is also a valid value.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX159"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX160"></A>
-If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ENV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
-to read before executing the script. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX161"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX162"></A>
-The command argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX163"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX164"></A>
-An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-where each corresponding member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR> was invoked.
-<CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file
-(<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE>) where
-<CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called (or <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</CODE> if
+to read before executing the script. See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of <var>FUNCNAME</var> was invoked.
+<code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code> is the line number in the source file
+(<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>) where
+<code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called (or <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</code> if
referenced within another shell function).
-Use <CODE>LINENO</CODE> to obtain the current line number.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX165"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX166"></A>
-An array variable whose members are assigned by the <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> binary
-operator to the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
+Use <code>LINENO</code> to obtain the current line number.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+<code>enable</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_REMATCH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fREMATCH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are assigned by the &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary
+operator to the <code>[[</code> conditional command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
matching the entire regular expression.
-The element with index <VAR>n</VAR> is the portion of the
-string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression.
+The element with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
This variable is read-only.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX167"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX168"></A>
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
-corresponding shell function names in the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> array
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SOURCE</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSOURCE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the <code>FUNCNAME</code> array
variable are defined.
-The shell function <CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> is defined in the file
-<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE> and called from <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX169"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX170"></A>
-Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+The shell function <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> is defined in the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</code> and called from <code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
the shell begins executing in that environment.
The initial value is 0.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX171"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX172"></A>
-A readonly array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A readonly array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</CODE>
-<DD>The major version number (the <VAR>release</VAR>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</CODE>
-<DD>The minor version number (the <VAR>version</VAR>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</CODE>
-<DD>The patch level.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</CODE>
-<DD>The build version.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</CODE>
-<DD>The release status (e.g., <VAR>beta1</VAR>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</CODE>
-<DD>The value of <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX173"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX174"></A>
-The version number of the current instance of Bash.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX175"></A>
-<DT><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX176"></A>
-If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
-will write the trace output generated when <SAMP>`set -x'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The major version number (the <var>release</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The minor version number (the <var>version</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The patch level.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The build version.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release status (e.g., <var>beta1</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>MACHTYPE</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSION</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSION"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+will write the trace output generated when &lsquo;<samp>set -x</samp>&rsquo;
is enabled to that file descriptor.
This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
messages.
-The file descriptor is closed when <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> is unset or assigned
+The file descriptor is closed when <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> is unset or assigned
a new value.
-Unsetting <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> or assigning it the empty string causes the
+Unsetting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> or assigning it the empty string causes the
trace output to be sent to the standard error.
-Note that setting <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> to 2 (the standard error file
+Note that setting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX177"></A>
-<DT><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX178"></A>
-Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
-Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>CHILD_MAX</code>
+<a name="index-CHILD_005fMAX"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a <small>POSIX</small>-mandated
minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
not exceed.
The minimum value is system-dependent.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX179"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX180"></A>
-Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the terminal width
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COLUMNS</code>
+<a name="index-COLUMNS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the <CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> option is enabled
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX181"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX182"></A>
-An index into <CODE>${COMP_WORDS}</CODE> of the word containing the current
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_CWORD</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fCWORD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An index into <code>${COMP_WORDS}</code> of the word containing the current
cursor position.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX183"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX184"></A>
-The current command line.
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current command line.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX185"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX186"></A>
-The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
the current command.
If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
-the value of this variable is equal to <CODE>${#COMP_LINE}</CODE>.
+the value of this variable is equal to <code>${#COMP_LINE}</code>.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX187"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX188"></A>
-Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_TYPE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
that caused a completion function to be called:
-<VAR>TAB</VAR>, for normal completion,
-<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, for listing completions after successive tabs,
-<SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
-<SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+<var>TAB</var>, for normal completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+&lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
or
-<SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, for menu completion.
+&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, for menu completion.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX189"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX190"></A>
-The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_KEY</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fKEY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
completion function.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX191"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX192"></A>
-The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
separators when performing word completion.
-If <CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+If <code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX193"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX194"></A>
-An array variable consisting of the individual
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable consisting of the individual
words in the current command line.
The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
-<CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> as described above.
+<code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> as described above.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX195"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX196"></A>
-An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMPREPLY</code>
+<a name="index-COMPREPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
-facility (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+facility (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
Each array element contains one possible completion.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX197"></A>
-<DT><CODE>COPROC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX198"></A>
-An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
-for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX199"></A>
-<DT><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX200"></A>
-An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COPROC</code>
+<a name="index-COPROC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>DIRSTACK</code>
+<a name="index-DIRSTACK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
-<CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin.
+<code>dirs</code> builtin.
Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
-directories already in the stack, but the <CODE>pushd</CODE> and <CODE>popd</CODE>
+directories already in the stack, but the <code>pushd</code> and <code>popd</code>
builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
-If <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+If <code>DIRSTACK</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX201"></A>
-<DT><CODE>EMACS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX202"></A>
-If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
-starts with value <SAMP>`t'</SAMP>, it assumes that the shell is running in an
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EMACS</code>
+<a name="index-EMACS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts with value &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;, it assumes that the shell is running in an
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX203"></A>
-<DT><CODE>ENV</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX204"></A>
-Similar to <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE>; used when the shell is invoked in
-POSIX Mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX205"></A>
-<DT><CODE>EUID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX206"></A>
-The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ENV</code>
+<a name="index-ENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>BASH_ENV</code>; used when the shell is invoked in
+<small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EUID</code>
+<a name="index-EUID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX207"></A>
-<DT><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX208"></A>
-The editor used as a default by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>fc</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EXECIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-EXECIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+<code>PATH</code>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via <code>PATH</code> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <code>[</code>, <code>test</code>, and <code>[[</code>
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <code>EXECIGNORE</code>.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FCEDIT</code>
+<a name="index-FCEDIT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <samp>-e</samp> option to the <code>fc</code>
builtin command.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX209"></A>
-<DT><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX210"></A>
-A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-FIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion.
A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in
-<CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>
+<code>FIGNORE</code>
is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample
-value is <SAMP>`.o:~'</SAMP>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX211"></A>
-<DT><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX212"></A>
-An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+value is &lsquo;<samp>.o:~</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNAME</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
-is <CODE>"main"</CODE>.
+is <code>&quot;main&quot;</code>.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
-Assignments to <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> have no effect and return an error status.
-If <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+Assignments to <code>FUNCNAME</code> have no effect.
+If <code>FUNCNAME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
-<P>
-
-This variable can be used with <CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE>.
-Each element of <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> has corresponding elements in
-<CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE> to describe the call stack.
-For instance, <CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called from the file
-<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE> at line number <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE>.
-The <CODE>caller</CODE> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+</p>
+<p>This variable can be used with <code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code>.
+Each element of <code>FUNCNAME</code> has corresponding elements in
+<code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called from the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code> at line number <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code>.
+The <code>caller</code> builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX213"></A>
-<DT><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX214"></A>
-If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNEST</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNEST"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
will cause the current command to abort.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX215"></A>
-<DT><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX216"></A>
-A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-GLOBIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion.
If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
-of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>, it is removed from the list
+of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>, it is removed from the list
of matches.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX217"></A>
-<DT><CODE>GROUPS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX218"></A>
-An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GROUPS</code>
+<a name="index-GROUPS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
-Assignments to <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> have no effect and return an error status.
-If <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+Assignments to <code>GROUPS</code> have no effect.
+If <code>GROUPS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX219"></A>
-<DT><CODE>histchars</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX220"></A>
-Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histchars</code>
+<a name="index-histchars"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+substitution, and tokenization (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
The first character is the
-<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, that is, the character which signifies the
-start of a history expansion, normally <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. The second character is the
-character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first
-character on a line, normally <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>. The optional third character is the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, that is, the character which signifies the
+start of a history expansion, normally &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;. The second character is the
+character which signifies &lsquo;quick substitution&rsquo; when seen as the first
+character on a line, normally &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;. The optional third character is the
character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
-found as the first character of a word, usually <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>. The history
+found as the first character of a word, usually &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;. The history
comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX221"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX222"></A>
-The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
-command. If <CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCMD</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCMD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command. If <code>HISTCMD</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX223"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX224"></A>
-A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCONTROL</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCONTROL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
the history list.
-If the list of values includes <SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP>, lines which begin
+If the list of values includes &lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo;, lines which begin
with a space character are not saved in the history list.
-A value of <SAMP>`ignoredups'</SAMP> causes lines which match the previous
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo; causes lines which match the previous
history entry to not be saved.
-A value of <SAMP>`ignoreboth'</SAMP> is shorthand for
-<SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`ignoredups'</SAMP>.
-A value of <SAMP>`erasedups'</SAMP> causes all previous lines matching the
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoreboth</samp>&rsquo; is shorthand for
+&lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo;.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>erasedups</samp>&rsquo; causes all previous lines matching the
current line to be removed from the history list before that line
is saved.
Any value not in the above list is ignored.
-If <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+If <code>HISTCONTROL</code> is unset, or does not include a valid value,
all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
-subject to the value of <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>.
+subject to the value of <code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX225"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX226"></A>
-The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
-default value is <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX227"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX228"></A>
-The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
+<code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
+default value is <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILESIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILESIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
by removing the oldest entries.
@@ -7291,1373 +6932,1254 @@ The history file is also truncated to this size after
writing it when a shell exits.
If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
-The shell sets the default value to the value of <CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE>
+The shell sets the default value to the value of <code>HISTSIZE</code>
after reading any startup files.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX229"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX230"></A>
-A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
-line (no implicit <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended). Each pattern is tested
-against the line after the checks specified by <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>
+line (no implicit &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended). Each pattern is tested
+against the line after the checks specified by <code>HISTCONTROL</code>
are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
-characters, <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> matches the previous history line. <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>
+characters, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; matches the previous history line. &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
before attempting a match.
The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
-<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> subsumes the function of <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>. A
-pattern of <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> is identical to <CODE>ignoredups</CODE>, and a
-pattern of <SAMP>`[ ]*'</SAMP> is identical to <CODE>ignorespace</CODE>.
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+<p><code>HISTIGNORE</code> subsumes the function of <code>HISTCONTROL</code>. A
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignoredups</code>, and a
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>[ ]*</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignorespace</code>.
Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
-provides the functionality of <CODE>ignoreboth</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX231"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX232"></A>
-The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
+provides the functionality of <code>ignoreboth</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTSIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTSIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
on the history list (there is no limit).
The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX233"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX234"></A>
-If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
-for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to print the time stamp associated with each history
-entry displayed by the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for <var>strftime</var> to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the <code>history</code> builtin.
If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
they may be preserved across shell sessions.
This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
other history lines.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX235"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX236"></A>
-Contains the name of a file in the same format as <TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> that
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Contains the name of a file in the same format as <samp>/etc/hosts</samp> that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
is running;
the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
existing list.
-If <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+If <code>HOSTFILE</code> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
Bash attempts to read
-<TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
-When <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX237"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX238"></A>
-The name of the current host.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX239"></A>
-<DT><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX240"></A>
-A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX241"></A>
-<DT><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX242"></A>
-Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <CODE>EOF</CODE> character
+<samp>/etc/hosts</samp> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When <code>HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTNAME</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the current host.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IGNOREEOF</code>
+<a name="index-IGNOREEOF"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <code>EOF</code> character
as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number
-of consecutive <CODE>EOF</CODE> characters that can be read as the
+of consecutive <code>EOF</code> characters that can be read as the
first character on an input line
before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not
have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10.
-If the variable does not exist, then <CODE>EOF</CODE> signifies the end of
+If the variable does not exist, then <code>EOF</code> signifies the end of
input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX243"></A>
-<DT><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX244"></A>
-The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
-of <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX245"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LANG</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX246"></A>
-Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
-selected with a variable starting with <CODE>LC_</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX247"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX248"></A>
-This variable overrides the value of <CODE>LANG</CODE> and any other
-<CODE>LC_</CODE> variable specifying a locale category.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX249"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX250"></A>
-This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>INPUTRC</code>
+<a name="index-INPUTRC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
+of <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LANG</code>
+<a name="index-LANG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with <code>LC_</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_ALL</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fALL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable overrides the value of <code>LANG</code> and any other
+<code>LC_</code> variable specifying a locale category.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_COLLATE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
results of filename expansion, and
determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX251"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX252"></A>
-This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+(see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_CTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
-matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX253"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX254"></A>
-This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
-strings preceded by a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX255"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX256"></A>
-This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX257"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LINENO</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX258"></A>
-The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX259"></A>
-<DT><CODE>LINES</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX260"></A>
-Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the column length
+matching (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_NUMERIC</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fNUMERIC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_TIME</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fTIME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-LINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINES</code>
+<a name="index-LINES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists.
-Automatically set if the <CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> option is enabled
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
-<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX261"></A>
-<DT><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX262"></A>
-A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
-is executing, in the standard GNU <VAR>cpu-company-system</VAR> format.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX263"></A>
-<DT><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX264"></A>
-How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
-files specified in the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> or <CODE>MAIL</CODE> variables.
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MACHTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-MACHTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
+is executing, in the standard <small>GNU</small> <var>cpu-company-system</var> format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILCHECK</code>
+<a name="index-MAILCHECK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+files specified in the <code>MAILPATH</code> or <code>MAIL</code> variables.
The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX265"></A>
-<DT><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX266"></A>
-An array variable created to hold the text read by the
-<CODE>mapfile</CODE> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX267"></A>
-<DT><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX268"></A>
-The previous working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX269"></A>
-<DT><CODE>OPTERR</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX270"></A>
-If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
-generated by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin command.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX271"></A>
-<DT><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX272"></A>
-A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX273"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX274"></A>
-An array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAPFILE</code>
+<a name="index-MAPFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+<code>mapfile</code> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OLDPWD</code>
+<a name="index-OLDPWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The previous working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTERR</code>
+<a name="index-OPTERR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
+generated by the <code>getopts</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OSTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-OSTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PIPESTATUS</code>
+<a name="index-PIPESTATUS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
containing a list of exit status values from the processes
in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
contain only a single command).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX275"></A>
-<DT><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX276"></A>
-If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
-enters POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>) before reading the
-startup files, as if the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> invocation option had been supplied.
-If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables POSIX mode,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>
+<a name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+enters <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>) before reading the
+startup files, as if the <samp>--posix</samp> invocation option had been supplied.
+If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables <small>POSIX</small> mode,
as if the command
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>set -o posix</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table>had been executed.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX277"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PPID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX278"></A>
-The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>set -o posix</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>had been executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PPID</code>
+<a name="index-PPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The process <small>ID</small> of the shell&rsquo;s parent process. This variable
is readonly.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX279"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX280"></A>
-If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
-before the printing of each primary prompt (<CODE>$PS1</CODE>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX281"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX282"></A>
-If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
-trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <CODE>\w</CODE> and
-<CODE>\W</CODE> prompt string escapes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
+before the printing of each primary prompt (<code>$PS1</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <code>\w</code> and
+<code>\W</code> prompt string escapes (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX283"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PS3</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX284"></A>
-The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
-<CODE>select</CODE> command. If this variable is not set, the
-<CODE>select</CODE> command prompts with <SAMP>`#? '</SAMP>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX285"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PS4</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX286"></A>
-The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
-when the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-The first character of <CODE>PS4</CODE> is replicated multiple times, as
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS0</code>
+<a name="index-PS0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS3</code>
+<a name="index-PS3"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
+<code>select</code> command. If this variable is not set, the
+<code>select</code> command prompts with &lsquo;<samp>#? </samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS4</code>
+<a name="index-PS4"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
+when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The first character of <code>PS4</code> is replicated multiple times, as
necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
-The default is <SAMP>`+ '</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX287"></A>
-<DT><CODE>PWD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX288"></A>
-The current working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX289"></A>
-<DT><CODE>RANDOM</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX290"></A>
-Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>+ </samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PWD</code>
+<a name="index-PWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>RANDOM</code>
+<a name="index-RANDOM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
variable seeds the random number generator.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX291"></A>
-<DT><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX292"></A>
-The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
-with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX293"></A>
-<DT><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX294"></A>
-The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
-with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX295"></A>
-<DT><CODE>REPLY</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX296"></A>
-The default variable for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX297"></A>
-<DT><CODE>SECONDS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX298"></A>
-This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>REPLY</code>
+<a name="index-REPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The default variable for the <code>read</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SECONDS</code>
+<a name="index-SECONDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets
the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
since the assignment.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX299"></A>
-<DT><CODE>SHELL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX300"></A>
-The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELL</code>
+<a name="index-SHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
If it is not set when the shell starts,
-Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX301"></A>
-<DT><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX302"></A>
-A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
-the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-The options appearing in <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> are those reported
-as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`set -o'</SAMP>.
+Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user&rsquo;s login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELLOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-SHELLOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>SHELLOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>set -o</samp>&rsquo;.
If this variable is in the environment when Bash
starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX303"></A>
-<DT><CODE>SHLVL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX304"></A>
-Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHLVL</code>
+<a name="index-SHLVL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX305"></A>
-<DT><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX306"></A>
-The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
-how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <CODE>time</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-TIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <code>time</code>
reserved word should be displayed.
-The <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> character introduces an
+The &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; character introduces an
escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
information.
The escape sequences and their meanings are as
follows; the braces denote optional portions.
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>%%</CODE>
-<DD>A literal <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]R</CODE>
-<DD>The elapsed time in seconds.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]U</CODE>
-<DD>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]S</CODE>
-<DD>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>%P</CODE>
-<DD>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The optional <VAR>p</VAR> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A literal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]R</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The elapsed time in seconds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]U</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The optional <var>p</var> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
-of <VAR>p</VAR> greater than 3 are changed to 3.
-If <VAR>p</VAR> is not specified, the value 3 is used.
-</P><P>
-
-The optional <CODE>l</CODE> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
-the form <VAR>MM</VAR>m<VAR>SS</VAR>.<VAR>FF</VAR>s.
-The value of <VAR>p</VAR> determines whether or not the fraction is included.
-</P><P>
-
-If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table>If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+of <var>p</var> greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If <var>p</var> is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+</p>
+<p>The optional <code>l</code> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+the form <var>MM</var>m<var>SS</var>.<var>FF</var>s.
+The value of <var>p</var> determines whether or not the fraction is included.
+</p>
+<p>If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX307"></A>
-<DT><CODE>TMOUT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A>
-If set to a value greater than zero, <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> is treated as the
-default timeout for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-The <CODE>select</CODE> command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) terminates
-if input does not arrive after <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> seconds when input is coming
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMOUT</code>
+<a name="index-TMOUT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, <code>TMOUT</code> is treated as the
+default timeout for the <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <code>select</code> command (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) terminates
+if input does not arrive after <code>TMOUT</code> seconds when input is coming
from a terminal.
-<P>
-
-In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
+</p>
+<p>In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
the primary prompt.
Bash
terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
line of input does not arrive.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX309"></A>
-<DT><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A>
-If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
-Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX311"></A>
-<DT><CODE>UID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX312"></A>
-The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash Features"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC69"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 6. Bash Features </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC69::-->
-<P>
-
-This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command line options that you can give
- to Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">When and how Bash executes scripts.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What an interactive shell is.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Primitives used in composing expressions for
- the <CODE>test</CODE> builtin.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Arithmetic on shell variables.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Substituting one command for another.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Array Variables.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">History of visited directories.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing the various prompt strings.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A more controlled mode of shell execution.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Making Bash behave more closely to what
- the POSIX standard specifies.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Invoking Bash"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC70"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.1 Invoking Bash </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC70::-->
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] -c <VAR>string</VAR> [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-All of the single-character options used with the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMPDIR</code>
+<a name="index-TMPDIR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+Bash creates temporary files for the shell&rsquo;s use.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>UID</code>
+<a name="index-UID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-2"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">6 Bash Features</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command line options that you can give
+ to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When and how Bash executes scripts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What an interactive shell is.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Primitives used in composing expressions for
+ the <code>test</code> builtin.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Arithmetic on shell variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Substituting one command for another.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Array Variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">History of visited directories.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing the various prompt strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making Bash behave more closely to what
+ the POSIX standard specifies.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.1 Invoking Bash</h3>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>] [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>] [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] -c <var>string</var> [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>] [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>All of the single-character options used with the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
In addition, there are several multi-character
options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
line before the single-character options to be recognized.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>--debugger</CODE>
-<DD>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
-for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
builtin).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--dump-po-strings</CODE>
-<DD>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-po-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
is printed on the standard output
-in the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> PO (portable object) file format.
-Equivalent to <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> except for the output format.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--dump-strings</CODE>
-<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--help</CODE>
-<DD>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--init-file <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>--rcfile <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Execute commands from <VAR>filename</VAR> (instead of <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>)
+in the <small>GNU</small> <code>gettext</code> PO (portable object) file format.
+Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp> except for the output format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--init-file <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code>--rcfile <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Execute commands from <var>filename</var> (instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>)
in an interactive shell.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--login</CODE>
-<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--noediting</CODE>
-<DD>Do not use the GNU Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--login</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noediting</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not use the <small>GNU</small> Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--noprofile</CODE>
-<DD>Don't load the system-wide startup file <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noprofile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t load the system-wide startup file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>
or any of the personal initialization files
-<TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT>, <TT>`~/.bash_login'</TT>, or <TT>`~/.profile'</TT>
+<samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>, <samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, or <samp>~/.profile</samp>
when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--norc</CODE>
-<DD>Don't read the <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT> initialization file in an
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--norc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t read the <samp>~/.bashrc</samp> initialization file in an
interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is
-invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--posix</CODE>
-<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
-from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This
+invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard. This
is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
-standard. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>, for a description of the Bash
-POSIX mode.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--restricted</CODE>
-<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--verbose</CODE>
-<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>. Print shell input lines as they're read.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--version</CODE>
-<DD>Show version information for this instance of
+standard. See <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, for a description of the Bash
+<small>POSIX</small> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-v</samp>. Print shell input lines as they&rsquo;re read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Show version information for this instance of
Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
-invocation which are not available with the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-c</CODE>
-<DD>Read and execute commands from the first non-option <VAR>argument</VAR>
-after processing the options, then exit.
-Any remaining arguments are assigned to the
-positional parameters, starting with <CODE>$0</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-i</CODE>
-<DD>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
-described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the <code>set</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+<var>command_string</var>, then exit.
+If there are arguments after the <var>command_string</var>,
+the first argument is assigned to <code>$0</code>
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to <code>$0</code> sets the name of the shell, which is used
+in warning and error messages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
+described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
-login shell with <SAMP>`exec -l bash'</SAMP>.
+login shell with &lsquo;<samp>exec -l bash</samp>&rsquo;.
When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
be executed.
-<SAMP>`exec bash -l'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`exec bash --login'</SAMP>
+&lsquo;<samp>exec bash -l</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>exec bash --login</samp>&rsquo;
will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>, for a description of the special behavior
+See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>, for a description of the special behavior
of a login shell.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
This option allows the positional parameters to be set
when invoking an interactive shell.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-D</CODE>
-<DD>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-D</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
is printed on the standard output.
These are the strings that
are subject to language translation when the current locale
-is not <CODE>C</CODE> or <CODE>POSIX</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>).
-This implies the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option; no commands will be executed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>[-+]O [<VAR>shopt_option</VAR>]</CODE>
-<DD><VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is one of the shell options accepted by the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
-If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is present, <SAMP>`-O'</SAMP> sets the value of that option;
-<SAMP>`+O'</SAMP> unsets it.
-If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
-options accepted by <CODE>shopt</CODE> are printed on the standard output.
-If the invocation option is <SAMP>`+O'</SAMP>, the output is displayed in a format
+is not <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code> (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+This implies the <samp>-n</samp> option; no commands will be executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[-+]O [<var>shopt_option</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>shopt_option</var> is one of the shell options accepted by the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is present, <samp>-O</samp> sets the value of that option;
+<samp>+O</samp> unsets it.
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by <code>shopt</code> are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is <samp>+O</samp>, the output is displayed in a format
that may be reused as input.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--</CODE>
-<DD>A <CODE>--</CODE> signals the end of options and disables further option
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>--</code> signals the end of options and disables further option
processing.
-Any arguments after the <CODE>--</CODE> are treated as filenames and arguments.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX313"></A>
-A <EM>login</EM> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
-<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or one invoked with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX314"></A>
-An <EM>interactive</EM> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is specified,
-without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and whose input and output are both
-connected to terminals (as determined by <CODE>isatty(3)</CODE>), or one
-started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for more
+Any arguments after the <code>--</code> are treated as filenames and arguments.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-login-shell"></a>
+<p>A <em>login</em> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or one invoked with the <samp>--login</samp> option.
+</p>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell"></a>
+<p>An <em>interactive</em> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless <samp>-s</samp> is specified,
+without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>), or one
+started with the <samp>-i</samp> option. See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for more
information.
-</P><P>
-
-If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
-<SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+<samp>-c</samp> nor the <samp>-s</samp>
option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>).
-When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <CODE>$0</CODE>
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <code>$0</code>
is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
are set to the remaining arguments.
Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
-Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
+Bash&rsquo;s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash Startup Files"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC71"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.2 Bash Startup Files </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC71::-->
-<P>
-
-This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.2 Bash Startup Files</h3>
+<a name="index-startup-files"></a>
+
+<p>This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under
-Tilde Expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-Interactive shells are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC72"></A>
-<H4> Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC72::-->
-<P>
-
-When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
-non-interactive shell with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, it first reads and
-executes commands from the file <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT>, if that file exists.
-After reading that file, it looks for <TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT>,
-<TT>`~/.bash_login'</TT>, and <TT>`~/.profile'</TT>, in that order, and reads
+Tilde Expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Interactive shells are described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-login-shell_002c-or-with-_002d_002dlogin"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <samp>--login</samp></h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>, if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>,
+<samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in that order, and reads
and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
-The <SAMP>`--noprofile'</SAMP> option may be used when the shell is started to
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used when the shell is started to
inhibit this behavior.
-</P><P>
-
-When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from
-the file <TT>`~/.bash_logout'</TT>, if it exists.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC73"></A>
-<H4> Invoked as an interactive non-login shell </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC73::-->
-<P>
-
-When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
-reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option.
-The <SAMP>`--rcfile <VAR>file</VAR>'</SAMP> option will force Bash to read and
-execute commands from <VAR>file</VAR> instead of <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>.
-</P><P>
-
-So, typically, your <TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT> contains the line
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table>after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC74"></A>
-<H4> Invoked non-interactively </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC74::-->
-<P>
-
-When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
-for example, it looks for the variable <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> in the environment,
+</p>
+<p>When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the <code>exit</code> builtin command,
+Bash reads and executes commands from
+the file <samp>~/.bash_logout</samp>, if it exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-non_002dlogin-shell"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive non-login shell</h4>
+
+<p>When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the <samp>--norc</samp> option.
+The <samp>--rcfile <var>file</var></samp> option will force Bash to read and
+execute commands from <var>file</var> instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>So, typically, your <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp> contains the line
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-non_002dinteractively"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked non-interactively</h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
+for example, it looks for the variable <code>BASH_ENV</code> in the environment,
expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
following command were executed:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table>but the value of the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is not used to search for the
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>but the value of the <code>PATH</code> variable is not used to search for the
filename.
-</P><P>
-
-As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
-<SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+</p>
+<p>As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+<samp>--login</samp> option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
login shell startup files.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC75"></A>
-<H4> Invoked with name <CODE>sh</CODE> </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC75::-->
-<P>
-
-If Bash is invoked with the name <CODE>sh</CODE>, it tries to mimic the
-startup behavior of historical versions of <CODE>sh</CODE> as closely as
-possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
-</P><P>
-
-When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
-shell with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, it first attempts to read
-and execute commands from <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT> and <TT>`~/.profile'</TT>, in
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-name-sh"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with name <code>sh</code></h4>
+
+<p>If Bash is invoked with the name <code>sh</code>, it tries to mimic the
+startup behavior of historical versions of <code>sh</code> as closely as
+possible, while conforming to the <small>POSIX</small> standard as well.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first attempts to read
+and execute commands from <samp>/etc/profile</samp> and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in
that order.
-The <SAMP>`--noprofile'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
-When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash
-looks for the variable <CODE>ENV</CODE>, expands its value if it is defined,
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code>sh</code>, Bash
+looks for the variable <code>ENV</code>, expands its value if it is defined,
and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
-Since a shell invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE> does not attempt to read and execute
-commands from any other startup files, the <SAMP>`--rcfile'</SAMP> option has
+Since a shell invoked as <code>sh</code> does not attempt to read and execute
+commands from any other startup files, the <samp>--rcfile</samp> option has
no effect.
-A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <CODE>sh</CODE> does not attempt
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <code>sh</code> does not attempt
to read any other startup files.
-</P><P>
-
-When invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash enters POSIX mode after
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after
the startup files are read.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-in-POSIX-mode"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked in <small>POSIX</small> mode</h4>
-<A NAME="SEC76"></A>
-<H4> Invoked in POSIX mode </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC76::-->
-<P>
-
-When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the
-<SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> command line option, it follows the POSIX standard
+<p>When Bash is started in <small>POSIX</small> mode, as with the
+<samp>--posix</samp> command line option, it follows the <small>POSIX</small> standard
for startup files.
-In this mode, interactive shells expand the <CODE>ENV</CODE> variable
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the <code>ENV</code> variable
and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
expanded value.
No other startup files are read.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC77"></A>
-<H4> Invoked by remote shell daemon </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC77::-->
-<P>
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-by-remote-shell-daemon"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked by remote shell daemon</h4>
-Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+<p>Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
-daemon, usually <CODE>rshd</CODE>, or the secure shell daemon <CODE>sshd</CODE>.
+daemon, usually <code>rshd</code>, or the secure shell daemon <code>sshd</code>.
If Bash determines it is being run in
-this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that
+this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that
file exists and is readable.
-It will not do this if invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>.
-The <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
-<SAMP>`--rcfile'</SAMP> option may be used to force another file to be read, but
-neither <CODE>rshd</CODE> nor <CODE>sshd</CODE> generally invoke the shell with those
+It will not do this if invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+The <samp>--norc</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+<samp>--rcfile</samp> option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+neither <code>rshd</code> nor <code>sshd</code> generally invoke the shell with those
options or allow them to be specified.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="SEC78"></A>
-<H4> Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC78::-->
-<P>
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-unequal-effective-and-real-UID_002fGIDs"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with unequal effective and real <small>UID/GID</small>s</h4>
-If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is not supplied, no startup
+<p>If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
+the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code>, and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
user id is set to the real user id.
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Interactive Shells"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC79"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.3 Interactive Shells </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC79::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to tell if a shell is interactive.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What changes in a interactive shell?</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="What is an Interactive Shell?"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC80"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC80::-->
-<P>
-
-An interactive shell
-is one started without non-option arguments, unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is
-specified, without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.3 Interactive Shells</h3>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell-1"></a>
+<a name="index-shell_002c-interactive"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What changes in a interactive shell?
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</h4>
+
+<p>An interactive shell
+is one started without non-option arguments, unless <samp>-s</samp> is
+specified, without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and
whose input and error output are both
-connected to terminals (as determined by <CODE>isatty(3)</CODE>),
-or one started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option.
-</P><P>
-
-An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>),
+or one started with the <samp>-i</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user&rsquo;s
terminal.
-</P><P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-s</samp> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
when an interactive shell is started.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Is this Shell Interactive?"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC81"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC81::-->
-<P>
-
-To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</h4>
+
+<p>To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
running interactively,
-test the value of the <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> special parameter.
-It contains <CODE>i</CODE> when the shell is interactive. For example:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>case "$-" in
+test the value of the &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; special parameter.
+It contains <code>i</code> when the shell is interactive. For example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case &quot;$-&quot; in
*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
*) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
esac
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
-<CODE>PS1</CODE>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
+<p>Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
+<code>PS1</code>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
interactive shells. Thus:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if [ -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ]; then
echo This shell is not interactive
else
echo This shell is interactive
fi
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Interactive Shell Behavior"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC82"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC82::-->
-<P>
-
-When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</h4>
+
+<p>When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
several ways.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Startup files are read and executed as described in <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
-<OL>
-<LI>
-Startup files are read and executed as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Job Control (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>) is enabled by default. When job
+</li><li> Job Control (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>) is enabled by default. When job
control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
-signals <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
-<P>
+signals <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
-<LI>
-Bash expands and displays <CODE>PS1</CODE> before reading the first line
-of a command, and expands and displays <CODE>PS2</CODE> before reading the
+</li><li> Bash expands and displays <code>PS1</code> before reading the first line
+of a command, and expands and displays <code>PS2</code> before reading the
second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash executes the value of the <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> variable as a command
-before printing the primary prompt, <CODE>$PS1</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to read commands from
-the user's terminal.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash inspects the value of the <CODE>ignoreeof</CODE> option to <CODE>set -o</CODE>
-instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <CODE>EOF</CODE> on its
-standard input when reading a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
-and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>)
-are enabled by default.
-Bash will save the command history to the file named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>
-when a shell with history enabled exits.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Alias expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>) is performed by default.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-In the absence of any traps, <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> is caught and handled
-((see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
-<CODE>SIGINT</CODE> will interrupt some shell builtins.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-An interactive login shell sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs on exit
-if the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> invocation option is ignored, and <SAMP>`set -n'</SAMP> has
-no effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
-<CODE>MAIL</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE> shell variables
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
-<SAMP>`set -u'</SAMP> has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <VAR>var</VAR> being unset
-or null in <CODE>${<VAR>var</VAR>:?<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> expansions
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
-shell to exit.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
-status will not cause the shell to exit (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-A failed <CODE>exec</CODE> will not cause the shell to exit
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <CODE>cd</CODE>
-builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <CODE>cdspell</CODE>
-option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The shell will check the value of the <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> variable and exit
-if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
-printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-<P>
-
-</OL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash Conditional Expressions"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC83"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC83::-->
-<P>
-
-Conditional expressions are used by the <CODE>[[</CODE> compound command
-and the <CODE>test</CODE> and <CODE>[</CODE> builtin commands.
-</P><P>
-
-Expressions may be unary or binary.
-Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
-There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
-If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
-<TT>`/dev/fd/<VAR>N</VAR>'</TT>, then file descriptor <VAR>N</VAR> is checked.
-If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is one of
-<TT>`/dev/stdin'</TT>, <TT>`/dev/stdout'</TT>, or <TT>`/dev/stderr'</TT>, file
-descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
-</P><P>
-
-When used with <CODE>[[</CODE>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
-The <CODE>test</CODE> command uses ASCII ordering.
-</P><P>
-
-Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
-links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
-</P><P>
+Bash displays <code>PS0</code> after it reads a command but before executing it.
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-a <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists.
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash executes the value of the <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> variable as a command
+before printing the primary prompt, <code>$PS1</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-b <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a block special file.
-<P>
+</li><li> Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to read commands from
+the user&rsquo;s terminal.
-<DT><CODE>-c <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a character special file.
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash inspects the value of the <code>ignoreeof</code> option to <code>set -o</code>
+instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <code>EOF</code> on its
+standard input when reading a command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a directory.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-e <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-f <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a regular file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-g <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-h <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a symbolic link.
-<P>
+</li><li> Command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+and history expansion (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>)
+are enabled by default.
+Bash will save the command history to the file named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>
+when a shell with history enabled exits.
-<DT><CODE>-k <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
-<P>
+</li><li> Alias expansion (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>) is performed by default.
-<DT><CODE>-p <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
-<P>
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <code>SIGTERM</code>
+(see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-r <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is readable.
-<P>
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, <code>SIGINT</code> is caught and handled
+((see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+<code>SIGINT</code> will interrupt some shell builtins.
-<DT><CODE>-s <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has a size greater than zero.
-<P>
+</li><li> An interactive login shell sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs on exit
+if the <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been enabled (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-t <VAR>fd</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> is open and refers to a terminal.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <samp>-n</samp> invocation option is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>set -n</samp>&rsquo; has
+no effect (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
+<code>MAIL</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>MAILCHECK</code> shell variables
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-w <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is writable.
-<P>
+</li><li> Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+&lsquo;<samp>set -u</samp>&rsquo; has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-x <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is executable.
-<P>
+</li><li> The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <var>var</var> being unset
+or null in <code>${<var>var</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code> expansions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
-<P>
+</li><li> Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
+shell to exit.
-<DT><CODE>-L <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a symbolic link.
-<P>
+</li><li> When running in <small>POSIX</small> mode, a special builtin returning an error
+status will not cause the shell to exit (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
-<P>
+</li><li> A failed <code>exec</code> will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
-<DT><CODE>-O <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-<P>
+</li><li> Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
-<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a socket.
-<P>
+</li><li> Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <code>cd</code>
+builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <code>cdspell</code>
+option to the <code>shopt</code> builtin in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
-<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ef <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> and <VAR>file2</VAR> refer to the same device and
+</li><li> The shell will check the value of the <code>TMOUT</code> variable and exit
+if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+printing <code>$PS1</code> (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Previous: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</h3>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<p>Conditional expressions are used by the <code>[[</code> compound command
+and the <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be unary or binary.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
+There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+<samp>/dev/fd/<var>N</var></samp>, then file descriptor <var>N</var> is checked.
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is one of
+<samp>/dev/stdin</samp>, <samp>/dev/stdout</samp>, or <samp>/dev/stderr</samp>, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <code>test</code> command uses ASCII ordering.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a block special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a character special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a directory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a regular file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-g <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its &quot;sticky&quot; bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is readable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has a size greater than zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if file descriptor <var>fd</var> is open and refers to a terminal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is writable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is executable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-L <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-O <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a socket.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ef <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> and <var>file2</var> refer to the same device and
inode numbers.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -nt <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> is newer (according to modification date)
-than <VAR>file2</VAR>, or if <VAR>file1</VAR> exists and <VAR>file2</VAR> does not.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ot <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> is older than <VAR>file2</VAR>,
-or if <VAR>file2</VAR> exists and <VAR>file1</VAR> does not.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>optname</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the shell option <VAR>optname</VAR> is enabled.
-The list of options appears in the description of the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP>
-option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-v <VAR>varname</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the shell variable <VAR>varname</VAR> is set (has been assigned a value).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-R <VAR>varname</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the shell variable <VAR>varname</VAR> is set and is a name reference.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-z <VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the length of <VAR>string</VAR> is zero.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n <VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE><VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the length of <VAR>string</VAR> is non-zero.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> == <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> = <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the strings are equal.
-When used with the <CODE>[[</CODE> command, this performs pattern matching as
-described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<SAMP>`='</SAMP> should be used with the <CODE>test</CODE> command for POSIX conformance.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> != <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if the strings are not equal.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> &#60; <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>string1</VAR> sorts before <VAR>string2</VAR> lexicographically.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> &#62; <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>string1</VAR> sorts after <VAR>string2</VAR> lexicographically.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>arg1</VAR> OP <VAR>arg2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><CODE>OP</CODE> is one of
-<SAMP>`-eq'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-ne'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-lt'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-le'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-gt'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`-ge'</SAMP>.
-These arithmetic binary operators return true if <VAR>arg1</VAR>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -nt <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is newer (according to modification date)
+than <var>file2</var>, or if <var>file1</var> exists and <var>file2</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ot <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is older than <var>file2</var>,
+or if <var>file2</var> exists and <var>file1</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>optname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell option <var>optname</var> is enabled.
+The list of options appears in the description of the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set (has been assigned a value).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-R <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set and is a name reference.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-z <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is non-zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> == <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> = <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are equal.
+When used with the <code>[[</code> command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+<p>&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; should be used with the <code>test</code> command for <small>POSIX</small> conformance.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> != <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are not equal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &lt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts before <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &gt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts after <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>arg1</var> OP <var>arg2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>OP</code> is one of
+&lsquo;<samp>-eq</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-ne</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-lt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-le</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-gt</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>-ge</samp>&rsquo;.
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if <var>arg1</var>
is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
-greater than, or greater than or equal to <VAR>arg2</VAR>,
-respectively. <VAR>Arg1</VAR> and <VAR>arg2</VAR>
+greater than, or greater than or equal to <var>arg2</var>,
+respectively. <var>Arg1</var> and <var>arg2</var>
may be positive or negative integers.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Shell Arithmetic"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC84"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.5 Shell Arithmetic </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC84::-->
-<P>
-
-The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
-the shell expansions or by the <CODE>let</CODE> and the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option
-to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtins.
-</P><P>
-
-Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</h3>
+<a name="index-arithmetic_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-evaluation"></a>
+
+<p>The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
+the shell expansions or by using the <code>((</code> compound command, the
+<code>let</code> builtin, or the <samp>-i</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
are the same as in the C language.
The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
equal-precedence operators.
The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>id</VAR>++ <VAR>id</VAR>--</CODE>
-<DD>variable post-increment and post-decrement
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>++<VAR>id</VAR> --<VAR>id</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>- +</CODE>
-<DD>unary minus and plus
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>! ~</CODE>
-<DD>logical and bitwise negation
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>**</CODE>
-<DD>exponentiation
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>* / %</CODE>
-<DD>multiplication, division, remainder
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>+ -</CODE>
-<DD>addition, subtraction
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>&#60;&#60; &#62;&#62;</CODE>
-<DD>left and right bitwise shifts
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>&#60;= &#62;= &#60; &#62;</CODE>
-<DD>comparison
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>== !=</CODE>
-<DD>equality and inequality
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>&#38;</CODE>
-<DD>bitwise AND
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>^</CODE>
-<DD>bitwise exclusive OR
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>|</CODE>
-<DD>bitwise OR
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>&#38;&#38;</CODE>
-<DD>logical AND
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>||</CODE>
-<DD>logical OR
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>expr ? expr : expr</CODE>
-<DD>conditional operator
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>= *= /= %= += -= &#60;&#60;= &#62;&#62;= &#38;= ^= |=</CODE>
-<DD>assignment
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>expr1 , expr2</CODE>
-<DD>comma
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><var>id</var>++ <var>id</var>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable post-increment and post-decrement
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>++<var>id</var> --<var>id</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>- +</code></dt>
+<dd><p>unary minus and plus
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! ~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical and bitwise negation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>**</code></dt>
+<dd><p>exponentiation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>* / %</code></dt>
+<dd><p>multiplication, division, remainder
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+ -</code></dt>
+<dd><p>addition, subtraction
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>left and right bitwise shifts
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comparison
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>== !=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>equality and inequality
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise exclusive OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>|</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>||</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr ? expr : expr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>conditional operator
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>= *= /= %= += -= &lt;&lt;= &gt;&gt;= &amp;= ^= |=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>assignment
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr1 , expr2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comma
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
performed before the expression is evaluated.
Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
without using the parameter expansion syntax.
@@ -8665,59 +8187,47 @@ A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
-<VAR>integer</VAR> attribute using <SAMP>`declare -i'</SAMP> is assigned a value.
+<var>integer</var> attribute using &lsquo;<samp>declare -i</samp>&rsquo; is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its <VAR>integer</VAR> attribute turned on
+A shell variable need not have its <var>integer</var> attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
-</P><P>
-
-Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
-A leading <SAMP>`0x'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`0X'</SAMP> denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
-numbers take the form [<VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE>]<VAR>n</VAR>, where the optional <VAR>base</VAR>
+</p>
+<p>Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>0x</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>0X</samp>&rsquo; denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
+numbers take the form [<var>base</var><code>#</code>]<var>n</var>, where the optional <var>base</var>
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
-base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base.
-If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
-When specifying <VAR>n</VAR>,
-he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
-the uppercase letters, <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`_'</SAMP>, in that order.
-If <VAR>base</VAR> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+base, and <var>n</var> is a number in that base.
+If <var>base</var><code>#</code> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying <var>n</var>,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;, in that order.
+If <var>base</var> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
and 35.
-</P><P>
-
-Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+</p>
+<p>Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Aliases"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC85"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.6 Aliases </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC85::-->
-<P>
-
-<VAR>Aliases</VAR> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Aliases"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Aliases-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.6 Aliases</h3>
+<a name="index-alias-expansion"></a>
+
+<p><var>Aliases</var> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
as the first word of a simple command.
The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
-the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE> builtin commands.
-</P><P>
-
-The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+<p>The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
if it has an alias.
If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
-The characters <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> and any of the
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; and any of the
shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
in an alias name.
The replacement text may contain any valid
@@ -8725,30 +8235,26 @@ shell input, including shell metacharacters.
The first word of the replacement text is tested for
aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
is not expanded a second time.
-This means that one may alias <CODE>ls</CODE> to <CODE>"ls -F"</CODE>,
+This means that one may alias <code>ls</code> to <code>&quot;ls -F&quot;</code>,
for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
replacement text.
If the last character of the alias value is a
-<VAR>blank</VAR>, then the next command word following the
+<var>blank</var>, then the next command word following the
alias is also checked for alias expansion.
-</P><P>
-
-Aliases are created and listed with the <CODE>alias</CODE>
-command, and removed with the <CODE>unalias</CODE> command.
-</P><P>
-
-There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
-as in <CODE>csh</CODE>.
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are created and listed with the <code>alias</code>
+command, and removed with the <code>unalias</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
+as in <code>csh</code>.
If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
-unless the <CODE>expand_aliases</CODE> shell option is set using
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
+unless the <code>expand_aliases</code> shell option is set using
+<code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
somewhat confusing. Bash
always reads at least one complete line
of input before executing any
@@ -8761,2334 +8267,2135 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias.
This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases
defined in a function are not available until after that
function is executed. To be safe, always put
-alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <CODE>alias</CODE>
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code>alias</code>
in compound commands.
-</P><P>
-
-For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Arrays"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC86"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.7 Arrays </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC86::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+</p>
+<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arrays"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arrays-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.7 Arrays</h3>
+<a name="index-arrays"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
-the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+the <code>declare</code> builtin will explicitly declare an array.
There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>)) and are zero-based;
+expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>)) and are zero-based;
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-</P><P>
-
-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+</p>
+<p>An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
using the syntax
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
-The <VAR>subscript</VAR>
+<p>The <var>subscript</var>
is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
To explicitly declare an array, use
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>The syntax
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table>is also accepted; the <VAR>subscript</VAR> is ignored.
-</P><P>
-
-Associative arrays are created using
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -A <VAR>name</VAR>.
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Attributes may be
-specified for an array variable using the <CODE>declare</CODE> and
-<CODE>readonly</CODE> builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>The syntax
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>is also accepted; the <var>subscript</var> is ignored.
+</p>
+<p>Associative arrays are created using
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -A <var>name</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the <code>declare</code> and
+<code>readonly</code> builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of
an array.
-</P><P>
-
-Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>=(<VAR>value1</VAR> <VAR>value2</VAR> <small>...</small> )
-</pre></td></tr></table>where each
-<VAR>value</VAR> is of the form <CODE>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=</CODE><VAR>string</VAR>.
-Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <VAR>string</VAR>.
+</p>
+<p>Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=(<var>value1</var> <var>value2</var> &hellip; )
+</pre></div>
+<p>where each
+<var>value</var> is of the form <code>[<var>subscript</var>]=</code><var>string</var>.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <var>string</var>.
When assigning to indexed arrays, if
the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
-</P><P>
-
-When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
-</P><P>
-
-This syntax is also accepted by the <CODE>declare</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+</p>
+<p>This syntax is also accepted by the <code>declare</code>
builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
-<CODE><VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR></CODE> syntax introduced above.
-</P><P>
-
-When assigning to an indexed array, if <VAR>name</VAR>
+<code><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var></code> syntax introduced above.
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an indexed array, if <var>name</var>
is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
-<VAR>name</VAR>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+<var>name</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
-</P><P>
-
-Any element of an array may be referenced using
-<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE>.
+</p>
+<p>Any element of an array may be referenced using
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
The braces are required to avoid
-conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the
-<VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the word expands to all members
-of the array <VAR>name</VAR>. These subscripts differ only when the word
+conflicts with the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion operators. If the
+<var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the word expands to all members
+of the array <var>name</var>. These subscripts differ only when the word
appears within double quotes.
If the word is double-quoted,
-<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[*]}</CODE> expands to a single word with
+<code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code> expands to a single word with
the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
-<CODE>IFS</CODE> variable, and <CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE> expands each element of
-<VAR>name</VAR> to a separate word. When there are no array members,
-<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE> expands to nothing.
+<code>IFS</code> variable, and <code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands each element of
+<var>name</var> to a separate word. When there are no array members,
+<code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands to nothing.
If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
part of the original word.
This is analogous to the
-expansion of the special parameters <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>.
-<CODE>${#<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE> expands to the length of
-<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE>.
-If <VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or
-<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing with a subscript of 0.
-If the <VAR>subscript</VAR>
+expansion of the special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;.
+<code>${#<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code> expands to the length of
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
+If <var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+If the <var>subscript</var>
used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
-</P><P>
-
-An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+</p>
+<p>Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<code>bash</code> will create an array if necessary.
+</p>
+<p>An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
-</P><P>
-
-It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
-${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]} and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[*]} expand to the indices
-assigned in array variable <VAR>name</VAR>.
+</p>
+<p>It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+${!<var>name</var>[@]} and ${!<var>name</var>[*]} expand to the indices
+assigned in array variable <var>name</var>.
The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
-special parameters <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> within double quotes.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin is used to destroy arrays.
-<CODE>unset <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]</CODE>
-destroys the array element at index <VAR>subscript</VAR>.
+special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; within double quotes.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin is used to destroy arrays.
+<code>unset <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]</code>
+destroys the array element at index <var>subscript</var>.
Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename
expansion.
-<CODE>unset <VAR>name</VAR></CODE>, where <VAR>name</VAR> is an array, removes the
-entire array. A subscript of <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> also removes the
+<code>unset <var>name</var></code>, where <var>name</var> is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; also removes the
entire array.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>local</CODE>, and <CODE>readonly</CODE>
-builtins each accept a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option to specify an indexed
-array and a <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option to specify an associative array.
-If both options are supplied, <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> takes precedence.
-The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin accepts a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>The <code>declare</code>, <code>local</code>, and <code>readonly</code>
+builtins each accept a <samp>-a</samp> option to specify an indexed
+array and a <samp>-A</samp> option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+The <code>read</code> builtin accepts a <samp>-a</samp>
option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
-individual array elements. The <CODE>set</CODE> and <CODE>declare</CODE>
+individual array elements. The <code>set</code> and <code>declare</code>
builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
reused as input.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="The Directory Stack"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC87"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.8 The Directory Stack </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC87::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
- the directory stack.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
-<CODE>pushd</CODE> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
-the current directory, and the <CODE>popd</CODE> builtin removes specified
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="n" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrays</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.8 The Directory Stack</h3>
+<a name="index-directory-stack"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+ the directory stack.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+<code>pushd</code> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
+the current directory, and the <code>popd</code> builtin removes specified
directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
-the directory removed. The <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin displays the contents
+the directory removed. The <code>dirs</code> builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack. The current directory is always the &quot;top&quot;
of the directory stack.
-</P><P>
-
-The contents of the directory stack are also visible
-as the value of the <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Directory Stack Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC88"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC88::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>dirs</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX315"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>dirs [-clpv] [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
-are added to the list with the <CODE>pushd</CODE> command; the
-<CODE>popd</CODE> command removes directories from the list.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-c</CODE>
-<DD>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+</p>
+<p>The contents of the directory stack are also visible
+as the value of the <code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>dirs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-dirs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">dirs [-clpv] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
+are added to the list with the <code>pushd</code> command; the
+<code>popd</code> command removes directories from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Produces a listing using full pathnames;
the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
line.
-<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
-<DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
-<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
-<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-<DT><CODE>popd</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX316"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>popd [-n] [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>popd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-popd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">popd [-n] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
-Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and <CODE>cd</CODE>
-to the new top directory.
-When no arguments are given, <CODE>popd</CODE>
+<p>When no arguments are given, <code>popd</code>
removes the top directory from the stack and
-performs a <CODE>cd</CODE> to the new top directory. The
-elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with
-<CODE>dirs</CODE>; that is, <CODE>popd</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>popd +0</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+performs a <code>cd</code> to the new top directory.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed with <code>dirs</code>; that is, <code>popd</code> is equivalent to <code>popd +0</code>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero.
-<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX317"></A>
-<DT><CODE>pushd</CODE>
-<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>pushd [-n] [<VAR>+N</VAR> | <VAR>-N</VAR> | <VAR>dir</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
-and then <CODE>cd</CODE> to <VAR>dir</VAR>.
-With no arguments, <CODE>pushd</CODE> exchanges the top two directories.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
-<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Brings the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>, starting with zero) to the top of
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-pushd"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pushd</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pushd [-n] [<var>+N</var> | <var>-N</var> | <var>dir</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
+and then <code>cd</code> to <var>dir</var>.
+With no arguments, <code>pushd</code> exchanges the top two directories
+and makes the new top the current directory.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
the list by rotating the stack.
-<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Brings the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the
-list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>, starting with zero) to the top of
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
the list by rotating the stack.
-<DT><CODE><VAR>dir</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Makes <var>dir</var> be the top of the stack, making
it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
-to the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
-</DL>
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Controlling the Prompt"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC89"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.9 Controlling the Prompt </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC89::-->
-<P>
-
-The value of the variable <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> is examined just before
-Bash prints each primary prompt. If <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> is set and
+to the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</h3>
+<a name="index-prompting"></a>
+
+<p>The value of the variable <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is examined just before
+Bash prints each primary prompt. If <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is set and
has a non-null value, then the
value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
-</P><P>
-
-In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
-can appear in the prompt variables <CODE>PS1</CODE> to <CODE>PS4</CODE>:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>\a</CODE>
-<DD>A bell character.
-<DT><CODE>\d</CODE>
-<DD>The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
-<DT><CODE>\D{<VAR>format</VAR>}</CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>format</VAR> is passed to <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3) and the result is inserted
-into the prompt string; an empty <VAR>format</VAR> results in a locale-specific
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
+can appear in the prompt variables <code>PS1</code> to <code>PS4</code>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A bell character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The date, in &quot;Weekday Month Date&quot; format (e.g., &quot;Tue May 26&quot;).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\D{<var>format</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>format</var> is passed to <code>strftime</code>(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty <var>format</var> results in a locale-specific
time representation. The braces are required.
-<DT><CODE>\e</CODE>
-<DD>An escape character.
-<DT><CODE>\h</CODE>
-<DD>The hostname, up to the first `.'.
-<DT><CODE>\H</CODE>
-<DD>The hostname.
-<DT><CODE>\j</CODE>
-<DD>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
-<DT><CODE>\l</CODE>
-<DD>The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
-<DT><CODE>\n</CODE>
-<DD>A newline.
-<DT><CODE>\r</CODE>
-<DD>A carriage return.
-<DT><CODE>\s</CODE>
-<DD>The name of the shell, the basename of <CODE>$0</CODE> (the portion
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An escape character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of the shell&rsquo;s terminal device name.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A newline.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A carriage return.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the shell, the basename of <code>$0</code> (the portion
following the final slash).
-<DT><CODE>\t</CODE>
-<DD>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-<DT><CODE>\T</CODE>
-<DD>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-<DT><CODE>\@</CODE>
-<DD>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
-<DT><CODE>\A</CODE>
-<DD>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
-<DT><CODE>\u</CODE>
-<DD>The username of the current user.
-<DT><CODE>\v</CODE>
-<DD>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
-<DT><CODE>\V</CODE>
-<DD>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
-<DT><CODE>\w</CODE>
-<DD>The current working directory, with <CODE>$HOME</CODE> abbreviated with a tilde
-(uses the <CODE>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE> variable).
-<DT><CODE>\W</CODE>
-<DD>The basename of <CODE>$PWD</CODE>, with <CODE>$HOME</CODE> abbreviated with a tilde.
-<DT><CODE>\!</CODE>
-<DD>The history number of this command.
-<DT><CODE>\#</CODE>
-<DD>The command number of this command.
-<DT><CODE>\$</CODE>
-<DD>If the effective uid is 0, <CODE>#</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>$</CODE>.
-<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>.
-<DT><CODE>\\</CODE>
-<DD>A backslash.
-<DT><CODE>\[</CODE>
-<DD>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\@</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The username of the current user.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the <code>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code> variable).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\W</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of <code>$PWD</code>, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The history number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The command number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If the effective uid is 0, <code>#</code>, otherwise <code>$</code>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <var>nnn</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A backslash.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\[</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
-<DT><CODE>\]</CODE>
-<DD>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-The command number and the history number are usually different:
+<p>The command number and the history number are usually different:
the history number of a command is its position in the history
list, which may include commands restored from the history file
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>), while the command number is
the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
shell session.
-</P><P>
-
-After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+</p>
+<p>After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
-<CODE>promptvars</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="The Restricted Shell"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC90"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.10 The Restricted Shell </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC90::-->
-<P>
-
-If Bash is started with the name <CODE>rbash</CODE>, or the
-<SAMP>`--restricted'</SAMP>
+<code>promptvars</code> shell option (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.10 The Restricted Shell</h3>
+<a name="index-restricted-shell"></a>
+
+<p>If Bash is started with the name <code>rbash</code>, or the
+<samp>--restricted</samp>
or
-<SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>
+<samp>-r</samp>
option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
A restricted shell is used to
set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
-A restricted shell behaves identically to <CODE>bash</CODE>
+A restricted shell behaves identically to <code>bash</code>
with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
-</P><P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-Changing directories with the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
-<LI>
-Setting or unsetting the values of the <CODE>SHELL</CODE>, <CODE>PATH</CODE>,
-<CODE>ENV</CODE>, or <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> variables.
-<LI>
-Specifying command names containing slashes.
-<LI>
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <CODE>.</CODE>
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Changing directories with the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Setting or unsetting the values of the <code>SHELL</code>, <code>PATH</code>,
+<code>ENV</code>, or <code>BASH_ENV</code> variables.
+</li><li> Specifying command names containing slashes.
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <code>.</code>
builtin command.
-<LI>
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>
-option to the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin command.
-<LI>
-Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
-<LI>
-Parsing the value of <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> from the shell environment at startup.
-<LI>
-Redirecting output using the <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#62;|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#60;&#62;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&#62;&#38;'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`&#38;&#62;'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`&#62;&#62;'</SAMP> redirection operators.
-<LI>
-Using the <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin to replace the shell with another command.
-<LI>
-Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
-<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> options to the <CODE>enable</CODE> builtin.
-<LI>
-Using the <CODE>enable</CODE> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
-<LI>
-Specifying the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin.
-<LI>
-Turning off restricted mode with <SAMP>`set +r'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`set +o restricted'</SAMP>.
-</UL>
-<P>
-
-These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
-</P><P>
-
-When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>rbash</CODE> turns off any restrictions in
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <samp>-p</samp>
+option to the <code>hash</code> builtin command.
+</li><li> Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Parsing the value of <code>SHELLOPTS</code> from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Redirecting output using the &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operators.
+</li><li> Using the <code>exec</code> builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+</li><li> Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+<samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-d</samp> options to the <code>enable</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Using the <code>enable</code> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
+</li><li> Specifying the <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Turning off restricted mode with &lsquo;<samp>set +r</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>set +o restricted</samp>&rsquo;.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+</p>
+<p>When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>rbash</code> turns off any restrictions in
the shell spawned to execute the script.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash POSIX Mode"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC91"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC91::-->
-<P>
-
-Starting Bash with the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> command-line option or executing
-<SAMP>`set -o posix'</SAMP> while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
-closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to
-match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
-</P><P>
-
-When invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</h3>
+<a name="index-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+
+<p>Starting Bash with the <samp>--posix</samp> command-line option or executing
+&lsquo;<samp>set -o posix</samp>&rsquo; while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
+closely to the <small>POSIX</small> standard by changing the behavior to
+match that specified by <small>POSIX</small> in areas where the Bash default differs.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after reading the
startup files.
-</P><P>
-
-The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect:
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
-<CODE>$PATH</CODE> to find the new location. This is also available with
-<SAMP>`shopt -s checkhash'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
-is stopped is `Stopped(<VAR>signame</VAR>)', where <VAR>signame</VAR> is, for
-example, <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>bg</CODE> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
-<P>
+</p>
+<p>The following list is what&rsquo;s changed when &lsquo;<small>POSIX</small> mode&rsquo; is in effect:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+<code>$PATH</code> to find the new location. This is also available with
+&lsquo;<samp>shopt -s checkhash</samp>&rsquo;.
-<LI>
-Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
-do not undergo alias expansion.
-<P>
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is &lsquo;Done(status)&rsquo;.
-<LI>
-The POSIX <CODE>PS1</CODE> and <CODE>PS2</CODE> expansions of <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> to
-the history number and <SAMP>`!!'</SAMP> to <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> are enabled,
-and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <CODE>PS1</CODE> and
-<CODE>PS2</CODE> regardless of the setting of the <CODE>promptvars</CODE> option.
-<P>
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is &lsquo;Stopped(<var>signame</var>)&rsquo;, where <var>signame</var> is, for
+example, <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
-<LI>
-The POSIX startup files are executed (<CODE>$ENV</CODE>) rather than
-the normal Bash files.
-<P>
+</li><li> Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
-<LI>
-Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
-name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
-<P>
+</li><li> Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
-<LI>
-The <CODE>command</CODE> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
-statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
-statement expansion properties when preceded by <CODE>command</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The default history file is <TT>`~/.sh_history'</TT> (this is the
-default value of <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The output of <SAMP>`kill -l'</SAMP> prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the <SAMP>`SIG'</SAMP> prefix.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>kill</CODE> builtin does not accept signal names with a <SAMP>`SIG'</SAMP>
-prefix.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>PS1</code> and <code>PS2</code> expansions of &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; to
+the history number and &lsquo;<samp>!!</samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; are enabled,
+and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <code>PS1</code> and
+<code>PS2</code> regardless of the setting of the <code>promptvars</code> option.
-<LI>
-Non-interactive shells exit if <VAR>filename</VAR> in <CODE>.</CODE> <VAR>filename</VAR>
-is not found.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> startup files are executed (<code>$ENV</code>) rather than
+the normal Bash files.
-<LI>
-Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-<P>
+</li><li> Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
-<LI>
-Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
-with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins, or in a string processed by
-the <CODE>eval</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
+</li><li> The default history file is <samp>~/.sh_history</samp> (this is the
+default value of <code>$HISTFILE</code>).
-<LI>
-Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
redirection.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Function names must be valid shell <CODE>name</CODE>s. That is, they may not
+</li><li> Function names must be valid shell <code>name</code>s. That is, they may not
contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name
causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+</li><li> Function names may not be the same as one of the <small>POSIX</small> special
builtins.
-<P>
-<LI>
-POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions
+</li><li> <small>POSIX</small> special builtins are found before shell functions
during command lookup.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>time</CODE> reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code>type</code>), Bash does
+not print the <code>function</code> keyword.
+
+</li><li> Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the <code>PATH</code> variable are not expanded as described above
+under <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>time</code> reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
-completed children. The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable controls the format
+completed children. The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable controls the format
of the timing information.
-<P>
-<LI>
-When parsing and expanding a ${<small>...</small>} expansion that appears within
+</li><li> When parsing and expanding a ${&hellip;} expansion that appears within
double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do
not have to appear as matched pairs.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The parser does not recognize <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
-<P>
+</li><li> The parser does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the <code>histexpand</code> option is enabled.
-<LI>
-If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+</li><li> If a <small>POSIX</small> special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
-the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
the command name, and so on.
-<P>
-<LI>
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements.
A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
a value to a readonly variable.
-<P>
-<LI>
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
builtin, but not with any other simple command.
-<P>
-<LI>
-A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
-variable in a <CODE>for</CODE> statement or the selection variable in a
-<CODE>select</CODE> statement is a readonly variable.
-<P>
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+variable in a <code>for</code> statement or the selection variable in a
+<code>select</code> statement is a readonly variable.
-<LI>
-Process substitution is not available.
-<P>
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if <var>filename</var> in <code>.</code> <var>filename</var>
+is not found.
-<LI>
-While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
-<SAMP>`#'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> special parameters.
-<P>
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
-<LI>
-Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins, or in a string processed by
+the <code>eval</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li> Process substitution is not available.
+
+</li><li> While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; special parameters.
+
+</li><li> When expanding the &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the <code>$*</code> as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding <small>POSIX</small> special builtins
persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
-shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+shell environment after the function returns, as if a <small>POSIX</small>
special builtin command had been executed.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>export</CODE> and <CODE>readonly</CODE> builtin commands display their
-output in the format required by POSIX.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
+statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
+when not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+statement expansion properties when preceded by <code>command</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>bg</code> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
+
+</li><li> The output of &lsquo;<samp>kill -l</samp>&rsquo; prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo; prefix.
+
+</li><li> The <code>kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo;
+prefix.
-<LI>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin displays signal names without the leading
-<CODE>SIG</CODE>.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <code>export</code> and <code>readonly</code> builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by <small>POSIX</small>.
-<LI>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin displays signal names without the leading
+<code>SIG</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin doesn&rsquo;t check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given
-signal to the original disposition, they should use <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> as the
+signal to the original disposition, they should use &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as the
first argument.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>.</CODE> and <CODE>source</CODE> builtins do not search the current directory
-for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <CODE>PATH</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode,
-Bash clears the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option in such subshells.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-When the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
-display them with a leading <SAMP>`alias '</SAMP> unless the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option
+
+</li><li> The <code>.</code> and <code>source</code> builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <code>PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> Enabling <small>POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code>inherit_errexit</code> option, so
+subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell.
+When the <code>inherit_errexit</code> option is not enabled,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>alias</code> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+display them with a leading &lsquo;<samp>alias </samp>&rsquo; unless the <samp>-p</samp> option
is supplied.
-<P>
-<LI>
-When the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
shell function names and definitions.
-<P>
-<LI>
-When the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
-<P>
-<LI>
-When the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin is invoked in <VAR>logical</VAR> mode, and the pathname
-constructed from <CODE>$PWD</CODE> and the directory name supplied as an argument
-does not refer to an existing directory, <CODE>cd</CODE> will fail instead of
-falling back to <VAR>physical</VAR> mode.
-<P>
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin is invoked in <var>logical</var> mode, and the pathname
+constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
+does not refer to an existing directory, <code>cd</code> will fail instead of
+falling back to <var>physical</var> mode.
-<LI>
-The <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+</li><li> The <code>pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
-<SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option.
-<P>
+<samp>-P</samp> option.
-<LI>
-When listing the history, the <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin does not include an
+</li><li> When listing the history, the <code>fc</code> builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The default editor used by <CODE>fc</CODE> is <CODE>ed</CODE>.
-<P>
+</li><li> The default editor used by <code>fc</code> is <code>ed</code>.
-<LI>
-The <CODE>type</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins will not report a non-executable
+</li><li> The <code>type</code> and <code>command</code> builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
-file if it is the only so-named file found in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>vi</CODE> editing mode will invoke the <CODE>vi</CODE> editor directly when
-the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> command is run, instead of checking <CODE>$VISUAL</CODE> and
-<CODE>$EDITOR</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-When the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
-any arguments to <CODE>echo</CODE> as options. Each argument is displayed, after
+file if it is the only so-named file found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>vi</code> editing mode will invoke the <code>vi</code> editor directly when
+the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; command is run, instead of checking <code>$VISUAL</code> and
+<code>$EDITOR</code>.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
+any arguments to <code>echo</code> as options. Each argument is displayed, after
escape characters are converted.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>ulimit</CODE> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>
-and <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> options.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <code>ulimit</code> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <samp>-c</samp>
+and <samp>-f</samp> options.
-<LI>
-The arrival of <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> when a trap is set on <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> does
-not interrupt the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+</li><li> The arrival of <code>SIGCHLD</code> when a trap is set on <code>SIGCHLD</code> does
+not interrupt the <code>wait</code> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+</li><li> The <code>read</code> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set.
-If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <CODE>read</CODE>, the trap
-handler executes and <CODE>read</CODE> returns an exit status greater than 128.
-<P>
+If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <code>read</code>, the trap
+handler executes and <code>read</code> returns an exit status greater than 128.
+
+</li><li> Bash removes an exited background process&rsquo;s status from the list of such
+statuses after the <code>wait</code> builtin is used to obtain it.
-</OL>
-<P>
+</li></ol>
-There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
-default even when in POSIX mode.
+<p>There is other <small>POSIX</small> behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
Specifically:
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin checks <CODE>$EDITOR</CODE> as a program to edit history
-entries if <CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
-<CODE>ed</CODE>. <CODE>fc</CODE> uses <CODE>ed</CODE> if <CODE>EDITOR</CODE> is unset.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-As noted above, Bash requires the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> option to be enabled for
-the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin to be fully conformant.
-<P>
-
-</OL>
-<P>
-
-Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying
-the <SAMP>`--enable-strict-posix-default'</SAMP> to <CODE>configure</CODE> when building
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Job Control"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC92"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 7. Job Control </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC92::-->
-<P>
-
-This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <code>fc</code> builtin checks <code>$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
+entries if <code>FCEDIT</code> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+<code>ed</code>. <code>fc</code> uses <code>ed</code> if <code>EDITOR</code> is unset.
+
+</li><li> As noted above, Bash requires the <code>xpg_echo</code> option to be enabled for
+the <code>echo</code> builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>Bash can be configured to be <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default, by specifying
+the <samp>--enable-strict-posix-default</samp> to <code>configure</code> when building
+(see <a href="#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">7 Job Control</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
Bash allows you to access its facilities.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How job control works.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands used to interact
- with job control.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables Bash uses to customize job
- control.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Job Control Basics"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC93"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 7.1 Job Control Basics </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC93::-->
-<P>
-
-Job control
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How job control works.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands used to interact
+ with job control.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables Bash uses to customize job
+ control.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.1 Job Control Basics</h3>
+<a name="index-job-control-1"></a>
+<a name="index-foreground"></a>
+<a name="index-background"></a>
+<a name="index-suspending-jobs"></a>
+
+<p>Job control
refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
the execution of processes and continue (resume)
their execution at a later point. A user typically employs
this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
-by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-The shell associates a <VAR>job</VAR> with each pipeline. It keeps a
+by the operating system kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver and Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The shell associates a <var>job</var> with each pipeline. It keeps a
table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
-<CODE>jobs</CODE> command. When Bash starts a job
+<code>jobs</code> command. When Bash starts a job
asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
like:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[1] 25647
-</pre></td></tr></table>indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[1] 25647
+</pre></div>
+<p>indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process <small>ID</small>
of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
-the same job. Bash uses the <VAR>job</VAR> abstraction as the
+the same job. Bash uses the <var>job</var> abstraction as the
basis for job control.
-</P><P>
-
-To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+</p>
+<p>To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
-process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose
-process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group
-ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>.
+process group <small>ID</small>. Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group <small>ID</small> is equal to the current terminal process group
+<small>ID</small>) receive keyboard-generated signals such as <code>SIGINT</code>.
These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background
-processes are those whose process group ID differs from the
-terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
+processes are those whose process group <small>ID</small> differs from the
+terminal&rsquo;s; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
-the user so specifies with <CODE>stty tostop</CODE>, write to the terminal.
+the user so specifies with <code>stty tostop</code>, write to the terminal.
Background processes which attempt to
-read from (write to when <CODE>stty tostop</CODE> is in effect) the
-terminal are sent a <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE> (<CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>)
-signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
+read from (write to when <code>stty tostop</code> is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a <code>SIGTTIN</code> (<code>SIGTTOU</code>)
+signal by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver,
which, unless caught, suspends the process.
-</P><P>
-
-If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
+</p>
+<p>If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the
-<VAR>suspend</VAR> character (typically <SAMP>`^Z'</SAMP>, Control-Z) while a
+<var>suspend</var> character (typically &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Z) while a
process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
-control to Bash. Typing the <VAR>delayed suspend</VAR> character
-(typically <SAMP>`^Y'</SAMP>, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+control to Bash. Typing the <var>delayed suspend</var> character
+(typically &lsquo;<samp>^Y</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
-this job, using the <CODE>bg</CODE> command to continue it in the
-background, the <CODE>fg</CODE> command to continue it in the
-foreground, or the <CODE>kill</CODE> command to kill it. A <SAMP>`^Z'</SAMP>
+this job, using the <code>bg</code> command to continue it in the
+background, the <code>fg</code> command to continue it in the
+foreground, or the <code>kill</code> command to kill it. A &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;
takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
-</P><P>
-
-There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
-character <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> introduces a job specification (<VAR>jobspec</VAR>).
-</P><P>
-
-Job number <CODE>n</CODE> may be referred to as <SAMP>`%n'</SAMP>.
-The symbols <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`%+'</SAMP> refer to the shell's notion of the
+</p>
+<p>There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
+character &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; introduces a job specification (<var>jobspec</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Job number <code>n</code> may be referred to as &lsquo;<samp>%n</samp>&rsquo;.
+The symbols &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; refer to the shell&rsquo;s notion of the
current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
or started in the background.
-A single <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
+A single &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
to the current job.
-The previous job may be referenced using <SAMP>`%-'</SAMP>.
-If there is only a single job, <SAMP>`%+'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`%-'</SAMP> can both be used
+The previous job may be referenced using &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo;.
+If there is only a single job, &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo; can both be used
to refer to that job.
-In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <CODE>jobs</CODE>
-command), the current job is always flagged with a <SAMP>`+'</SAMP>, and the
-previous job with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-A job may also be referred to
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <code>jobs</code>
+command), the current job is always flagged with a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo;, and the
+previous job with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>A job may also be referred to
using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
-that appears in its command line. For example, <SAMP>`%ce'</SAMP> refers
-to a stopped <CODE>ce</CODE> job. Using <SAMP>`%?ce'</SAMP>, on the
-other hand, refers to any job containing the string <SAMP>`ce'</SAMP> in
+that appears in its command line. For example, &lsquo;<samp>%ce</samp>&rsquo; refers
+to a stopped <code>ce</code> job. Using &lsquo;<samp>%?ce</samp>&rsquo;, on the
+other hand, refers to any job containing the string &lsquo;<samp>ce</samp>&rsquo; in
its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
Bash reports an error.
-</P><P>
-
-Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
-<SAMP>`%1'</SAMP> is a synonym for <SAMP>`fg %1'</SAMP>, bringing job 1 from the
-background into the foreground. Similarly, <SAMP>`%1 &#38;'</SAMP> resumes
-job 1 in the background, equivalent to <SAMP>`bg %1'</SAMP>
-</P><P>
-
-The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+</p>
+<p>Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
+&lsquo;<samp>%1</samp>&rsquo; is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>fg %1</samp>&rsquo;, bringing job 1 from the
+background into the foreground. Similarly, &lsquo;<samp>%1 &amp;</samp>&rsquo; resumes
+job 1 in the background, equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>bg %1</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
-before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+before reporting changes in a job&rsquo;s status so as to not interrupt
any other output.
-If the <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled,
-Bash reports such changes immediately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-Any trap on <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> is executed for each child process
+If the <samp>-b</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled,
+Bash reports such changes immediately (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+Any trap on <code>SIGCHLD</code> is executed for each child process
that exits.
-</P><P>
-
-If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
-the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is enabled -- see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the
-shell prints a warning message, and if the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is
+</p>
+<p>If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
+the <code>checkjobs</code> option is enabled &ndash; see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the
+shell prints a warning message, and if the <code>checkjobs</code> option is
enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
-The <CODE>jobs</CODE> command may then be used to inspect their status.
+The <code>jobs</code> command may then be used to inspect their status.
If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Job Control Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC94"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 7.2 Job Control Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC94::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>bg</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX318"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Resume each suspended job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the background, as if it
-had been started with <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>.
-If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.2 Job Control Builtins</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bg [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume each suspended job <var>jobspec</var> in the background, as if it
+had been started with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
-<VAR>jobspec</VAR> was not found or specifies a job
+<var>jobspec</var> was not found or specifies a job
that was started without job control.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>fg</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>fg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Resume the job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the foreground and make it the current job.
-If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>fg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">fg [<var>jobspec</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the job <var>jobspec</var> in the foreground and make it the current job.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
-job control enabled, <VAR>jobspec</VAR> does not specify a valid job or
-<VAR>jobspec</VAR> specifies a job that was started without job control.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>jobs</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>jobs [-lnprs] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>]
-jobs -x <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
+job control enabled, <var>jobspec</var> does not specify a valid job or
+<var>jobspec</var> specifies a job that was started without job control.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>jobs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-jobs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">jobs [-lnprs] [<var>jobspec</var>]
+jobs -x <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
-<DD>List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List process <small>ID</small>s in addition to the normal information.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
the user was last notified of their status.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>Display only running jobs.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>Display only stopped jobs.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is given,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List only the process <small>ID</small> of the job&rsquo;s process group leader.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only running jobs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only stopped jobs.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>jobspec</var> is given,
output is restricted to information about that job.
-If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
listed.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is supplied, <CODE>jobs</CODE> replaces any
-<VAR>jobspec</VAR> found in <VAR>command</VAR> or <VAR>arguments</VAR> with the
-corresponding process group ID, and executes <VAR>command</VAR>,
-passing it <VAR>argument</VAR>s, returning its exit status.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>kill</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX321"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>kill [-s <VAR>sigspec</VAR>] [-n <VAR>signum</VAR>] [-<VAR>sigspec</VAR>] <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR>
-kill -l [<VAR>exit_status</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Send a signal specified by <VAR>sigspec</VAR> or <VAR>signum</VAR> to the process
-named by job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or process ID <VAR>pid</VAR>.
-<VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
-<CODE>SIGINT</CODE> (with or without the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix)
-or a signal number; <VAR>signum</VAR> is a signal number.
-If <VAR>sigspec</VAR> and <VAR>signum</VAR> are not present, <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE> is used.
-The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option lists the signal names.
-If any arguments are supplied when <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> is given, the names of the
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-x</samp> option is supplied, <code>jobs</code> replaces any
+<var>jobspec</var> found in <var>command</var> or <var>arguments</var> with the
+corresponding process group <small>ID</small>, and executes <var>command</var>,
+passing it <var>argument</var>s, returning its exit status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-kill"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">kill [-s <var>sigspec</var>] [-n <var>signum</var>] [-<var>sigspec</var>] <var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var>
+kill -l|-L [<var>exit_status</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Send a signal specified by <var>sigspec</var> or <var>signum</var> to the process
+named by job specification <var>jobspec</var> or process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>.
+<var>sigspec</var> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+<code>SIGINT</code> (with or without the <code>SIG</code> prefix)
+or a signal number; <var>signum</var> is a signal number.
+If <var>sigspec</var> and <var>signum</var> are not present, <code>SIGTERM</code> is used.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when <samp>-l</samp> is given, the names of the
signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
is zero.
-<VAR>exit_status</VAR> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
+<var>exit_status</var> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The <samp>-L</samp> option is equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>wait</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>wait [-n] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Wait until the child process specified by each process ID <VAR>pid</VAR>
-or job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> exits and return the exit status of the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>wait</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-wait"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">wait [-n] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Wait until the child process specified by each process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>
+or job specification <var>jobspec</var> exits and return the exit status of the
last command waited for.
If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
waited for, and the return status is zero.
-If the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option is supplied, <CODE>wait</CODE> waits for any job to
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, <code>wait</code> waits for any job to
terminate and returns its exit status.
-If neither <VAR>jobspec</VAR> nor <VAR>pid</VAR> specifies an active child process
+If neither <var>jobspec</var> nor <var>pid</var> specifies an active child process
of the shell, the return status is 127.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>disown</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>disown [-ar] [-h] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Without options, remove each <VAR>jobspec</VAR> from the table of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disown</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disown"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip; | <var>pid</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without options, remove each <var>jobspec</var> from the table of
active jobs.
-If the <SAMP>`-h'</SAMP> option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
-but is marked so that <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> is not sent to the job if the shell
-receives a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
-If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not present, and neither the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> nor the
-<SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option is supplied, the current job is used.
-If no <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is supplied, the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means to remove or
-mark all jobs; the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option without a <VAR>jobspec</VAR>
+If the <samp>-h</samp> option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+but is marked so that <code>SIGHUP</code> is not sent to the job if the shell
+receives a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not present, and neither the <samp>-a</samp> nor the
+<samp>-r</samp> option is supplied, the current job is used.
+If no <var>jobspec</var> is supplied, the <samp>-a</samp> option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the <samp>-r</samp> option without a <var>jobspec</var>
argument restricts operation to running jobs.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>suspend</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>suspend [-f]
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
-<CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> signal.
-A login shell cannot be suspended; the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>suspend</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-suspend"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">suspend [-f]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+<code>SIGCONT</code> signal.
+A login shell cannot be suspended; the <samp>-f</samp>
option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-When job control is not active, the <CODE>kill</CODE> and <CODE>wait</CODE>
-builtins do not accept <VAR>jobspec</VAR> arguments. They must be
-supplied process IDs.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Job Control Variables"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC95"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 7.3 Job Control Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC95::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX325"></A>
-<DT><CODE>auto_resume</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A>
-This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When job control is not active, the <code>kill</code> and <code>wait</code>
+builtins do not accept <var>jobspec</var> arguments. They must be
+supplied process <small>ID</small>s.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.3 Job Control Variables</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>auto_resume</code>
+<a name="index-auto_005fresume"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
the most recently accessed job will be selected.
The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
-used to start it. If this variable is set to the value <SAMP>`exact'</SAMP>,
+used to start it. If this variable is set to the value &lsquo;<samp>exact</samp>&rsquo;,
the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
-if set to <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP>,
+if set to &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo;,
the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
-stopped job. The <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP> value provides functionality
-analogous to the <SAMP>`%?'</SAMP> job ID (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>).
+stopped job. The &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo; value provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%?</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small> (see <a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a>).
If set to any other value, the supplied string must
-be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
-analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX327"></A>
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Command Line Editing"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC96"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 8. Command Line Editing </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC96::-->
-<P>
-
-This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU
+be a prefix of a stopped job&rsquo;s name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-Readline_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">8 Command Line Editing</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the basic features of the <small>GNU</small>
command line editing interface.
Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is
used by several different programs, including Bash.
Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
-unless the <SAMP>`--noediting'</SAMP> option is supplied at shell invocation.
-Line editing is also used when using the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>read</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+unless the <samp>--noediting</samp> option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the <samp>-e</samp> option to the
+<code>read</code> builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
-Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <SAMP>`-o emacs'</SAMP> or
-<SAMP>`-o vi'</SAMP> options to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), or disabled using the <SAMP>`+o emacs'</SAMP> or
-<SAMP>`+o vi'</SAMP> options to <CODE>set</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Notation used in this text.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing Readline from a user's view.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A description of most of the Readline commands
- available for binding</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of how to make Readline
- behave like the vi editor.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify the possible completions for
- a specific command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands to specify how to
- complete arguments for a particular command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example shell function for
- generating possible completions.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Introduction and Notation"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC97"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC97::-->
-<P>
-
-The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <samp>-o emacs</samp> or
+<samp>-o vi</samp> options to the <code>set</code> builtin command
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), or disabled using the <samp>+o emacs</samp> or
+<samp>+o vi</samp> options to <code>set</code>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction and Notation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Notation used in this text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing Readline from a user&rsquo;s view.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A description of most of the Readline commands
+ available for binding
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of how to make Readline
+ behave like the vi editor.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify the possible completions for
+ a specific command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands to specify how to
+ complete arguments for a particular command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example shell function for
+ generating possible completions.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction-and-Notation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-to-Line-Editing"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</h3>
+
+<p>The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
keystrokes.
-</P><P>
-
-The text <KBD>C-k</KBD> is read as `Control-K' and describes the character
-produced when the <KBD>k</KBD> key is pressed while the Control key
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Control-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the <tt class="key">k</tt> key is pressed while the Control key
is depressed.
-</P><P>
-
-The text <KBD>M-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character
-produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <KBD>k</KBD>
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <tt class="key">k</tt>
key is pressed.
-The Meta key is labeled <KBD>ALT</KBD> on many keyboards.
-On keyboards with two keys labeled <KBD>ALT</KBD> (usually to either side of
-the space bar), the <KBD>ALT</KBD> on the left side is generally set to
+The Meta key is labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on many keyboards.
+On keyboards with two keys labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> (usually to either side of
+the space bar), the <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on the left side is generally set to
work as a Meta key.
-The <KBD>ALT</KBD> key on the right may also be configured to work as a
+The <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key on the right may also be configured to work as a
Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
Compose key for typing accented characters.
-</P><P>
-
-If you do not have a Meta or <KBD>ALT</KBD> key, or another key working as
-a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <KBD>ESC</KBD>
-<EM>first</EM>, and then typing <KBD>k</KBD>.
-Either process is known as <EM>metafying</EM> the <KBD>k</KBD> key.
-</P><P>
-
-The text <KBD>M-C-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
-character produced by <EM>metafying</EM> <KBD>C-k</KBD>.
-</P><P>
-
-In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
-<KBD>DEL</KBD>, <KBD>ESC</KBD>, <KBD>LFD</KBD>, <KBD>SPC</KBD>, <KBD>RET</KBD>, and <KBD>TAB</KBD> all
+</p>
+<p>If you do not have a Meta or <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key, or another key working as
+a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+<em>first</em>, and then typing <tt class="key">k</tt>.
+Either process is known as <em>metafying</em> the <tt class="key">k</tt> key.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-Control-k&rsquo; and describes the
+character produced by <em>metafying</em> <kbd>C-k</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
+<tt class="key">DEL</tt>, <tt class="key">ESC</tt>, <tt class="key">LFD</tt>, <tt class="key">SPC</tt>, <tt class="key">RET</tt>, and <tt class="key">TAB</tt> all
stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>).
-If your keyboard lacks a <KBD>LFD</KBD> key, typing <KBD>C-j</KBD> will
+(see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>).
+If your keyboard lacks a <tt class="key">LFD</tt> key, typing <tt class="key">C-j</tt> will
produce the desired character.
-The <KBD>RET</KBD> key may be labeled <KBD>Return</KBD> or <KBD>Enter</KBD> on
+The <tt class="key">RET</tt> key may be labeled <tt class="key">Return</tt> or <tt class="key">Enter</tt> on
some keyboards.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Interaction"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC98"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.2 Readline Interaction </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC98::-->
-<P>
-
-Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction and Notation</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.2 Readline Interaction</h3>
+<a name="index-interaction_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The
Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands,
you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with
-the line, you simply press <KBD>RET</KBD>. You do not have to be at the
-end of the line to press <KBD>RET</KBD>; the entire line is accepted
+the line, you simply press <tt class="key">RET</tt>. You do not have to be at the
+end of the line to press <tt class="key">RET</tt>; the entire line is accepted
regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The least you need to know about Readline.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the input line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to delete text, and how to get it back!</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Giving numeric arguments to commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Searching through previous lines.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Bare Essentials"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC99"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC99::-->
-<P>
-
-In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The least you need to know about Readline.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the input line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching through previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</h4>
+<a name="index-notation_002c-readline"></a>
+<a name="index-command-editing"></a>
+<a name="index-editing-command-lines"></a>
+
+<p>In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your
erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
-</P><P>
-
-Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
+</p>
+<p>Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In
-that case, you can type <KBD>C-b</KBD> to move the cursor to the left, and then
+that case, you can type <kbd>C-b</kbd> to move the cursor to the left, and then
correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
-with <KBD>C-f</KBD>.
-</P><P>
-
-When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
-to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text
+with <kbd>C-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
+to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pushed over&rsquo; to make room for the text
that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
-characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the
+characters to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pulled back&rsquo; to fill in the
blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare
essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><KBD>C-b</KBD>
-<DD>Move back one character.
-<DT><KBD>C-f</KBD>
-<DD>Move forward one character.
-<DT><KBD>DEL</KBD> or <KBD>Backspace</KBD>
-<DD>Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
-<DT><KBD>C-d</KBD>
-<DD>Delete the character underneath the cursor.
-<DT>Printing characters
-<DD>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
-<DT><KBD>C-_</KBD> or <KBD>C-x C-u</KBD>
-<DD>Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move back one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><tt class="key">DEL</tt> or <tt class="key">Backspace</tt></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt>Printing&nbsp;characters<!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-_</kbd> or <kbd>C-x C-u</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
empty line.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-(Depending on your configuration, the <KBD>Backspace</KBD> key be set to
-delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <KBD>DEL</KBD> key set
-to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <KBD>C-d</KBD>, rather
+<p>(Depending on your configuration, the <tt class="key">Backspace</tt> key be set to
+delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <tt class="key">DEL</tt> key set
+to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <kbd>C-d</kbd>, rather
than the character to the left of the cursor.)
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Movement Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC100"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC100::-->
-<P>
-
-The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</h4>
+
+
+<p>The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to <KBD>C-b</KBD>, <KBD>C-f</KBD>,
-<KBD>C-d</KBD>, and <KBD>DEL</KBD>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
+other commands have been added in addition to <kbd>C-b</kbd>, <kbd>C-f</kbd>,
+<kbd>C-d</kbd>, and <tt class="key">DEL</tt>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
about the line.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><KBD>C-a</KBD>
-<DD>Move to the start of the line.
-<DT><KBD>C-e</KBD>
-<DD>Move to the end of the line.
-<DT><KBD>M-f</KBD>
-<DD>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.
-<DT><KBD>M-b</KBD>
-<DD>Move backward a word.
-<DT><KBD>C-l</KBD>
-<DD>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-Notice how <KBD>C-f</KBD> moves forward a character, while <KBD>M-f</KBD> moves
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-a</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-e</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move backward a word.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-l</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Notice how <kbd>C-f</kbd> moves forward a character, while <kbd>M-f</kbd> moves
forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Killing Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC101"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC101::-->
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX328"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX329"></A>
-</P><P>
-
-<EM>Killing</EM> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save
-it away for later use, usually by <EM>yanking</EM> (re-inserting)
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</h4>
+
+<a name="index-killing-text"></a>
+<a name="index-yanking-text"></a>
+
+<p><em>Killing</em> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save
+it away for later use, usually by <em>yanking</em> (re-inserting)
it back into the line.
-(`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and `yank'.)
-</P><P>
-
-If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can
+(&lsquo;Cut&rsquo; and &lsquo;paste&rsquo; are more recent jargon for &lsquo;kill&rsquo; and &lsquo;yank&rsquo;.)
+</p>
+<p>If the description for a command says that it &lsquo;kills&rsquo; text, then you can
be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
place later.
-</P><P>
-
-When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <EM>kill-ring</EM>.
+</p>
+<p>When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <em>kill-ring</em>.
Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill
ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
another line.
-<A NAME="IDX330"></A>
-</P><P>
-
-Here is the list of commands for killing text.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><KBD>C-k</KBD>
-<DD>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
-<P>
-
-<DT><KBD>M-d</KBD>
-<DD>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+<a name="index-kill-ring"></a>
+</p>
+<p>Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-k</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
words, to the end of the next word.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by <KBD>M-f</KBD>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><KBD>M-<KBD>DEL</KBD></KBD>
-<DD>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
words, to the start of the previous word.
-Word boundaries are the same as those used by <KBD>M-b</KBD>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><KBD>C-w</KBD>
-<DD>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than
-<KBD>M-<KBD>DEL</KBD></KBD> because the word boundaries differ.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-Here is how to <EM>yank</EM> the text back into the line. Yanking
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-b</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-w</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than
+<kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd> because the word boundaries differ.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here is how to <em>yank</em> the text back into the line. Yanking
means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><KBD>C-y</KBD>
-<DD>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
-<P>
-
-<DT><KBD>M-y</KBD>
-<DD>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
-the prior command is <KBD>C-y</KBD> or <KBD>M-y</KBD>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Arguments"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC102"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.2.4 Readline Arguments </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC102::-->
-<P>
-
-You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
-argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <I>sign</I> of the
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
+the prior command is <kbd>C-y</kbd> or <kbd>M-y</kbd>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</h4>
+
+<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <i>sign</i> of the
argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
-start of the line, you might type <SAMP>`M-- C-k'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
-digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus
-sign (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once
+start of the line, you might type &lsquo;<samp>M-- C-k</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
+digits before the command. If the first &lsquo;digit&rsquo; typed is a minus
+sign (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once
you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
-the <KBD>C-d</KBD> command an argument of 10, you could type <SAMP>`M-1 0 C-d'</SAMP>,
+the <kbd>C-d</kbd> command an argument of 10, you could type &lsquo;<samp>M-1 0 C-d</samp>&rsquo;,
which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Searching"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC103"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC103::-->
-<P>
-
-Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Searching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</h4>
+
+<p>Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
for lines containing a specified string.
-There are two search modes: <EM>incremental</EM> and <EM>non-incremental</EM>.
-</P><P>
-
-Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+There are two search modes: <em>incremental</em> and <em>non-incremental</em>.
+</p>
+<p>Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string.
As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
find the desired history entry.
To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
-<KBD>C-r</KBD>. Typing <KBD>C-s</KBD> searches forward through the history.
-The characters present in the value of the <CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> variable
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>. Typing <kbd>C-s</kbd> searches forward through the history.
+The characters present in the value of the <code>isearch-terminators</code> variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
-If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> characters will terminate an incremental search.
-<KBD>C-g</KBD> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> characters will terminate an incremental search.
+<kbd>C-g</kbd> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
-</P><P>
-
-To find other matching entries in the history list, type <KBD>C-r</KBD> or
-<KBD>C-s</KBD> as appropriate.
+</p>
+<p>To find other matching entries in the history list, type <kbd>C-r</kbd> or
+<kbd>C-s</kbd> as appropriate.
This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
entry matching the search string typed so far.
Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
the search and execute that command.
-For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> will terminate the search and accept
+For instance, a <tt class="key">RET</tt> will terminate the search and accept
the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
the current line, and begin editing.
-</P><P>
-
-Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
-<KBD>C-r</KBD>s are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
+</p>
+<p>Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>s are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
search string, any remembered search string is used.
-</P><P>
-
-Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+</p>
+<p>Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Init File"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC104"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.3 Readline Init File </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC104::-->
-<P>
-
-Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.3 Readline Init File</h3>
+<a name="index-initialization-file_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
of keybindings.
Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
-commands in an <EM>inputrc</EM> file, conventionally in his home directory.
+commands in an <em>inputrc</em> file, conventionally in his home directory.
The name of this
-file is taken from the value of the shell variable <CODE>INPUTRC</CODE>. If
-that variable is unset, the default is <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>. If that
+file is taken from the value of the shell variable <code>INPUTRC</code>. If
+that variable is unset, the default is <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>. If that
file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
-<TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>.
-</P><P>
-
-When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
+<samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
-</P><P>
-
-In addition, the <CODE>C-x C-r</CODE> command re-reads this init file, thus
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the <code>C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE>
-
-<br>
-<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE>
-
-<br>
-<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example inputrc file.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline Init File Syntax"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC105"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC105::-->
-<P>
-
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</h4>
+
+<p>There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored.
-Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> are comments.
-Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> indicate conditional
-constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>). Other lines
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; are comments.
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; indicate conditional
+constructs (see <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a>). Other lines
denote variable settings and key bindings.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT>Variable Settings
-<DD>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>Variable Settings</dt>
+<dd><p>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by
altering the values of variables in Readline
-using the <CODE>set</CODE> command within the init file.
+using the <code>set</code> command within the init file.
The syntax is simple:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>set <VAR>variable</VAR> <VAR>value</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set <var>variable</var> <var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
-Here, for example, is how to
+<p>Here, for example, is how to
change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
-<CODE>vi</CODE> line editing commands:
-</P><P>
+<code>vi</code> line editing commands:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set editing-mode vi
+</pre></div>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>set editing-mode vi
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
+<p>Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
-</P><P>
-
-Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
-the value is null or empty, <VAR>on</VAR> (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other
+</p>
+<p>Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
+the value is null or empty, <var>on</var> (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other
value results in the variable being set to off.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>bind -V</CODE> command lists the current Readline variable names
-and values. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-V</span></code><!-- /@w --> command lists the current Readline variable names
+and values. See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<p>A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX331"></A>
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>bell-style</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A>
-Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
-If set to <SAMP>`none'</SAMP>, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
-<SAMP>`visible'</SAMP>, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
-If set to <SAMP>`audible'</SAMP> (the default), Readline attempts to ring
-the terminal's bell.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline attempts to bind the control characters
-treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline
-equivalents.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>colored-stats</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX334"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays possible completions using different
+</p>
+<a name="index-variables_002c-readline"></a>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bell-style</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bell_002dstyle"></a>
+<p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>none</samp>&rsquo;, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
+&lsquo;<samp>visible</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>audible</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to ring
+the terminal&rsquo;s bell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control
+characters treated specially by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver to their
+Readline equivalents.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blink-matching-paren</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default
+is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, when listing completions, Readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
+environment variable.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline displays possible completions using different
colors to indicate their file type.
-The color definitions are taken from the value of the <CODE>LS_COLORS</CODE>
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
environment variable.
-The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A>
-The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
-<CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value
-is <CODE>"#"</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX336"></A>
-The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>comment-begin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-comment_002dbegin"></a>
+<p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+<code>insert-comment</code> command is executed. The default value
+is <code>&quot;#&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-display-width</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"></a>
+<p>The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
screen width.
A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-ignore-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, and <VAR>completion-ignore-case</VAR> is enabled, Readline
-treats hyphens (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>) and underscores (<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>) as equivalent when
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-map-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, and <var>completion-ignore-case</var> is enabled, Readline
+treats hyphens (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;) and underscores (&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;) as equivalent when
performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A>
-The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"></a>
+<p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A>
-The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-query-items</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"></a>
+<p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than this value,
Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view
them; otherwise, they are simply listed.
This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0.
A negative value means Readline should never ask.
-The default limit is <CODE>100</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the
-eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth
-bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a
-meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion.
+The default limit is <code>100</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>convert-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-convert_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an <small>ASCII</small> key sequence by stripping the eighth
+bit and prefixing an <tt class="key">ESC</tt> character, converting them to a
+meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, but
+will be set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; if the locale is one that contains
+eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disable-completion</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disable_002dcompletion"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
-been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A>
-The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of
+been mapped to <code>self-insert</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo-control-characters</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard. The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>editing-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-editing_002dmode"></a>
+<p>The <code>editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
-set to either <SAMP>`emacs'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`vi'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>echo-control-characters</CODE>
-<DD>When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
-readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
-keyboard. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A>
-When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application
+set to either &lsquo;<samp>emacs</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>vi</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-keypad</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dkeypad"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
-arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>enable-meta-key</CODE>
-<DD>When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+arrow keys. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-meta-key</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals,
the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
-The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
-attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, the history code attempts to place the point (the
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand-tilde</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-expand_002dtilde"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+attempts word completion. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-preserve-point</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, the history code attempts to place the point (the
current cursor position) at the
-same location on each history line retrieved with <CODE>previous-history</CODE>
-or <CODE>next-history</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>history-size</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A>
-Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+same location on each history line retrieved with <code>previous-history</code>
+or <code>next-history</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-size</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dsize"></a>
+<p>Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved.
If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
limited.
By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A>
-This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it
-to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
+If an attempt is made to set <var>history-size</var> to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"></a>
+<p>This variable can be set to either &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;. Setting it
+to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default,
-this variable is set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX350"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>input-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-input_002dmeta"></a>
+<a name="index-meta_002dflag"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
-default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. The name <CODE>meta-flag</CODE> is a
-synonym for this variable.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A>
-The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
-subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
-If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
-<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX352"></A>
-Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
-Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are
-<CODE>emacs</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-meta</CODE>,
-<CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi-move</CODE>,
-<CODE>vi-command</CODE>, and
-<CODE>vi-insert</CODE>.
-<CODE>vi</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>vi-command</CODE>; <CODE>emacs</CODE> is
-equivalent to <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>. The default value is <CODE>emacs</CODE>.
-The value of the <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable also affects the
+default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+The name <code>meta-flag</code> is a synonym for this variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>isearch-terminators</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-isearch_002dterminators"></a>
+<p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
+subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a href="#Searching">Searching</a>).
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> will terminate an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keymap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-keymap"></a>
+<p>Sets Readline&rsquo;s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
+Acceptable <code>keymap</code> names are
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+The default value is <code>emacs</code>.
+The value of the <code>editing-mode</code> variable also affects the
default keymap.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>keyseq-timeout</CODE>
-<DD>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyseq-timeout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
key sequence).
If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
but complete key sequence.
Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
-available on the current input source (<CODE>rl_instream</CODE> by default).
+available on the current input source (<code>rl_instream</code> by default).
The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input.
If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
decide which key sequence to complete.
-The default value is <CODE>500</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>mark-directories</CODE>
-<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed directory names have a slash
-appended. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A>
-This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an
-asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
-This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX354"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed names which are symbolic links
+The default value is <code>500</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed directory names have a slash
+appended. The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-modified-lines</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to display an
+asterisk (&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed names which are symbolic links
to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
-<CODE>mark-directories</CODE>).
-The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A>
-This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to match files whose
-names begin with a <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> (hidden files) when performing filename
+<code>mark-directories</code>).
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>match-hidden-files</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to match files whose
+names begin with a &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; (hidden files) when performing filename
completion.
-If set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, the leading <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> must be
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, the leading &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
-This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX356"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
-the list. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the
+the list. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>output-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-output_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
-sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX358"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager
+sequence.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>page-completions</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-page_002dcompletions"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses an internal <code>more</code>-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
-This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE>
-<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display completions with matches
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
-The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
-before returning when <CODE>accept-line</CODE> is executed. By default,
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
+before returning when <code>accept-line</code> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
-calls to <CODE>readline</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX360"></A>
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
-set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
+calls to <code>readline</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
+set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A>
-This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
-a fashion similar to <VAR>show-all-if-ambiguous</VAR>.
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+a fashion similar to <var>show-all-if-ambiguous</var>.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;,
words which have more than one possible completion without any
-possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
+possible partial completion (the possible completions don&rsquo;t share
a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
of ringing the bell.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX362"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
-indicating the editing mode: emacs (<SAMP>`@'</SAMP>), vi command (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>),
-or vi insertion (<SAMP>`+'</SAMP>).
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, this alters the default completion behavior when
-inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-completed-text</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, this alters the default completion behavior when
+inserting a single match into the line. It&rsquo;s only active when
performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
following the cursor are not duplicated.
For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
-is after the <SAMP>`e'</SAMP> in <SAMP>`Makefile'</SAMP> will result in <SAMP>`Makefile'</SAMP>
-rather than <SAMP>`Makefilefile'</SAMP>, assuming there is a single possible
+is after the &lsquo;<samp>e</samp>&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo; will result in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo;
+rather than &lsquo;<samp>Makefilefile</samp>&rsquo;, assuming there is a single possible
completion.
-The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX364"></A>
-If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(cmd)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(ins)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>visible-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-visible_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, a character denoting a file&rsquo;s type
is appended to the filename when listing possible
-completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT>Key Bindings
-<DD>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
+completions. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt>Key Bindings</dt>
+<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command
name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
the command does.
-<P>
-
-Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line
+</p>
+<p>Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line
in the init file the name of the key
you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the
command.
-There can be no space between the key name and the colon -- that will be
+There can be no space between the key name and the colon &ndash; that will be
interpreted as part of the key name.
The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on
what you find most comfortable.
-</P><P>
-
-In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
-to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <VAR>macro</VAR>).
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>bind -p</CODE> command displays Readline function names and
+</p>
+<p>In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <var>macro</var>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w --> command displays Readline function names and
bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><VAR>keyname</VAR>: <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR>
-<DD><VAR>keyname</VAR> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>Control-u: universal-argument
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>keyname</var>:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Control-u: universal-argument
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
-Control-o: "&#62; output"
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
+Control-o: &quot;&gt; output&quot;
+</pre></div>
-In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is bound to the function
-<CODE>universal-argument</CODE>,
-<KBD>M-DEL</KBD> is bound to the function <CODE>backward-kill-word</CODE>, and
-<KBD>C-o</KBD> is bound to run the macro
+<p>In the above example, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code>,
+<kbd>M-DEL</kbd> is bound to the function <code>backward-kill-word</code>, and
+<kbd>C-o</kbd> is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
-<SAMP>`&#62; output'</SAMP> into the line).
-</P><P>
-
-A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt; output</samp>&rsquo; into the line).
+</p>
+<p>A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
processing this key binding syntax:
-<VAR>DEL</VAR>,
-<VAR>ESC</VAR>,
-<VAR>ESCAPE</VAR>,
-<VAR>LFD</VAR>,
-<VAR>NEWLINE</VAR>,
-<VAR>RET</VAR>,
-<VAR>RETURN</VAR>,
-<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR>,
-<VAR>SPACE</VAR>,
-<VAR>SPC</VAR>,
+<var>DEL</var>,
+<var>ESC</var>,
+<var>ESCAPE</var>,
+<var>LFD</var>,
+<var>NEWLINE</var>,
+<var>RET</var>,
+<var>RETURN</var>,
+<var>RUBOUT</var>,
+<var>SPACE</var>,
+<var>SPC</var>,
and
-<VAR>TAB</VAR>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT>"<VAR>keyseq</VAR>": <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR>
-<DD><VAR>keyseq</VAR> differs from <VAR>keyname</VAR> above in that strings
+<var>TAB</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>&quot;<var>keyseq</var>&quot;:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyseq</var> differs from <var>keyname</var> above in that strings
denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
-the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key
+the key sequence in double quotes. Some <small>GNU</small> Emacs style key
escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
special character names are not recognized.
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>"\C-u": universal-argument
-"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
-"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is again bound to the function
-<CODE>universal-argument</CODE> (just as it was in the first example),
-<SAMP>`<KBD>C-x</KBD> <KBD>C-r</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to the function <CODE>re-read-init-file</CODE>,
-and <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> <KBD>[</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>~</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to insert
-the text <SAMP>`Function Key 1'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-u&quot;: universal-argument
+&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;: re-read-init-file
+&quot;\e[11~&quot;: &quot;Function Key 1&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the above example, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is again bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code> (just as it was in the first example),
+&lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> <kbd>C-r</kbd></samp>&rsquo; is bound to the function <code>re-read-init-file</code>,
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> <span class="key">[</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">~</span></samp>&rsquo; is bound to insert
+the text &lsquo;<samp>Function Key 1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The following <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences are available when
specifying key sequences:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\C-</KBD></CODE>
-<DD>control prefix
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\M-</KBD></CODE>
-<DD>meta prefix
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\e</KBD></CODE>
-<DD>an escape character
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\\</KBD></CODE>
-<DD>backslash
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\"</KBD></CODE>
-<DD><KBD>"</KBD>, a double quotation mark
-<DT><CODE><KBD>\'</KBD></CODE>
-<DD><KBD>'</KBD>, a single quote or apostrophe
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><kbd>\C-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>control prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\M-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>meta prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\e</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\\</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\&quot;</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">&quot;</tt>, a double quotation mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\'</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">'</tt>, a single quote or apostrophe
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>In addition to the <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences, a second
set of backslash escapes is available:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>\a</CODE>
-<DD>alert (bell)
-<DT><CODE>\b</CODE>
-<DD>backspace
-<DT><CODE>\d</CODE>
-<DD>delete
-<DT><CODE>\f</CODE>
-<DD>form feed
-<DT><CODE>\n</CODE>
-<DD>newline
-<DT><CODE>\r</CODE>
-<DD>carriage return
-<DT><CODE>\t</CODE>
-<DD>horizontal tab
-<DT><CODE>\v</CODE>
-<DD>vertical tab
-<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>delete
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
(one to three digits)
-<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
(one or two hex digits)
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+<p>When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
be used to indicate a macro definition.
Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
-including <SAMP>`"'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`''</SAMP>.
-For example, the following binding will make <SAMP>`<KBD>C-x</KBD> \'</SAMP>
-insert a single <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> into the line:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>"\C-x\\": "\\"
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Conditional Init Constructs"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC106"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC106::-->
-<P>
-
-Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+including &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;.
+For example, the following binding will make &lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> \</samp>&rsquo;
+insert a single &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; into the line:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</h4>
+
+<p>Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
of tests. There are four parser directives used.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>$if</CODE>
-<DD>The <CODE>$if</CODE> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>$if</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>mode</CODE>
-<DD>The <CODE>mode=</CODE> form of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive is used to test
-whether Readline is in <CODE>emacs</CODE> or <CODE>vi</CODE> mode.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>mode</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>mode=</code> form of the <code>$if</code> directive is used to test
+whether Readline is in <code>emacs</code> or <code>vi</code> mode.
This may be used in conjunction
-with the <SAMP>`set keymap'</SAMP> command, for instance, to set bindings in
-the <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE> and <CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE> keymaps only if
-Readline is starting out in <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>term</CODE>
-<DD>The <CODE>term=</CODE> form may be used to include terminal-specific
+with the &lsquo;<samp>set keymap</samp>&rsquo; command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the <code>emacs-standard</code> and <code>emacs-ctlx</code> keymaps only if
+Readline is starting out in <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>term</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>term=</code> form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
-terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
-<SAMP>`='</SAMP> is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
-the portion of the terminal name before the first <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. This
-allows <CODE>sun</CODE> to match both <CODE>sun</CODE> and <CODE>sun-cmd</CODE>,
+terminal&rsquo;s function keys. The word on the right side of the
+&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+the portion of the terminal name before the first &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;. This
+allows <code>sun</code> to match both <code>sun</code> and <code>sun-cmd</code>,
for instance.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>application</CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>application</VAR> construct is used to include
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>application</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>application</var> construct is used to include
application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline
-library sets the <VAR>application name</VAR>, and you can test for
+library sets the <var>application name</var>, and you can test for
a particular value.
This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$if Bash
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if Bash
# Quote the current or previous word
-"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
$endif
-</pre></td></tr></table></DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>$endif</CODE>
-<DD>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
-<CODE>$if</CODE> command.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>$else</CODE>
-<DD>Commands in this branch of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive are executed if
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$endif</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<code>$if</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$else</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Commands in this branch of the <code>$if</code> directive are executed if
the test fails.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>$include</CODE>
-<DD>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$include</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
and bindings from that file.
-For example, the following directive reads from <TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>:
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>$include /etc/inputrc
-</pre></td></tr></table></DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Sample Init File"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC107"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.3.3 Sample Init File </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC107::-->
-<P>
-
-Here is an example of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This illustrates key
+For example, the following directive reads from <samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$include /etc/inputrc
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.3 Sample Init File</h4>
+
+<p>Here is an example of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This illustrates key
binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre># This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
#
@@ -11111,31 +10418,31 @@ Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored
#
# Arrow keys in keypad mode
#
-#"\M-OD": backward-char
-#"\M-OC": forward-char
-#"\M-OA": previous-history
-#"\M-OB": next-history
+#&quot;\M-OD&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-OC&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-OA&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-OB&quot;: next-history
#
# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
#
-"\M-[D": backward-char
-"\M-[C": forward-char
-"\M-[A": previous-history
-"\M-[B": next-history
+&quot;\M-[D&quot;: backward-char
+&quot;\M-[C&quot;: forward-char
+&quot;\M-[A&quot;: previous-history
+&quot;\M-[B&quot;: next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
#
-#"\M-\C-OD": backward-char
-#"\M-\C-OC": forward-char
-#"\M-\C-OA": previous-history
-#"\M-\C-OB": next-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-OD&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OC&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OA&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-OB&quot;: next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
#
-#"\M-\C-[D": backward-char
-#"\M-\C-[C": forward-char
-#"\M-\C-[A": previous-history
-#"\M-\C-[B": next-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-[D&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[C&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[A&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-[B&quot;: next-history
C-q: quoted-insert
@@ -11147,20 +10454,20 @@ TAB: complete
# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
$if Bash
# edit the path
-"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+&quot;\C-xp&quot;: &quot;PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f&quot;
# prepare to type a quoted word --
# insert open and close double quotes
# and move to just after the open quote
-"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+&quot;\C-x\&quot;&quot;: &quot;\&quot;\&quot;\C-b&quot;
# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
# in sequences and macros)
-"\C-x\\": "\\"
+&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
# Quote the current or previous word
-"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
-"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+&quot;\C-xr&quot;: redraw-current-line
# Edit variable on current line.
-"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+&quot;\M-\C-v&quot;: &quot;\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=&quot;
$endif
# use a visible bell if one is available
@@ -11183,1202 +10490,1107 @@ set completion-query-items 150
# For FTP
$if Ftp
-"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
-"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
-"\M-.": yank-last-arg
+&quot;\C-xg&quot;: &quot;get \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\C-xt&quot;: &quot;put \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\M-.&quot;: yank-last-arg
$endif
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bindable Readline Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC108"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC108::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting at previous lines.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for changing text.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for killing and yanking.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Saving and re-executing typed characters</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Other miscellaneous commands.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For History</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting at previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for changing text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Commands For Killing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for killing and yanking.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Numeric Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Commands For Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saving and re-executing typed characters
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Miscellaneous Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Other miscellaneous commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
sequences.
You can list your key bindings by executing
-<CODE>bind -P</CODE> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
-<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, <CODE>bind -p</CODE>. (See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.)
+<code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-P</span></code><!-- /@w --> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
+<var>inputrc</var> file, <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w -->. (See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.)
Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
-</P><P>
-
-In the following descriptions, <EM>point</EM> refers to the current cursor
-position, and <EM>mark</EM> refers to a cursor position saved by the
-<CODE>set-mark</CODE> command.
-The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <EM>region</EM>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Commands For Moving"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC109"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC109::-->
-<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX365"></A>
-<DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX366"></A>
-Move to the start of the current line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX367"></A>
-<DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX368"></A>
-Move to the end of the line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX369"></A>
-<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX370"></A>
-Move forward a character.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX371"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX372"></A>
-Move back a character.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX373"></A>
-<DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX374"></A>
-Move forward to the end of the next word.
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, <em>point</em> refers to the current cursor
+position, and <em>mark</em> refers to a cursor position saved by the
+<code>set-mark</code> command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em>region</em>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-char (C-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-char (C-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-word (M-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX375"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX376"></A>
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-word (M-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX377"></A>
-<DT><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX378"></A>
-Move forward to the end of the next word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX379"></A>
-<DT><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX380"></A>
-Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX381"></A>
-<DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX382"></A>
-Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code>
+<a name="index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX383"></A>
-<DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX384"></A>
-Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Commands For History"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC110"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC110::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX385"></A>
-<DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX386"></A>
-Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>redraw-current-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-History"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code>
+<a name="index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
-the <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> and <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> variables.
+the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code> variables.
If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
to its original state.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX387"></A>
-<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX388"></A>
-Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX389"></A>
-<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX390"></A>
-Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX391"></A>
-<DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX392"></A>
-Move to the first line in the history.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX393"></A>
-<DT><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX394"></A>
-Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>previous-history (C-p)</code>
+<a name="index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;back&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>next-history (C-n)</code>
+<a name="index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;forward&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the next command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the first line in the history.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX395"></A>
-<DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX396"></A>
-Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo; through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX397"></A>
-<DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX398"></A>
-Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
-the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX399"></A>
-<DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX400"></A>
-Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo; through
+the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo;
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX401"></A>
-<DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX402"></A>
-Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
-through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo;
+through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX403"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX404"></A>
-Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
This is a non-incremental search.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX405"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX406"></A>
-Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
This is a non-incremental search.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX407"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX408"></A>
-Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substr-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
This is a non-incremental search.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX409"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX410"></A>
-Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substr-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
This is a non-incremental search.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX411"></A>
-<DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX412"></A>
-Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
the second word on the previous line) at point.
-With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>,
-insert the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the previous command (the words
+With an argument <var>n</var>,
+insert the <var>n</var>th word from the previous command (the words
in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
-inserts the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the end of the previous command.
-Once the argument <VAR>n</VAR> is computed, the argument is extracted
-as if the <SAMP>`!<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX413"></A>
-<DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX414"></A>
-Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+inserts the <var>n</var>th word from the end of the previous command.
+Once the argument <var>n</var> is computed, the argument is extracted
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry).
-With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>.
-Successive calls to <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE> move back through the history
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <code>yank-nth-arg</code>.
+Successive calls to <code>yank-last-arg</code> move back through the history
list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
the first call) of each line in turn.
Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches
the direction through the history (back or forward).
The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
-as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Commands For Text"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC111"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC111::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX415"></A>
-<DT><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX416"></A>
-The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
-<CODE>stty</CODE>. If this character is read when there are no characters
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Text"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Killing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Changing-Text"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+<code>stty</code>. If this character is read when there are no characters
on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
-interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX417"></A>
-<DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX418"></A>
-Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
-same character as the tty EOF character, as <KBD>C-d</KBD>
+interprets it as the end of input and returns <small>EOF</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char (C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
+same character as the tty <small>EOF</small> character, as <kbd>C-d</kbd>
commonly is, see above for the effects.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX419"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX420"></A>
-Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX421"></A>
-<DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX422"></A>
-Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX423"></A>
-<DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX424"></A>
-Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
-how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX425"></A>
-<DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX426"></A>
-Insert yourself.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX427"></A>
-<DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX428"></A>
-Drag the character before the cursor forward over
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
+how to insert key sequences like <kbd>C-q</kbd>, for example.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert yourself.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code>
+<a name="index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This function is intended to be bound to the &quot;bracketed paste&quot; escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to <code>self-insert</code>) instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the character before the cursor forward over
the character at the cursor, moving the
cursor forward as well. If the insertion point
is at the end of the line, then this
transposes the last two characters of the line.
Negative arguments have no effect.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX429"></A>
-<DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX430"></A>
-Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
the last two words on the line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX431"></A>
-<DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX432"></A>
-Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code>
+<a name="index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX433"></A>
-<DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX434"></A>
-Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code>
+<a name="index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX435"></A>
-<DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX436"></A>
-Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code>
+<a name="index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX437"></A>
-<DT><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX438"></A>
-Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>overwrite-mode ()</code>
+<a name="index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
-<CODE>emacs</CODE> mode; <CODE>vi</CODE> mode does overwrite differently.
-Each call to <CODE>readline()</CODE> starts in insert mode.
-<P>
-
-In overwrite mode, characters bound to <CODE>self-insert</CODE> replace
+<code>emacs</code> mode; <code>vi</code> mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to <code>readline()</code> starts in insert mode.
+</p>
+<p>In overwrite mode, characters bound to <code>self-insert</code> replace
the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
-Characters bound to <CODE>backward-delete-char</CODE> replace the character
+Characters bound to <code>backward-delete-char</code> replace the character
before point with a space.
-</P><P>
-
-By default, this command is unbound.
-</P><P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Commands For Killing"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC112"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC112::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX439"></A>
-<DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX440"></A>
-Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX441"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX442"></A>
-Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX443"></A>
-<DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX444"></A>
-Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX445"></A>
-<DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX446"></A>
-Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+</p>
+<p>By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Killing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Killing-And-Yanking"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>kill-line (C-k)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-whole-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX447"></A>
-<DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX448"></A>
-Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-word (M-d)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
-Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX449"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX450"></A>
-Kill the word behind point.
-Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX451"></A>
-<DT><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX452"></A>
-Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
-Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-forward-word</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX453"></A>
-<DT><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX454"></A>
-Kill the word behind point.
-Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-backward-word</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX455"></A>
-<DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX456"></A>
-Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX457"></A>
-<DT><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX458"></A>
-Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
as the word boundaries.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX459"></A>
-<DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX460"></A>
-Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX461"></A>
-<DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX462"></A>
-Kill the text in the current region.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-region ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text in the current region.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX463"></A>
-<DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX464"></A>
-Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX465"></A>
-<DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX466"></A>
-Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
-The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX467"></A>
-<DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX468"></A>
-Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
-The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
By default, this command is unbound.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX469"></A>
-<DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX470"></A>
-Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX471"></A>
-<DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX472"></A>
-Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
-the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Numeric Arguments"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC113"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC113::-->
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX473"></A>
-<DT><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX474"></A>
-Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
-argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX475"></A>
-<DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX476"></A>
-This is another way to specify an argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank (C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
+the prior command is <code>yank</code> or <code>yank-pop</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Killing</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code>
+<a name="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument. <kbd>M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>universal-argument ()</code>
+<a name="index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This is another way to specify an argument.
If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
-If the command is followed by digits, executing <CODE>universal-argument</CODE>
+If the command is followed by digits, executing <code>universal-argument</code>
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
argument count sixteen, and so on.
By default, this is not bound to a key.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Commands For Completion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC114"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC114::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX477"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX478"></A>
-Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
The actual completion performed is application-specific.
Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
-text begins with <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>), username (if the text begins with
-<SAMP>`~'</SAMP>), hostname (if the text begins with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>), or
+text begins with &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;), username (if the text begins with
+&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), hostname (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;), or
command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none
of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX479"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX480"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point.
When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
-for display to the value of <CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>, the value of
-the environment variable <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>, or the screen width, in that order.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX481"></A>
-<DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX482"></A>
-Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
-been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX483"></A>
-<DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX484"></A>
-Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed
+for display to the value of <code>completion-display-width</code>, the value of
+the environment variable <code>COLUMNS</code>, or the screen width, in that order.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+been generated by <code>possible-completions</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>complete</code>, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
-Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list
+Repeated execution of <code>menu-complete</code> steps through the list
of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
-(subject to the setting of <CODE>bell-style</CODE>)
+(subject to the setting of <code>bell-style</code>)
and the original text is restored.
-An argument of <VAR>n</VAR> moves <VAR>n</VAR> positions forward in the list
+An argument of <var>n</var> moves <var>n</var> positions forward in the list
of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
through the list.
-This command is intended to be bound to <KBD>TAB</KBD>, but is unbound
+This command is intended to be bound to <tt class="key">TAB</tt>, but is unbound
by default.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX485"></A>
-<DT><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX486"></A>
-Identical to <CODE>menu-complete</CODE>, but moves backward through the list
-of possible completions, as if <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> had been given a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Identical to <code>menu-complete</code>, but moves backward through the list
+of possible completions, as if <code>menu-complete</code> had been given a
negative argument.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX487"></A>
-<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX488"></A>
-Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
-end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like <code>delete-char</code>).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
-<CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
+<code>possible-completions</code>.
This command is unbound by default.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX489"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX490"></A>
-Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX491"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX492"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a filename.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX493"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX494"></A>
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-username (M-~)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a username.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX495"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX496"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a username.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX497"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX498"></A>
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX499"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX500"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a shell variable.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX501"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX502"></A>
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX503"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX504"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a hostname.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX505"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX506"></A>
-Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-command (M-!)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
in that order.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX507"></A>
-<DT><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX508"></A>
-List the possible completions of the text before point,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a command name.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX509"></A>
-<DT><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX510"></A>
-Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX511"></A>
-<DT><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX512"></A>
-Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code>
+<a name="index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX513"></A>
-<DT><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX514"></A>
-Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Keyboard Macros"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC115"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC115::-->
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX515"></A>
-<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX516"></A>
-Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX517"></A>
-<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX518"></A>
-Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+(see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code>
+<a name="index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX519"></A>
-<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX520"></A>
-Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code>
+<a name="index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX521"></A>
-<DT><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX522"></A>
-Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
-<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Miscellaneous Commands"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC116"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC116::-->
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<A NAME="IDX523"></A>
-<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX524"></A>
-Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code>
+<a name="index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+<var>inputrc</var> file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read in the contents of the <var>inputrc</var> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX525"></A>
-<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX526"></A>
-Abort the current editing command and
-ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
-<CODE>bell-style</CODE>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX527"></A>
-<DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX528"></A>
-If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>abort (C-g)</code>
+<a name="index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal&rsquo;s bell (subject to the setting of
+<code>bell-style</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-do_002duppercase_002dversion-_0028M_002da_002c-M_002db_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is lowercase, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX529"></A>
-<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX530"></A>
-Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
-without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing
-<KBD>M-f</KBD>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX531"></A>
-<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX532"></A>
-Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX533"></A>
-<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX534"></A>
-Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
+without a meta key. Typing &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> f</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to typing
+<kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-line (M-r)</code>
+<a name="index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <code>undo</code>
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX535"></A>
-<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX536"></A>
-Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX537"></A>
-<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX538"></A>
-Set the mark to the point. If a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code>
+<a name="index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>set-mark (C-@)</code>
+<a name="index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the mark to the point. If a
numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX539"></A>
-<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX540"></A>
-Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code>
+<a name="index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX541"></A>
-<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX542"></A>
-A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search (C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX543"></A>
-<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX544"></A>
-A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX545"></A>
-<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX546"></A>
-Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code>
+<a name="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is
-bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+bound to &quot;\e[&quot;, keys producing such sequences will have no effect
unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default,
but usually bound to ESC-[.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX547"></A>
-<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX548"></A>
-Without a numeric argument, the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, the value of the <code>comment-begin</code>
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
-of <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>, the value is inserted, otherwise
-the characters in <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> are deleted from the beginning of
+of <code>comment-begin</code>, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in <code>comment-begin</code> are deleted from the beginning of
the line.
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
-The default value of <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> causes this command
+The default value of <code>comment-begin</code> causes this command
to make the current line a shell comment.
If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
will be executed by the shell.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX549"></A>
-<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX550"></A>
-Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-functions ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX551"></A>
-<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX552"></A>
-Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-variables ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX553"></A>
-<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX554"></A>
-Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-macros ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
-of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX555"></A>
-<DT><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX556"></A>
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX557"></A>
-<DT><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX558"></A>
-The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
pathname expansion.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX559"></A>
-<DT><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX560"></A>
-The list of expansions that would have been generated by
-<CODE>glob-expand-word</CODE> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
-If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+<code>glob-expand-word</code> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
pathname expansion.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX561"></A>
-<DT><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX562"></A>
-Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX563"></A>
-<DT><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX564"></A>
-Expand the line as the shell does.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expand the line as the shell does.
This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
-word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX565"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX566"></A>
-Perform history expansion on the current line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX567"></A>
-<DT><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX568"></A>
-Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX569"></A>
-<DT><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX570"></A>
-Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX571"></A>
-<DT><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX572"></A>
-Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX573"></A>
-<DT><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX574"></A>
-A synonym for <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX575"></A>
-<DT><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX576"></A>
-Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+word expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>magic-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform alias expansion on the current line (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>yank-last-arg</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code>
+<a name="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX577"></A>
-<DT><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX578"></A>
-Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</code>
+<a name="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dxC_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
commands.
Bash attempts to invoke
-<CODE>$VISUAL</CODE>, <CODE>$EDITOR</CODE>, and <CODE>emacs</CODE>
+<code>$VISUAL</code>, <code>$EDITOR</code>, and <code>emacs</code>
as the editor, in that order.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Readline vi Mode"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC117"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.5 Readline vi Mode </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC117::-->
-<P>
-
-While the Readline library does not have a full set of <CODE>vi</CODE>
+</p>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.5 Readline vi Mode</h3>
+
+<p>While the Readline library does not have a full set of <code>vi</code>
editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
-of the line. The Readline <CODE>vi</CODE> mode behaves as specified in
-the POSIX standard.
-</P><P>
-
-In order to switch interactively between <CODE>emacs</CODE> and <CODE>vi</CODE>
-editing modes, use the <SAMP>`set -o emacs'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`set -o vi'</SAMP>
-commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-The Readline default is <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode.
-</P><P>
-
-When you enter a line in <CODE>vi</CODE> mode, you are already placed in
-`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an <SAMP>`i'</SAMP>. Pressing <KBD>ESC</KBD>
-switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the
-line with the standard <CODE>vi</CODE> movement keys, move to previous
-history lines with <SAMP>`k'</SAMP> and subsequent lines with <SAMP>`j'</SAMP>, and
+of the line. The Readline <code>vi</code> mode behaves as specified in
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<p>In order to switch interactively between <code>emacs</code> and <code>vi</code>
+editing modes, use the &lsquo;<samp>set -o emacs</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>set -o vi</samp>&rsquo;
+commands (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The Readline default is <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+<p>When you enter a line in <code>vi</code> mode, you are already placed in
+&lsquo;insertion&rsquo; mode, as if you had typed an &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;. Pressing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+switches you into &lsquo;command&rsquo; mode, where you can edit the text of the
+line with the standard <code>vi</code> movement keys, move to previous
+history lines with &lsquo;<samp>k</samp>&rsquo; and subsequent lines with &lsquo;<samp>j</samp>&rsquo;, and
so forth.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Programmable Completion"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC118"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.6 Programmable Completion </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC118::-->
-<P>
-
-When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a <VAR>compspec</VAR>) has been defined
-using the <CODE>complete</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>),
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.6 Programmable Completion</h3>
+<a name="index-programmable-completion"></a>
+
+<p>When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a <var>compspec</var>) has been defined
+using the <code>complete</code> builtin (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
-</P><P>
-
-First, the command name is identified.
+</p>
+<p>First, the command name is identified.
If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
-the <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option to <CODE>complete</CODE> is used.
+the <samp>-E</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used.
If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
pathname is searched for first.
If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
-the <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option to <CODE>complete</CODE> is used as the default.
-</P><P>
-
-Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+the <samp>-D</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used as the default.
+</p>
+<p>Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
matching words.
If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>) is performed.
-</P><P>
-
-First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+described above (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>) is performed.
+</p>
+<p>First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
returned.
-When the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option is used for filename or
-directory name completion, the shell variable <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> is
+When the <samp>-f</samp> or <samp>-d</samp> option is used for filename or
+directory name completion, the shell variable <code>FIGNORE</code> is
used to filter the matches.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
-<SAMP>`-G'</SAMP> option are generated next.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
+<samp>-G</samp> option are generated next.
The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
-The <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
-but the <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> shell variable is used.
-</P><P>
-
-Next, the string specified as the argument to the <SAMP>`-W'</SAMP> option
+The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
+but the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable is used.
+</p>
+<p>Next, the string specified as the argument to the <samp>-W</samp> option
is considered.
-The string is first split using the characters in the <CODE>IFS</CODE>
+The string is first split using the characters in the <code>IFS</code>
special variable as delimiters.
Shell quoting is honored.
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+as described above (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
The results are split using the rules described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
+(see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
-</P><P>
-
-After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
-specified with the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> options is invoked.
-When the command or function is invoked, the <CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE>,
-<CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE>, <CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE>, and <CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE> variables are
-assigned values as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-If a shell function is being invoked, the <CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> and
-<CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variables are also set.
+</p>
+<p>After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the <samp>-F</samp> and <samp>-C</samp> options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the <code>COMP_LINE</code>,
+<code>COMP_POINT</code>, <code>COMP_KEY</code>, and <code>COMP_TYPE</code> variables are
+assigned values as described above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+If a shell function is being invoked, the <code>COMP_WORDS</code> and
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variables are also set.
When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
@@ -12387,73 +11599,68 @@ line.
No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
the matches.
-</P><P>
-
-Any function specified with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> is invoked first.
+</p>
+<p>Any function specified with <samp>-F</samp> is invoked first.
The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
-<CODE>compgen</CODE> and <CODE>compopt</CODE> builtins described below
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), to generate the matches.
-It must put the possible completions in the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array
+<code>compgen</code> and <code>compopt</code> builtins described below
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>), to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array
variable, one per array element.
-</P><P>
-
-Next, any command specified with the <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> option is invoked
+</p>
+<p>Next, any command specified with the <samp>-C</samp> option is invoked
in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
the standard output.
Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
-</P><P>
-
-After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> option is applied to the list.
-The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>
+</p>
+<p>After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the <samp>-X</samp> option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
-A literal <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+A literal &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
is removed before attempting a match.
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
-A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; negates the pattern; in this case any completion
not matching the pattern will be removed.
-</P><P>
-
-Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP>
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp>
options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
completions.
-</P><P>
-
-If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
-<SAMP>`-o dirnames'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when the
+</p>
+<p>If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+<samp>-o dirnames</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <SAMP>`-o plusdirs'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-o plusdirs</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
-</P><P>
-
-By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
+</p>
+<p>By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
of filename completion is disabled.
-If the <SAMP>`-o bashdefault'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when
+If the <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted
if the compspec generates no matches.
-If the <SAMP>`-o default'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when the
-compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed
+If the <samp>-o default</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
+compspec was defined, Readline&rsquo;s default completion will be performed
if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
generate no matches.
-</P><P>
-
-When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+</p>
+<p>When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
-the value of the <VAR>mark-directories</VAR> Readline variable, regardless
-of the setting of the <VAR>mark-symlinked-directories</VAR> Readline variable.
-</P><P>
-
-There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
+the value of the <var>mark-directories</var> Readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the <var>mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
+</p>
+<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
-with <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+with <samp>-D</samp>. It&rsquo;s possible for shell functions executed as completion
handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -12462,396 +11669,373 @@ programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
being loaded all at once.
-</P><P>
-
-For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+</p>
+<p>For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
completion function would load completions dynamically:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>_completion_loader()
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">_completion_loader()
{
- . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" &#62;/dev/null 2&#62;&#38;1 &#38;&#38; return 124
+ . &quot;/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&amp; return 124
}
complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Programmable Completion Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC119"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC119::-->
-<P>
-
-Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="n" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-completion-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion
facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to
be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>compgen</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX579"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compgen [<VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>word</VAR>]</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Generate possible completion matches for <VAR>word</VAR> according to
-the <VAR>option</VAR>s, which may be any option accepted by the
-<CODE>complete</CODE>
-builtin with the exception of <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>, and write
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>compgen</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compgen"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compgen [<var>option</var>] [<var>word</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Generate possible completion matches for <var>word</var> according to
+the <var>option</var>s, which may be any option accepted by the
+<code>complete</code>
+builtin with the exception of <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-r</samp>, and write
the matches to the standard output.
-When using the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> options, the various shell variables
+When using the <samp>-F</samp> or <samp>-C</samp> options, the various shell variables
set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
have useful values.
-</P><P>
-
-The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+</p>
+<p>The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
with the same flags.
-If <VAR>word</VAR> is specified, only those completions matching <VAR>word</VAR>
+If <var>word</var> is specified, only those completions matching <var>word</var>
will be displayed.
-</P><P>
-
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
matches were generated.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>complete</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX580"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR>] [-DE] [-A <VAR>action</VAR>] [-G <VAR>globpat</VAR>] [-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR>]
-[-F <VAR>function</VAR>] [-C <VAR>command</VAR>] [-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR>]
-[-P <VAR>prefix</VAR>] [-S <VAR>suffix</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE>
-<CODE>complete -pr [-DE] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-Specify how arguments to each <VAR>name</VAR> should be completed.
-If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-complete"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <var>comp-option</var>] [-DE] [-A <var>action</var>] [-G <var>globpat</var>] [-W <var>wordlist</var>]
+[-F <var>function</var>] [-C <var>command</var>] [-X <var>filterpat</var>]
+[-P <var>prefix</var>] [-S <var>suffix</var>] <var>name</var> [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+<code>complete -pr [-DE] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Specify how arguments to each <var>name</var> should be completed.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
reused as input.
-The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option removes a completion specification for
-each <VAR>name</VAR>, or, if no <VAR>name</VAR>s are supplied, all
+The <samp>-r</samp> option removes a completion specification for
+each <var>name</var>, or, if no <var>name</var>s are supplied, all
completion specifications.
-The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
-apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
-apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
-</P><P>
-
-The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
-is attempted is described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). The
-<SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option takes precedence over <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
-The arguments to the <SAMP>`-G'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-W'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> options
-(and, if necessary, the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> options)
+</p>
+<p>The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>). The
+<samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence over <samp>-E</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the <samp>-G</samp>, <samp>-W</samp>, and <samp>-X</samp> options
+(and, if necessary, the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp> options)
should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
-<CODE>complete</CODE> builtin is invoked.
-</P><P>
+<code>complete</code> builtin is invoked.
+</p>
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>comp-option</VAR> controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-o <var>comp-option</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>comp-option</var> controls several aspects of the compspec&rsquo;s behavior
beyond the simple generation of completions.
-<VAR>comp-option</VAR> may be one of:
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>bashdefault</CODE>
-<DD>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec
+<var>comp-option</var> may be one of:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bashdefault</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec
generates no matches.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>default</CODE>
-<DD>Use Readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion if the compspec generates
no matches.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>dirnames</CODE>
-<DD>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>filenames</CODE>
-<DD>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filenames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names
quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
-with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>noquote</CODE>
-<DD>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+with <samp>-F</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
(quoting filenames is the default).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>nospace</CODE>
-<DD>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nosort</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nospace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
the end of the line.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>plusdirs</CODE>
-<DD>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>plusdirs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
-<DT><CODE>-A <VAR>action</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>action</VAR> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A <var>action</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>action</var> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
completions:
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>alias</CODE>
-<DD>Alias names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>arrayvar</CODE>
-<DD>Array variable names.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>binding</CODE>
-<DD>Readline key binding names (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE>
-<DD>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>command</CODE>
-<DD>Command names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>directory</CODE>
-<DD>Directory names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>disabled</CODE>
-<DD>Names of disabled shell builtins.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>enabled</CODE>
-<DD>Names of enabled shell builtins.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>export</CODE>
-<DD>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>file</CODE>
-<DD>File names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>function</CODE>
-<DD>Names of shell functions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>group</CODE>
-<DD>Group names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>helptopic</CODE>
-<DD>Help topics as accepted by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>hostname</CODE>
-<DD>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
-<CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> shell variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>job</CODE>
-<DD>Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-j'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>keyword</CODE>
-<DD>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>running</CODE>
-<DD>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>service</CODE>
-<DD>Service names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>setopt</CODE>
-<DD>Valid arguments for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>shopt</CODE>
-<DD>Shell option names as accepted by the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>signal</CODE>
-<DD>Signal names.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>stopped</CODE>
-<DD>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>user</CODE>
-<DD>User names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>variable</CODE>
-<DD>Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-C <VAR>command</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><VAR>command</VAR> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Alias names. May also be specified as <samp>-a</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>arrayvar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Array variable names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>binding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline key binding names (see <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">Bindable Readline Commands</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <samp>-b</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Command names. May also be specified as <samp>-c</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>directory</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Directory names. May also be specified as <samp>-d</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of disabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of enabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-e</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>file</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File names. May also be specified as <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>function</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>group</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Group names. May also be specified as <samp>-g</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>helptopic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Help topics as accepted by the <code>help</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostname</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+<code>HOSTFILE</code> shell variable (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <samp>-j</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <samp>-k</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>running</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>service</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Service names. May also be specified as <samp>-s</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>setopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Valid arguments for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell option names as accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>stopped</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>user</code></dt>
+<dd><p>User names. May also be specified as <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-v</samp>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C <var>command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>command</var> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
used as the possible completions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-F <VAR>function</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The shell function <VAR>function</VAR> is executed in the current shell
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-F <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell function <var>function</var> is executed in the current shell
environment.
When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
preceding the word being completed, as described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
-of the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array variable.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>globpat</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The filename expansion pattern <VAR>globpat</VAR> is expanded to generate
+of the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>globpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The filename expansion pattern <var>globpat</var> is expanded to generate
the possible completions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-P <VAR>prefix</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><VAR>prefix</VAR> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P <var>prefix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>prefix</var> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>suffix</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><VAR>suffix</VAR> is appended to each possible completion
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>suffix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>suffix</var> is appended to each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>wordlist</VAR> is split using the characters in the
-<CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-W <var>wordlist</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>wordlist</var> is split using the characters in the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
is expanded.
The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
match the word being completed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><VAR>filterpat</VAR> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X <var>filterpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>filterpat</var> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
-<VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed from the list.
-A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> in <VAR>filterpat</VAR> negates the pattern; in this
-case, any completion not matching <VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
-other than <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> is supplied without a <VAR>name</VAR>
+<var>filterpat</var> is removed from the list.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; in <var>filterpat</var> negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching <var>filterpat</var> is removed.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than <samp>-p</samp> or <samp>-r</samp> is supplied without a <var>name</var>
argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
-a <VAR>name</VAR> for which no specification exists, or
+a <var>name</var> for which no specification exists, or
an error occurs adding a completion specification.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>compopt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX581"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compopt</CODE> [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-DE] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table>Modify completion options for each <VAR>name</VAR> according to the
-<VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compopt</code> [-o <var>option</var>] [-DE] [+o <var>option</var>] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>Modify completion options for each <var>name</var> according to the
+<var>option</var>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <var>name</var>s
are supplied.
-If no <VAR>option</VAR>s are given, display the completion options for each
-<VAR>name</VAR> or the current completion.
-The possible values of <VAR>option</VAR> are those valid for the <CODE>complete</CODE>
+If no <var>option</var>s are given, display the completion options for each
+<var>name</var> or the current completion.
+The possible values of <var>option</var> are those valid for the <code>complete</code>
builtin described above.
-The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options should
-apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that the remaining options should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
-The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options should
-apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that the remaining options should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
-<P>
-
-The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option takes precedence over <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
-is made to modify the options for a <VAR>name</VAR> for which no completion
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence over <samp>-E</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
+is made to modify the options for a <var>name</var> for which no completion
specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-</P><P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="A Programmable Completion Example"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC120"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 8.8 A Programmable Completion Example </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC120::-->
-<P>
-
-The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
-the default actions <CODE>complete</CODE> and <CODE>compgen</CODE> provide is to use
-a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <CODE>complete -F</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-The following function provides completions for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</h3>
+
+<p>The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> provide is to use
+a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <code>complete -F</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The following function provides completions for the <code>cd</code> builtin.
It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as <CODE>$2</CODE>
+used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as <code>$2</code>
to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the
-<CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> array variable; the current word is indexed by the
-<CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variable.
-</P><P>
-
-The function relies on the <CODE>complete</CODE> and <CODE>compgen</CODE> builtins
-to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash <CODE>cd</CODE>
+<code>COMP_WORDS</code> array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variable.
+</p>
+<p>The function relies on the <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> builtins
+to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash <code>cd</code>
does beyond accepting basic directory names:
-tilde expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>),
-searching directories in <VAR>$CDPATH</VAR>, which is described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>),
-and basic support for the <CODE>cdable_vars</CODE> shell option
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
-<CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> modifies the value of <VAR>IFS</VAR> so that it contains only
-a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs --
-<CODE>compgen</CODE> prints the possible completions it generates one per line.
-</P><P>
-
-Possible completions go into the <VAR>COMPREPLY</VAR> array variable, one
+tilde expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>),
+searching directories in <var>$CDPATH</var>, which is described above
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>),
+and basic support for the <code>cdable_vars</code> shell option
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+<code>_comp_cd</code> modifies the value of <var>IFS</var> so that it contains only
+a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs &ndash;
+<code>compgen</code> prints the possible completions it generates one per line.
+</p>
+<p>Possible completions go into the <var>COMPREPLY</var> array variable, one
completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves
the completions from there when the function returns.
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre># A completion function for the cd builtin
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># A completion function for the cd builtin
# based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
_comp_cd()
{
@@ -12860,16 +12044,16 @@ _comp_cd()
local i j k
# Tilde expansion, with side effect of expanding tilde to full pathname
- case "$2" in
- \~*) eval cur="$2" ;;
+ case &quot;$2&quot; in
+ \~*) eval cur=&quot;$2&quot; ;;
*) cur=$2 ;;
esac
# no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
- if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+ if [[ -z &quot;${CDPATH:-}&quot; ]] || [[ &quot;$cur&quot; == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
# compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
IFS=$'\n'
- COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
IFS=$' \t\n'
# CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
else
@@ -12881,2091 +12065,1676 @@ _comp_cd()
_cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
- k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
- for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+ k=&quot;${#COMPREPLY[@]}&quot;
+ for j in $( compgen -d -- &quot;$i/$cur&quot; ); do
COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory
done
done
- $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+ $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
IFS=$' \t\n'
fi
# variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
- if shopt -q cdable_vars &#38;&#38; [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
- COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+ if shopt -q cdable_vars &amp;&amp; [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
fi
return 0
}
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-We install the completion function using the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to
-<CODE>complete</CODE>:
-</P><P>
+</pre></div>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre># Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+<p>We install the completion function using the <samp>-F</samp> option to
+<code>complete</code>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
# use the bash default completion for other arguments
complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some
+<p>Since we&rsquo;d like Bash and Readline to take care of some
of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash
-and Readline what to do. The <SAMP>`-o filenames'</SAMP> option tells Readline
+and Readline what to do. The <samp>-o filenames</samp> option tells Readline
that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted
appropriately. That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to
filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to
-extend <CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> to append a slash if we're using directories found
-via <VAR>CDPATH</VAR>: Readline can't tell those completions are directories).
-The <SAMP>`-o nospace'</SAMP> option tells Readline to not append a space
+extend <code>_comp_cd</code> to append a slash if we&rsquo;re using directories found
+via <var>CDPATH</var>: Readline can&rsquo;t tell those completions are directories).
+The <samp>-o nospace</samp> option tells Readline to not append a space
character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it.
-The <SAMP>`-o bashdefault'</SAMP> option brings in the rest of the "Bash default"
-completions -- possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
+The <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option brings in the rest of the &quot;Bash default&quot;
+completions &ndash; possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion
-for words beginning with <SAMP>`{'</SAMP>, completions containing pathname
-expansion patterns (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>), and so on.
-</P><P>
-
-Once installed using <CODE>complete</CODE>, <CODE>_comp_cd</CODE> will be called every
-time we attempt word completion for a <CODE>cd</CODE> command.
-</P><P>
-
-Many more examples -- an extensive collection of completions for most of
-the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands -- are available as part of the
+for words beginning with &lsquo;<samp>{</samp>&rsquo;, completions containing pathname
+expansion patterns (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>), and so on.
+</p>
+<p>Once installed using <code>complete</code>, <code>_comp_cd</code> will be called every
+time we attempt word completion for a <code>cd</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>Many more examples &ndash; an extensive collection of completions for most of
+the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands &ndash; are available as part of the
bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux
distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives
-at <A HREF="http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/">http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/</A>. There are ports for
+at <a href="http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/">http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/</a>. There are ports for
other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
-</P><P>
-
-An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash
-in the <TT>`examples/complete'</TT> subdirectory.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="IDX582"></A>
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC121"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 9. Using History Interactively </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC121::-->
-<P>
-
-This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library
-interactively, from a user's standpoint.
-It should be considered a user's guide.
-For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs,
-see the GNU Readline Library Manual.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
- history.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
- the command history.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash History Facilities"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC122"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 9.1 Bash History Facilities </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC122::-->
-<P>
-
-When the <SAMP>`-o history'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
-is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>),
-the shell provides access to the <EM>command history</EM>,
+</p>
+<p>An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash
+in the <samp>examples/complete</samp> subdirectory.
+</p>
+<a name="index-History_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">9 Using History Interactively</h2>
+
+
+<p>This chapter describes how to use the <small>GNU</small> History Library
+interactively, from a user&rsquo;s standpoint.
+It should be considered a user&rsquo;s guide.
+For information on using the <small>GNU</small> History Library in other programs,
+see the <small>GNU</small> Readline Library Manual.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+ history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+ the command history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What it feels like using History as a user.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.1 Bash History Facilities</h3>
+<a name="index-command-history"></a>
+<a name="index-history-list"></a>
+
+<p>When the <samp>-o history</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+is enabled (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>),
+the shell provides access to the <em>command history</em>,
the list of commands previously typed.
-The value of the <CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> shell variable is used as the
+The value of the <code>HISTSIZE</code> shell variable is used as the
number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last <CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE>
+The text of the last <code>$HISTSIZE</code>
commands (default 500) is saved.
The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
parameter and variable expansion
but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
values of the shell variables
-<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> and <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
-file named by the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable (default <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>).
-The file named by the value of <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> is truncated, if
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code> and <code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
+file named by the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable (default <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>).
+The file named by the value of <code>HISTFILE</code> is truncated, if
necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
-the value of the <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> variable.
+the value of the <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> variable.
When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
-<CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE> lines are copied from the history list to the file
-named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>.
-If the <CODE>histappend</CODE> shell option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>),
+<code>$HISTSIZE</code> lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>.
+If the <code>histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>),
the lines are appended to the history file,
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
-If <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE>
+If <code>HISTFILE</code>
is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
After saving the history, the history file is truncated
-to contain no more than <CODE>$HISTFILESIZE</CODE> lines.
-If <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
+to contain no more than <code>$HISTFILESIZE</code> lines.
+If <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
-</P><P>
-
-If the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> is set, the time stamp information
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set, the time stamp information
associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
marked with the history comment character.
When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
-as timestamps for the previous history line.
-</P><P>
-
-The builtin command <CODE>fc</CODE> may be used to list or edit and re-execute
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+</p>
+<p>The builtin command <code>fc</code> may be used to list or edit and re-execute
a portion of the history list.
-The <CODE>history</CODE> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
+The <code>history</code> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
-list. The <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> and <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>
+history list (see <a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code>
variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
commands entered.
-The <CODE>cmdhist</CODE>
+The <code>cmdhist</code>
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
-The <CODE>lithist</CODE>
+The <code>lithist</code>
shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
instead of semicolons.
-The <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin is used to set these options.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of <CODE>shopt</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Bash History Builtins"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC123"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 9.2 Bash History Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC123::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
+The <code>shopt</code> builtin is used to set these options.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History Interaction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.2 Bash History Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-history-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
history list and history file.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>fc</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX583"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>fc [-e <VAR>ename</VAR>] [-lnr] [<VAR>first</VAR>] [<VAR>last</VAR>]</CODE>
-<CODE>fc -s [<VAR>pat</VAR>=<VAR>rep</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR>]</CODE>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-The first form selects a range of commands from <VAR>first</VAR> to
-<VAR>last</VAR> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>fc</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fc"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>fc [-e <var>ename</var>] [-lnr] [<var>first</var>] [<var>last</var>]</code>
+<code>fc -s [<var>pat</var>=<var>rep</var>] [<var>command</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form selects a range of commands from <var>first</var> to
+<var>last</var> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
them.
-Both <VAR>first</VAR> and
-<VAR>last</VAR> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
+Both <var>first</var> and
+<var>last</var> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
-current command number). If <VAR>last</VAR> is not specified it is set to
-<VAR>first</VAR>. If <VAR>first</VAR> is not specified it is set to the previous
-command for editing and -16 for listing. If the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> flag is
-given, the commands are listed on standard output. The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> flag
-suppresses the command numbers when listing. The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> flag
+current command number). If <var>last</var> is not specified it is set to
+<var>first</var>. If <var>first</var> is not specified it is set to the previous
+command for editing and -16 for listing. If the <samp>-l</samp> flag is
+given, the commands are listed on standard output. The <samp>-n</samp> flag
+suppresses the command numbers when listing. The <samp>-r</samp> flag
reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
-<VAR>ename</VAR> is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
-<VAR>ename</VAR> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
-is used: <CODE>${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</CODE>. This says to use the
-value of the <CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> variable if set, or the value of the
-<CODE>EDITOR</CODE> variable if that is set, or <CODE>vi</CODE> if neither is set.
+<var>ename</var> is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
+<var>ename</var> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
+is used: <code>${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</code>. This says to use the
+value of the <code>FCEDIT</code> variable if set, or the value of the
+<code>EDITOR</code> variable if that is set, or <code>vi</code> if neither is set.
When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
-</P><P>
-
-In the second form, <VAR>command</VAR> is re-executed after each instance
-of <VAR>pat</VAR> in the selected command is replaced by <VAR>rep</VAR>.
-<VAR>command</VAR> is intepreted the same as <VAR>first</VAR> above.
-</P><P>
-
-A useful alias to use with the <CODE>fc</CODE> command is <CODE>r='fc -s'</CODE>, so
-that typing <SAMP>`r cc'</SAMP> runs the last command beginning with <CODE>cc</CODE>
-and typing <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> re-executes the last command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><CODE>history</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX584"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>history [<VAR>n</VAR>]
+</p>
+<p>In the second form, <var>command</var> is re-executed after each instance
+of <var>pat</var> in the selected command is replaced by <var>rep</var>.
+<var>command</var> is intepreted the same as <var>first</var> above.
+</p>
+<p>A useful alias to use with the <code>fc</code> command is <code>r='fc -s'</code>, so
+that typing &lsquo;<samp>r cc</samp>&rsquo; runs the last command beginning with <code>cc</code>
+and typing &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; re-executes the last command (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">history [<var>n</var>]
history -c
-history -d <VAR>offset</VAR>
-history [-anrw] [<VAR>filename</VAR>]
-history -ps <VAR>arg</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-
-With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
-Lines prefixed with a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> have been modified.
-An argument of <VAR>n</VAR> lists only the last <VAR>n</VAR> lines.
-If the shell variable <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> is set and not null,
-it is used as a format string for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to display
+history -d <var>offset</var>
+history [-anrw] [<var>filename</var>]
+history -ps <var>arg</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
+Lines prefixed with a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; have been modified.
+An argument of <var>n</var> lists only the last <var>n</var> lines.
+If the shell variable <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set and not null,
+it is used as a format string for <var>strftime</var> to display
the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
and the history line.
-</P><P>
-
-Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>-c</CODE>
-<DD>Clear the history list. This may be combined
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the history list. This may be combined
with the other options to replace the history list completely.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>offset</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Delete the history entry at position <VAR>offset</VAR>.
-<VAR>offset</VAR> should be specified as it appears when the history is
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the history entry at position <var>offset</var>.
+<var>offset</var> should be specified as it appears when the history is
displayed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>Append the new
-history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the
-current Bash session) to the history file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
-<DD>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the new history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history
file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>Read the history file and append its contents to
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to
the history list.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-w</CODE>
-<DD>Write out the current history list to the history file.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-p</CODE>
-<DD>Perform history substitution on the <VAR>arg</VAR>s and display the result
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Write out the current history list to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history substitution on the <var>arg</var>s and display the result
on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>arg</VAR>s are added to the end of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>arg</var>s are added to the end of
the history list as a single entry.
-<P>
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-When any of the <SAMP>`-w'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> options is
-used, if <VAR>filename</VAR>
+<p>When any of the <samp>-w</samp>, <samp>-r</samp>, <samp>-a</samp>, or <samp>-n</samp> options is
+used, if <var>filename</var>
is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then
-the value of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable is used.
-</P><P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="History Interaction"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC124"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 9.3 History Expansion </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC124::-->
-<P>
-
-The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
-to the history expansion provided by <CODE>csh</CODE>. This section
+the value of the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable is used.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="History-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="History-Expansion"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.3 History Expansion</h3>
+<a name="index-history-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by <code>csh</code>. This section
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
-</P><P>
-
-History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+</p>
+<p>History expansions introduce words from the history list into
the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
fix errors in previous commands quickly.
-</P><P>
-
-History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine
+</p>
+<p>History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine
which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
current one. The line selected from the history is called the
-<EM>event</EM>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
-called <EM>words</EM>. Various <EM>modifiers</EM> are available to manipulate
+<em>event</em>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+called <em>words</em>. Various <em>modifiers</em> are available to manipulate
the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
that Bash does, so that several words
surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
-history expansion character, which is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> by default.
-Only <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`''</SAMP> may be used to escape the history expansion
-character.
-</P><P>
-
-Several shell options settable with the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) may be used to tailor
+history expansion character, which is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+Only &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo; may be used to escape the history expansion
+character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
+</p>
+<p>Several shell options settable with the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>) may be used to tailor
the behavior of history expansion. If the
-<CODE>histverify</CODE> shell option is enabled, and Readline
+<code>histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
the shell parser.
Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
editing buffer for further modification.
-If Readline is being used, and the <CODE>histreedit</CODE>
+If Readline is being used, and the <code>histreedit</code>
shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
-The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin command
+The <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin command
may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
-The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin may be used to
+The <samp>-s</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin may be used to
add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
-</P><P>
-
-The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
-history expansion mechanism with the <CODE>histchars</CODE> variable,
-as explained above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). The shell uses
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the <code>histchars</code> variable,
+as explained above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>). The shell uses
the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
writing the history file.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Event Designators"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC125"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 9.3.1 Event Designators </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC125::-->
-<P>
-
-An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify which history line to use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying which words are of interest.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modifying the results of substitution.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Event-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Event-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 Event Designators</h4>
+<a name="index-event-designators"></a>
+
+<p>An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
position in the history list.
-<A NAME="IDX585"></A>
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>!</CODE>
-<DD>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
-the end of the line, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> or <SAMP>`('</SAMP> (when the
-<CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option is enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!<VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Refer to command line <VAR>n</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!-<VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the command <VAR>n</VAR> lines back.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!!</CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`!-1'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!<VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the most recent command
+<a name="index-history-events"></a>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+the end of the line, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; (when the
+<code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to command line <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!-<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the command <var>n</var> lines back.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>!-1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
-starting with <VAR>string</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!?<VAR>string</VAR>[?]</CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the most recent command
+starting with <var>string</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!?<var>string</var>[?]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
preceding the current position in the history list
-containing <VAR>string</VAR>.
+containing <var>string</var>.
The trailing
-<SAMP>`?'</SAMP> may be omitted if the <VAR>string</VAR> is followed immediately by
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; may be omitted if the <var>string</var> is followed immediately by
a newline.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>^<VAR>string1</VAR>^<VAR>string2</VAR>^</CODE>
-<DD>Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <VAR>string1</VAR>
-with <VAR>string2</VAR>. Equivalent to
-<CODE>!!:s/<VAR>string1</VAR>/<VAR>string2</VAR>/</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!#</CODE>
-<DD>The entire command line typed so far.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Word Designators"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC126"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 9.3.2 Word Designators </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC126::-->
-<P>
-
-Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
-A <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> separates the event specification from the word designator. It
-may be omitted if the word designator begins with a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>. Words are numbered from the beginning
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <var>string1</var>
+with <var>string2</var>. Equivalent to
+<code>!!:s/<var>string1</var>/<var>string2</var>/</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The entire command line typed so far.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Event Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.2 Word Designators</h4>
+
+<p>Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; separates the event specification from the word designator. It
+may be omitted if the word designator begins with a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;. Words are numbered from the beginning
of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are
inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
-</P><P>
-
-For example,
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>!!</CODE>
-<DD>designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding
+</p>
+<p>For example,
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding
command is repeated in toto.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!!:$</CODE>
-<DD>designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
-shortened to <CODE>!$</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>!fi:2</CODE>
-<DD>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
-the letters <CODE>fi</CODE>.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-Here are the word designators:
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>0 (zero)</CODE>
-<DD>The <CODE>0</CODE>th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>n</VAR>th word.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>^</CODE>
-<DD>The first argument; that is, word 1.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>$</CODE>
-<DD>The last argument.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>%</CODE>
-<DD>The word matched by the most recent <SAMP>`?<VAR>string</VAR>?'</SAMP> search.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-<VAR>y</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>A range of words; <SAMP>`-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP> abbreviates <SAMP>`0-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>*</CODE>
-<DD>All of the words, except the <CODE>0</CODE>th. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`1-$'</SAMP>.
-It is not an error to use <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> if there is just one word in the event;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!:$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
+shortened to <code>!$</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!fi:2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
+the letters <code>fi</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here are the word designators:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>0 (zero)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>0</code>th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>n</var>th word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first argument; that is, word 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The last argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The word matched by the most recent &lsquo;<samp>?<var>string</var>?</samp>&rsquo; search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-<var>y</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>A range of words; &lsquo;<samp>-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo; abbreviates &lsquo;<samp>0-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code>0</code>th. This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>1-$</samp>&rsquo;.
+It is not an error to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>*</CODE>
-<DD>Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP>
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-</CODE>
-<DD>Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP> like <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>*'</SAMP>, but omits the last word.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo; like &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>*</samp>&rsquo;, but omits the last word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Modifiers"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC127"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H3> 9.3.3 Modifiers </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC127::-->
-<P>
-
-After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
-of the following modifiers, each preceded by a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>h</CODE>
-<DD>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>t</CODE>
-<DD>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>r</CODE>
-<DD>Remove a trailing suffix of the form <SAMP>`.<VAR>suffix</VAR>'</SAMP>, leaving
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifiers"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifiers-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.3 Modifiers</h4>
+
+<p>After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
+of the following modifiers, each preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing suffix of the form &lsquo;<samp>.<var>suffix</var></samp>&rsquo;, leaving
the basename.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>e</CODE>
-<DD>Remove all but the trailing suffix.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>p</CODE>
-<DD>Print the new command but do not execute it.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>q</CODE>
-<DD>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>x</CODE>
-<DD>Quote the substituted words as with <SAMP>`q'</SAMP>,
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the new command but do not execute it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words as with &lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo;,
but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>s/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE>
-<DD>Substitute <VAR>new</VAR> for the first occurrence of <VAR>old</VAR> in the
-event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>.
-The delimiter may be quoted in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR>
-with a single backslash. If <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>new</VAR>,
-it is replaced by <VAR>old</VAR>. A single backslash will quote
-the <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Substitute <var>new</var> for the first occurrence of <var>old</var> in the
+event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;.
+The delimiter may be quoted in <var>old</var> and <var>new</var>
+with a single backslash. If &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>new</var>,
+it is replaced by <var>old</var>. A single backslash will quote
+the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
character on the input line.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>&#38;</CODE>
-<DD>Repeat the previous substitution.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>g</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>a</CODE>
-<DD>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
-conjunction with <SAMP>`s'</SAMP>, as in <CODE>gs/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE>,
-or with <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>G</CODE>
-<DD>Apply the following <SAMP>`s'</SAMP> modifier once to each word in the event.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Installing Bash"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC128"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> 10. Installing Bash </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC128::-->
-<P>
-
-This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Repeat the previous substitution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>g</code></dt>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
+conjunction with &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;, as in <code>gs/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code>,
+or with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>G</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Apply the following &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo; modifier once to each word in the event.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Installing-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installing-Bash-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">10 Installing Bash</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the
-GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
+<small>GNU</small> operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
Other independent ports exist for
-MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
-</P><P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various
- systems.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more
+<small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>, and Windows platforms.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Installation instructions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set special options for various
+ systems.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile Bash for more
than one kind of system from
- the same source tree.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU
- programs.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when
- building Bash.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Basic Installation"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC129"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.1 Basic Installation </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC129::-->
-<P>
-
-These are installation instructions for Bash.
-</P><P>
-
-The simplest way to compile Bash is:
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-<CODE>cd</CODE> to the directory containing the source code and type
-<SAMP>`./configure'</SAMP> to configure Bash for your system. If you're
-using <CODE>csh</CODE> on an old version of System V, you might need to
-type <SAMP>`sh ./configure'</SAMP> instead to prevent <CODE>csh</CODE> from trying
-to execute <CODE>configure</CODE> itself.
-<P>
-
-Running <CODE>configure</CODE> takes some time.
+ the same source tree.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to share default configuration values among GNU
+ programs.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options recognized by the configuration program.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to enable and disable optional features when
+ building Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Installation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Installation-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.1 Basic Installation</h3>
+<a name="index-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-configuration"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-configuration"></a>
+
+<p>These are installation instructions for Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> <code>cd</code> to the directory containing the source code and type
+&lsquo;<samp>./configure</samp>&rsquo; to configure Bash for your system. If you&rsquo;re
+using <code>csh</code> on an old version of System V, you might need to
+type &lsquo;<samp>sh ./configure</samp>&rsquo; instead to prevent <code>csh</code> from trying
+to execute <code>configure</code> itself.
+
+<p>Running <code>configure</code> takes some time.
While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
checking for.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-Type <SAMP>`make'</SAMP> to compile Bash and build the <CODE>bashbug</CODE> bug
+</p>
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo; to compile Bash and build the <code>bashbug</code> bug
reporting script.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Optionally, type <SAMP>`make tests'</SAMP> to run the Bash test suite.
-<P>
+</li><li> Optionally, type &lsquo;<samp>make tests</samp>&rsquo; to run the Bash test suite.
-<LI>
-Type <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> to install <CODE>bash</CODE> and <CODE>bashbug</CODE>.
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; to install <code>bash</code> and <code>bashbug</code>.
This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
-<P>
-</OL>
-<P>
+</li></ol>
-The <CODE>configure</CODE> shell script attempts to guess correct
+<p>The <code>configure</code> shell script attempts to guess correct
values for various system-dependent variables used during
-compilation. It uses those values to create a <TT>`Makefile'</TT> in
+compilation. It uses those values to create a <samp>Makefile</samp> in
each directory of the package (the top directory, the
-<TT>`builtins'</TT>, <TT>`doc'</TT>, and <TT>`support'</TT> directories,
-each directory under <TT>`lib'</TT>, and several others). It also creates a
-<TT>`config.h'</TT> file containing system-dependent definitions.
-Finally, it creates a shell script named <CODE>config.status</CODE> that you
+<samp>builtins</samp>, <samp>doc</samp>, and <samp>support</samp> directories,
+each directory under <samp>lib</samp>, and several others). It also creates a
+<samp>config.h</samp> file containing system-dependent definitions.
+Finally, it creates a shell script named <code>config.status</code> that you
can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
-file <TT>`config.cache'</TT> that saves the results of its tests to
-speed up reconfiguring, and a file <TT>`config.log'</TT> containing
-compiler output (useful mainly for debugging <CODE>configure</CODE>).
+file <samp>config.cache</samp> that saves the results of its tests to
+speed up reconfiguring, and a file <samp>config.log</samp> containing
+compiler output (useful mainly for debugging <code>configure</code>).
If at some point
-<TT>`config.cache'</TT> contains results you don't want to keep, you
+<samp>config.cache</samp> contains results you don&rsquo;t want to keep, you
may remove or edit it.
-</P><P>
-
-To find out more about the options and arguments that the
-<CODE>configure</CODE> script understands, type
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
-</P><P>
-
-If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
-try to figure out how <CODE>configure</CODE> could check whether or not
+</p>
+<p>To find out more about the options and arguments that the
+<code>configure</code> script understands, type
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+</p>
+<p>If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
+try to figure out how <code>configure</code> could check whether or not
to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
-<A HREF="mailto:bash-maintainers@gnu.org">bash-maintainers@gnu.org</A> so they can be
+<a href="mailto:bash-maintainers@gnu.org">bash-maintainers@gnu.org</a> so they can be
considered for the next release.
-</P><P>
-
-The file <TT>`configure.ac'</TT> is used to create <CODE>configure</CODE>
+</p>
+<p>The file <samp>configure.ac</samp> is used to create <code>configure</code>
by a program called Autoconf. You only need
-<TT>`configure.ac'</TT> if you want to change it or regenerate
-<CODE>configure</CODE> using a newer version of Autoconf. If
+<samp>configure.ac</samp> if you want to change it or regenerate
+<code>configure</code> using a newer version of Autoconf. If
you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
newer.
-</P><P>
-
-You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
-source code directory by typing <SAMP>`make clean'</SAMP>. To also remove the
-files that <CODE>configure</CODE> created (so you can compile Bash for
-a different kind of computer), type <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Compilers and Options"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC130"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.2 Compilers and Options </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC130::-->
-<P>
-
-Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
-that the <CODE>configure</CODE> script does not know about. You can
-give <CODE>configure</CODE> initial values for variables by setting
+</p>
+<p>You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+source code directory by typing &lsquo;<samp>make clean</samp>&rsquo;. To also remove the
+files that <code>configure</code> created (so you can compile Bash for
+a different kind of computer), type &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.2 Compilers and Options</h3>
+
+<p>Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
+that the <code>configure</code> script does not know about. You can
+give <code>configure</code> initial values for variables by setting
them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
can do that on the command line like this:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-On systems that have the <CODE>env</CODE> program, you can do it like this:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>On systems that have the <code>env</code> program, you can do it like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
is available.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Compiling For Multiple Architectures"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC131"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC131::-->
-<P>
-
-You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</h3>
+
+<p>You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
-own directory. To do this, you must use a version of <CODE>make</CODE> that
-supports the <CODE>VPATH</CODE> variable, such as GNU <CODE>make</CODE>.
-<CODE>cd</CODE> to the
+own directory. To do this, you must use a version of <code>make</code> that
+supports the <code>VPATH</code> variable, such as GNU <code>make</code>.
+<code>cd</code> to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
-the <CODE>configure</CODE> script from the source directory. You may need to
-supply the <SAMP>`--srcdir=PATH'</SAMP> argument to tell <CODE>configure</CODE> where the
-source files are. <CODE>configure</CODE> automatically checks for the
-source code in the directory that <CODE>configure</CODE> is in and in `..'.
-</P><P>
-
-If you have to use a <CODE>make</CODE> that does not supports the <CODE>VPATH</CODE>
+the <code>configure</code> script from the source directory. You may need to
+supply the <samp>--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code>configure</code> where the
+source files are. <code>configure</code> automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that <code>configure</code> is in and in &lsquo;..&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If you have to use a <code>make</code> that does not supports the <code>VPATH</code>
variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
time in the source code directory. After you have installed
-Bash for one architecture, use <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP> before
+Bash for one architecture, use &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo; before
reconfiguring for another architecture.
-</P><P>
-
-Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
-<TT>`support/mkclone'</TT> script to create a build tree which has
-symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an
+</p>
+<p>Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
+<samp>support/mkclone</samp> script to create a build tree which has
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here&rsquo;s an
example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
-source directory <TT>`/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0'</TT>:
-</P><P>
+source directory <samp>/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+</pre></div>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-The <CODE>mkclone</CODE> script requires Bash, so you must have already built
+<p>The <code>mkclone</code> script requires Bash, so you must have already built
Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
directories for other architectures.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Installation Names"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC132"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.4 Installation Names </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC132::-->
-<P>
-
-By default, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will install into
-<TT>`/usr/local/bin'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/local/man'</TT>, etc. You can
-specify an installation prefix other than <TT>`/usr/local'</TT> by
-giving <CODE>configure</CODE> the option <SAMP>`--prefix=<VAR>PATH</VAR>'</SAMP>,
-or by specifying a value for the <CODE>DESTDIR</CODE> <SAMP>`make'</SAMP>
-variable when running <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Installation-Names"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installation-Names-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.4 Installation Names</h3>
+
+<p>By default, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will install into
+<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>, <samp>/usr/local/man</samp>, etc. You can
+specify an installation prefix other than <samp>/usr/local</samp> by
+giving <code>configure</code> the option <samp>--prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>,
+or by specifying a value for the <code>DESTDIR</code> &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo;
+variable when running &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.
-If you give <CODE>configure</CODE> the option
-<SAMP>`--exec-prefix=<VAR>PATH</VAR>'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will use
-<VAR>PATH</VAR> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+If you give <code>configure</code> the option
+<samp>--exec-prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will use
+<var>PATH</var> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Specifying the System Type"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC133"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.5 Specifying the System Type </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC133::-->
-<P>
-
-There may be some features <CODE>configure</CODE> can not figure out
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation Names</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.5 Specifying the System Type</h3>
+
+<p>There may be some features <code>configure</code> can not figure out
automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
-will run on. Usually <CODE>configure</CODE> can figure that
+will run on. Usually <code>configure</code> can figure that
out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
-type, give it the <SAMP>`--host=TYPE'</SAMP> option. <SAMP>`TYPE'</SAMP> can
-either be a short name for the system type, such as <SAMP>`sun4'</SAMP>,
-or a canonical name with three fields: <SAMP>`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'</SAMP>
-(e.g., <SAMP>`i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'</SAMP>).
-</P><P>
-
-See the file <TT>`support/config.sub'</TT> for the possible
+type, give it the <samp>--host=TYPE</samp> option. &lsquo;<samp>TYPE</samp>&rsquo; can
+either be a short name for the system type, such as &lsquo;<samp>sun4</samp>&rsquo;,
+or a canonical name with three fields: &lsquo;<samp>CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM</samp>&rsquo;
+(e.g., &lsquo;<samp>i386-unknown-freebsd4.2</samp>&rsquo;).
+</p>
+<p>See the file <samp>support/config.sub</samp> for the possible
values of each field.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Sharing Defaults"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC134"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.6 Sharing Defaults </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC134::-->
-<P>
-
-If you want to set default values for <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts to
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.6 Sharing Defaults</h3>
+
+<p>If you want to set default values for <code>configure</code> scripts to
share, you can create a site shell script called
-<CODE>config.site</CODE> that gives default values for variables like
-<CODE>CC</CODE>, <CODE>cache_file</CODE>, and <CODE>prefix</CODE>. <CODE>configure</CODE>
-looks for <TT>`PREFIX/share/config.site'</TT> if it exists, then
-<TT>`PREFIX/etc/config.site'</TT> if it exists. Or, you can set the
-<CODE>CONFIG_SITE</CODE> environment variable to the location of the site
-script. A warning: the Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> looks for a site script,
-but not all <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts do.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Operation Controls"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC135"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.7 Operation Controls </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC135::-->
-<P>
-
-<CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes the following options to control how it
+<code>config.site</code> that gives default values for variables like
+<code>CC</code>, <code>cache_file</code>, and <code>prefix</code>. <code>configure</code>
+looks for <samp>PREFIX/share/config.site</samp> if it exists, then
+<samp>PREFIX/etc/config.site</samp> if it exists. Or, you can set the
+<code>CONFIG_SITE</code> environment variable to the location of the site
+script. A warning: the Bash <code>configure</code> looks for a site script,
+but not all <code>configure</code> scripts do.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Operation-Controls"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Optional Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sharing Defaults</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Operation-Controls-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.7 Operation Controls</h3>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><CODE>--cache-file=<VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Use and save the results of the tests in
-<VAR>file</VAR> instead of <TT>`./config.cache'</TT>. Set <VAR>file</VAR> to
-<TT>`/dev/null'</TT> to disable caching, for debugging
-<CODE>configure</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--help</CODE>
-<DD>Print a summary of the options to <CODE>configure</CODE>, and exit.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--quiet</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>--silent</CODE>
-<DD><DT><CODE>-q</CODE>
-<DD>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--srcdir=<VAR>dir</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Look for the Bash source code in directory <VAR>dir</VAR>. Usually
-<CODE>configure</CODE> can determine that directory automatically.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--version</CODE>
-<DD>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <CODE>configure</CODE>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--cache-file=<var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use and save the results of the tests in
+<var>file</var> instead of <samp>./config.cache</samp>. Set <var>file</var> to
+<samp>/dev/null</samp> to disable caching, for debugging
+<code>configure</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a summary of the options to <code>configure</code>, and exit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--quiet</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--silent</code></dt>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--srcdir=<var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var>dir</var>. Usually
+<code>configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <code>configure</code>
script, and exit.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-<CODE>configure</CODE> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
-options. <SAMP>`configure --help'</SAMP> prints the complete list.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Optional Features"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC136"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> 10.8 Optional Features </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC136::-->
-<P>
-
-The Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> has a number of <SAMP>`--enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>
-options, where <VAR>feature</VAR> indicates an optional part of Bash.
-There are also several <SAMP>`--with-<VAR>package</VAR>'</SAMP> options,
-where <VAR>package</VAR> is something like <SAMP>`bash-malloc'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`purify'</SAMP>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. &lsquo;<samp>configure --help</samp>&rsquo; prints the complete list.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Optional-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Operation Controls</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Optional-Features-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.8 Optional Features</h3>
+
+<p>The Bash <code>configure</code> has a number of <samp>--enable-<var>feature</var></samp>
+options, where <var>feature</var> indicates an optional part of Bash.
+There are also several <samp>--with-<var>package</var></samp> options,
+where <var>package</var> is something like &lsquo;<samp>bash-malloc</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>purify</samp>&rsquo;.
To turn off the default use of a package, use
-<SAMP>`--without-<VAR>package</VAR>'</SAMP>. To configure Bash without a feature
-that is enabled by default, use <SAMP>`--disable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-Here is a complete list of the <SAMP>`--enable-'</SAMP> and
-<SAMP>`--with-'</SAMP> options that the Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>--with-afs</CODE>
-<DD>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--with-bash-malloc</CODE>
-<DD>Use the Bash version of
-<CODE>malloc</CODE> in the directory <TT>`lib/malloc'</TT>. This is not the same
-<CODE>malloc</CODE> that appears in GNU libc, but an older version
-originally derived from the 4.2 BSD <CODE>malloc</CODE>. This <CODE>malloc</CODE>
+<samp>--without-<var>package</var></samp>. To configure Bash without a feature
+that is enabled by default, use <samp>--disable-<var>feature</var></samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is a complete list of the <samp>--enable-</samp> and
+<samp>--with-</samp> options that the Bash <code>configure</code> recognizes.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--with-afs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-bash-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the Bash version of
+<code>malloc</code> in the directory <samp>lib/malloc</samp>. This is not the same
+<code>malloc</code> that appears in <small>GNU</small> libc, but an older version
+originally derived from the 4.2 <small>BSD</small> <code>malloc</code>. This <code>malloc</code>
is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
This option is enabled by default.
-The <TT>`NOTES'</TT> file contains a list of systems for
-which this should be turned off, and <CODE>configure</CODE> disables this
+The <samp>NOTES</samp> file contains a list of systems for
+which this should be turned off, and <code>configure</code> disables this
option automatically for a number of systems.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--with-curses</CODE>
-<DD>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-curses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
database.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--with-gnu-malloc</CODE>
-<DD>A synonym for <CODE>--with-bash-malloc</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--with-installed-readline[=<VAR>PREFIX</VAR>]</CODE>
-<DD>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
-rather than the version in <TT>`lib/readline'</TT>. This works only with
-Readline 5.0 and later versions. If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is <CODE>yes</CODE> or not
-supplied, <CODE>configure</CODE> uses the values of the make variables
-<CODE>includedir</CODE> and <CODE>libdir</CODE>, which are subdirectories of <CODE>prefix</CODE>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-gnu-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--with-bash-malloc</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-installed-readline[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
+rather than the version in <samp>lib/readline</samp>. This works only with
+Readline 5.0 and later versions. If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>yes</code> or not
+supplied, <code>configure</code> uses the values of the make variables
+<code>includedir</code> and <code>libdir</code>, which are subdirectories of <code>prefix</code>
by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
the standard system include and library directories.
-If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is <CODE>no</CODE>, Bash links with the version in
-<TT>`lib/readline'</TT>.
-If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is set to any other value, <CODE>configure</CODE> treats it as
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>no</code>, Bash links with the version in
+<samp>lib/readline</samp>.
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is set to any other value, <code>configure</code> treats it as
a directory pathname and looks for
the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
-(include files in <VAR>PREFIX</VAR>/<CODE>include</CODE> and the library in
-<VAR>PREFIX</VAR>/<CODE>lib</CODE>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--with-purify</CODE>
-<DD>Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
+(include files in <var>PREFIX</var>/<code>include</code> and the library in
+<var>PREFIX</var>/<code>lib</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-purify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
Software.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-minimal-config</CODE>
-<DD>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-minimal-config</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
Bourne shell.
-</DL>
-<P>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
-There are several <SAMP>`--enable-'</SAMP> options that alter how Bash is
+<p>There are several <samp>--enable-</samp> options that alter how Bash is
compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>--enable-largefile</CODE>
-<DD>Enable support for <A HREF="http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html">large files</A> if the operating system requires special compiler options
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-largefile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable support for <a href="http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html">large files</a> if the operating system requires special compiler options
to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
default, if the operating system provides large file support.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-profiling</CODE>
-<DD>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
-processed by <CODE>gprof</CODE> each time it is executed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-static-link</CODE>
-<DD>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <CODE>gcc</CODE> is being used.
-This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The <SAMP>`minimal-config'</SAMP> option can be used to disable all of
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-profiling</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+processed by <code>gprof</code> each time it is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-static-link</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <code>gcc</code> is being used.
+This could be used to build a version to use as root&rsquo;s shell.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>minimal-config</samp>&rsquo; option can be used to disable all of
the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
-options may be enabled using <SAMP>`enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>.
-</P><P>
-
-All of the following options except for <SAMP>`disabled-builtins'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`directpand-default'</SAMP>, and
-<SAMP>`xpg-echo-default'</SAMP> are
+options may be enabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable-<var>feature</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>All of the following options except for &lsquo;<samp>disabled-builtins</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>direxpand-default</samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp>xpg-echo-default</samp>&rsquo; are
enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
necessary support.
-</P><P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-<DT><CODE>--enable-alias</CODE>
-<DD>Allow alias expansion and include the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE>
-builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-arith-for-command</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for the alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command
-that behaves like the C language <CODE>for</CODE> statement
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-array-variables</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-bang-history</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history substitution
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-brace-expansion</CODE>
-<DD>Include <CODE>csh</CODE>-like brace expansion
-( <CODE>b{a,b}c</CODE> ==> <CODE>bac bbc</CODE> ).
-See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>, for a complete description.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-casemod-attributes</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin
-and assignment statements. Variables with the <VAR>uppercase</VAR> attribute,
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow alias expansion and include the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-arith-for-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the alternate form of the <code>for</code> command
+that behaves like the C language <code>for</code> statement
+(see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-array-variables</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-bang-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for <code>csh</code>-like history substitution
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-brace-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include <code>csh</code>-like brace expansion
+( <code>b{a,b}c</code> &rarr; <code>bac bbc</code> ).
+See <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>, for a complete description.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-attributes</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <code>declare</code> builtin
+and assignment statements. Variables with the <var>uppercase</var> attribute,
for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-casemod-expansion</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-command-timing</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for recognizing <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word and for
-displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <CODE>time</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-command-timing</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for recognizing <code>time</code> as a reserved word and for
+displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <code>time</code>
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-cond-command</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command.
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-cond-regexp</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
-<SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> binary operator in the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command.
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-coprocesses</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for coprocesses and the <CODE>coproc</CODE> reserved word
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-debugger</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-direxpand-default</CODE>
-<DD>Cause the <CODE>direxpand</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-regexp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for matching <small>POSIX</small> regular expressions using the
+&lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary operator in the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-coprocesses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for coprocesses and the <code>coproc</code> reserved word
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the <code>direxpand</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
It is normally disabled by default.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-directory-stack</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack and the
-<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-disabled-builtins</CODE>
-<DD>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via <SAMP>`builtin xxx'</SAMP>
-even after <CODE>xxx</CODE> has been disabled using <SAMP>`enable -n xxx'</SAMP>.
-See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for details of the <CODE>builtin</CODE> and
-<CODE>enable</CODE> builtin commands.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for the <CODE>((<small>...</small>))</CODE> command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
-above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob-default</CODE>
-<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>extglob</VAR> shell option described
-above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</CODE>
-<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>globasciiranges</VAR> shell option described
-above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-directory-stack</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack and the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-disabled-builtins</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via &lsquo;<samp>builtin xxx</samp>&rsquo;
+even after <code>xxx</code> has been disabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable -n xxx</samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for details of the <code>builtin</code> and
+<code>enable</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>((&hellip;))</code> command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
+above under <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>extglob</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-function-import</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by
+default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>globasciiranges</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
bracket expressions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-help-builtin</CODE>
-<DD>Include the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
-variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-history</CODE>
-<DD>Include command history and the <CODE>fc</CODE> and <CODE>history</CODE>
-builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-job-control</CODE>
-<DD>This enables the job control features (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>),
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-help-builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>help</code> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
+variables (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include command history and the <code>fc</code> and <code>history</code>
+builtin commands (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-job-control</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the job control features (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
if the operating system supports them.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-multibyte</CODE>
-<DD>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-multibyte</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
system provides the necessary support.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-net-redirections</CODE>
-<DD>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
-<CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> and
-<CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE>
-when used in redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-process-substitution</CODE>
-<DD>This enables process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>) if
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-net-redirections</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+<code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code> and
+<code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code>
+when used in redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-process-substitution</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-progcomp</CODE>
-<DD>Enable the programmable completion facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</CODE>
-<DD>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
-in the <CODE>$PS1</CODE>, <CODE>$PS2</CODE>, <CODE>$PS3</CODE>, and <CODE>$PS4</CODE> prompt
-strings. See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for a complete list of prompt
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
+in the <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, <code>$PS3</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt
+strings. See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
string escape sequences.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-readline</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
-version of the Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-restricted</CODE>
-<DD>Include support for a <EM>restricted shell</EM>. If this is enabled, Bash,
-when called as <CODE>rbash</CODE>, enters a restricted mode. See
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>, for a description of restricted mode.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-select</CODE>
-<DD>Include the <CODE>select</CODE> compound command, which allows the generation of
-simple menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-separate-helpfiles</CODE>
-<DD>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-readline</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+version of the Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <em>restricted shell</em>. If this is enabled, Bash,
+when called as <code>rbash</code>, enters a restricted mode. See
+<a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-select</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-separate-helpfiles</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin
instead of storing the text internally.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-single-help-strings</CODE>
-<DD>Store the text displayed by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin as a single string for
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-single-help-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Store the text displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin as a single string for
each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages.
You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
literals.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-strict-posix-default</CODE>
-<DD>Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-usg-echo-default</CODE>
-<DD>A synonym for <CODE>--enable-xpg-echo-default</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>--enable-xpg-echo-default</CODE>
-<DD>Make the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
-without requiring the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option.
-This sets the default value of the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option to <CODE>on</CODE>,
-which makes the Bash <CODE>echo</CODE> behave more like the version specified in
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-strict-posix-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make Bash <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-usg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the <code>echo</code> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
+without requiring the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+This sets the default value of the <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option to <code>on</code>,
+which makes the Bash <code>echo</code> behave more like the version specified in
the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of the escape sequences that
-<CODE>echo</CODE> recognizes.
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-The file <TT>`config-top.h'</TT> contains C Preprocessor
-<SAMP>`#define'</SAMP> statements for options which are not settable from
-<CODE>configure</CODE>.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of the escape sequences that
+<code>echo</code> recognizes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The file <samp>config-top.h</samp> contains C Preprocessor
+&lsquo;<samp>#define</samp>&rsquo; statements for options which are not settable from
+<code>configure</code>.
Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
you do.
Read the comments associated with each definition for more
information about its effect.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Reporting Bugs"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC137"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> A. Reporting Bugs </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC137::-->
-<P>
-
-Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</h2>
+
+<p>Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
But first, you should
make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of Bash.
The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-<A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
-<CODE>bashbug</CODE> command to submit a bug report.
+<a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+<code>bashbug</code> command to submit a bug report.
If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
-Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
-to <A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A> or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup <CODE>gnu.bash.bug</CODE>.
-</P><P>
-
-All bug reports should include:
-<UL>
-<LI>
-The version number of Bash.
-<LI>
-The hardware and operating system.
-<LI>
-The compiler used to compile Bash.
-<LI>
-A description of the bug behaviour.
-<LI>
-A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+Suggestions and &lsquo;philosophical&rsquo; bug reports may be mailed
+to <a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup <code>gnu.bash.bug</code>.
+</p>
+<p>All bug reports should include:
+</p><ul>
+<li> The version number of Bash.
+</li><li> The hardware and operating system.
+</li><li> The compiler used to compile Bash.
+</li><li> A description of the bug behaviour.
+</li><li> A short script or &lsquo;recipe&rsquo; which exercises the bug and may be used
to reproduce it.
-</UL>
-<P>
+</li></ul>
-<CODE>bashbug</CODE> inserts the first three items automatically into
+<p><code>bashbug</code> inserts the first three items automatically into
the template it provides for filing a bug report.
-</P><P>
-
-Please send all reports concerning this manual to
-<A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Major Differences From The Bourne Shell"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC138"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC138::-->
-<P>
-
-Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
+</p>
+<p>Please send all reports concerning this manual to
+<a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</h2>
+
+<p>Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.
-Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of
+Bash uses the <small>POSIX</small> standard as the specification of
how these features are to be implemented. There are some
differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
section quickly details the differences of significance. A
number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
previous sections.
-This section uses the version of <CODE>sh</CODE> included in SVR4.2 (the
+This section uses the version of <code>sh</code> included in SVR4.2 (the
last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
-</P><P>
-
-<UL>
-
-<LI>
-Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
-differs from traditional <CODE>sh</CODE> behavior (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
-<P>
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash is <small>POSIX</small>-conformant, even where the <small>POSIX</small> specification
+differs from traditional <code>sh</code> behavior (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash has multi-character invocation options (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash has multi-character invocation options (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash has command-line editing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) and
-the <CODE>bind</CODE> builtin.
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash has command-line editing (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) and
+the <code>bind</code> builtin.
-<LI>
-Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>), and builtin commands
-<CODE>complete</CODE>, <CODE>compgen</CODE>, and <CODE>compopt</CODE>, to
+</li><li> Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>), and builtin commands
+<code>complete</code>, <code>compgen</code>, and <code>compopt</code>, to
manipulate it.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the
-<CODE>history</CODE> and <CODE>fc</CODE> builtins to manipulate it.
+</li><li> Bash has command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>) and the
+<code>history</code> and <code>fc</code> builtins to manipulate it.
The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
-value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it.
-<P>
+value of the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable to display it.
-<LI>
-Bash implements <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history expansion
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash implements <code>csh</code>-like history expansion
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), and the
+</li><li> Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>$'<small>...</small>'</CODE> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+</li><li> The <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
-is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A>).
-<P>
+is supported (see <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash supports the <CODE>$"<small>...</small>"</CODE> quoting syntax to do
+</li><li> Bash supports the <code>$&quot;&hellip;&quot;</code> quoting syntax to do
locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
-quotes. The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`--dump-strings'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`--dump-po-strings'</SAMP>
+quotes. The <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp>--dump-po-strings</samp>
invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements the <CODE>!</CODE> keyword to negate the return value of
-a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>).
-Very useful when an <CODE>if</CODE> statement needs to act only if a test fails.
-The Bash <SAMP>`-o pipefail'</SAMP> option to <CODE>set</CODE> will cause a pipeline to
+(see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+Very useful when an <code>if</code> statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+The Bash &lsquo;<samp>-o pipefail</samp>&rsquo; option to <code>set</code> will cause a pipeline to
return a failure status if any command fails.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash has the <CODE>time</CODE> reserved word and command timing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>).
+</li><li> Bash has the <code>time</code> reserved word and command timing (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
-<CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements the <CODE>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> ))</CODE>
-arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes the <CODE>select</CODE> compound command, which allows the
-generation of simple menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes the <CODE>[[</CODE> compound command, which makes conditional
-testing part of the shell grammar (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>), including
+<code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> ))</code>
+arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the
+generation of simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>[[</code> compound command, which makes conditional
+testing part of the shell grammar (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>), including
optional regular expression matching.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <CODE>case</CODE> and
-<CODE>[[</CODE> constructs.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>) and tilde
-expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements command aliases and the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE>
-builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <CODE>((</CODE> compound command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>),
-and arithmetic expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
+
+</li><li> Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <code>case</code> and
+<code>[[</code> constructs.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>) and tilde
+expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements command aliases and the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <code>((</code> compound command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>),
+and arithmetic expansion (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variables present in the shell&rsquo;s initial environment are automatically
exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do
-this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <CODE>export</CODE>
+this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <code>export</code>
command.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash supports the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> assignment operator, which appends to the value
+</li><li> Bash supports the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; assignment operator, which appends to the value
of the variable named on the left hand side.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP>
-and <SAMP>`##'</SAMP> expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
-variable values (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The expansion <CODE>${#xx}</CODE>, which returns the length of <CODE>${xx}</CODE>,
-is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The expansion <CODE>${var:</CODE><VAR>offset</VAR><CODE>[:</CODE><VAR>length</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>,
-which expands to the substring of <CODE>var</CODE>'s value of length
-<VAR>length</VAR>, beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>, is present
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The expansion
-<CODE>${var/[/]</CODE><VAR>pattern</VAR><CODE>[/</CODE><VAR>replacement</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>,
-which matches <VAR>pattern</VAR> and replaces it with <VAR>replacement</VAR> in
-the value of <CODE>var</CODE>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The expansion <CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}</CODE> expansion, which expands to
-the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>,
-is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash has <VAR>indirect</VAR> variable expansion using <CODE>${!word}</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <CODE>$9</CODE> using
-<CODE>${<VAR>num</VAR>}</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The POSIX <CODE>$()</CODE> form of command substitution
-is implemented (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>),
-and preferred to the Bourne shell's <CODE>"</CODE> (which
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <small>POSIX</small> pattern removal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
+variable values (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${#xx}</code>, which returns the length of <code>${xx}</code>,
+is supported (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${var:</code><var>offset</var><code>[:</code><var>length</var><code>]}</code>,
+which expands to the substring of <code>var</code>&rsquo;s value of length
+<var>length</var>, beginning at <var>offset</var>, is present
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion
+<code>${var/[/]</code><var>pattern</var><code>[/</code><var>replacement</var><code>]}</code>,
+which matches <var>pattern</var> and replaces it with <var>replacement</var> in
+the value of <code>var</code>, is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code> expansion, which expands to
+the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has <var>indirect</var> variable expansion using <code>${!word}</code>
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code>$9</code> using
+<code>${<var>num</var>}</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>$()</code> form of command substitution
+is implemented (see <a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a>),
+and preferred to the Bourne shell&rsquo;s <code>``</code> (which
is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash has process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
-current user (<CODE>UID</CODE>, <CODE>EUID</CODE>, and <CODE>GROUPS</CODE>), the current host
-(<CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>OSTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>, and <CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE>),
-and the instance of Bash that is running (<CODE>BASH</CODE>,
-<CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE>, and <CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>). See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>,
+
+</li><li> Bash has process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
+current user (<code>UID</code>, <code>EUID</code>, and <code>GROUPS</code>), the current host
+(<code>HOSTTYPE</code>, <code>OSTYPE</code>, <code>MACHTYPE</code>, and <code>HOSTNAME</code>),
+and the instance of Bash that is running (<code>BASH</code>,
+<code>BASH_VERSION</code>, and <code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>). See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>,
for details.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-not all words (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
+</li><li> The <code>IFS</code> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+not all words (see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The filename expansion bracket expression code uses <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>
+</li><li> The filename expansion bracket expression code uses &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
-The Bourne shell uses only <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
-including <VAR>character classes</VAR>, <VAR>equivalence classes</VAR>, and
-<VAR>collating symbols</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <CODE>extglob</CODE>
-shell option is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
-<CODE>sh</CODE> does not separate the two name spaces.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
-<CODE>local</CODE> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>).
-In <CODE>sh</CODE>, all variable assignments
+The Bourne shell uses only &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the full set of <small>POSIX</small> filename expansion operators,
+including <var>character classes</var>, <var>equivalence classes</var>, and
+<var>collating symbols</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <code>extglob</code>
+shell option is enabled (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+
+</li><li> It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
+<code>sh</code> does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+</li><li> Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+<code>local</code> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
+In <code>sh</code>, all variable assignments
preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
file system.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
-to input and output redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+to input and output redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash contains the <SAMP>`&#60;&#62;'</SAMP> redirection operator, allowing a file to be
-opened for both reading and writing, and the <SAMP>`&#38;&#62;'</SAMP> redirection
+</li><li> Bash contains the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+opened for both reading and writing, and the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection
operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
-file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
+file (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
-<LI>
-Bash includes the <SAMP>`&#60;&#60;&#60;'</SAMP> redirection operator, allowing a string to
+</li><li> Bash includes the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;&lt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a string to
be used as the standard input to a command.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash implements the <SAMP>`[n]&#60;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`[n]&#62;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>'</SAMP>
+</li><li> Bash implements the &lsquo;<samp>[n]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>[n]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo;
redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
-used in redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
-with the redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>noclobber</CODE> option is available to avoid overwriting existing
-files with output redirection (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-The <SAMP>`&#62;|'</SAMP> redirection operator may be used to override <CODE>noclobber</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>cd</CODE> and <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
-each take <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> options to switch between logical and
+
+</li><li> Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
+used in redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
+with the redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>noclobber</code> option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+files with output redirection (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator may be used to override <code>noclobber</code>.
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>cd</code> and <code>pwd</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+each take <samp>-L</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> options to switch between logical and
physical modes.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
-access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
-<CODE>builtin</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>command</CODE> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <CODE>enable</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin takes additional options that allow users
+
+</li><li> Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
+access to that builtin&rsquo;s functionality within the function via the
+<code>builtin</code> and <code>command</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
+when command lookup is performed (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <code>enable</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>exec</code> builtin takes additional options that allow users
to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-<P>
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
-<LI>
-Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
-using <CODE>export -f</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using <code>export -f</code> (see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>export</CODE>, <CODE>readonly</CODE>, and <CODE>declare</CODE> builtins can
-take a <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to act on shell functions, a <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to
+</li><li> The Bash <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>, and <code>declare</code> builtins can
+take a <samp>-f</samp> option to act on shell functions, a <samp>-p</samp> option to
display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
-used as shell input, a <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to remove various variable
-attributes, and <SAMP>`name=value'</SAMP> arguments to set variable attributes
+used as shell input, a <samp>-n</samp> option to remove various variable
+attributes, and &lsquo;<samp>name=value</samp>&rsquo; arguments to set variable attributes
and values simultaneously.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin allows a name to be associated with
+</li><li> The Bash <code>hash</code> builtin allows a name to be associated with
an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
-searching the <CODE>$PATH</CODE>, using <SAMP>`hash -p'</SAMP>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes a <CODE>help</CODE> builtin for quick reference to shell
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>printf</CODE> builtin is available to display formatted output
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
-will read a line ending in <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> with
-the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option, and will use the <CODE>REPLY</CODE> variable as a
+searching the <code>$PATH</code>, using &lsquo;<samp>hash -p</samp>&rsquo;
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes a <code>help</code> builtin for quick reference to shell
+facilities (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>printf</code> builtin is available to display formatted output
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+will read a line ending in &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; with
+the <samp>-r</samp> option, and will use the <code>REPLY</code> variable as a
default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
-The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin
-also accepts a prompt string with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option and will use
-Readline to obtain the line when given the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option.
-The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin also has additional options to control input:
-the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option will turn off echoing of input characters as
-they are read, the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option will allow <CODE>read</CODE> to time out
+The Bash <code>read</code> builtin
+also accepts a prompt string with the <samp>-p</samp> option and will use
+Readline to obtain the line when given the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+The <code>read</code> builtin also has additional options to control input:
+the <samp>-s</samp> option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+they are read, the <samp>-t</samp> option will allow <code>read</code> to time out
if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option will allow reading only a specified number of
-characters rather than a full line, and the <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option will read
+<samp>-n</samp> option will allow reading only a specified number of
+characters rather than a full line, and the <samp>-d</samp> option will read
until a particular character rather than newline.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>return</CODE> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
-executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash includes the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <CODE>set</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> (<SAMP>`xtrace'</SAMP>) option displays commands other than
+
+</li><li> The <code>return</code> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>shopt</code> builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <code>set</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>-x</samp>&rsquo; (<samp>xtrace</samp>) option displays commands other than
simple commands when performing an execution trace
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
-<P>
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
-<LI>
-The <CODE>test</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
-is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm,
+</li><li> The <code>test</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+is slightly different, as it implements the <small>POSIX</small> algorithm,
which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash includes the <CODE>caller</CODE> builtin, which displays the context of
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>caller</code> builtin, which displays the context of
any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
-the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins). This supports the bash
+the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins). This supports the bash
debugger.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
-<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE>.
-Commands specified with a <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap are executed before every
-simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command,
-<CODE>select</CODE> command, every arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> command, and before
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>DEBUG</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code>.
+Commands specified with a <code>DEBUG</code> trap are executed before every
+simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
the first command executes in a shell function.
-The <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-function has been given the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute or the
-<CODE>functrace</CODE> option has been enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin.
-The <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option has additional effects on the
-<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap.
-<P>
-
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows an
-<CODE>ERR</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>.
-Commands specified with an <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap are executed after a simple
+The <code>DEBUG</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+The <code>extdebug</code> shell option has additional effects on the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows an
+<code>ERR</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>ERR</code> trap are executed after a simple
command fails, with a few exceptions.
-The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-<CODE>-o errtrace</CODE> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled.
-</P><P>
-
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
-<CODE>RETURN</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to
-<CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>.
-Commands specified with an <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap are executed before
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+<code>-o errtrace</code> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>RETURN</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to
+<code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>RETURN</code> trap are executed before
execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
-<CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> returns.
-The <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
-function has been given the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute or the
-<CODE>functrace</CODE> option has been enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>type</CODE> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
-about the names it finds (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>umask</CODE> builtin permits a <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to cause
-the output to be displayed in the form of a <CODE>umask</CODE> command
-that may be reused as input (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash implements a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack, and provides the
-<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins to manipulate it
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
+<code>.</code> or <code>source</code> returns.
+The <code>RETURN</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</li><li> The Bash <code>type</code> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
+about the names it finds (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>umask</code> builtin permits a <samp>-p</samp> option to cause
+the output to be displayed in the form of a <code>umask</code> command
+that may be reused as input (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack, and provides the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins to manipulate it
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
-<CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable.
-<P>
+<code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
-<LI>
-Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
-<P>
+</li><li> Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+strings when interactive (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
-<LI>
-The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>);
+</li><li> The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>);
the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The <CODE>disown</CODE> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or suppress the sending
-of <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
-<CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
-<P>
+</li><li> The <code>disown</code> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or suppress the sending
+of <code>SIGHUP</code> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+<code>SIGHUP</code>.
-<LI>
-Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+</li><li> Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
shell scripts.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
-(<CODE>mldmode</CODE> and <CODE>priv</CODE>) not present in Bash.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash does not have the <CODE>stop</CODE> or <CODE>newgrp</CODE> builtins.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash does not use the <CODE>SHACCT</CODE> variable or perform shell accounting.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 <CODE>sh</CODE> uses a <CODE>TIMEOUT</CODE> variable like Bash uses
-<CODE>TMOUT</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-</UL>
-<P>
-
-More features unique to Bash may be found in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC139"></A>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC139::-->
-<P>
-
-Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
-many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
-</P><P>
-<UL>
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
+(<code>mldmode</code> and <code>priv</code>) not present in Bash.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not have the <code>stop</code> or <code>newgrp</code> builtins.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not use the <code>SHACCT</code> variable or perform shell accounting.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 <code>sh</code> uses a <code>TIMEOUT</code> variable like Bash uses
+<code>TMOUT</code>.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
+</p>
-<LI>
-Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
-a shell control structure such as an <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE>
+<a name="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</h3>
+
+<p>Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
+a shell control structure such as an <code>if</code> or <code>while</code>
statement.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
-insert a needed closing quote at <CODE>EOF</CODE> under certain circumstances.
+</li><li> Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+insert a needed closing quote at <code>EOF</code> under certain circumstances.
This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
-<P>
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
-trapping <CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE>. If the shell is started from a process with
-<CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE> blocked (e.g., by using the <CODE>system()</CODE> C library
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+trapping <code>SIGSEGV</code>. If the shell is started from a process with
+<code>SIGSEGV</code> blocked (e.g., by using the <code>system()</code> C library
function call), it misbehaves badly.
-<P>
-<LI>
-In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
-when invoked without the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, will alter its real
-and effective UID and GID if they are less than some
+</li><li> In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
+when invoked without the <samp>-p</samp> option, will alter its real
+and effective <small>UID</small> and <small>GID</small> if they are less than some
magic threshold value, commonly 100.
This can lead to unexpected results.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap <CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE>,
-<CODE>SIGALRM</CODE>, or <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the <CODE>IFS</CODE>, <CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE>,
-<CODE>PATH</CODE>, <CODE>PS1</CODE>, or <CODE>PS2</CODE> variables to be unset.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell treats <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> as the undocumented equivalent of
-<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
-Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<CODE>-x -v</CODE>);
-the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<CODE>-xv</CODE>). In
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap <code>SIGSEGV</code>,
+<code>SIGALRM</code>, or <code>SIGCHLD</code>.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the <code>IFS</code>, <code>MAILCHECK</code>,
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>PS1</code>, or <code>PS2</code> variables to be unset.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell treats &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; as the undocumented equivalent of
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<code>-x -v</code>);
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<code>-xv</code>). In
fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
-with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
-<P>
+with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
-a script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and
-only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
-<P>
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
+a script only if one of the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins fails, and
+only for certain failures, as enumerated in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
-<LI>
-The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <CODE>jsh</CODE>
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <code>jsh</code>
(it turns on job control).
-</UL>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="GNU Free Documentation License"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC140"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> C. GNU Free Documentation License </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC140::-->
-<P>
-
-<center>
- Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
-</center>
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=display><pre style="font-family: serif">Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-<A HREF="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</A>
+</li></ul>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
+
+<div align="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+</div>
+
+<div class="display">
+<pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+<a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+</pre></div>
-<OL>
-<LI>
-PREAMBLE
-<P>
+<ol>
+<li> PREAMBLE
-The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
-functional and useful document <EM>free</EM> in the sense of freedom: to
+<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document <em>free</em> in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
-</P><P>
-
-This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+</p>
+<p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
-</P><P>
-
-We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+</p>
+<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-<P>
+</p>
+</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
-work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
+work under the conditions stated herein. The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
-licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
+licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;. You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
-</P><P>
-
-A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
-</P><P>
-
-A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
-publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document&rsquo;s overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
@@ -14973,24 +13742,21 @@ any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
-</P><P>
-
-The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
-</P><P>
-
-The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
-</P><P>
-
-A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
@@ -15001,57 +13767,49 @@ to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
-of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
-</P><P>
-
-Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
-ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
-format, <FONT SIZE="-1">SGML</FONT> or <FONT SIZE="-1">XML</FONT> using a publicly available
-<FONT SIZE="-1">DTD</FONT>, and standard-conforming simple <FONT SIZE="-1">HTML</FONT>,
-PostScript or <FONT SIZE="-1">PDF</FONT> designed for human modification. Examples
-of transparent image formats include <FONT SIZE="-1">PNG</FONT>, <FONT SIZE="-1">XCF</FONT> and
-<FONT SIZE="-1">JPG</FONT>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
-read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <FONT SIZE="-1">SGML</FONT> or
-<FONT SIZE="-1">XML</FONT> for which the <FONT SIZE="-1">DTD</FONT> and/or processing tools are
-not generally available, and the machine-generated <FONT SIZE="-1">HTML</FONT>,
-PostScript or <FONT SIZE="-1">PDF</FONT> produced by some word processors for
+of text. A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
+format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
+<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
+of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
+<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
+read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
+<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
+not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
-</P><P>
-
-The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
-formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
-the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work&rsquo;s title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
-</P><P>
-
-The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;publisher&rdquo; means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
-</P><P>
-
-A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
+</p>
+<p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
-specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
-"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
+specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.) To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
-section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
-</P><P>
-
-The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
+</p>
+<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-VERBATIM COPYING
-<P>
+</p>
+</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING
-You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
@@ -15060,19 +13818,15 @@ technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
-</P><P>
-
-You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+</p>
+<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-COPYING IN QUANTITY
-<P>
+</p>
+</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY
-If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
-Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+Document&rsquo;s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
@@ -15082,15 +13836,13 @@ visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
-</P><P>
-
-If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+</p>
+<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
-</P><P>
-
-If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+</p>
+<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
@@ -15102,135 +13854,98 @@ that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
-</P><P>
-
-It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+</p>
+<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li><li> MODIFICATIONS
-<LI>
-MODIFICATIONS
-<P>
-
-You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
-</P><P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
-<P>
-<LI>
-List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
-<P>
-<LI>
-State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
-<P>
+</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
-<LI>
-Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
-and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
-<P>
+</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+and required Cover Texts given in the Document&rsquo;s license notice.
-<LI>
-Include an unaltered copy of this License.
-<P>
+</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License.
-<LI>
-Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
+</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
-there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
+there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
-it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
+it was based on. These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
-<P>
-<LI>
-For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
+</li><li> For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+</li><li> Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or
+</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
-<P>
-<LI>
-Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
-</OL>
-<P>
+</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+</li></ol>
-If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
-list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version&rsquo;s license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
-</P><P>
-
-You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+</p>
+<p>You may add a section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
-parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+parties&mdash;for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
-</P><P>
-
-You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+</p>
+<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
@@ -15239,26 +13954,21 @@ includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
-</P><P>
-
-The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+</p>
+<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS
-<LI>
-COMBINING DOCUMENTS
-<P>
-
-You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
-</P><P>
-
-The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+</p>
+<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
@@ -15266,60 +13976,48 @@ adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
-</P><P>
-
-In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
+</p>
+<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
-"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
-and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all
-sections Entitled "Endorsements."
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
-<P>
+&ldquo;History&rdquo;; likewise combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+and any sections Entitled &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;. You must delete all
+sections Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements.&rdquo;
+</p>
+</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
-You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
-</P><P>
-
-You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+</p>
+<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
-<LI>
-AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
-<P>
-
-A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
-distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
+distribution medium, is called an &ldquo;aggregate&rdquo; if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
-of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
+of the compilation&rsquo;s users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
-</P><P>
-
-If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+</p>
+<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
-the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
+the entire aggregate, the Document&rsquo;s Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li><li> TRANSLATION
-<LI>
-TRANSLATION
-<P>
-
-Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
@@ -15331,2151 +14029,1334 @@ the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
-</P><P>
-
-If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
-"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+</p>
+<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-TERMINATION
-<P>
+</p>
+</li><li> TERMINATION
-You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
-</P><P>
-
-However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+</p>
+<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
-</P><P>
-
-Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+</p>
+<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
-</P><P>
-
-Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+</p>
+<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
-</P><P>
-
-<LI>
-FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
-<P>
+</p>
+</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
-The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
-<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
-License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
+License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
-License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
+License can be used, that proxy&rsquo;s public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li><li> RELICENSING
-<LI>
-RELICENSING
-<P>
-
-"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+<p>&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC Site&rdquo;) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
-"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
+&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC&rdquo;) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
-</P><P>
-
-"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;CC-BY-SA&rdquo; means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
-</P><P>
-
-"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Incorporate&rdquo; means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
-</P><P>
-
-An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+</p>
+<p>An MMC is &ldquo;eligible for relicensing&rdquo; if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
-</P><P>
-
-The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+</p>
+<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
-</P><P>
+</p>
+</li></ol>
-</OL>
-<P>
+<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a>
+<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
-<A NAME="SEC141"></A>
-<H2> ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC141::-->
-<P>
-
-To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre> Copyright (C) <VAR>year</VAR> <VAR>your name</VAR>.
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
-</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
-replace the "with<small>...</small>Texts." line with this:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre> with the Invariant Sections being <VAR>list their titles</VAR>, with
- the Front-Cover Texts being <VAR>list</VAR>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
- being <VAR>list</VAR>.
-</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the &ldquo;with&hellip;Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
+ the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+ being <var>list</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
-</P><P>
-
-If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+</p>
+<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
-</P><P>
-
-<A NAME="Indexes"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC142"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1> D. Indexes </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC142::-->
-<P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the
- variable you want.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC147">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in
- this manual.</TD></TR>
-</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-
-<A NAME="Builtin Index"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC143"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC143::-->
-<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Indexes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix D Indexes</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="1">Builtin Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash builtin commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="2">Reserved Word Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash reserved words.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="3">Variable Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Quick reference helps you find the
+ variable you want.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of bindable Readline functions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index for concepts described in
+ this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Builtin-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<BR>
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-</td></tr></table><br><P></P>
-<TABLE border=0>
-<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_."></A>.</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_:"></A>:</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_["></A>[</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX579"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX580"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX581"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX583"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX584"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX25"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41"><CODE>[[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_]"></A>]</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42"><CODE>]]</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_{"></A>{</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43"><CODE>{</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_}"></A>}</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44"><CODE>}</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37"><CODE>case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX28"><CODE>do</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX29"><CODE>done</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35"><CODE>elif</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34"><CODE>else</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39"><CODE>esac</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36"><CODE>fi</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX31"><CODE>for</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX45"><CODE>function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX32"><CODE>if</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38"><CODE>in</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40"><CODE>select</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66"><CODE>$!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>$#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>$*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>$@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>$_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_-"></A>-</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_0"></A>0</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_?"></A>?</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_@"></A>@</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_COMPAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>colored-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX21"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX22"><CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
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-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
- &nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A>
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-bt" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e"><code>.</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b"><code>[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias"><code>alias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bg"><code>bg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind"><code>bind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-break"><code>break</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin"><code>builtin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caller"><code>caller</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cd"><code>cd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command"><code>command</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compgen"><code>compgen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete"><code>complete</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compopt"><code>compopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continue"><code>continue</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declare"><code>declare</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dirs"><code>dirs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disown"><code>disown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo"><code>echo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable"><code>enable</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eval"><code>eval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exec"><code>exec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit"><code>exit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-export"><code>export</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fc"><code>fc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fg"><code>fg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getopts"><code>getopts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash"><code>hash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help"><code>help</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history"><code>history</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobs"><code>jobs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill"><code>kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-let"><code>let</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-local"><code>local</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logout"><code>logout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapfile"><code>mapfile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-popd"><code>popd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printf"><code>printf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pushd"><code>pushd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pwd"><code>pwd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read"><code>read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readarray"><code>readarray</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly"><code>readonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return"><code>return</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set"><code>set</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shift"><code>shift</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shopt"><code>shopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source"><code>source</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspend"><code>suspend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-test"><code>test</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-times"><code>times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trap"><code>trap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type"><code>type</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeset"><code>typeset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulimit"><code>ulimit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umask"><code>umask</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unalias"><code>unalias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unset"><code>unset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wait"><code>wait</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A>
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
&nbsp;
-</td></tr></table><br><P></P>
-<TABLE border=0>
-<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX569"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX570"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX561"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX562"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX549"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX550"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX553"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX554"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX551"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX552"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX577"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX578"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX555"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX556"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX557"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX558"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX559"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX560"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX571"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX572"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX565"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX566"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX547"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX548"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX573"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX574"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX567"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX568"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX575"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX576"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX563"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX564"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_N" style="text-decoration:none"><b>N</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Reserved-Word-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Builtin Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
&nbsp;
-</td></tr></table><br><P>
-
-<A NAME="Concept Index"></A>
-<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC147"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H2> D.5 Concept Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC147::-->
-<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A>
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-rw" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_005b"><code>[[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3">]</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005d_005d"><code>]]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b"><code>{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5">}</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007d"><code>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-case"><code>case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do"><code>do</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-done"><code>done</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elif"><code>elif</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-else"><code>else</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-esac"><code>esac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fi"><code>fi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-function"><code>function</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-if"><code>if</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-select"><code>select</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-then"><code>then</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time"><code>time</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-until"><code>until</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-while"><code>while</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A>
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_N" style="text-decoration:none"><b>N</b></A>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Variable-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Parameter-and-Variable-Index"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A>
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-vr" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021-1"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2">#</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0023"><code>#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0021"><code>$!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0023"><code>$#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024"><code>$$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002a"><code>$*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002d"><code>$-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_00240"><code>$0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_003f"><code>$?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0040"><code>$@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_005f"><code>$_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a"><code>*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d"><code>-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6">0</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-0"><code>0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7">?</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003f"><code>?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040"><code>@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auto_005fresume"><code>auto_resume</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH"><code>BASH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHOPTS"><code>BASHOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHPID"><code>BASHPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fENV"><code>BASH_ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLINENO"><code>BASH_LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fREMATCH"><code>BASH_REMATCH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSOURCE"><code>BASH_SOURCE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"><code>BASH_VERSION</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bell_002dstyle"><code>bell-style</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"><code>blink-matching-paren</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CDPATH"><code>CDPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHILD_005fMAX"><code>CHILD_MAX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dstats"><code>colored-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COLUMNS"><code>COLUMNS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comment_002dbegin"><code>comment-begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"><code>completion-display-width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"><code>completion-ignore-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"><code>completion-map-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"><code>completion-query-items</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMPREPLY"><code>COMPREPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fCWORD"><code>COMP_CWORD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"><code>COMP_KEY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"><code>COMP_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fPOINT"><code>COMP_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"><code>COMP_TYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDS"><code>COMP_WORDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-convert_002dmeta"><code>convert-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COPROC"><code>COPROC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DIRSTACK"><code>DIRSTACK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"><code>disable-completion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"><code>echo-control-characters</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"><code>GLOBIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GROUPS"><code>GROUPS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-histchars"><code>histchars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCMD"><code>HISTCMD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCONTROL"><code>HISTCONTROL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILE"><code>HISTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"><code>HISTFILESIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTIGNORE"><code>HISTIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"><code>history-preserve-point</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsize"><code>history-size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTSIZE"><code>HISTSIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOME"><code>HOME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTFILE"><code>HOSTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTNAME"><code>HOSTNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTTYPE"><code>HOSTTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IFS"><code>IFS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IGNOREEOF"><code>IGNOREEOF</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002dmeta"><code>input-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INPUTRC"><code>INPUTRC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"><code>isearch-terminators</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINENO"><code>LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINES"><code>LINES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MACHTYPE"><code>MACHTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAIL"><code>MAIL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILCHECK"><code>MAILCHECK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILPATH"><code>MAILPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAPFILE"><code>MAPFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"><code>mark-modified-lines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"><code>match-hidden-files</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-meta_002dflag"><code>meta-flag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OLDPWD"><code>OLDPWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTARG"><code>OPTARG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTERR"><code>OPTERR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTIND"><code>OPTIND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OSTYPE"><code>OSTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output_002dmeta"><code>output-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002dcompletions"><code>page-completions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PATH"><code>PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PIPESTATUS"><code>PIPESTATUS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PPID"><code>PPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS0"><code>PS0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS1"><code>PS1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS2"><code>PS2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS3"><code>PS3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS4"><code>PS4</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PWD"><code>PWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-REPLY"><code>REPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SECONDS"><code>SECONDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL"><code>SHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELLOPTS"><code>SHELLOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHLVL"><code>SHLVL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"><code>skip-completed-text</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UID"><code>UID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible_002dstats"><code>visible-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-</td></tr></table><br><P></P>
-<TABLE border=0>
-<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">alias expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">arithmetic evaluation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">arithmetic expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">arithmetic, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">arrays</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">background</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">Bourne shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">brace expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX2">builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">command editing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command execution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command search</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">command substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX26">command timing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">commands, compound</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">commands, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">commands, grouping</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">commands, lists</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">commands, looping</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">commands, pipelines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">commands, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">commands, simple</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">comments, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">completion builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3">control operator</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">coprocess</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">directory stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">editing command lines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">evaluation, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">execution environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">expansion, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">expansion, brace</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">expansion, parameter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">expansion, tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">expressions, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5">field</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX6">filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">foreground</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">functions, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX585">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX582">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX11">identifier</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">initialization file, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">interaction, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX7">job</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX8">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">localization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">matching, pattern</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX10">name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">native languages</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">parameter expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">parameters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX13">process group</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
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-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">prompting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD></TR>
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-<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
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-<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A>
-<BR>
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-<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="bashref.html#SEC2">1.1 What is Bash?</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC3" HREF="bashref.html#SEC3">1.2 What is a shell?</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>
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-<A NAME="TOC7" HREF="bashref.html#SEC7">3.1.1 Shell Operation</A>
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-<A NAME="TOC9" HREF="bashref.html#SEC9">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="bashref.html#SEC10">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC11" HREF="bashref.html#SEC11">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC12" HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC13" HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC14" HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC15" HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC17" HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC18" HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC19" HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC20" HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC37" HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC38" HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC39" HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC40" HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC41" HREF="bashref.html#SEC41">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC42" HREF="bashref.html#SEC42">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC43" HREF="bashref.html#SEC43">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC44" HREF="bashref.html#SEC44">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC45" HREF="bashref.html#SEC45">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC46" HREF="bashref.html#SEC46">3.6.6 Here Documents</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC47" HREF="bashref.html#SEC47">3.6.7 Here Strings</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC48" HREF="bashref.html#SEC48">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC49" HREF="bashref.html#SEC49">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC50" HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC51" HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC52" HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC53" HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC54" HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC55" HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC56" HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC57" HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC60" HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC61" HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC62" HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC63" HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC64" HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC67" HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC70" HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC71" HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC79" HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC80" HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC81" HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC82" HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC83" HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC84" HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC85" HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC86" HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC87" HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC88" HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC89" HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC90" HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC93" HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC94" HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC97" HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC98" HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC99" HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC100" HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC101" HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC102" HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC103" HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC104" HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC105" HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC106" HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC107" HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC108" HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC109" HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC110" HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC111" HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC112" HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC113" HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC114" HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC115" HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC116" HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC117" HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC118" HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.2 Word Designators</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">9.3.3 Modifiers</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.1 Basic Installation</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.2 Compilers and Options</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.4 Installation Names</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.7 Operation Controls</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">10.8 Optional Features</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A>
-<BR>
-<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC146" HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.4 Function Index</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC147" HREF="bashref.html#SEC147">D.5 Concept Index</A>
-<BR>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<HR SIZE=1>
-<A NAME="SEC_OVERVIEW"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1>
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9. Using History Interactively</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10. Installing Bash</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
-<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D. Indexes</A>
-<BR>
-
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-<HR SIZE=1>
-<A NAME="SEC_About"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 24 2014</I>
-using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
-"><I>texi2html</I></A>
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-Back
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-Forward
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- [Top] </TD>
-<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
-Top
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-<TD>
-cover (top) of document
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+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
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-Contents
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-table of contents
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+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
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-<TR>
-<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
- [Index] </TD>
-<TD ALIGN="CENTER">
-Index
-</TD>
-<TD>
-concept index
-</TD>
-<TD>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
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+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
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-<P></P>
-where the <STRONG> Example </STRONG> assumes that the current position
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-&lt;== Current Position </STRONG>
-</LI><LI>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four
-</LI></UL>
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+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-fn" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"><code>abort (C-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"><code>backward-char (C-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"><code>backward-word (M-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search (C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"><code>complete-command (M-!)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"><code>complete-username (M-~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_002duppercase_002dversion-_0028M_002da_002c-M_002db_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"><code>dump-variables ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dxC_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"><code>forward-word (M-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substr-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substr-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"><code>kill-line (C-k)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"><code>kill-region ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>kill-whole-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"><code>kill-word (M-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>magic-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"><code>overwrite-mode ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>redraw-current-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"><code>universal-argument ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"><code>yank (C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.5 Concept Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-cp" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias-expansion">alias expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-evaluation">arithmetic evaluation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-expansion">arithmetic expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic_002c-shell">arithmetic, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays">arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background">background</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-configuration">Bash configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-installation">Bash installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bourne-shell">Bourne shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features">Basic Shell Features</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin-1">builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-editing">command editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-execution">command execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-expansion">command expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-history">command history</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-search">command search</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-substitution">command substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-timing">command timing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-compound">commands, compound</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-conditional">commands, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-grouping">commands, grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-lists">commands, lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-looping">commands, looping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-pipelines">commands, pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-shell">commands, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-simple">commands, simple</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-shell">comments, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion-builtins">completion builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-operator">control operator</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-coprocess">coprocess</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic">evaluation, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-event-designators">event designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-execution-environment">execution environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status-1">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion">expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-arithmetic">expansion, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-brace">expansion, brace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-filename">expansion, filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-parameter">expansion, parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-pathname">expansion, pathname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-arithmetic">expressions, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-conditional">expressions, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-field">field</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename">filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-expansion">filename expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-foreground">foreground</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-shell">functions, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-builtins">history builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-events">history events</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-expansion">history expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-list">history list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-History_002c-how-to-use">History, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier">identifier</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initialization-file_002c-readline">initialization file, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interaction_002c-readline">interaction, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job">job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control-1">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill-ring">kill ring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-killing-text">killing text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-localization">localization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-login-shell">login shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching_002c-pattern">matching, pattern</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metacharacter">metacharacter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name">name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-native-languages">native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notation_002c-readline">notation, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operator_002c-shell">operator, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameter-expansion">parameter expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters">parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-positional">parameters, positional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-special">parameters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathname-expansion">pathname expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern-matching">pattern matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pipeline">pipeline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX">POSIX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX-Mode">POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group">process group</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group-ID">process group ID</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-substitution">process substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programmable-completion">programmable completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompting">prompting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting">quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting_002c-ANSI">quoting, ANSI</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Readline_002c-how-to-use">Readline, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redirection">redirection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-word">reserved word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell">restricted shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return-status">return status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-arithmetic">shell arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-function">shell function</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-script">shell script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-variable">shell variable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002c-interactive">shell, interactive</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal">signal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal-handling">signal handling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-token">token</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-translation_002c-native-languages">translation, native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002c-shell">variable, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-readline">variables, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word">word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-splitting">word splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yanking-text">yanking text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
index 6f60af1c..28b06109 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.info
+++ b/doc/bashref.info
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from
-/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
+This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from
+bashref.texi.
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014).
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016).
- This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3.
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
- Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3.
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-
INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
@@ -27,17 +26,17 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
Bash Features
*************
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 2 February 2014). The Bash home page is
-`http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/'.
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). The Bash home page is
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 4.3, last updated 2 February 2014, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3.
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
-borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell
-(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell
+('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The
following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which
features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash.
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ on shell behavior.
* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual.

-File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Prev: Top, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
@@ -85,20 +84,20 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduc
=================
Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU
-operating system. The name is an acronym for the `Bourne-Again SHell',
+operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell',
a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the
-current Unix shell `sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell
-Labs Research version of Unix.
+current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs
+Research version of Unix.
- Bash is largely compatible with `sh' and incorporates useful
-features from the Korn shell `ksh' and the C shell `csh'. It is
-intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and
-Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).
-It offers functional improvements over `sh' for both interactive and
-programming use.
+ Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features
+from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a
+conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of
+the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers
+functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming
+use.
While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a
-version of `csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software,
+version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software,
Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of
Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports
exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
@@ -109,9 +108,9 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduc
1.2 What is a shell?
====================
-At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
-commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text and
-symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are
+expanded to create larger expressions.
A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language
features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing
commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new
commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
-`/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
+'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
automate their common tasks.
Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
@@ -136,17 +135,17 @@ control over the contents of commands' environments.
Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins")
implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via
-separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and `exec'
+separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec'
cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly
-manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', `kill', or `pwd'
+manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd'
builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but
they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell
builtins are described in subsequent sections.
While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages.
-Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow
-control constructs, quoting, and functions.
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control
+constructs, quoting, and functions.
Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
than to augment the programming language. These interactive features
@@ -161,90 +160,90 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Intr
These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
-`POSIX'
- A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is
- primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
- POSIX 1003.1 standard.
+'POSIX'
+ A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily
+ concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1
+ standard.
-`blank'
+'blank'
A space or tab character.
-`builtin'
+'builtin'
A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself,
rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
-`control operator'
- A `token' that performs a control function. It is a `newline' or
- one of the following: `||', `&&', `&', `;', `;;', `|', `|&', `(',
- or `)'.
+'control operator'
+ A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or
+ one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|',
+ '|&', '(', or ')'.
-`exit status'
+'exit status'
The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is
restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
-`field'
+'field'
A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
- After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields
- are used as the command name and arguments.
+ After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+ used as the command name and arguments.
-`filename'
+'filename'
A string of characters used to identify a file.
-`job'
+'job'
A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes
descended from it, that are all in the same process group.
-`job control'
+'job control'
A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and
restart (resume) execution of processes.
-`metacharacter'
+'metacharacter'
A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter
- is a `blank' or one of the following characters: `|', `&', `;',
- `(', `)', `<', or `>'.
+ is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters:
+ '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'.
-`name'
- A `word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
- and beginning with a letter or underscore. `Name's are used as
+'name'
+ A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+ and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as
shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an
- `identifier'.
+ 'identifier'.
-`operator'
- A `control operator' or a `redirection operator'. *Note
+'operator'
+ A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note
Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators
- contain at least one unquoted `metacharacter'.
+ contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'.
-`process group'
+'process group'
A collection of related processes each having the same process
group ID.
-`process group ID'
- A unique identifier that represents a `process group' during its
+'process group ID'
+ A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its
lifetime.
-`reserved word'
- A `word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
- words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as `for' and
- `while'.
+'reserved word'
+ A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+ words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and
+ 'while'.
-`return status'
- A synonym for `exit status'.
+'return status'
+ A synonym for 'exit status'.
-`signal'
+'signal'
A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an
event occurring in the system.
-`special builtin'
+'special builtin'
A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
POSIX standard.
-`token'
- A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
- It is either a `word' or an `operator'.
+'token'
+ A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It
+ is either a 'word' or an 'operator'.
-`word'
- A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words
- may not include unquoted `metacharacters'.
+'word'
+ A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may
+ not include unquoted 'metacharacters'.

File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
@@ -252,13 +251,13 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands,
3 Basic Shell Features
**********************
-Bash is an acronym for `Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the
-traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of
-the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the
+traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
-`standard' Unix shell.
+'standard' Unix shell.
- This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
+ This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks':
commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell
expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output
from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
@@ -287,11 +286,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell
* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters.
* Comments:: How to specify comments.
- When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the
-shell ignores the comment symbol (`#'), and the rest of that line.
+shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line.
- Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
+ Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to
select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
@@ -311,13 +310,13 @@ The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following:
1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string
- supplied as an argument to the `-c' invocation option (*note
+ supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note
Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal.
2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by
- `metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step
- (*note Aliases::).
+ 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+ Aliases::).
3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
Commands::).
@@ -335,7 +334,6 @@ reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following:
7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
status (*note Exit Status::).
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax
@@ -353,15 +351,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up
* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages.
- Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters
-or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special
-treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being
-recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
-History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually `!',
+History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History
Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
@@ -374,12 +372,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting
3.1.2.1 Escape Character
........................
-A non-quoted backslash `\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves
-the literal value of the next character that follows, with the
-exception of `newline'. If a `\newline' pair appears, and the
-backslash itself is not quoted, the `\newline' is treated as a line
-continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and
-effectively ignored).
+A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves
+the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception
+of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is
+not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is,
+it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).

File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting
@@ -387,7 +384,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Ch
3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
.....................
-Enclosing characters in single quotes (`'') preserves the literal value
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value
of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
@@ -397,21 +394,23 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Q
3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
.....................
-Enclosing characters in double quotes (`"') preserves the literal value
-of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of `$', ``',
-`\', and, when history expansion is enabled, `!'. The characters `$'
-and ``' retain their special meaning within double quotes (*note Shell
-Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning only when
-followed by one of the following characters: `$', ``', `"', `\', or
-`newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one
-of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters
-without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double quote may be
-quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If
-enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an `!' appearing in
-double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding
-the `!' is not removed.
-
- The special parameters `*' and `@' have special meaning when in
+Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`',
+'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. When the shell is in
+POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled. The
+characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes
+(*note Shell Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning
+only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"',
+'\', or 'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed
+by one of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding
+characters without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double
+quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
+backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The
+backslash preceding the '!' is not removed.
+
+ The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in
double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).

@@ -420,66 +419,53 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Dou
3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
......................
-Words of the form `$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
+Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
decoded as follows:
-`\a'
+'\a'
alert (bell)
-
-`\b'
+'\b'
backspace
-
-`\e'
-`\E'
+'\e'
+'\E'
an escape character (not ANSI C)
-
-`\f'
+'\f'
form feed
-
-`\n'
+'\n'
newline
-
-`\r'
+'\r'
carriage return
-
-`\t'
+'\t'
horizontal tab
-
-`\v'
+'\v'
vertical tab
-
-`\\'
+'\\'
backslash
-
-`\''
+'\''
single quote
-
-`\"'
+'\"'
double quote
-
-`\NNN'
+'\?'
+ question mark
+'\NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
three digits)
-
-`\xHH'
+'\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
(one or two hex digits)
-
-`\uHHHH'
+'\uHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
-
-`\UHHHHHHHH'
+'\UHHHHHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
-
-`\cX'
+'\cX'
a control-X character
-The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
-been present.
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+present.

File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting
@@ -487,18 +473,18 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoti
3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
...................................
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (`$') will cause the
-string to be translated according to the current locale. If the
-current locale is `C' or `POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the
-string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
+string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current
+locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is
+translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
- Some systems use the message catalog selected by the `LC_MESSAGES'
+ Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the `TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
-`.mo'. If you use the `TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
-`TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
+value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
+'.mo'. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
Still others use both variables in this fashion:
-`TEXTDOMAINDIR'/`LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/`TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.

File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
@@ -507,11 +493,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
--------------
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
-`interactive_comments' option to the `shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with `#' causes that word and
-all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive
-shell without the `interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
-comments. The `interactive_comments' option is on by default in
+'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
+The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all
+remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell
+without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
+comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in
interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of
what makes a shell interactive.
@@ -521,7 +507,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell
3.2 Shell Commands
==================
-A simple shell command such as `echo a b c' consists of the command
+A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command
itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged
@@ -546,14 +532,14 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Command
---------------------
A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's
-just a sequence of words separated by `blank's, terminated by one of
-the shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word
-generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the
-words being that command's arguments.
+just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the
+shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word
+generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words
+being that command's arguments.
The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its
-exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 `waitpid' function, or
-128+N if the command was terminated by signal N.
+exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N
+if the command was terminated by signal N.

File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands
@@ -561,40 +547,40 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up:
3.2.2 Pipelines
---------------
-A `pipeline' is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of the
-control operators `|' or `|&'.
+A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+the control operators '|' or '|&'.
The format for a pipeline is
[time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ...
The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
-the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the
-previous command's output. This connection is performed before any
-redirections specified by the command.
+the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous
+command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections
+specified by the command.
- If `|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
+ If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
-pipe; it is shorthand for `2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
+pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
standard error to the standard output is performed after any
redirections specified by the command.
- The reserved word `time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
+ The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of
elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
-command's execution. The `-p' option changes the output format to that
+command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that
specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), it does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a `-'. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
format string that specifies how the timing information should be
displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
-formats. The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
-shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time'
+formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time'
command cannot time these easily.
- When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), `time'
-may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
-total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
-`TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+ When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may
+be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total
+user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
+'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
information.
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
@@ -602,11 +588,11 @@ shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note
Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the
-exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the `pipefail'
-option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If `pipefail' is enabled,
+exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail'
+option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled,
the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost)
command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit
-successfully. If the reserved word `!' precedes the pipeline, the exit
+successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit
status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above.
The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
returning a value.
@@ -617,37 +603,37 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, U
3.2.3 Lists of Commands
-----------------------
-A `list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
-operators `;', `&', `&&', or `||', and optionally terminated by one of
-`;', `&', or a `newline'.
+A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of
+';', '&', or a 'newline'.
- Of these list operators, `&&' and `||' have equal precedence,
-followed by `;' and `&', which have equal precedence.
+ Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence,
+followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence.
- A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a `list' to delimit
+ A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit
commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
- If a command is terminated by the control operator `&', the shell
+ If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as
executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for
the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job
control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for
asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is
-redirected from `/dev/null'.
+redirected from '/dev/null'.
- Commands separated by a `;' are executed sequentially; the shell
+ Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell
waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
-the control operators `&&' and `||', respectively. AND and OR lists
-are executed with left associativity.
+the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are
+executed with left associativity.
An AND list has the form
COMMAND1 && COMMAND2
-COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status
-of zero.
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of
+zero.
An OR list has the form
COMMAND1 || COMMAND2
@@ -670,12 +656,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists,
* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
- Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each
-construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
-terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any
-redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command
-apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly
-overridden.
+Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct
+begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a
+corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note
+Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands
+within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description
may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines,
@@ -692,11 +677,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, U
Bash supports the following looping constructs.
- Note that wherever a `;' appears in the description of a command's
+ Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's
syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
-`until'
- The syntax of the `until' command is:
+'until'
+ The syntax of the 'until' command is:
until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
@@ -705,8 +690,8 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none
was executed.
-`while'
- The syntax of the `while' command is:
+'while'
+ The syntax of the 'while' command is:
while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
@@ -715,21 +700,21 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was
executed.
-`for'
- The syntax of the `for' command is:
+'for'
+ The syntax of the 'for' command is:
for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done
Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the
- resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If `in
- WORDS' is not present, the `for' command executes the COMMANDS
- once for each positional parameter that is set, as if `in "$@"'
- had been specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return
- status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If
- there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are
- executed, and the return status is zero.
+ resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in
+ WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once
+ for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been
+ specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the
+ exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no
+ items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the
+ return status is zero.
- An alternate form of the `for' command is also supported:
+ An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported:
for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done
@@ -743,7 +728,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
expressions is invalid.
- The `break' and `continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+ The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
may be used to control loop execution.

@@ -752,8 +737,8 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs
..............................
-`if'
- The syntax of the `if' command is:
+'if'
+ The syntax of the 'if' command is:
if TEST-COMMANDS; then
CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS;
@@ -764,43 +749,43 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is
zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS
- returns a non-zero status, each `elif' list is executed in turn,
+ returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn,
and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS
- is executed and the command completes. If `else
+ is executed and the command completes. If 'else
ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the
- final `if' or `elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
+ final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit
- status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition
- tested true.
+ status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+ true.
-`case'
- The syntax of the `case' command is:
+'case'
+ The syntax of the 'case' command is:
case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac
- `case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
- the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the shell option
- `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt
- Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to
- the case of alphabetic characters. The `|' is used to separate
- multiple patterns, and the `)' operator terminates a pattern list.
+ 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
+ the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell
+ option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate
+ multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a
CLAUSE.
- Each clause must be terminated with `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The
- WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+ Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD
+ undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before
matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
- There may be an arbitrary number of `case' clauses, each terminated
- by a `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The first pattern that matches
+ There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
+ by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches
determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom
- to use `*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
+ to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
that pattern will always match.
- Here is an example using `case' in a script that could be used to
+ Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to
describe one interesting feature of an animal:
echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
@@ -813,36 +798,38 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
esac
echo " legs."
- If the `;;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
- after the first pattern match. Using `;&' in place of `;;'
- causes execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with
- the next clause, if any. Using `;;&' in place of `;;' causes the
- shell to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute
- any associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
+
+ If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+ after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes
+ execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the
+ next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell
+ to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any
+ associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the
return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed.
-`select'
- The `select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It
- has almost the same syntax as the `for' command:
+'select'
+
+ The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has
+ almost the same syntax as the 'for' command:
select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done
- The list of words following `in' is expanded, generating a list of
+ The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of
items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error
- output stream, each preceded by a number. If the `in WORDS' is
- omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if `in "$@"'
- had been specified. The `PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line
- is read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number
- corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of
- NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and
- prompt are displayed again. If `EOF' is read, the `select'
- command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to
- null. The line read is saved in the variable `REPLY'.
-
- The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a `break'
- command is executed, at which point the `select' command completes.
+ output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' is
+ omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had
+ been specified. The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is
+ read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number
+ corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME
+ is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+ are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command
+ completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null.
+ The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'.
+
+ The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break'
+ command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes.
Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
@@ -854,7 +841,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
break;
done
-`((...))'
+'((...))'
(( EXPRESSION ))
The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
@@ -862,88 +849,86 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
let "EXPRESSION"
- *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the `let' builtin.
+ *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
-`[[...]]'
+'[[...]]'
[[ EXPRESSION ]]
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of
- the primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional
- Expressions::. Word splitting and filename expansion are not
- performed on the words between the `[[' and `]]'; tilde expansion,
- parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command
- substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are
- performed. Conditional operators such as `-f' must be unquoted to
- be recognized as primaries.
-
- When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+ conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the
+ primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
+ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
+ words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+ process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional
+ operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
+ primaries.
+
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
- When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right
+ When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the
- `extglob' shell option were enabled. The `=' operator is
- identical to `=='. If the shell option `nocasematch' (see the
- description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
- the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
- characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or
- does not match (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of
- the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be
- matched as a string.
-
- An additional binary operator, `=~', is available, with the same
- precedence as `==' and `!='. When it is used, the string to the
+ 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical
+ to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of
+ 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
+ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The
+ return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
+ ('!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be
+ quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+
+ An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
+ precedence as '==' and '!='. When it is used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered an extended regular expression
and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if
the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular
- expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the shell option `nocasematch'
- (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
- alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
- force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket
- expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
- since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between
- brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting
- the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as
- a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions
- within the regular expression are saved in the array variable
- `BASH_REMATCH'. The element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the
- portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The
- element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion of the
- string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+ expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's
+ return value is 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
+ description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
+ the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+ characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the
+ quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket expressions in
+ regular expressions must be treated carefully, since normal quoting
+ characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is
+ stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces
+ the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched
+ by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are
+ saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'. The element of
+ 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching
+ the entire regular expression. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression.
For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value
- consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters,
- zero or one instances of `a', then a `b':
+ consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero
+ or one instances of 'a', then a 'b':
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
- That means values like `aab' and ` aaaaaab' will match, as will a
- line containing a `b' anywhere in its value.
+ That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
+ line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a
- regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep
- track of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying
- attention to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to
- store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the
- following is equivalent to the above:
+ regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
+ of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
+ to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the
+ pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is
+ equivalent to the above:
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
- meaning. This means that in the pattern `xxx.txt', the `.'
- matches any character in the string (its usual regular expression
- meaning), but in the pattern `"xxx.txt"' it can only match a
- literal `.'. Shell programmers should take special care with
- backslashes, since backslashes are used both by the shell and
- regular expressions to remove the special meaning from the
- following character. The following two sets of commands are _not_
- equivalent:
+ meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
+ any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
+ but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
+ Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+ backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
+ remove the special meaning from the following character. The
+ following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
pattern='\.'
[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
@@ -953,32 +938,32 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
- because in the second two the backslash will be part of the
- pattern to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash
- removes the special meaning from `.', so the literal `.' matches.
- If the string in the first examples were anything other than `.',
- say `a', the pattern would not match, because the quoted `.' in the
- pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+ because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
+ to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes
+ the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. If the
+ string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
+ the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
+ loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
- `( EXPRESSION )'
- Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to
- override the normal precedence of operators.
+ '( EXPRESSION )'
+ Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override
+ the normal precedence of operators.
- `! EXPRESSION'
+ '! EXPRESSION'
True if EXPRESSION is false.
- `EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
+ 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true.
- `EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
+ 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true.
- The `&&' and `||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
- value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value
- of the entire conditional expression.
+ The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
+ value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ the entire conditional expression.

File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands
@@ -988,10 +973,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up:
Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a
unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the
-entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in
-the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the
+list may be redirected to a single stream.
-`()'
+'()'
( LIST )
Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
@@ -1000,7 +985,7 @@ the list may be redirected to a single stream.
Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
-`{}'
+'{}'
{ LIST; }
Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
@@ -1009,9 +994,9 @@ the list may be redirected to a single stream.
In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The
-braces are `reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
-`blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
-`operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
+braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
+'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
@@ -1023,9 +1008,9 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Com
3.2.5 Coprocesses
-----------------
-A `coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the `coproc' reserved word.
+A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word.
A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
-had been terminated with the `&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
+had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The format for a coprocess is:
@@ -1037,23 +1022,23 @@ simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted
as the first word of the simple command.
When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(*note Arrays::) named `NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
+(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
-to `NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
+to 'NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
-assigned to `NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any
-redirections specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file
-descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and
-redirections using standard word expansions. The file descriptors are
-not available in subshells.
+assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors
+can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in
+subshells.
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable `NAME'_PID. The `wait' builtin
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
-`coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a
+'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a
coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.

@@ -1071,24 +1056,24 @@ arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines
read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of
the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input
line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel
-can replace `xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
+can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
different instances of Bash.
For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
- For example, it is easy to replace `xargs' to gzip all html files in
+ For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
the current directory and its subdirectories:
find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
- If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
-names, use find's `-print0' option and parallel's `-0' option.
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
+names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
-the number of files is too large to process with one `mv' invocation:
+the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
ls | parallel mv {} destdir
As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
-input. While using `ls' will work in most instances, it is not
+input. While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate
special characters in filenames, you can use
@@ -1096,8 +1081,8 @@ special characters in filenames, you can use
as alluded to above.
- This will run as many `mv' commands as there are files in the current
-directory. You can emulate a parallel `xargs' by adding the `-X'
+ This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
+directory. You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
option:
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
@@ -1111,13 +1096,12 @@ read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
- Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename
-extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or
-renaming:
+ Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
+which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
- This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use `ls' for brevity here; using `find' as above is more robust in
+(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can
take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
@@ -1126,18 +1110,17 @@ take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
order in the output. For instance, the following command
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
- will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the `-k' option
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the '-k' option
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
- will ensure that the output of `traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
first.
Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
-parallel, similar to `cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
-list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on
-them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed
-this up. Assuming that `file' contains a list of shell commands, one
-per line,
+parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
+list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
+and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up.
+Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
parallel -j 10 < file
@@ -1154,10 +1137,10 @@ Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a
single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular"
command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command
name, the list of commands associated with that function name is
-executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context;
-no new process is created to interpret them.
+executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no
+new process is created to interpret them.
- Functions are declared using this syntax:
+ Functions are declared using this syntax:
NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
or
@@ -1165,19 +1148,20 @@ no new process is created to interpret them.
function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word
-`function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied,
+'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound
command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is
-usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound
-command listed above. COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is
-specified as the name of a command. When the shell is in POSIX mode
-(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), NAME may not be the same as one of the
-special builtins (*note Special Builtins::). Any redirections (*note
-Redirections::) associated with the shell function are performed when
-the function is executed.
-
- A function definition may be deleted using the `-f' option to the
-`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
+listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
+used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a
+command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special
+Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with
+the shell function are performed when the function is executed.
+
+ A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax
error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
@@ -1185,64 +1169,64 @@ When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
last command executed in the body.
Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly
-braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from
-the body by `blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are
-reserved words and are only recognized as such when they are separated
-from the command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
-Also, when using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon,
-a `&', or a newline.
-
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become
-the positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
-Parameters::). The special parameter `#' that expands to the number of
+braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the
+body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved
+words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the
+command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when
+using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or
+a newline.
+
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
+Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of
positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special
-parameter `0' is unchanged. The first element of the `FUNCNAME'
+parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME'
variable is set to the name of the function while the function is
executing.
All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
-between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the `DEBUG'
-and `RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given
-the `trace' attribute using the `declare' builtin or the `-o functrace'
-option has been enabled with the `set' builtin, (in which case all
-functions inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps), and the `ERR' trap
-is not inherited unless the `-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
-*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the `trap'
+between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and
+'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace'
+option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all
+functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is
+not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
+*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap'
builtin.
- The `FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+ The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
- If the builtin command `return' is executed in a function, the
-function completes and execution resumes with the next command after
-the function call. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is
+ If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the
+function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is
executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the
-values of the positional parameters and the special parameter `#' are
-restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If
-a numeric argument is given to `return', that is the function's return
-status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of
-the last command executed before the `return'.
+values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are
+restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a
+numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return
+status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+last command executed before the 'return'.
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the `local'
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local'
builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the
commands it invokes.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the `-f' option to
-the `declare' (`typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
-`-F' option to `declare' or `typeset' will list the function names only
-(and optionally the source file and line number, if the `extdebug'
-shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
-automatically have them defined with the `-f' option to the `export'
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to
+the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
+'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
+option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and
variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. The `FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+ Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of
-recursive calls.
+recursive calls.

File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features
@@ -1255,69 +1239,72 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: She
* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments.
* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters.
- A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a `name', a
+A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a
number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a
-parameter denoted by a `name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
-ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the `declare' builtin command
-(see the description of the `declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
+ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
+(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string
is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
-the `unset' builtin command.
+the 'unset' builtin command.
A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
NAME=[VALUE]
- If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
-below). If the variable has its `integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
-evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the `$((...))' expansion
+below). If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not
-performed, with the exception of `"$@"' as explained below. Filename
+performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below. Filename
expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as
-arguments to the `alias', `declare', `typeset', `export', `readonly',
-and `local' builtin commands. When in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after one or more
-instances of the `command' builtin and retain these assignment
-statement properties.
+arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
+and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX mode
+(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
-a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can
-be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When
-`+=' is applied to a variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been
-set, VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
-variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When `+=' is
-applied to an array variable using compound assignment (*note
-Arrays::), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using `='),
-and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than
-the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional
-key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a
-string-valued variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the
-variable's value.
-
- A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the `-n'
-option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands (*note Bash
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
+be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This
+includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
+assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
+current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an
+array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values
+are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
+pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued
+variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
+
+ A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
+option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash
Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the
-nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation is
-actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
-value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a
-variable whose name is passed as an argument to the function. For
-instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
-argument, running
+nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
+attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute
+itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within
+shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an
+argument to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to
+a shell function as its first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
- inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is
-the variable name passed as the first argument. References and
-assignments to REF are treated as references and assignments to the
-variable whose name was passed as `$1'.
+inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments
+to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+passed as '$1'.
- If the control variable in a `for' loop has the nameref attribute,
+ If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
-executed. Array variables cannot be given the `-n' attribute.
+executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
-array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the `-n' option to the
-`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if `unset'
+array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset'
is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
@@ -1328,17 +1315,17 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up
---------------------------
A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
-other than the single digit `0'. Positional parameters are assigned
+other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned
from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
-using the `set' builtin command. Positional parameter `N' may be
-referenced as `${N}', or as `$N' when `N' consists of a single digit.
+using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be
+referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
-The `set' and `shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
+The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily
replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::).
- When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit
-is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.

File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
@@ -1349,70 +1336,69 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up
The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
-`*'
- ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+'*'
+ ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is
performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double
quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each
- parameter separated by the first character of the `IFS' special
- variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C
- is the first character of the value of the `IFS' variable. If
- `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If `IFS'
+ parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special
+ variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C
+ is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If
+ 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS'
is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
-`@'
- ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
- expands to a separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to
- `"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a
- word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the
- beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
- parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. When
- there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to
- nothing (i.e., they are removed).
-
-`#'
+'@'
+ ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands
+ to a separate word. That is, '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2"
+ ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part
+ of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is
+ joined with the last part of the original word. When there are no
+ positional parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e.,
+ they are removed).
+
+'#'
($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
-`?'
- ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+'?'
+ ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
foreground pipeline.
-`-'
+'-'
($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified
- upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the
- shell itself (such as the `-i' option).
+ upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the
+ shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
-`$'
- ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell,
+'$'
+ ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a '()' subshell,
it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
subshell.
-`!'
- ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
- into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command
- or using the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
-
-`0'
- ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is
- set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of
- commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that
- file. If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking
- Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string
- to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
+'!'
+ ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+ into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+ using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+
+'0'
+ ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of
+ commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that
+ file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking
+ Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to
+ be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
-`_'
+'_'
($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute
- pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed
- as passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently,
- expands to the last argument to the previous command, after
- expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each
- command executed and placed in the environment exported to that
- command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the
- mail file.
+ pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as
+ passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands
+ to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion.
+ Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+ and placed in the environment exported to that command. When
+ checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.

File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features
@@ -1421,20 +1407,14 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell P
====================
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
-`token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
* brace expansion
-
* tilde expansion
-
* parameter and variable expansion
-
* command substitution
-
* arithmetic expansion
-
* word splitting
-
* filename expansion
* Menu:
@@ -1462,13 +1442,17 @@ available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as
tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
substitution.
+ After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE
+REMOVAL).
+
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the
-expansions of `"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and `"${NAME[@]}"'
+expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"'
(*note Arrays::).
- After all expansions, `quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
+ After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
performed.

@@ -1492,16 +1476,16 @@ are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example,
bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
ade ace abe
- A sequence expression takes the form `{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
+ A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression
expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers
-may be prefixed with `0' to force each term to have the same width.
+may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
-generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
-where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands
-to each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using
-the default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
+generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
+necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
+character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
@@ -1509,16 +1493,16 @@ each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation
to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To
-avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' is not
+avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not
considered eligible for brace expansion.
A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
- A { or `,' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
+ A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with
-parameter expansion, the string `${' is not considered eligible for
+parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for
brace expansion.
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix
@@ -1533,63 +1517,62 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, P
3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
---------------------
-If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the
characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
-value of the `HOME' shell variable. If `HOME' is unset, the home
+value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home
directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
associated with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is `~+', the value of the shell variable `PWD'
-replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is `~-', the value of
-the shell variable `OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
+ If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD'
+replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of
+the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of
-a number N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is
+a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is
replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it
-would be displayed by the `dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
+would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory
Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number
-without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
+without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed.
If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
is left unchanged.
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes
-immediately following a `:' or the first `='. In these cases, tilde
+immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde
expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with
-tildes in assignments to `PATH', `MAILPATH', and `CDPATH', and the
-shell assigns the expanded value.
+tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell
+assigns the expanded value.
The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
-`~'
- The value of `$HOME'
+'~'
+ The value of '$HOME'
+'~/foo'
+ '$HOME/foo'
-`~/foo'
- `$HOME/foo'
+'~fred/foo'
+ The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred'
-`~fred/foo'
- The subdirectory `foo' of the home directory of the user `fred'
+'~+/foo'
+ '$PWD/foo'
-`~+/foo'
- `$PWD/foo'
+'~-/foo'
+ '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
-`~-/foo'
- `${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
+'~N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
-`~N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N'
+'~+N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
-`~+N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N'
-
-`~-N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N'
+'~-N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N'

File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
@@ -1597,13 +1580,13 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitutio
3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
-------------------------------
-The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' not
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not
escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
expansion.
@@ -1615,52 +1598,54 @@ Arrays::). The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional
parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a
character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
- If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), it
-introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the
-variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable;
-this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
-the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. This is
-known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the
-expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The
-exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
-introduce indirection.
+ If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
+PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable
+indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest
+of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded
+and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the
+value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If
+PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable
+referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect
+expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and
+${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately
+follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
-below (e.g., `:-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both
PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is
omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
-`${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
- If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned
- to PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted.
- Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
- in this way.
+'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
+ PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional
+ parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
+ way.
-`${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise,
the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
the expansion of WORD is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
-`${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to
LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
- character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is `@', an indexed
- array subscripted by `@' or `*', or an associative array name, the
+ character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed
+ array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the
results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, it
expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
@@ -1674,7 +1659,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the
characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative
offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to
- avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion.
+ avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion.
Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on
parameters and subscripted arrays:
@@ -1731,7 +1716,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
bcdef
- If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
+ If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion
@@ -1757,11 +1742,12 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
./bash 1
$ echo ${@: -7:0}
- If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by `@' or `*',
+
+ If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*',
the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with
- `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to
- one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is
- an expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+ '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an
+ expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
These examples show how you can use substring expansion with
indexed arrays:
@@ -1781,107 +1767,142 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
0 1
$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
undefined results.
Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
- OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, `$@' is
+ OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is
prefixed to the list.
-`${!PREFIX*}'
-`${!PREFIX@}'
+'${!PREFIX*}'
+'${!PREFIX@}'
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX,
- separated by the first character of the `IFS' special variable.
- When `@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable.
+ When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
each variable name expands to a separate word.
-`${!NAME[@]}'
-`${!NAME[*]}'
+'${!NAME[@]}'
+'${!NAME[*]}'
If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
(keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if
- NAME is set and null otherwise. When `@' is used and the
- expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a
- separate word.
+ NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion
+ appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word.
-`${#PARAMETER}'
+'${#PARAMETER}'
The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is
- substituted. If PARAMETER is `*' or `@', the value substituted is
- the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array
- name subscripted by `*' or `@', the value substituted is the
- number of elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array
- name subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted
- as relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
- negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
- index of -1 references the last element.
-
-`${PARAMETER#WORD}'
-`${PARAMETER##WORD}'
+ substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is
+ the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name
+ subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of
+ elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name
+ subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as
+ relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
+ negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+ of -1 references the last element.
+
+'${PARAMETER#WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER##WORD}'
The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
- expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches
- the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result
- of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the
- shortest matching pattern (the `#' case) or the longest matching
- pattern (the `##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the
- pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter
- in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is
- an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the
- expansion is the resultant list.
-
-`${PARAMETER%WORD}'
-`${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
+ expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the
+ beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of
+ the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest
+ matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern
+ (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array
+ variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation
+ is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
+ is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER%WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is
- the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the `%'
- case) or the longest matching pattern (the `%%' case) deleted. If
- PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied
+ the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%'
+ case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If
+ PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied
to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
- with `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list.
+ resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with
+ '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member
+ of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
-`${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with
- `/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally
- only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with `#', it
- must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER.
- If PATTERN begins with `%', it must match at the end of the
- expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of
- PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN may be omitted.
- If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
- with `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list.
-
-`${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
+ '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally
+ only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it
+ must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If
+ PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded
+ value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are
+ deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the
+ 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note
+ The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@'
+ or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+ parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If
+ PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the
+ substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of
PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to
- match more than one character. The `^' operator converts
- lowercase letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the `,' operator
- converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The `^^' and
- `,,' expansions convert each matched character in the expanded
- value; the `^' and `,' expansions match and convert only the first
+ match more than one character. The '^' operator converts lowercase
+ letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
+ matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The '^^' and ',,'
+ expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
+ the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is
- treated like a `?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER
- is `@' or `*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+ treated like a '?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER is
+ '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or
- `*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
+ The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
+ or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of
+ OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter:
+
+ 'Q'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER
+ quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+ 'E'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with
+ backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...''
+ quoting mechansim.
+ 'P'
+ The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+ value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note
+ Controlling the Prompt::).
+ 'A'
+ The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+ statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will
+ recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+ 'a'
+ The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
+ representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+
+ If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
+ positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+ pathname expansion as described below.
+

File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
@@ -1892,19 +1913,20 @@ Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the
command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed
as follows:
$(COMMAND)
- or
+or
`COMMAND`
-Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND and replacing the
-command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
-trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
-may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution `$(cat
-FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent but faster `$(< FILE)'.
+Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell
+environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard
+output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded
+newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting.
+The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent
+but faster '$(< FILE)'.
When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
-retains its literal meaning except when followed by `$', ``', or `\'.
+retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'.
The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command
-substitution. When using the `$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
+substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the
@@ -1920,8 +1942,8 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, P
--------------------------
Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
-and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic
-expansion is:
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion
+is:
$(( EXPRESSION ))
@@ -1933,8 +1955,8 @@ arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
-(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints
-a message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
+(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
+message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
occurs.

@@ -1943,20 +1965,21 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: A
3.5.6 Process Substitution
--------------------------
-Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
-(FIFOs) or the `/dev/fd' method of naming open files. It takes the
-form of
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred
+to using a filename. It takes the form of
<(LIST)
- or
+or
>(LIST)
- The process LIST is run with its input or output connected to a FIFO
-or some file in `/dev/fd'. The name of this file is passed as an
-argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the
-`>(LIST)' form is used, writing to the file will provide input for
-LIST. If the `<(LIST)' form is used, the file passed as an argument
-should be read to obtain the output of LIST. Note that no space may
-appear between the `<' or `>' and the left parenthesis, otherwise the
-construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
+The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears
+as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current
+command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)' form is used,
+writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the '<(LIST)' form
+is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>'
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection. Process substitution is supported on systems that
+support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open
+files.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
@@ -1972,26 +1995,30 @@ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command
substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
quotes for word splitting.
- The shell treats each character of `$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
-the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
-as field terminators. If `IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
-`<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ` <space>',
-`<tab>', and `<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
-previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of `IFS' characters
-not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a
+ The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
+'<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ' <space>',
+'<tab>', and '<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
+previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters
+not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a
value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
-characters `space' and `tab' are ignored at the beginning and end of the
-word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an
-`IFS' whitespace character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS'
-whitespace, along with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters,
-delimits a field. A sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also
-treated as a delimiter. If the value of `IFS' is null, no word
+characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning
+and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value
+of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that
+is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace
+characters, delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters
+is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word
splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments (`""' or `''') are retained. Unquoted
-implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters
-that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is
-expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
+ Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to
+commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting
+from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a
+parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null
+argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty
+string. When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose
+expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word
+'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
@@ -2005,39 +2032,40 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word
* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns.
- After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set (*note The
-Set Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters `*', `?', and
-`['. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as
-a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
+After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set
+Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a
+PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no matching
-filenames are found, and the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the
-word is left unchanged. If the `nullglob' option is set, and no
-matches are found, the word is removed. If the `failglob' shell option
-is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the
-command is not executed. If the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled,
-the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
-characters.
-
- When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character `.' at
-the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be
-matched explicitly, unless the shell option `dotglob' is set. When
-matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched
-explicitly. In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially.
-
- See the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
-description of the `nocaseglob', `nullglob', `failglob', and `dotglob'
+filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the
+word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches
+are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell option is set,
+and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is
+not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is
+performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
+the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a
+filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In
+other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+
+ See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
+description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob'
options.
- The `GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
-filenames matching a pattern. If `GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
-filename that also matches one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE' is
-removed from the list of matches. The filenames `.' and `..' are
-always ignored when `GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting
-`GLOBIGNORE' to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
-`dotglob' shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a `.'
-will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning
-with a `.', make `.*' one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE'. The
-`dotglob' option is disabled when `GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
+ The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
+filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
+filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is
+removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set,
+the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without
+regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a
+non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so
+all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old
+behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of
+the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is unset.

File: bashref.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion
@@ -2052,75 +2080,73 @@ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-`*'
- Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- `globstar' shell option is enabled, and `*' is used in a filename
- expansion context, two adjacent `*'s used as a single pattern will
- match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
- If followed by a `/', two adjacent `*'s will match only
- directories and subdirectories.
-
-`?'
+'*'
+ Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar'
+ shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion
+ context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all
+ files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed
+ by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and
+ subdirectories.
+'?'
Matches any single character.
-
-`[...]'
+'[...]'
Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched.
- If the first character following the `[' is a `!' or a `^' then
- any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' may be matched by
- including it as the first or last character in the set. A `]' may
+ If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any
+ character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by
+ including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may
be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The
sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
- the current locale and the values of the `LC_COLLATE' and `LC_ALL'
+ the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL'
shell variables, if set.
- For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
- `[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order,
- and in these locales `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
- `[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to `[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
+ For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and
+ in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in
bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by
- setting the `LC_COLLATE' or `LC_ALL' environment variable to the
- value `C', or enable the `globasciiranges' shell option.
+ setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
+ value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
- Within `[' and `]', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
- syntax `[:'CLASS`:]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
+ Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+ syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX standard:
alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
print punct space upper word xdigit
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The `word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
- character `_'.
+ The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
+ character '_'.
- Within `[' and `]', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using
- the syntax `[='C`=]', which matches all characters with the same
+ Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
+ syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
character C.
- Within `[' and `]', the syntax `[.'SYMBOL`.]' matches the
- collating symbol SYMBOL.
+ Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating
+ symbol SYMBOL.
- If the `extglob' shell option is enabled using the `shopt' builtin,
+ If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the
following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
-separated by a `|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+separated by a '|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
of the following sub-patterns:
-`?(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
-`*(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'*(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-`+(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'+(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-`@(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'@(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches one of the given patterns.
-`!(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches anything except one of the given patterns.

@@ -2130,7 +2156,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell
-------------------
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
-characters `\', `'', and `"' that did not result from one of the above
+characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above
expansions are removed.

@@ -2149,56 +2175,59 @@ operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may
follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
from left to right.
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
-may instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case,
-for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will
-allocate a file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}.
-If >&- or <&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines
-the file descriptor to close.
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for
+each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or
+<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
+descriptor to close.
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
-omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is `<',
-the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If
-the first character of the redirection operator is `>', the redirection
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
+redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
The word following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If
-it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it
+expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
-the command
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+command
ls > DIRLIST 2>&1
- directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command
ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST
- directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the
-standard error was made a copy of the standard output before the
-standard output was redirected to DIRLIST.
+directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard
+error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output
+was redirected to DIRLIST.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
+redirections, as described in the following table. If the operating
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will
+use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
+described below.
-`/dev/fd/FD'
+'/dev/fd/FD'
If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated.
-`/dev/stdin'
+'/dev/stdin'
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
-`/dev/stdout'
+'/dev/stdout'
File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
-`/dev/stderr'
+'/dev/stderr'
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
-`/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
+'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
corresponding TCP socket.
-`/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
+'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
corresponding UDP socket.
@@ -2213,8 +2242,8 @@ internally.
-----------------------
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the
-expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor `n', or
-the standard input (file descriptor 0) if `n' is not specified.
+expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[N]<WORD
@@ -2231,20 +2260,20 @@ size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[N]>[|]WORD
- If the redirection operator is `>', and the `noclobber' option to
-the `set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the
-file whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a
-regular file. If the redirection operator is `>|', or the redirection
-operator is `>' and the `noclobber' option is not enabled, the
-redirection is attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
+ If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the
+'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
+file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator
+is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is
+attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
---------------------------------
-Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
-results from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file
-descriptor N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not
-specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
+Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results
+from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If
+the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
[N]>>WORD
@@ -2259,12 +2288,12 @@ file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&>WORD
- and
+and
>&WORD
- Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
equivalent to
>WORD 2>&1
- When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or `-'.
+ When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'.
If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File
Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
@@ -2272,12 +2301,12 @@ Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
--------------------------------------------------
This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
-file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file
+whose name is the expansion of WORD.
The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
&>>WORD
- This is semantically equivalent to
+This is semantically equivalent to
>>WORD 2>&1
(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
@@ -2287,81 +2316,83 @@ file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing
blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
-as the standard input for a command.
+as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a
+command.
The format of here-documents is:
- <<[-]WORD
+ [N]<<[-]WORD
HERE-DOCUMENT
DELIMITER
- No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
-arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If
-any characters in WORD are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote
-removal on WORD, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
-If WORD is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to
-quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'.
+ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any part of
+WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is
+unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character
+sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the
+characters '\', '$', and '`'.
- If the redirection operator is `<<-', then all leading tab
-characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing
-DELIMITER. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be
-indented in a natural fashion.
+ If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters
+are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This
+allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.
3.6.7 Here Strings
------------------
A variant of here documents, the format is:
- <<< WORD
+ [N]<<< WORD
The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to
+the command on its standard input (or file descriptor N if N is
+specified).
3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors
----------------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<&WORD
- is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one
-or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy
-of that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or
+more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of
+that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD
-evaluates to `-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified,
+evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified,
the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[N]>&WORD
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not
specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
-redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to `-', file descriptor N
-is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not
-expand to one or more digits or `-', the standard output and standard
-error are redirected as described previously.
+redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N
+is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand
+to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are
+redirected as described previously.
3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors
-----------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<&DIGIT-
- moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the
-standard input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is
-closed after being duplicated to N.
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after
+being duplicated to N.
Similarly, the redirection operator
[N]>&DIGIT-
- moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
-------------------------------------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<>WORD
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0
if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
@@ -2406,7 +2437,7 @@ expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note
Redirections::).
- 4. The text after the `=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+ 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
@@ -2442,30 +2473,30 @@ taken.
locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::.
- 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it
- in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin
- is invoked.
-
- 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and
- contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of `$PATH' for a
- directory containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a
- hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files to
- avoid multiple `PATH' searches (see the description of `hash' in
- *note Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories
- in `$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the
- hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for
- a defined shell function named `command_not_found_handle'. If
- that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and
- the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
- function's exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If
- that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message
- and returns an exit status of 127.
-
- 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one
- or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
- separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name
- given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the
- arguments supplied, if any.
+ 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+ the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is
+ invoked.
+
+ 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains
+ no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory
+ containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table
+ to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid
+ multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note
+ Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in
+ '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash
+ table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a
+ defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that
+ function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the
+ original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+ exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function
+ is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an
+ exit status of 127.
+
+ 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
+ execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and
+ the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments
+ supplied, if any.
5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
@@ -2475,7 +2506,6 @@ taken.
6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
the command to complete and collects its exit status.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands
@@ -2485,35 +2515,34 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, P
The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
* open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
- redirections supplied to the `exec' builtin
+ redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
- * the current working directory as set by `cd', `pushd', or `popd',
+ * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd',
or inherited by the shell at invocation
- * the file creation mode mask as set by `umask' or inherited from
- the shell's parent
+ * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the
+ shell's parent
- * current traps set by `trap'
+ * current traps set by 'trap'
- * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with `set'
+ * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set'
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
* shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
* options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
- command-line arguments) or by `set'
+ command-line arguments) or by 'set'
- * options enabled by `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+ * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
- * shell aliases defined with `alias' (*note Aliases::)
+ * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::)
* various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
- Lists::), the value of `$$', and the value of `$PPID'
+ Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID'
-
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to
-be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are
inherited from the shell.
@@ -2531,7 +2560,6 @@ inherited from the shell.
* traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
@@ -2544,11 +2572,11 @@ are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the
subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value
-of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash
-clears the `-e' option in such subshells.
+of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash
+clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
- If a command is followed by a `&' and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file `/dev/null'.
+ If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'.
Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
@@ -2560,31 +2588,31 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execu
When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
-`name=value'.
+'name=value'.
Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
-processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The `export'
-and `declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to
-and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
+processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and
+'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be
-modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the `unset' and
-`export -n' commands, plus any additions via the `export' and `declare
--x' commands.
+modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export
+-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x'
+commands.
The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented
temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in
*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the
environment seen by that command.
- If the `-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
+ If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' is set to
+ When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to
the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its
environment.
@@ -2605,8 +2633,8 @@ will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This
seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined
way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various
-failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose
-number is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
+failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number
+is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
@@ -2622,7 +2650,8 @@ Lists::).
All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they
succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of
-2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
+arguments.

File: bashref.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands
@@ -2631,39 +2660,38 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands
-------------
When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-`SIGTERM' (so that `kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
-`SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the `wait' builtin is
-interruptible). When Bash receives a `SIGINT', it breaks out of any
-executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores `SIGQUIT'. If job control
-is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU',
-and `SIGTSTP'.
+'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
+'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is
+interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any
+executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control
+is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU',
+and 'SIGTSTP'.
Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not
-in effect, asynchronous commands ignore `SIGINT' and `SIGQUIT' in
+in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in
addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of
command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
-`SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'.
+'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a `SIGHUP'. Before
-exiting, an interactive shell resends the `SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
-or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent `SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
-the `SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the `SIGHUP' signal to
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before
+exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
+or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
+the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to
a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the
-`disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not
-receive `SIGHUP' using `disown -h'.
+'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive
+'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'.
- If the `huponexit' shell option has been set with `shopt' (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
-interactive login shell exits.
+ If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits.
If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the
-command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command
-via the `wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has
-been set will cause the `wait' builtin to return immediately with an
-exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is
-executed.
+command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
+status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.

File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
@@ -2673,36 +2701,36 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic
A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a
file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and
-neither the `-c' nor `-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
+neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode
of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches
for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
-`$PATH' if not found there.
+'$PATH' if not found there.
- When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter `0' to
+ When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to
the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the
positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are
given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional
parameters are unset.
- A shell script may be made executable by using the `chmod' command
-to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the `$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute
-it. In other words, executing
+ A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
+turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching
+the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other
+words, executing
filename ARGUMENTS
- is equivalent to executing
+is equivalent to executing
bash filename ARGUMENTS
-if `filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell
+if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell
reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been
invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations
-of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of `hash' in
+of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in
*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child.
Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's
command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
-the two characters `#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
-interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, `awk', Perl,
+the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
+interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl,
or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that
language.
@@ -2713,8 +2741,8 @@ the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that
do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix
limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
- Bash scripts often begin with `#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
-been installed in `/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
+ Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
+been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.

@@ -2733,18 +2761,18 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev
* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by
POSIX.
- Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the
-name of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name
+of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly,
without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to
implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with
separate utilities.
This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
-the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to
-or have been extended in Bash.
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or
+have been extended in Bash.
- Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+ Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities
(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory
Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::),
@@ -2754,14 +2782,14 @@ Completion Builtins::).
Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
-options preceded by `-' accepts `--' to signify the end of the options.
-The `:', `true', `false', and `test' builtins do not accept options and
-do not treat `--' specially. The `exit', `logout', `break',
-`continue', `let', and `shift' builtins accept and process arguments
-beginning with `-' without requiring `--'. Other builtins that accept
-arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret
-arguments beginning with `-' as invalid options and require `--' to
-prevent this interpretation.
+options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options.
+The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and
+do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', 'break',
+'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments
+beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept
+arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments
+beginning with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this
+interpretation.

File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
@@ -2773,68 +2801,73 @@ The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne
Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX
standard.
-`: (a colon)'
+': (a colon)'
: [ARGUMENTS]
Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections.
The return status is zero.
-`. (a period)'
+'. (a period)'
. FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
- Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the
- current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the
- `PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in
- POSIX mode, the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not
- found in `$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the
- positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands
- are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the
- return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to `source'.
-
-`break'
+ Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
+ shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
+ variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
+ the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
+ '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
+ parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional
+ parameters are unchanged. If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source'
+ inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string
+ is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source'
+ unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes. If '-T' is not set, and
+ the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is
+ retained when 'source' completes. The return status is the exit
+ status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are
+ executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return
+ status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+
+'break'
break [N]
- Exit from a `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is
- supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater
- than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not
- greater than or equal to 1.
+ Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is
+ supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than
+ or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater
+ than or equal to 1.
-`cd'
+'cd'
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
- Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY
- is not supplied, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used.
- Any additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the
- shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
- directory name in `CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
- alternative directory names in `CDPATH' separated by a colon (`:').
- If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used.
+ Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is
+ not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. Any
+ additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the shell
+ variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
+ directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+ alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
+ If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
- The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
- are resolved while `cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
- processing an instance of `..' in DIRECTORY.
+ The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+ are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
+ processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY.
- By default, or when the `-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
- DIRECTORY are resolved after `cd' processes an instance of `..' in
+ By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
+ DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in
DIRECTORY.
- If `..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
+ If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the
beginning of DIRECTORY.
- If the `-e' option is supplied with `-P' and the current working
+ If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working
directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful
- directory change, `cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
+ directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
- On systems that support it, the `-@' option presents the extended
+ On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
- If DIRECTORY is `-', it is converted to `$OLDPWD' before the
+ If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the
directory change is attempted.
- If a non-empty directory name from `CDPATH' is used, or if `-' is
+ If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is
the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the
absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
standard output.
@@ -2842,347 +2875,351 @@ standard.
The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
-`continue'
+'continue'
continue [N]
- Resume the next iteration of an enclosing `for', `while', `until',
- or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
+ Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until',
+ or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1.
The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to
1.
-`eval'
+'eval'
eval [ARGUMENTS]
The arguments are concatenated together into a single command,
which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as
- the exit status of `eval'. If there are no arguments or only
- empty arguments, the return status is zero.
+ the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty
+ arguments, the return status is zero.
-`exec'
+'exec'
exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]]
If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a
- new process. If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
+ new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND.
- This is what the `login' program does. The `-c' option causes
- COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If `-a' is
+ This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes
+ COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is
supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND.
If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
- shell exits, unless the `execfail' shell option is enabled. In
+ shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In
that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns
failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is
specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell
- environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return
- status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+ environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status
+ is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
-`exit'
+'exit'
exit [N]
Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If
N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
- Any trap on `EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
+ Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
-`export'
+'export'
export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]]
Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
- If the `-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell
- functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The `-n'
- option means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES
- are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of names of
- all exported variables is displayed. The `-p' option displays
- output in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name
- is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
-
- The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied,
- one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is
+ If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
+ otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option
+ means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are
+ supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
+ exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output
+ in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is
+ followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one
+ of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is
supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-`getopts'
+'getopts'
getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS]
- `getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+ 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The
- colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be used as option
- characters. Each time it is invoked, `getopts' places the next
- option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does
- not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into
- the variable `OPTIND'. `OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
+ colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option
+ characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next
+ option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not
+ exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+ variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an
- argument, `getopts' places that argument into the variable
- `OPTARG'. The shell does not reset `OPTIND' automatically; it
- must be manually reset between multiple calls to `getopts' within
- the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+ argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable
+ 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must
+ be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the
+ same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a
- return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of
- the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to `?'.
+ When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of
+ the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'.
- `getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead.
+ 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead.
- `getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+ 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal
operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or
- missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable `OPTERR'
+ missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR'
is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
- character of `optstring' is not a colon.
+ character of 'optstring' is not a colon.
- If an invalid option is seen, `getopts' places `?' into NAME and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets `OPTARG'. If
- `getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
- `OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
+ If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and,
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If
+ 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and `getopts' is not silent,
- a question mark (`?') is placed in NAME, `OPTARG' is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If `getopts' is silent, then a
- colon (`:') is placed in NAME and `OPTARG' is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a
+ question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a
+ colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option
character found.
-`hash'
+'hash'
hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
- Each time `hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+ Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
- for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by
- searching through the directories listed in `$PATH'. Any
- previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The `-p' option
+ for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching
+ through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any
+ previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option
inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
- NAME. The `-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
- locations. The `-d' option causes the shell to forget the
- remembered location of each NAME. If the `-t' option is supplied,
+ NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+ locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+ remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied,
the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If
- multiple NAME arguments are supplied with `-t' the NAME is printed
- before the hashed full pathname. The `-l' option causes output to
+ multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed
+ before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to
be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no
- arguments are given, or if only `-l' is supplied, information
- about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero
- unless a NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+ arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about
+ remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a
+ NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
-`pwd'
+'pwd'
pwd [-LP]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If
- the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
- symbolic links. If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname
+ the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
+ symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname
printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero
unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the
current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
-`readonly'
+'readonly'
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ...
Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be
- changed by subsequent assignment. If the `-f' option is supplied,
- each NAME refers to a shell function. The `-a' option means each
- NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the `-A' option means
- each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both
- options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments
- are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of all
- readonly names is printed. The other options may be used to
- restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The
- `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be
- reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the
- value of the variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero
- unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is
- not a valid shell variable or function name, or the `-f' option is
+ changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied,
+ each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each
+ NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means
+ each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options
+ are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are
+ given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly
+ names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the
+ output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option
+ causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as
+ input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the
+ variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an
+ invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a
+ valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is
supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-`return'
+'return'
return [N]
Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to
its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit
- status of the last command executed in the function. `return' may
- also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed
- with the `.' (`source') builtin, returning either N or the exit
- status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
- status of the script. If N is supplied, the return value is its
- least significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the
- `RETURN' trap is executed before execution resumes after the
- function or script. The return status is non-zero if `return' is
- supplied a non-numeric argument or is used outside a function and
- not during the execution of a script by `.' or `source'.
-
-`shift'
+ status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return'
+ is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine
+ the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+ if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command
+ used to determine the status is the last command executed by the
+ trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be
+ used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.'
+ ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the
+ last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least
+ significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap
+ is executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric
+ argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution
+ of a script by '.' or 'source'.
+
+'shift'
shift [N]
Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional
- parameters from N+1 ... `$#' are renamed to `$1' ... `$#'-N.
- Parameters represented by the numbers `$#' to `$#'-N+1 are unset.
- N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to `$#'. If N
- is zero or greater than `$#', the positional parameters are not
+ parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset.
+ N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. If N
+ is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not
changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return
- status is zero unless N is greater than `$#' or less than zero,
+ status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero,
non-zero otherwise.
-`test'
-`['
+'test'
+'['
test EXPR
- Evaluate a conditional express ion EXPR and return a status of 0
+ Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0
(true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate
argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described
- below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. `test' does not
+ below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
- `--' as signifying the end of options.
+ '--' as signifying the end of options.
- When the `[' form is used, the last argument to the command must
- be a `]'.
+ When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be
+ a ']'.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the
number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when
there are five or more arguments.
- `! EXPR'
+ '! EXPR'
True if EXPR is false.
- `( EXPR )'
+ '( EXPR )'
Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the
normal precedence of operators.
- `EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
+ 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true.
- `EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
+ 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.
- The `test' and `[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
+ The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
- 0 arguments
+ 0 arguments
The expression is false.
- 1 argument
+ 1 argument
The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
null.
- 2 arguments
- If the first argument is `!', the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argument
- is one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash
- Conditional Expressions::), the expression is true if the
- unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid
- unary operator, the expression is false.
+ 2 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is
+ one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional
+ Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is
+ true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator,
+ the expression is false.
- 3 arguments
+ 3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
- the second argument is one of the binary conditional
- operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result
- of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
- first and third arguments as operands. The `-a' and `-o'
- operators are considered binary operators when there are
- three arguments. If the first argument is `!', the value is
- the negation of the two-argument test using the second and
- third arguments. If the first argument is exactly `(' and
- the third argument is exactly `)', the result is the
- one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the
- expression is false.
-
- 4 arguments
- If the first argument is `!', the result is the negation of
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators
+ (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result of the
+ expression is the result of the binary test using the first
+ and third arguments as operands. The '-a' and '-o' operators
+ are considered binary operators when there are three
+ arguments. If the first argument is '!', the value is the
+ negation of the two-argument test using the second and third
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third
+ argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument test
+ of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+
+ 4 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
according to precedence using the rules listed above.
- 5 or more arguments
+ 5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
- When used with `test' or `[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+ When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-`times'
+'times'
times
Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
children. The return status is zero.
-`trap'
+'trap'
trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...]
The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell
receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single
- SIGSPEC) or equal to `-', each specified signal's disposition is
+ SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is
reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is
the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is
ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not
- present and `-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
+ present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are
- supplied, or only `-p' is given, `trap' prints the list of commands
+ supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands
associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
- shell input. The `-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
+ shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is
either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case
- insensitive and the `SIG' prefix is optional.
-
- If a SIGSPEC is `0' or `EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
- exits. If a SIGSPEC is `DEBUG', the command ARG is executed
- before every simple command, `for' command, `case' command,
- `select' command, every arithmetic `for' command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function. Refer to the
- description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin (*note
- The Shopt Builtin::) for details of its effect on the `DEBUG' trap.
- If a SIGSPEC is `RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a
- shell function or a script executed with the `.' or `source'
- builtins finishes executing.
-
- If a SIGSPEC is `ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
- pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
- or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
- the following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not executed if the
- failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- an `until' or `while' keyword, part of the test following the `if'
- or `elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a `&&' or
- `||' list except the command following the final `&&' or `||', any
+ insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
+ exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before
+ every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select'
+ command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first
+ command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a
+ SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
+ function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins
+ finishes executing.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
+ pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or
+ a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed
+ command is part of the command list immediately following an
+ 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or
+ 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||'
+ list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any
command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return
- status is being inverted using `!'. These are the same conditions
- obeyed by the `errexit' (`-e') option.
+ status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions
+ obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is
created.
- The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a
- valid signal.
+ The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid
+ signal.
-`umask'
+'umask'
umask [-p] [-S] [MODE]
- Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE
- begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not,
- it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted
- by the `chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of
- the mask is printed. If the `-S' option is supplied without a
- MODE argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the
- `-p' option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a
- form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if
- the mode is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is
- supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+ Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins
+ with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the
+ 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask
+ is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE
+ argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p'
+ option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
+ that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode
+ is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and
+ non-zero otherwise.
Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each
- number of the umask is subtracted from `7'. Thus, a umask of `022'
- results in permissions of `755'.
+ number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022'
+ results in permissions of '755'.
-`unset'
+'unset'
unset [-fnv] [NAME]
- Remove each variable or function NAME. If the `-v' option is
+ Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is
given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
- remvoved. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
- functions, and the function definition is removed. If the `-n'
+ removed. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
+ functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n'
option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
- references. `-n' has no effect if the `-f' option is supplied.
- If no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if
- there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
- unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The
- return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+ references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If
+ no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
+ is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset.
+ Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return
+ status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.

File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
@@ -3190,433 +3227,418 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev
4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
=========================
-This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have
-been extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the
-POSIX standard.
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been
+extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX
+standard.
-`alias'
+'alias'
alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- Without arguments or with the `-p' option, `alias' prints the list
+ Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list
of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be
reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined
for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name
and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note
Aliases::.
-`bind'
+'bind'
bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX]
bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ]
bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME
bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND
bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME
- bind READLINE-COMMAND
+ bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND
Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a
- command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file
- (*note Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be
- passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
- `"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
+ command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note
+ Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-m KEYMAP'
+ '-m KEYMAP'
Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
- bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are `emacs',
- `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move',
- `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to
- `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'.
+ bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+ equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.
- `-l'
+ '-l'
List the names of all Readline functions.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way
- that they can be used as input or in a Readline
- initialization file.
+ that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+ file.
- `-P'
+ '-P'
List current Readline function names and bindings.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that
they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
file.
- `-V'
+ '-V'
List current Readline variable names and values.
- `-s'
- Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be used as
- input or in a Readline initialization file.
+ '-s'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in
+ a Readline initialization file.
- `-S'
- Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output.
+ '-S'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output.
- `-f FILENAME'
+ '-f FILENAME'
Read key bindings from FILENAME.
- `-q FUNCTION'
+ '-q FUNCTION'
Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION.
- `-u FUNCTION'
+ '-u FUNCTION'
Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION.
- `-r KEYSEQ'
+ '-r KEYSEQ'
Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ.
- `-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
+ '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered.
When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the
- `READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
- buffer and the `READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
+ 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
+ buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
location of the insertion point. If the executed command
- changes the value of `READLINE_LINE' or `READLINE_POINT',
+ changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT',
those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
- `-X'
+ '-X'
List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
associated commands in a format that can be reused as input.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or
an error occurs.
-`builtin'
+'builtin'
builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]]
Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status.
- This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name
- as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin
- within the function. The return status is non-zero if
- SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin command.
+ This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as
+ a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+ the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is
+ not a shell builtin command.
-`caller'
+'caller'
caller [EXPR]
- Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell
- function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' builtins).
+ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+ or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins).
- Without EXPR, `caller' displays the line number and source
- filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative
- integer is supplied as EXPR, `caller' displays the line number,
- subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in
- the current execution call stack. This extra information may be
- used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is
- frame 0.
+ Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename
+ of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is
+ supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine
+ name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a
subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
-`command'
+'command'
command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...]
Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named
COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by
- searching the `PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function
- named `ls', running `command ls' within the function will execute
- the external command `ls' instead of calling the function
- recursively. The `-p' option means to use a default value for
- `PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
- The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found
- or an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
-
- If either the `-V' or `-v' option is supplied, a description of
- COMMAND is printed. The `-v' option causes a single word
+ searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function
+ named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute
+ the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function
+ recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for
+ 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+ The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or
+ an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
+
+ If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of
+ COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word
indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be
- displayed; the `-V' option produces a more verbose description.
- In this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
+ displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In
+ this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
non-zero if not.
-`declare'
+'declare'
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are
- given, then display the values of variables instead.
+ Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
+ then display the values of variables instead.
- The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
- NAME. When `-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
- other than `-f' and `-F', are ignored.
+ The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
+ NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
+ other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored.
- When `-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, `declare' will
+ When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will
display the attributes and values of all variables having the
attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with `-p', `declare' will display the
- attributes and values of all shell variables. The `-f' option
- will restrict the display to shell functions.
-
- The `-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
- the function name and attributes are printed. If the `extdebug'
- shell option is enabled using `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
- the source file name and line number where the function is defined
- are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'.
-
- The `-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
- global scope, even when `declare' is executed in a shell function.
+ options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the
+ attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will
+ restrict the display to shell functions.
+
+ The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+ the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug'
+ shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+ the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are
+ displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'.
+
+ The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function.
It is ignored in all other cases.
The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
- `-a'
+ '-a'
Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
- `-A'
+ '-A'
Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::).
- `-f'
+ '-f'
Use function names only.
- `-i'
+ '-i'
The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic
evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
- `-l'
+ '-l'
When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of NAME. All references and assignments
- to NAME, except for changing the `-n' attribute itself, are
- performed on the variable referenced by NAME's value. The
- `-n' attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-
- `-r'
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is defined
+ by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and
+ attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or
+ changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the
+ variable referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute
+ cannot be applied to array variables.
+
+ '-r'
Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- `-t'
- Give each NAME the `trace' attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
+ '-t'
+ Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- `-x'
+ '-x'
Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
- exceptions that `+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
- and `+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
- function, `declare' makes each NAME local, as with the `local'
- command, unless the `-g' option is used. If a variable name is
+ Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
+ exceptions that '+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
+ and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
+ function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the 'local'
+ command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable name is
followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
- When using `-a' or `-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
+ When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
until subsequent assignments.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an
+ an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an
attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
- is made to display a non-existent function with `-f'.
+ is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
-`echo'
+'echo'
echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If `-n' is
- specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is
+ specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option
is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
- characters is enabled. The `-E' option disables the
- interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where
- they are interpreted by default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may
- be used to dynamically determine whether or not `echo' expands
- these escape characters by default. `echo' does not interpret
- `--' to mean the end of options.
-
- `echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
- `\a'
+ characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation
+ of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to
+ dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape
+ characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the
+ end of options.
+
+ 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
+ '\a'
alert (bell)
-
- `\b'
+ '\b'
backspace
-
- `\c'
+ '\c'
suppress further output
-
- `\e'
- `\E'
+ '\e'
+ '\E'
escape
-
- `\f'
+ '\f'
form feed
-
- `\n'
+ '\n'
new line
-
- `\r'
+ '\r'
carriage return
-
- `\t'
+ '\t'
horizontal tab
-
- `\v'
+ '\v'
vertical tab
-
- `\\'
+ '\\'
backslash
-
- `\0NNN'
+ '\0NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
(zero to three octal digits)
-
- `\xHH'
+ '\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
-
- `\uHHHH'
+ '\uHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
-
- `\UHHHHHHHH'
+ '\UHHHHHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
-`enable'
+'enable'
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
- allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
- shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If
- `-n' is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are
- enabled. For example, to use the `test' binary found via `$PATH'
- instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'.
-
- If the `-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a
- list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the
- list consists of all enabled shell builtins. The `-a' option
- means to list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it
- is enabled.
-
- The `-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
+ allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to
+ be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+ shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n'
+ is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled.
+ For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of
+ the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'.
+
+ If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list
+ of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
+ consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to
+ list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is
+ enabled.
+
+ The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The `-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with `-f'.
+ The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
- The `-s' option restricts `enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
- If `-s' is used with `-f', the new builtin becomes a special
+ The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
+ If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-`help'
+'help'
help [-dms] [PATTERN]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is
- specified, `help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-d'
+ '-d'
Display a short description of each PATTERN
-
- `-m'
+ '-m'
Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like
format
-
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN
The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN.
-`let'
+'let'
let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...]
- The `let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+ The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION
- evaluates to 0, `let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
+ evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
-`local'
+'local'
local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ...
For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and
assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by
- `declare'. `local' can only be used within a function; it makes
+ 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes
the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function
- and its children. The return status is zero unless `local' is
- used outside a function, an invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a
- readonly variable.
-
-`logout'
+ and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made
+ local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options
+ changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to
+ their original values when the function returns. The return status
+ is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME
+ is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable.
+
+'logout'
logout [N]
Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.
-`mapfile'
- mapfile [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
+'mapfile'
+ mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
[-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
- ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied.
- The variable `MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if
- supplied, have the following meanings:
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+ The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
- `-n'
+ '-d'
+ The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input
+ line, rather than newline.
+ '-n'
Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are
copied.
-
- `-O'
+ '-O'
Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index
is 0.
-
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Discard the first COUNT lines read.
-
- `-t'
- Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-
- `-u'
+ '-t'
+ Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read.
+ '-u'
Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard
input.
-
- `-C'
- Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The
- `-c' option specifies QUANTUM.
-
- `-c'
+ '-C'
+ Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c'
+ option specifies QUANTUM.
+ '-c'
Specify the number of lines read between each call to
CALLBACK.
- If `-C' is specified without `-c', the default quantum is 5000.
- When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+ If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000.
+ When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the
line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, `mapfile' will clear ARRAY
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY
before assigning to it.
- `mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY
- is not an indexed array.
+ 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is
+ not an indexed array.
-`printf'
+'printf'
printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
- control of the FORMAT. The `-v' option causes the output to be
+ control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be
assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
standard output.
@@ -3625,34 +3647,30 @@ POSIX standard.
output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to
- the standard `printf(1)' formats, `printf' interprets the
- following extensions:
-
- `%b'
- Causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding ARGUMENT, except that `\c' terminates output,
- backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and
- octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four
- digits.
-
- `%q'
- Causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+ the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following
+ extensions:
+
+ '%b'
+ Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note
+ Bash Builtins::).
+ '%q'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
-
- `%(DATEFMT)T'
- Causes `printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
- using DATEFMT as a format string for `strftime'(3). The
+ '%(DATEFMT)T'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The
corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may
- be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents
- the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified,
+ be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the
+ time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified,
conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an
- exception to the usual `printf' behavior.
+ exception to the usual 'printf' behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C
- language constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is
- allowed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote,
- the value is the ASCII value of the following character.
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language
+ constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is
+ the ASCII value of the following character.
The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
@@ -3660,240 +3678,253 @@ POSIX standard.
appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on
success, non-zero on failure.
-`read'
+'read'
read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS]
[-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the `-u' option, and the
+ descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split
+ into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the
first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the
- second NAME, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening
- separators assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words
- read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are
- assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the `IFS'
- variable are used to split the line into words using the same
- rules the shell uses for expansion (described above in *note Word
- Splitting::). The backslash character `\' may be used to remove
- any special meaning for the next character read and for line
- continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned
- to the variable `REPLY'. The return code is zero, unless
- end-of-file is encountered, `read' times out (in which case the
- return code is greater than 128), a variable assignment error
- (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid
- file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'.
+ second NAME, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the input stream
+ than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The
+ characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the
+ line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+ (described above in *note Word Splitting::). The backslash
+ character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the
+ next character read and for line continuation. If no names are
+ supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable 'REPLY'. The
+ exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, 'read'
+ times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+ variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly
+ variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+ argument to '-u'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-a ANAME'
+ '-a ANAME'
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from
ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are
ignored.
- `-d DELIM'
+ '-d DELIM'
The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input
line, rather than newline.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the
line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing
was not previously active) editing settings.
- `-i TEXT'
+ '-i TEXT'
If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed
into the editing buffer before editing begins.
- `-n NCHARS'
- `read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter
+ '-n NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter
if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter.
- `-N NCHARS'
- `read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
+ '-N NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is
- encountered or `read' times out. Delimiter characters
+ encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters
encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not
- cause `read' to return until NCHARS characters are read.
+ cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. The
+ result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is
+ that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+ (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below).
- `-p PROMPT'
+ '-p PROMPT'
Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is
coming from a terminal.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
character. The backslash is considered to be part of the
- line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be
- used as a line continuation.
+ line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used
+ as a line continuation.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters
are not echoed.
- `-t TIMEOUT'
- Cause `read' to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is not
- read within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal
- number with a fractional portion following the decimal point.
- This option is only effective if `read' is reading input from
- a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect
- when reading from regular files. If `read' times out, `read'
- saves any partial input read into the specified variable NAME.
- If TIMEOUT is 0, `read' returns immediately, without trying to
+ '-t TIMEOUT'
+ Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line
+ of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read
+ within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with
+ a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option
+ is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal,
+ pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+ from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any
+ partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If
+ TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to
read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on
the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit
status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
- `-u FD'
+ '-u FD'
Read input from file descriptor FD.
-`readarray'
- readarray [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
+'readarray'
+ readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
[-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
- ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied.
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
- A synonym for `mapfile'.
+ A synonym for 'mapfile'.
-`source'
+'source'
source FILENAME
- A synonym for `.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+ A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
-`type'
+'type'
type [-afptP] [NAME ...]
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
- If the `-t' option is used, `type' prints a single word which is
- one of `alias', `function', `builtin', `file' or `keyword', if
- NAME is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or
- shell reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then
- nothing is printed, and `type' returns a failure status.
+ If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is
+ one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME
+ is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell
+ reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then
+ nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status.
- If the `-p' option is used, `type' either returns the name of the
- disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `-t' would not
- return `file'.
+ If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the
+ disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not
+ return 'file'.
- The `-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if `-t'
- would not return `file'.
+ The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t'
+ would not return 'file'.
- If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value,
- which is not necessarily the file that appears first in `$PATH'.
+ If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which
+ is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'.
- If the `-a' option is used, `type' returns all of the places that
+ If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that
contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and
- functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used.
+ functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used.
- If the `-f' option is used, `type' does not attempt to find shell
- functions, as with the `command' builtin.
+ If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
+ functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
if any are not found.
-`typeset'
+'typeset'
typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- The `typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
- shell. It is a synonym for the `declare' builtin command.
+ The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+ shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command.
-`ulimit'
- ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [LIMIT]
+'ulimit'
+ ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT]
- `ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
+ 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
- `-S'
+ '-S'
Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
- `-H'
+ '-H'
Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
- `-a'
+ '-a'
All current limits are reported.
- `-b'
+ '-b'
The maximum socket buffer size.
- `-c'
+ '-c'
The maximum size of core files created.
- `-d'
+ '-d'
The maximum size of a process's data segment.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
- `-f'
+ '-f'
The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
- `-i'
+ '-i'
The maximum number of pending signals.
- `-l'
+ '-k'
+ The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+ '-l'
The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- `-m'
+ '-m'
The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
limit).
- `-n'
+ '-n'
The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
not allow this value to be set).
- `-p'
+ '-p'
The pipe buffer size.
- `-q'
+ '-q'
The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
The maximum stack size.
- `-t'
+ '-t'
The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
and, on some systems, to its children.
- `-x'
+ '-x'
The maximum number of file locks.
- `-T'
+ '-P'
+ The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+ '-T'
The maximum number of threads.
- If LIMIT is given, and the `-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
+ If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values
- `hard', `soft', and `unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
+ 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit
- cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft
- limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
- Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified
- resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is supplied. When
- setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is supplied, both the
- hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then `-f' is
- assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for `-t',
- which is in seconds; `-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
- and `-T', `-b', `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values.
+ cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+ may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the
+ current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is
+ printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When setting new
+ limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and
+ soft limits are set. If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed.
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in
+ seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', '-T',
+ '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, when in
+ POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which are in
+ 512-byte increments.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is
supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
-`unalias'
+'unalias'
unalias [-a] [NAME ... ]
- Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If `-a' is supplied,
+ Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied,
all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::.

@@ -3914,276 +3945,277 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modif
4.3.1 The Set Builtin
---------------------
-This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. `set'
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set'
allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
-`set'
+'set'
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
- If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names
+ If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for
setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only
- variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables
- are listed.
+ variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are
+ listed.
When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
- `-a'
- Mark variables and function which are modified or created for
- export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+ '-a'
+ Each variable or function that is created or modified is given
+ the export attribute and marked for export to the environment
+ of subsequent commands.
- `-b'
+ '-b'
Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
immediately, rather than before printing the next primary
prompt.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may
consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::),
a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
- immediately following a `while' or `until' keyword, part of
- the test in an `if' statement, part of any command executed
- in a `&&' or `||' list except the command following the final
- `&&' or `||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
- the command's return status is being inverted with `!'. If a
+ immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of
+ the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in
+ a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final
+ '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
+ the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a
compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero
- status because a command failed while `-e' was being ignored,
- the shell does not exit. A trap on `ERR', if set, is
- executed before the shell exits.
+ status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored,
+ the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed
+ before the shell exits.
- This option applies to the shell environment and each
- subshell environment separately (*note Command Execution
+ This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+ environment separately (*note Command Execution
Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before
executing all the commands in the subshell.
If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
- where `-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+ where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
within the compound command or function body will be affected
- by the `-e' setting, even if `-e' is set and a command
- returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell
- function sets `-e' while executing in a context where `-e' is
- ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the
- compound command or the command containing the function call
- completes.
-
- `-f'
+ by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns
+ a failure status. If a compound command or shell function
+ sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored,
+ that setting will not have any effect until the compound
+ command or the command containing the function call completes.
+
+ '-f'
Disable filename expansion (globbing).
- `-h'
+ '-h'
Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for
execution. This option is enabled by default.
- `-k'
+ '-k'
All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
the command name.
- `-m'
+ '-m'
Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes
run in a separate process group. When a background job
completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
- `-n'
- Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to
+ '-n'
+ Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by
interactive shells.
- `-o OPTION-NAME'
+ '-o OPTION-NAME'
+
Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME:
- `allexport'
- Same as `-a'.
+ 'allexport'
+ Same as '-a'.
- `braceexpand'
- Same as `-B'.
+ 'braceexpand'
+ Same as '-B'.
- `emacs'
- Use an `emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
+ 'emacs'
+ Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing
- interface used for `read -e'.
+ interface used for 'read -e'.
- `errexit'
- Same as `-e'.
+ 'errexit'
+ Same as '-e'.
- `errtrace'
- Same as `-E'.
+ 'errtrace'
+ Same as '-E'.
- `functrace'
- Same as `-T'.
+ 'functrace'
+ Same as '-T'.
- `hashall'
- Same as `-h'.
+ 'hashall'
+ Same as '-h'.
- `histexpand'
- Same as `-H'.
+ 'histexpand'
+ Same as '-H'.
- `history'
+ 'history'
Enable command history, as described in *note Bash
History Facilities::. This option is on by default in
interactive shells.
- `ignoreeof'
+ 'ignoreeof'
An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
- `keyword'
- Same as `-k'.
+ 'keyword'
+ Same as '-k'.
- `monitor'
- Same as `-m'.
+ 'monitor'
+ Same as '-m'.
- `noclobber'
- Same as `-C'.
+ 'noclobber'
+ Same as '-C'.
- `noexec'
- Same as `-n'.
+ 'noexec'
+ Same as '-n'.
- `noglob'
- Same as `-f'.
+ 'noglob'
+ Same as '-f'.
- `nolog'
+ 'nolog'
Currently ignored.
- `notify'
- Same as `-b'.
+ 'notify'
+ Same as '-b'.
- `nounset'
- Same as `-u'.
+ 'nounset'
+ Same as '-u'.
- `onecmd'
- Same as `-t'.
+ 'onecmd'
+ Same as '-t'.
- `physical'
- Same as `-P'.
+ 'physical'
+ Same as '-P'.
- `pipefail'
+ 'pipefail'
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of
the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit
successfully. This option is disabled by default.
- `posix'
+ 'posix'
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation
differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard
- (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make
- Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard.
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash
+ behave as a strict superset of that standard.
- `privileged'
- Same as `-p'.
+ 'privileged'
+ Same as '-p'.
- `verbose'
- Same as `-v'.
+ 'verbose'
+ Same as '-v'.
- `vi'
- Use a `vi'-style line editing interface. This also
- affects the editing interface used for `read -e'.
+ 'vi'
+ Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also
+ affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'.
- `xtrace'
- Same as `-x'.
+ 'xtrace'
+ Same as '-x'.
- `-p'
- Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the `$BASH_ENV' and
- `$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
- inherited from the environment, and the `SHELLOPTS',
- `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH' and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
+ '-p'
+ Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and
+ '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
+ inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS',
+ 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
- real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied,
+ real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied,
these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
- the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at startup,
+ the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup,
the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off
causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
user and group ids.
- `-t'
+ '-t'
Exit after reading and executing one command.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
- parameters `@' or `*' as an error when performing parameter
+ parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter
expansion. An error message will be written to the standard
error, and a non-interactive shell will exit.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
Print shell input lines as they are read.
- `-x'
- Print a trace of simple commands, `for' commands, `case'
- commands, `select' commands, and arithmetic `for' commands
- and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
- expanded and before they are executed. The value of the `PS4'
+ '-x'
+ Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case'
+ commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and
+ their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+ expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4'
variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
the command and its expanded arguments.
- `-B'
+ '-B'
The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace
Expansion::). This option is on by default.
- `-C'
- Prevent output redirection using `>', `>&', and `<>' from
+ '-C'
+ Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from
overwriting existing files.
- `-E'
- If set, any trap on `ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
+ '-E'
+ If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
- environment. The `ERR' trap is normally not inherited in
- such cases.
+ environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such
+ cases.
- `-H'
- Enable `!' style history substitution (*note History
+ '-H'
+ Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History
Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive
shells.
- `-P'
- If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing
- commands such as `cd' which change the current directory.
- The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash
- follows the logical chain of directories when performing
- commands which change the current directory.
+ '-P'
+ If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands
+ such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical
+ directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the
+ logical chain of directories when performing commands which
+ change the current directory.
- For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
- `/usr/local/sys' then:
+ For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
+ '/usr/local/sys' then:
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr
- If `set -P' is on, then:
+ If 'set -P' is on, then:
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/local/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr/local
- `-T'
- If set, any trap on `DEBUG' and `RETURN' are inherited by
+ '-T'
+ If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
- in a subshell environment. The `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps
- are normally not inherited in such cases.
+ in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are
+ normally not inherited in such cases.
- `--'
+ '--'
If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters
are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a
- `-'.
+ '-'.
- `-'
- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to
- be assigned to the positional parameters. The `-x' and `-v'
+ '-'
+ Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be
+ assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v'
options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the
positional parameters remain unchanged.
- Using `+' rather than `-' causes these options to be turned off.
+ Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off.
The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The
- current set of options may be found in `$-'.
+ current set of options may be found in '$-'.
The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are
- assigned, in order, to `$1', `$2', ... `$N'. The special
- parameter `#' is set to N.
+ assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter
+ '#' is set to N.
The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is
supplied.
@@ -4196,38 +4228,38 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modif
This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
-`shopt'
+'shopt'
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...]
Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
- The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the `-o'
- option is used, those available with the `-o' option to the `set'
+ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o'
+ option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or
- with the `-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
- with an indication of whether or not each is set. The `-p' option
+ with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
+ with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option
causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as
input. Other options have the following meanings:
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Enable (set) each OPTNAME.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
Disable (unset) each OPTNAME.
- `-q'
+ '-q'
Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments
- are given with `-q', the return status is zero if all
- OPTNAMES are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+ are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+ are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
- `-o'
+ '-o'
Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the
- `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+ '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
- If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, `shopt'
+ If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt'
shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the `shopt' options are disabled (off) by
+ Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
default.
The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
@@ -4235,84 +4267,97 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
option.
- The list of `shopt' options is:
- `autocd'
+ The list of 'shopt' options is:
+
+ 'autocd'
If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
- executed as if it were the argument to the `cd' command.
- This option is only used by interactive shells.
+ executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This
+ option is only used by interactive shells.
- `cdable_vars'
- If this is set, an argument to the `cd' builtin command that
+ 'cdable_vars'
+ If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that
is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- `cdspell'
+ 'cdspell'
If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component
- in a `cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for
+ in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for
are transposed characters, a missing character, and a
character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected
path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is
only used by interactive shells.
- `checkhash'
+ 'checkhash'
If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
- table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+ table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command
+ no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
- `checkjobs'
+ 'checkjobs'
If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs
- before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are
- running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a second
- exit is attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
+ before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running,
+ this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is
+ attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
are stopped.
- `checkwinsize'
- If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and,
- if necessary, updates the values of `LINES' and `COLUMNS'.
+ 'checkwinsize'
+ If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if
+ necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'.
- `cmdhist'
+ 'cmdhist'
If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
command in the same history entry. This allows easy
re-editing of multi-line commands.
- `compat31'
+ 'compat31'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
- respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's `=~'
- operator and with respect to locale-specific string
- comparison when using the `[[' conditional command's `<' and
- `>' operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+ respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~'
+ operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison
+ when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>'
+ operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
- `compat32'
+ 'compat32'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
- `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see
- previous item).
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous
+ item) and the effect of interrupting a command list. Bash
+ versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the
+ list after one terminates due to an interrupt.
- `compat40'
+ 'compat40'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
- `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see
- description of `compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see
+ description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list
as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions
continue with the next command in the list.
- `compat41'
+ 'compat41'
If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a
- double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character.
- The single quotes must match (an even number) and the
- characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.
- This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The
- default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+ double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The
+ single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters
+ between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the
+ behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash
+ behavior remains as in previous versions.
- `compat42'
+ 'compat42'
If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the
pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal.
- `complete_fullquote'
+ 'compat43'
+ If set, Bash does not print a warning message if an attempt is
+ made to use a quoted compound array assignment as an argument
+ to 'declare', makes word expansion errors non-fatal errors
+ that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior
+ is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+ and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is
+ executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell
+ function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
+ 'complete_fullquote'
If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and
directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash
removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
@@ -4323,202 +4368,212 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be
quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using
backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
- versions through 4.2.
+ set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions
+ through 4.2.
- `direxpand'
- If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of
- word expansion when performing filename completion. This
- changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not
- set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+ 'direxpand'
+ If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word
+ expansion when performing filename completion. This changes
+ the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash
+ attempts to preserve what the user typed.
- `dirspell'
+ 'dirspell'
If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
during word completion if the directory name initially
supplied does not exist.
- `dotglob'
- If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the
+ 'dotglob'
+ If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the
results of filename expansion.
- `execfail'
+ 'execfail'
If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it
- cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the `exec'
- builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if `exec'
+ cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec'
+ builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec'
fails.
- `expand_aliases'
+ 'expand_aliases'
If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
*note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for
interactive shells.
- `extdebug'
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+ 'extdebug'
+ If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger
+ profile before the shell starts, identical to the '--debugger'
+ option. If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by
+ debuggers is enabled:
- 1. The `-F' option to the `declare' builtin (*note Bash
- Builtins::) displays the source file name and line
- number corresponding to each function name supplied as
- an argument.
+ 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number
+ corresponding to each function name supplied as an
+ argument.
- 2. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not
- executed.
+ 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero
+ value, the next command is skipped and not executed.
- 3. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a value
- of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a
- shell function or a shell script executed by the `.' or
- `source' builtins), a call to `return' is simulated.
+ 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of
+ 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell
+ function or a shell script executed by the '.' or
+ 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
+ 'return'.
- 4. `BASH_ARGC' and `BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+ 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
- 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND
- )' inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps.
+ 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps.
- 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
- functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )'
- inherit the `ERR' trap.
+ 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'ERR' trap.
- `extglob'
+ 'extglob'
If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
(*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
- `extquote'
- If set, `$'STRING'' and `$"STRING"' quoting is performed
- within `${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
+ 'extquote'
+ If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed
+ within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
This option is enabled by default.
- `failglob'
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
- filename expansion result in an expansion error.
+ 'failglob'
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename
+ expansion result in an expansion error.
- `force_fignore'
- If set, the suffixes specified by the `FIGNORE' shell variable
- cause words to be ignored when performing word completion
- even if the ignored words are the only possible completions.
- *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. This
- option is enabled by default.
+ 'force_fignore'
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable
+ cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even
+ if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note
+ Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option
+ is enabled by default.
- `globasciiranges'
+ 'globasciiranges'
If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the
traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is,
the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into
- account, so `b' will not collate between `A' and `B', and
+ account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and
upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
together.
- `globstar'
- If set, the pattern `**' used in a filename expansion context
+ 'globstar'
+ If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context
will match all files and zero or more directories and
- subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a `/', only
+ subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only
directories and subdirectories match.
- `gnu_errfmt'
+ 'gnu_errfmt'
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
error message format.
- `histappend'
+ 'histappend'
If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the
- value of the `HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
+ value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
than overwriting the file.
- `histreedit'
+ 'histreedit'
If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
- `histverify'
+ 'histverify'
If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history
substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline
editing buffer, allowing further modification.
- `hostcomplete'
+ 'hostcomplete'
If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a `@' is
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is
being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This
option is enabled by default.
- `huponexit'
- If set, Bash will send `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
+ 'huponexit'
+ If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::).
- `interactive_comments'
- Allow a word beginning with `#' to cause that word and all
+ 'inherit_errexit'
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ 'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when POSIX mode is
+ enabled.
+
+ 'interactive_comments'
+ Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all
remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
interactive shell. This option is enabled by default.
- `lastpipe'
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the
- last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in
- the current shell environment.
+ 'lastpipe'
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last
+ command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the
+ current shell environment.
- `lithist'
- If enabled, and the `cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
+ 'lithist'
+ If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
- `login_shell'
+ 'login_shell'
The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
(*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed.
- `mailwarn'
+ 'mailwarn'
If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
- accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
- `"The mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
+ accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The
+ mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
- `no_empty_cmd_completion'
+ 'no_empty_cmd_completion'
If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to
- search the `PATH' for possible completions when completion is
+ search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is
attempted on an empty line.
- `nocaseglob'
+ 'nocaseglob'
If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
when performing filename expansion.
- `nocasematch'
+ 'nocasematch'
If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
- when performing matching while executing `case' or `[['
- conditional commands.
+ when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
+ conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
+ word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
+ part of programmable completion.
- `nullglob'
+ 'nullglob'
If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
- `progcomp'
+ 'progcomp'
If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is
enabled by default.
- `promptvars'
+ 'promptvars'
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the
Prompt::). This option is enabled by default.
- `restricted_shell'
+ 'restricted_shell'
The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
(*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed.
This is not reset when the startup files are executed,
allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell
is restricted.
- `shift_verbose'
- If this is set, the `shift' builtin prints an error message
+ 'shift_verbose'
+ If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message
when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
parameters.
- `sourcepath'
- If set, the `source' builtin uses the value of `PATH' to find
+ 'sourcepath'
+ If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
This option is enabled by default.
- `xpg_echo'
- If set, the `echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+ 'xpg_echo'
+ If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
by default.
-
The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
@@ -4564,7 +4619,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell B
as the Bourne Shell.
* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash.
- This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash
automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.

@@ -4576,53 +4631,52 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: S
Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
-`CDPATH'
- A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
- the `cd' builtin command.
+'CDPATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the
+ 'cd' builtin command.
-`HOME'
- The current user's home directory; the default for the `cd' builtin
+'HOME'
+ The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin
command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde
expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
-`IFS'
+'IFS'
A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell
splits words as part of expansion.
-`MAIL'
+'MAIL'
If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
- `MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+ 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
-`MAILPATH'
+'MAILPATH'
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that
- is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating
- the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text
- of the message, `$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
+ is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the
+ filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the
+ message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
-`OPTARG'
- The value of the last option argument processed by the `getopts'
+'OPTARG'
+ The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
builtin.
-`OPTIND'
- The index of the last option argument processed by the `getopts'
+'OPTIND'
+ The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
builtin.
-`PATH'
+'PATH'
A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
- `PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may
+ 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may
appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
-`PS1'
- The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '.
- *Note Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape
- sequences that are expanded before `PS1' is displayed.
-
-`PS2'
- The secondary prompt string. The default value is `> '.
+'PS1'
+ The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note
+ Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences
+ that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed.
+'PS2'
+ The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '.

File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables
@@ -4637,596 +4691,625 @@ normally treat them specially.
variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control
Variables::).
-`BASH'
+'BASH'
The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
-`BASHOPTS'
+'BASHOPTS'
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
- list is a valid argument for the `-s' option to the `shopt'
- builtin command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options
- appearing in `BASHOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `shopt'. If
- this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
- startup files. This variable is readonly.
-
-`BASHPID'
+ list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin
+ command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in
+ 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable
+ is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the
+ list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This
+ variable is readonly.
+
+'BASHPID'
Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This
- differs from `$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
-`BASH_ALIASES'
+'BASH_ALIASES'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin.
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin.
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
- appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases
- to be removed from the alias list.
+ appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements
+ currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+ If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+ if it is subsequently reset.
-`BASH_ARGC'
+'BASH_ARGC'
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
- executed with `.' or `source') is at the top of the stack. When a
+ executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
- onto `BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets `BASH_ARGC' only when in
- extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a
- description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin).
+ onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended
+ debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin).
-`BASH_ARGV'
+'BASH_ARGV'
An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed,
- the parameters supplied are pushed onto `BASH_ARGV'. The shell
- sets `BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
- The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to
- the `shopt' builtin).
+ the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell
+ sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
+ The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to
+ the 'shopt' builtin).
-`BASH_CMDS'
+'BASH_CMDS'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the `hash' builtin
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
- appear in the hash table; unsetting array elements cause commands
- to be removed from the hash table.
+ appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements
+ currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash
+ table. If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
-`BASH_COMMAND'
+'BASH_COMMAND'
The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
- unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
- in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+ unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
+ which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
-`BASH_COMPAT'
+'BASH_COMPAT'
The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note
The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility
- levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number
- (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
- compatibility level. If `BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the
- empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for
- the current version. If `BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is
- not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an
- error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for
- the current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to
- the compatibility options accepted by the `shopt' builtin
- described above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are
- valid values). The current version is also a valid value.
-
-`BASH_ENV'
+ levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+ 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+ compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty
+ string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+ current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not
+ one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+ message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+ current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to the
+ compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described
+ above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid
+ values). The current version is also a valid value.
+
+'BASH_ENV'
If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup
file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup
Files::.
-`BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
- The command argument to the `-c' invocation option.
+'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
+ The command argument to the '-c' invocation option.
-`BASH_LINENO'
+'BASH_LINENO'
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
- `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
- (`${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
- `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
- function). Use `LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
-
-`BASH_REMATCH'
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary
- operator to the `[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+ ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+ function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
+
+'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+ dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command.
+
+'BASH_REMATCH'
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary
+ operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the
string matching the entire regular expression. The element with
- index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth
- parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only.
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression. This variable is read-only.
-`BASH_SOURCE'
+'BASH_SOURCE'
An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
- corresponding shell function names in the `FUNCNAME' array
- variable are defined. The shell function `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is
- defined in the file `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
- `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
+ corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable
+ are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in
+ the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
-`BASH_SUBSHELL'
+'BASH_SUBSHELL'
Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial
value is 0.
-`BASH_VERSINFO'
+'BASH_VERSINFO'
A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold
- version information for this instance of Bash. The values
- assigned to the array members are as follows:
+ version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned
+ to the array members are as follows:
- `BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
The major version number (the RELEASE).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
The minor version number (the VERSION).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
The patch level.
- `BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
The build version.
- `BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
The release status (e.g., BETA1).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
- The value of `MACHTYPE'.
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
+ The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
-`BASH_VERSION'
+'BASH_VERSION'
The version number of the current instance of Bash.
-`BASH_XTRACEFD'
+'BASH_XTRACEFD'
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
- will write the trace output generated when `set -x' is enabled to
+ will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to
that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated
from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed
- when `BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
- `BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+ when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
- `BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
-`CHILD_MAX'
+'CHILD_MAX'
Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a
POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently
8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
-`COLUMNS'
- Used by the `select' command to determine the terminal width when
- printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize'
- option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an
- interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'.
+'COLUMNS'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
-`COMP_CWORD'
- An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
+'COMP_CWORD'
+ An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell
functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note
Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_LINE'
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+'COMP_LINE'
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_POINT'
+'COMP_POINT'
The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the
end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
- `${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell
+ '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell
functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_TYPE'
+'COMP_TYPE'
Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
- normal completion, `?', for listing completions after successive
- tabs, `!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
- `@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or `%',
- for menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
+ normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
+ tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+ '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
+ menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_KEY'
+'COMP_KEY'
The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
completion function.
-`COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If `COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+ separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
-`COMP_WORDS'
- An array variable consisting of the individual words in the
- current command line. The line is split into words as Readline
- would split it, using `COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This
- variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
- programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
- Completion::).
+'COMP_WORDS'
+ An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current
+ command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split
+ it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is
+ available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMPREPLY'
+'COMPREPLY'
An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array
element contains one possible completion.
-`COPROC'
+'COPROC'
An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
-`DIRSTACK'
+'DIRSTACK'
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
- displayed by the `dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this
+ displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this
array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
- stack, but the `pushd' and `popd' builtins must be used to add and
+ stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and
remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change
- the current directory. If `DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
+ the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-`EMACS'
+'EMACS'
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an
+ starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
-`ENV'
- Similar to `BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
- Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+'ENV'
+ Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
-`EUID'
+'EUID'
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
-`FCEDIT'
- The editor used as a default by the `-e' option to the `fc'
- builtin command.
+'EXECIGNORE'
+ A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::)
+ defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search
+ using 'PATH'. Files whose full pathnames match one of these
+ patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+ completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup. This does not
+ affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands. Full
+ pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+ 'EXECIGNORE'. Use this variable to ignore shared library files
+ that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files.
+ The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell
+ option.
+
+'FCEDIT'
+ The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin
+ command.
-`FIGNORE'
+'FIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the
- entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
- filenames. A sample value is `.o:~'
+ entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
+ filenames. A sample value is '.o:~'
-`FUNCNAME'
+'FUNCNAME'
An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
- currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
- is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
- bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is `"main"'.
+ currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is
+ the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
+ bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
- Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no effect and return an error
- status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it loses its special properties,
- even if it is subsequently reset.
-
- This variable can be used with `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE'.
- Each element of `FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
- `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
- instance, `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
- `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
- `caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+ Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset,
+ it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'.
+ Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+ 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
+ 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
-`FUNCNEST'
+'FUNCNEST'
If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
-`GLOBIGNORE'
+'GLOBIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a
filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
- `GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches.
+ 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern
+ matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option.
-`GROUPS'
+'GROUPS'
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to `GROUPS' have no effect
- and return an error status. If `GROUPS' is unset, it loses its
- special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect.
+ If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+ is subsequently reset.
-`histchars'
+'histchars'
Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
- normally `!'. The second character is the character which
- signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
- a line, normally `^'. The optional third character is the
+ normally '!'. The second character is the character which
+ signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
+ a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the
character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a
- comment when found as the first character of a word, usually `#'.
+ comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'.
The history comment character causes history substitution to be
skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not
- necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line
- as a comment.
+ necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as
+ a comment.
-`HISTCMD'
+'HISTCMD'
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If `HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
-`HISTCONTROL'
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- `ignorespace', lines which begin with a space character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of `ignoredups' causes lines
- which match the previous history entry to not be saved. A value
- of `ignoreboth' is shorthand for `ignorespace' and `ignoredups'.
- A value of `erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the
- current line to be removed from the history list before that line
- is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. If
- `HISTCONTROL' is unset, or does not include a valid value, all
- lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
- subject to the value of `HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent
- lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are
- added to the history regardless of the value of `HISTCONTROL'.
-
-`HISTFILE'
+'HISTCONTROL'
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+ on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace',
+ lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the
+ history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the
+ previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is
+ shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of
+ 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to
+ be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any
+ value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset,
+ or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
+ parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+'HISTFILE'
The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
- default value is `~/.bash_history'.
+ default value is '~/.bash_history'.
-`HISTFILESIZE'
+'HISTFILESIZE'
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by
- removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated
- to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is
- 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values
- and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell
- sets the default value to the value of `HISTSIZE' after reading
- any startup files.
-
-`HISTIGNORE'
+ removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to
+ this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0,
+ the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and
+ numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets
+ the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any
+ startup files.
+
+'HISTIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
- line (no implicit `*' is appended). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by `HISTCONTROL' are
- applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
- characters, `&' matches the previous history line. `&' may be
- escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before
- attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
- multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
- history regardless of the value of `HISTIGNORE'.
-
- `HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of `HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of
- `&' is identical to `ignoredups', and a pattern of `[ ]*' is
- identical to `ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns,
+ line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against
+ the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied.
+ In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&'
+ matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a
+ backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The
+ second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'. The pattern matching honors the setting of the
+ 'extglob' shell option.
+
+ 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of
+ '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is
+ identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns,
separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
- `ignoreboth'.
+ 'ignoreboth'.
-`HISTSIZE'
- The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
- If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+'HISTSIZE'
+ The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If
+ the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the
default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
-`HISTTIMEFORMAT'
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
- format string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with
- each history entry displayed by the `history' builtin. If this
- variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
- they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the
- history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other
- history lines.
-
-`HOSTFILE'
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as `/etc/hosts' that
+'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+ string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+ history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable
+ is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
+ preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment
+ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+
+'HOSTFILE'
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The
list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file
- to the existing list. If `HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
- does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read `/etc/hosts'
+ to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
+ does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts'
to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When
- `HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+ 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
-`HOSTNAME'
+'HOSTNAME'
The name of the current host.
-`HOSTTYPE'
+'HOSTTYPE'
A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
-`IGNOREEOF'
- Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an `EOF' character
+'IGNOREEOF'
+ Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character
as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of
- consecutive `EOF' characters that can be read as the first
+ consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first
character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the
- variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no
- value) then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist,
- then `EOF' signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only
- in effect for interactive shells.
+ variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value)
+ then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF'
+ signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect
+ for interactive shells.
-`INPUTRC'
+'INPUTRC'
The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the
- default of `~/.inputrc'.
+ default of '~/.inputrc'.
-`LANG'
+'LANG'
Used to determine the locale category for any category not
- specifically selected with a variable starting with `LC_'.
+ specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'.
-`LC_ALL'
- This variable overrides the value of `LANG' and any other `LC_'
+'LC_ALL'
+ This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_'
variable specifying a locale category.
-`LC_COLLATE'
+'LC_COLLATE'
This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
- results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of
- range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences
- within filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
+ results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+ expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+ filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
Expansion::).
-`LC_CTYPE'
+'LC_CTYPE'
This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
matching (*note Filename Expansion::).
-`LC_MESSAGES'
+'LC_MESSAGES'
This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
- strings preceded by a `$' (*note Locale Translation::).
+ strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::).
-`LC_NUMERIC'
+'LC_NUMERIC'
This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
-`LINENO'
+'LC_TIME'
+ This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+ formatting.
+
+'LINENO'
The line number in the script or shell function currently
executing.
-`LINES'
- Used by the `select' command to determine the column length for
- printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize'
- option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an
- interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'.
+'LINES'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
-`MACHTYPE'
+'MACHTYPE'
A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is
executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format.
-`MAILCHECK'
+'MAILCHECK'
How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
- files specified in the `MAILPATH' or `MAIL' variables. The
- default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater
- than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
-
-`MAPFILE'
- An array variable created to hold the text read by the `mapfile'
+ files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default
+ is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
+ so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is
+ unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal
+ to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+'MAPFILE'
+ An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile'
builtin when no variable name is supplied.
-`OLDPWD'
- The previous working directory as set by the `cd' builtin.
+'OLDPWD'
+ The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
-`OPTERR'
+'OPTERR'
If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by
- the `getopts' builtin command.
+ the 'getopts' builtin command.
-`OSTYPE'
+'OSTYPE'
A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
-`PIPESTATUS'
- An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit
- status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
- foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+'PIPESTATUS'
+ An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status
+ values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground
+ pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
-`POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+'POSIXLY_CORRECT'
If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the
- startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been
+ startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been
supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables
POSIX mode, as if the command
- `set -o posix'
+ set -o posix
had been executed.
-`PPID'
+'PPID'
The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is
readonly.
-`PROMPT_COMMAND'
- If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before
- the printing of each primary prompt (`$PS1').
+'PROMPT_COMMAND'
+ If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the
+ printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1').
-`PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
+'PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
- the `\w' and `\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
+ the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
-`PS3'
- The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the `select'
- command. If this variable is not set, the `select' command
- prompts with `#? '
+'PS0'
+ The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and displayed by
+ interactive shells after reading a command and before the command
+ is executed.
+
+'PS3'
+ The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select'
+ command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts
+ with '#? '
-`PS4'
+'PS4'
The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
- when the `-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
- character of `PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to
- indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is `+ '.
+ when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
+ character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to
+ indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '.
-`PWD'
- The current working directory as set by the `cd' builtin.
+'PWD'
+ The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
-`RANDOM'
+'RANDOM'
Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0
and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds
the random number generator.
-`READLINE_LINE'
- The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with `bind -x'
+'READLINE_LINE'
+ The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
(*note Bash Builtins::).
-`READLINE_POINT'
+'READLINE_POINT'
The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
- for use with `bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+ for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
-`REPLY'
- The default variable for the `read' builtin.
+'REPLY'
+ The default variable for the 'read' builtin.
-`SECONDS'
+'SECONDS'
This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was
- started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the
- value assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned
- plus the number of seconds since the assignment.
+ started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value
+ assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus
+ the number of seconds since the assignment.
-`SHELL'
+'SHELL'
The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment
variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to
it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-`SHELLOPTS'
+'SHELLOPTS'
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
- list is a valid argument for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in
- `SHELLOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `set -o'. If this
+ 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this
variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell
option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup
files. This variable is readonly.
-`SHLVL'
+'SHLVL'
Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are
nested.
-`TIMEFORMAT'
+'TIMEFORMAT'
The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
- how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the `time'
- reserved word should be displayed. The `%' character introduces an
+ how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time'
+ reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an
escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as
follows; the braces denote optional portions.
- `%%'
- A literal `%'.
+ '%%'
+ A literal '%'.
- `%[P][l]R'
+ '%[P][l]R'
The elapsed time in seconds.
- `%[P][l]U'
+ '%[P][l]U'
The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
- `%[P][l]S'
+ '%[P][l]S'
The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
- `%P'
+ '%P'
The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
- decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places
- after the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than
- 3 are changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after
+ the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are
+ changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
- The optional `l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the
fraction is included.
If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
- `$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS''
+ $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A
trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
-`TMOUT'
- If set to a value greater than zero, `TMOUT' is treated as the
- default timeout for the `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
- The `select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates
- if input does not arrive after `TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
+'TMOUT'
+ If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the
+ default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+ The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if
+ input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
from a terminal.
In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
@@ -5234,15 +5317,14 @@ Variables::).
prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds
if a complete line of input does not arrive.
-`TMPDIR'
+'TMPDIR'
If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
-`UID'
+'UID'
The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is
readonly.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top
@@ -5258,7 +5340,7 @@ This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts.
* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is.
* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for
- the `test' builtin.
+ the 'test' builtin.
* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables.
* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another.
* Arrays:: Array Variables.
@@ -5278,131 +5360,134 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash F
bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
- All of the single-character options used with the `set' builtin
+ All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that
you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the
single-character options to be recognized.
-`--debugger'
+'--debugger'
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
- Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt'
+ Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt'
builtin).
-`--dump-po-strings'
- A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on
- the standard output in the GNU `gettext' PO (portable object) file
- format. Equivalent to `-D' except for the output format.
+'--dump-po-strings'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+ the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file
+ format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format.
-`--dump-strings'
- Equivalent to `-D'.
+'--dump-strings'
+ Equivalent to '-D'.
-`--help'
+'--help'
Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
-`--init-file FILENAME'
-`--rcfile FILENAME'
- Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of `~/.bashrc') in an
+'--init-file FILENAME'
+'--rcfile FILENAME'
+ Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an
interactive shell.
-`--login'
- Equivalent to `-l'.
+'--login'
+ Equivalent to '-l'.
-`--noediting'
+'--noediting'
Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::)
- to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+ to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
-`--noprofile'
- Don't load the system-wide startup file `/etc/profile' or any of
- the personal initialization files `~/.bash_profile',
- `~/.bash_login', or `~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
+'--noprofile'
+ Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of
+ the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile',
+ '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
shell.
-`--norc'
- Don't read the `~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
- shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as `sh'.
+'--norc'
+ Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
+ shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'.
-`--posix'
+'--posix'
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
- from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended
- to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note
- Bash POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
+ from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to
+ make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash
+ POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
-`--restricted'
+'--restricted'
Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
-`--verbose'
- Equivalent to `-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read.
+'--verbose'
+ Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read.
-`--version'
+'--version'
Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard
output and exit successfully.
There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
-invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin.
+invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin.
-`-c'
- Read and execute commands from the first non-option ARGUMENT after
- processing the options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are
- assigned to the positional parameters, starting with `$0'.
+'-c'
+ Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+ COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the
+ COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any
+ remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The
+ assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in
+ warning and error messages.
-`-i'
+'-i'
Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
described in *note Interactive Shells::.
-`-l'
+'-l'
Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
- login shell with `exec -l bash'. When the shell is not
- interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed.
- `exec bash -l' or `exec bash --login' will replace the current
- shell with a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a
- description of the special behavior of a login shell.
+ login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not
+ interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec
+ bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with
+ a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description
+ of the special behavior of a login shell.
-`-r'
+'-r'
Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
-`-s'
+'-s'
If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This
option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an
interactive shell.
-`-D'
- A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on
+'-D'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to
- language translation when the current locale is not `C' or `POSIX'
- (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the `-n' option; no
+ language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX'
+ (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no
commands will be executed.
-`[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
- SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the `shopt'
+'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
+ SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt'
builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present,
- `-O' sets the value of that option; `+O' unsets it. If
+ '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If
SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
- options accepted by `shopt' are printed on the standard output.
- If the invocation option is `+O', the output is displayed in a
- format that may be reused as input.
+ options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If
+ the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
-`--'
- A `--' signals the end of options and disables further option
- processing. Any arguments after the `--' are treated as filenames
+'--'
+ A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option
+ processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames
and arguments.
- A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
-`-', or one invoked with the `--login' option.
+ A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-',
+or one invoked with the '--login' option.
An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose
+unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose
input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
-`isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. *Note Interactive
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive
Shells::, for more information.
- If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the `-c'
-nor the `-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
-When Bash is invoked in this fashion, `$0' is set to the name of the
+ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor
+the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be
+the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the
file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments.
Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's
exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the
@@ -5421,78 +5506,79 @@ Tilde Expansion::).
Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::.
-Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with `--login'
+Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login'
........................................................
When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
-non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and
-executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists.
-After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile',
-`~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads and
-executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
-`--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
+non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile',
+'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes
+commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
this behavior.
- When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the
-file `~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
+ When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
+shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes
+commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
.........................................
When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
-reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the `--norc' option. The `--rcfile
-FILE' option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE
-instead of `~/.bashrc'.
+reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This
+may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE'
+option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of
+'~/.bashrc'.
- So, typically, your `~/.bash_profile' contains the line
- `if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi'
- after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+ So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line
+ if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
Invoked non-interactively
.........................
When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
-example, it looks for the variable `BASH_ENV' in the environment,
+example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment,
expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
following command were executed:
- `if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi'
- but the value of the `PATH' variable is not used to search for the
+ if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the
filename.
As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
-`--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
login shell startup files.
-Invoked with name `sh'
+Invoked with name 'sh'
......................
-If Bash is invoked with the name `sh', it tries to mimic the startup
-behavior of historical versions of `sh' as closely as possible, while
+If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup
+behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while
conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
-shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
-commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that order. The
-`--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When
-invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for the
-variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
-expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
-shell invoked as `sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands
-from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has no effect. A
-non-interactive shell invoked with the name `sh' does not attempt to
-read any other startup files.
-
- When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
+shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
+commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked
+as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable
+'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value
+as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as
+'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other
+startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive
+shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other
+startup files.
+
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
are read.
Invoked in POSIX mode
.....................
-When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the `--posix' command line
+When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line
option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
-interactive shells expand the `ENV' variable and commands are read and
+interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and
executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
startup files are read.
@@ -5501,23 +5587,23 @@ Invoked by remote shell daemon
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
-daemon, usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash
+daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. If Bash
determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
-commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It
-will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used
-to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to
-force another file to be read, but neither `rshd' nor `sshd' generally
-invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will
+not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option may be used to
+inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force
+another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke
+the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
................................................
If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no startup
+real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-the `SHELLOPTS', `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH', and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
+the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id
-is set to the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at
+is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at
invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id
is not reset.
@@ -5539,15 +5625,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell I
6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
-----------------------------------
-An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose
-input and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined
-by `isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option.
+An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless
+'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input
+and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.
An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
terminal.
- The `-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
+ The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
parameters when an interactive shell is started.

@@ -5557,15 +5643,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell
--------------------------------
To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running
-interactively, test the value of the `-' special parameter. It
-contains `i' when the shell is interactive. For example:
+interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains
+'i' when the shell is interactive. For example:
case "$-" in
*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
*) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
esac
- Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable `PS1'; it is
+ Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is
unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus:
if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
@@ -5588,73 +5674,73 @@ several ways.
2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job
control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job
- control signals `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'.
+ control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
- 3. Bash expands and displays `PS1' before reading the first line of a
- command, and expands and displays `PS2' before reading the second
- and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+ 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a
+ command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second
+ and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash displays 'PS0'
+ after it reads a command but before executing it.
- 4. Bash executes the value of the `PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
- command before printing the primary prompt, `$PS1' (*note Bash
+ 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
+ command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash
Variables::).
5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands
from the user's terminal.
- 6. Bash inspects the value of the `ignoreeof' option to `set -o'
- instead of exiting immediately when it receives an `EOF' on its
+ 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o'
+ instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its
standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::).
7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history
expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default.
- Bash will save the command history to the file named by `$HISTFILE'
+ Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE'
when a shell with history enabled exits.
8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default.
- 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores `SIGTERM' (*note
+ 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note
Signals::).
- 10. In the absence of any traps, `SIGINT' is caught and handled
- ((*note Signals::). `SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
+ 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled
+ ((*note Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
- 11. An interactive login shell sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
- the `huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
+ 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
+ the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
- 12. The `-n' invocation option is ignored, and `set -n' has no effect
+ 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect
(*note The Set Builtin::).
- 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
- the `MAIL', `MAILPATH', and `MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note
- Bash Variables::).
+ 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
+ the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash
+ Variables::).
- 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
- `set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit (*note
- The Set Builtin::).
+ 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables
+ after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
- 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
- unset or null in `${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
+ 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
+ unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
Expansion::).
- 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
- shell to exit.
+ 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause
+ the shell to exit.
- 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
+ 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
- 18. A failed `exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
+ 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
Shell Builtins::).
- 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+ 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
- 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the `cd'
- builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the `cdspell'
- option to the `shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
+ 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd'
+ builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell'
+ option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
- 21. The shell will check the value of the `TMOUT' variable and exit if
+ 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if
a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
- printing `$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
-
+ printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).

File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features
@@ -5662,137 +5748,139 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic
6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
================================
-Conditional expressions are used by the `[[' compound command and the
-`test' and `[' builtin commands.
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
+'test' and '[' builtin commands.
- Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often
-used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and
-numeric comparison operators as well. If the FILE argument to one of
-the primaries is of the form `/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is
-checked. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of
-`/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or
-2, respectively, is checked.
+ Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used
+to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric
+comparison operators as well. Bash handles several filenames specially
+when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which
+Bash is running provides these special files, Bash will use them;
+otherwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If the
+FILE argument to one of the primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then
+file descriptor N is checked. If the FILE argument to one of the
+primaries is one of '/dev/stdin', '/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
- When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale. The `test' command uses
-ASCII ordering.
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically
+using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
link itself.
-`-a FILE'
+'-a FILE'
True if FILE exists.
-`-b FILE'
+'-b FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a block special file.
-`-c FILE'
+'-c FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a character special file.
-`-d FILE'
+'-d FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a directory.
-`-e FILE'
+'-e FILE'
True if FILE exists.
-`-f FILE'
+'-f FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a regular file.
-`-g FILE'
+'-g FILE'
True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
-`-h FILE'
+'-h FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
-`-k FILE'
+'-k FILE'
True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
-`-p FILE'
+'-p FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
-`-r FILE'
+'-r FILE'
True if FILE exists and is readable.
-`-s FILE'
+'-s FILE'
True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero.
-`-t FD'
+'-t FD'
True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal.
-`-u FILE'
+'-u FILE'
True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
-`-w FILE'
+'-w FILE'
True if FILE exists and is writable.
-`-x FILE'
+'-x FILE'
True if FILE exists and is executable.
-`-G FILE'
+'-G FILE'
True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
-`-L FILE'
+'-L FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
-`-N FILE'
+'-N FILE'
True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
-`-O FILE'
+'-O FILE'
True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-`-S FILE'
+'-S FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a socket.
-`FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+'FILE1 -ef FILE2'
True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
-`FILE1 -nt FILE2'
- True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than
- FILE2, or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
+'FILE1 -nt FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2,
+ or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
-`FILE1 -ot FILE2'
+'FILE1 -ot FILE2'
True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
does not.
-`-o OPTNAME'
+'-o OPTNAME'
True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options
- appears in the description of the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::).
-`-v VARNAME'
+'-v VARNAME'
True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
value).
-`-R VARNAME'
+'-R VARNAME'
True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference.
-`-z STRING'
+'-z STRING'
True if the length of STRING is zero.
-`-n STRING'
-`STRING'
+'-n STRING'
+'STRING'
True if the length of STRING is non-zero.
-`STRING1 == STRING2'
-`STRING1 = STRING2'
- True if the strings are equal. When used with the `[[' command,
+'STRING1 == STRING2'
+'STRING1 = STRING2'
+ True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command,
this performs pattern matching as described above (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
- `=' should be used with the `test' command for POSIX conformance.
+ '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance.
-`STRING1 != STRING2'
+'STRING1 != STRING2'
True if the strings are not equal.
-`STRING1 < STRING2'
+'STRING1 < STRING2'
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
-`STRING1 > STRING2'
+'STRING1 > STRING2'
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
-`ARG1 OP ARG2'
- `OP' is one of `-eq', `-ne', `-lt', `-le', `-gt', or `-ge'. These
+'ARG1 OP ARG2'
+ 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These
arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not
equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or
greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be
@@ -5805,68 +5893,68 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditi
====================
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the
-shell expansions or by the `let' and the `-i' option to the `declare'
-builtins.
+shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let'
+builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin.
Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for
overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The
operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same
as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into
-levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order
-of decreasing precedence.
+levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of
+decreasing precedence.
-`ID++ ID--'
+'ID++ ID--'
variable post-increment and post-decrement
-`++ID --ID'
+'++ID --ID'
variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
-`- +'
+'- +'
unary minus and plus
-`! ~'
+'! ~'
logical and bitwise negation
-`**'
+'**'
exponentiation
-`* / %'
+'* / %'
multiplication, division, remainder
-`+ -'
+'+ -'
addition, subtraction
-`<< >>'
+'<< >>'
left and right bitwise shifts
-`<= >= < >'
+'<= >= < >'
comparison
-`== !='
+'== !='
equality and inequality
-`&'
+'&'
bitwise AND
-`^'
+'^'
bitwise exclusive OR
-`|'
+'|'
bitwise OR
-`&&'
+'&&'
logical AND
-`||'
+'||'
logical OR
-`expr ? expr : expr'
+'expr ? expr : expr'
conditional operator
-`= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
+'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
assignment
-`expr1 , expr2'
+'expr1 , expr2'
comma
Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
@@ -5874,21 +5962,21 @@ performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression,
shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the
parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset
evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
-expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an
-arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which
-has been given the INTEGER attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a
-value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have
-its INTEGER attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
+expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
+given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A
+null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A
-leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
-form [BASE`#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
+form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base.
-If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, he
+If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, the
digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the
-uppercase letters, `@', and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than
-or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used
-interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order. If BASE is less than or
+equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably
+to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
@@ -5902,47 +5990,46 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up:
ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
-aliases that may be set and unset with the `alias' and `unalias'
-builtin commands.
+aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
+commands.
The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the
-alias. The characters `/', `$', ``', `=' and any of the shell
+alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell
metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an
alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text
is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being
expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
-`ls' to `"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
+'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value
is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
checked for alias expansion.
- Aliases are created and listed with the `alias' command, and removed
-with the `unalias' command.
+ Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
+with the 'unalias' command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
-as in `csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
+in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
(*note Shell Functions::).
Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
-the `expand_aliases' shell option is set using `shopt' (*note The Shopt
+the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
Builtin::).
The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
-confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input
-before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
-expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an
-alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not
-take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
-following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
-alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
-Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
-function is executed, because a function definition is itself a
-compound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are
-not available until after that function is executed. To be safe,
-always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use `alias'
-in compound commands.
+confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before
+executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
+definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the
+alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This
+behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are
+expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is
+executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a
+consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after
+that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on
+a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands.
For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
@@ -5953,35 +6040,35 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases,
==========
Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the `declare' builtin
-will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the
-size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or
-assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers
-(including arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are
-zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise
-noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is
-assigned to using the syntax
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will
+explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
+contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
+arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted,
+indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+to using the syntax
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use
declare -a NAME
- The syntax
+The syntax
declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
- is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
+is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
Associative arrays are created using
declare -A NAME.
- Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the
-`declare' and `readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all
-members of an array.
+ Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare'
+and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an
+array.
Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... )
- where each VALUE is of the form `[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array
+where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array
assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to
indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is
assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
@@ -5989,8 +6076,8 @@ index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
- This syntax is also accepted by the `declare' builtin. Individual
-array elements may be assigned to using the `NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
+ This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual
+array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
syntax introduced above.
When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a
@@ -5998,28 +6085,30 @@ negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater
than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- Any element of an array may be referenced using `${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
-expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the word expands
-to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when
-the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
-`${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
-member separated by the first character of the `IFS' variable, and
-`${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When
-there are no array members, `${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the
-double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
-first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word,
-and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of
-the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special
-parameters `@' and `*'. `${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
-`${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the
-number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without
-a subscript is equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. If the
-SUBSCRIPT used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to
-a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
-than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back
-from the end of the array, and an index of -1 refers to the last
-element.
+expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands
+to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
+'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
+member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and
+'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When
+there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and
+the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special
+parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
+'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the
+number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an
+element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
+array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
+index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+ Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a
+valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
a value. The null string is a valid value.
@@ -6027,22 +6116,22 @@ a value. The null string is a valid value.
It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as
the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned
in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar
-to the expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*' within double
+to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double
quotes.
- The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset
+ The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT.
Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by
-filename expansion. `unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the
-entire array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array.
+filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array.
- The `declare', `local', and `readonly' builtins each accept a `-a'
-option to specify an indexed array and a `-A' option to specify an
-associative array. If both options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence.
-The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign a list of words read
+ The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a'
+option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an
+associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.
+The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read
from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the
-standard input into individual array elements. The `set' and `declare'
+standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare'
builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as
input.
@@ -6057,14 +6146,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Controlling the Prompt,
* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate
the directory stack.
- The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
-`pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
-directory, and the `popd' builtin removes specified directories from
-the stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed.
-The `dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack.
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
+directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the
+stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The
+'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. The
+current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack.
The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of
-the `DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.

File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack
@@ -6072,87 +6162,76 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack
6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
------------------------------
-`dirs'
+'dirs'
dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
- are added to the list with the `pushd' command; the `popd' command
- removes directories from the list.
+ are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command
+ removes directories from the list. The current directory is always
+ the first directory in the stack.
- `-c'
+ '-c'
Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
-
- `-l'
+ '-l'
Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-
- `-p'
- Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ '-p'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
line.
-
- `-v'
- Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ '-v'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
-
- `+N'
- Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the
- list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting
- with zero.
-
- `-N'
+ '+N'
+ Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+ printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with
+ zero.
+ '-N'
Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
- list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting
+ list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
-`popd'
+'popd'
popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and `cd' to the new
- top directory. When no arguments are given, `popd' removes the
- top directory from the stack and performs a `cd' to the new top
- directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first
- directory listed with `dirs'; that is, `popd' is equivalent to
- `popd +0'.
+ When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from
+ the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory. The
+ elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed
+ with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
-
- `+N'
+ '+N'
Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
- printed by `dirs'), starting with zero.
-
- `-N'
- Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
- list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero.
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+ '-N'
+ Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
-`pushd'
+'pushd'
pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
- then `cd' to DIR. With no arguments, `pushd' exchanges the top
- two directories.
+ then 'cd' to DIR. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+ directories and makes the new top the current directory.
- `-n'
- Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ '-n'
+ Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+ adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
-
- `+N'
+ '+N'
Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
- printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
by rotating the stack.
-
- `-N'
+ '-N'
Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
- printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
by rotating the stack.
-
- `DIR'
- Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack,
- making it the new current directory as if it had been
- supplied as an argument to the `cd' builtin.
+ 'DIR'
+ Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current
+ directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the
+ 'cd' builtin.

File: bashref.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features
@@ -6160,98 +6239,72 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell,
6.9 Controlling the Prompt
==========================
-The value of the variable `PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
-prints each primary prompt. If `PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
+The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
+prints each primary prompt. If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed
on the command line.
In addition, the following table describes the special characters
-which can appear in the prompt variables `PS1' to `PS4':
+which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4':
-`\a'
+'\a'
A bell character.
-
-`\d'
+'\d'
The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
-
-`\D{FORMAT}'
- The FORMAT is passed to `strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
+'\D{FORMAT}'
+ The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a
locale-specific time representation. The braces are required.
-
-`\e'
+'\e'
An escape character.
-
-`\h'
- The hostname, up to the first `.'.
-
-`\H'
+'\h'
+ The hostname, up to the first '.'.
+'\H'
The hostname.
-
-`\j'
+'\j'
The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
-
-`\l'
+'\l'
The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
-
-`\n'
+'\n'
A newline.
-
-`\r'
+'\r'
A carriage return.
-
-`\s'
- The name of the shell, the basename of `$0' (the portion following
+'\s'
+ The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following
the final slash).
-
-`\t'
+'\t'
The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-
-`\T'
+'\T'
The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-
-`\@'
+'\@'
The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
-
-`\A'
+'\A'
The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
-
-`\u'
+'\u'
The username of the current user.
-
-`\v'
+'\v'
The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
-
-`\V'
+'\V'
The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
-
-`\w'
- The current working directory, with `$HOME' abbreviated with a
- tilde (uses the `$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
-
-`\W'
- The basename of `$PWD', with `$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
-
-`\!'
+'\w'
+ The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
+ tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+'\W'
+ The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
+'\!'
The history number of this command.
-
-`\#'
+'\#'
The command number of this command.
-
-`\$'
- If the effective uid is 0, `#', otherwise `$'.
-
-`\NNN'
+'\$'
+ If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'.
+'\NNN'
The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN.
-
-`\\'
+'\\'
A backslash.
-
-`\['
+'\['
Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
-
-`\]'
+'\]'
End a sequence of non-printing characters.
The command number and the history number are usually different: the
@@ -6262,7 +6315,7 @@ of commands executed during the current shell session.
After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject
-to the value of the `promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).
+to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).

File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features
@@ -6270,50 +6323,38 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev:
6.10 The Restricted Shell
=========================
-If Bash is started with the name `rbash', or the `--restricted' or `-r'
+If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A
restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
-the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash'
+the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
- * Changing directories with the `cd' builtin.
-
- * Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or
- `BASH_ENV' variables.
-
+ * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
+ * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or
+ 'BASH_ENV' variables.
* Specifying command names containing slashes.
-
- * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `.'
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
builtin command.
-
- * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p'
- option to the `hash' builtin command.
-
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
+ option to the 'hash' builtin command.
* Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
-
- * Parsing the value of `SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
+ * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
startup.
-
- * Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', `&>', and `>>'
+ * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
redirection operators.
-
- * Using the `exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
-
- * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the `-f' and `-d' options
- to the `enable' builtin.
-
- * Using the `enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+ * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
+ to the 'enable' builtin.
+ * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins.
-
- * Specifying the `-p' option to the `command' builtin.
-
- * Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'.
+ * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
+ * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
-Shell Scripts::), `rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
+Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.

@@ -6322,217 +6363,236 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Ba
6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
====================
-Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing `set
+Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
- When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
startup files.
- The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect:
+ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
- re-search `$PATH' to find the new location. This is also
- available with `shopt -s checkhash'.
+ re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available
+ with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
- exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+ exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
- is stopped is `Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
- `SIGTSTP'.
+ is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
+ 'SIGTSTP'.
- 4. The `bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
- placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
- whether the job is the current or previous job.
+ 4. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
- 6. The POSIX `PS1' and `PS2' expansions of `!' to the history number
- and `!!' to `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
- on the values of `PS1' and `PS2' regardless of the setting of the
- `promptvars' option.
+ 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
+ and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
+ on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
+ 'promptvars' option.
- 7. The POSIX startup files are executed (`$ENV') rather than the
+ 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
normal Bash files.
8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
- 9. The `command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
- assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
- assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
- lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
- by `command'.
-
- 10. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default
- value of `$HISTFILE').
-
- 11. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
- line, separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix.
+ 9. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
+ value of '$HISTFILE').
- 12. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG'
- prefix.
-
- 13. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not
- found.
-
- 14. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
- expansion results in an invalid expression.
-
- 15. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
- read with the `.' or `source' builtins, or in a string processed by
- the `eval' builtin.
+ 10. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
+ word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
- 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
- in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
-
- 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+ 11. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
the redirection.
- 18. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not
+ 12. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not
contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid
name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
- 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+ 13. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
builtins.
- 20. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+ 14. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
command lookup.
- 21. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+ 15. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash
+ does not print the 'function' keyword.
+
+ 16. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+ the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+ Tilde Expansion::.
+
+ 17. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
- its completed children. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+ its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
format of the timing information.
- 22. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+ 18. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
- 23. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
- token begins with a `-'.
+ 19. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
+ next token begins with a '-'.
- 24. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+ 20. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a
+ double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled.
+
+ 21. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
- 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ 22. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
- 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
- 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
- variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a
- `select' statement is a readonly variable.
+ 24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+ iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
+ in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
- 28. Process substitution is not available.
+ 25. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not
+ found.
- 29. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
- the `#' and `?' special parameters.
+ 26. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+ expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+ 27. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+ 28. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+ read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+ the 'eval' builtin.
+
+ 29. Process substitution is not available.
+
+ 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+ the '#' and '?' special parameters.
+
+ 31. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context
+ where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if
+ it were double-quoted.
- 30. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+ 32. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
the shell environment after the builtin completes.
- 31. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
- shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+ 33. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in
+ the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
special builtin command had been executed.
- 32. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output
+ 34. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+ assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
+ assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+ lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
+ by 'command'.
+
+ 35. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+ placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+ whether the job is the current or previous job.
+
+ 36. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
+ line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
+
+ 37. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
+ prefix.
+
+ 38. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
in the format required by POSIX.
- 33. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'.
+ 39. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
+ 'SIG'.
- 34. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ 40. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
- handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they
- should use `-' as the first argument.
-
- 35. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory
- for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'.
+ handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+ use '-' as the first argument.
- 36. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the
- value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX
- mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells.
+ 41. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
+ for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
- 37. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+ 42. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+ 'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command
+ substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent
+ shell. When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash
+ clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
- 38. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
- display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is
+ 43. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+ display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
supplied.
- 39. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ 44. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
- 40. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ 45. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 41. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
- constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
- argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail
+ 46. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+ constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
+ argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
- 42. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ 47. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
- system with the `-P' option.
+ system with the '-P' option.
- 43. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
+ 48. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
- 44. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
+ 49. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
- 45. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
- file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to
- execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in
- `$PATH'.
+ 50. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+ file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+ such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
- 46. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
- the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and
- `$EDITOR'.
+ 51. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
+ the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
+ '$EDITOR'.
- 47. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
- interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is
+ 52. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+ interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
- 48. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
- and `-f' options.
+ 53. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
+ and '-f' options.
- 49. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
- interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+ 54. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
+ interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
- 50. The `read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+ 55. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
- `read', the trap handler executes and `read' returns an exit
- status greater than 128.
-
+ 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
+ greater than 128.
- There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
-default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
+ 56. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+ of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it.
- 1. The `fc' builtin checks `$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
- entries if `FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
- `ed'. `fc' uses `ed' if `EDITOR' is unset.
+ There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
+even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
- 2. As noted above, Bash requires the `xpg_echo' option to be enabled
- for the `echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
+ 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
+ entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+ 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
+ 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
+ for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
-specifying the `--enable-strict-posix-default' to `configure' when
+specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when
building (*note Optional Features::).

@@ -6565,77 +6625,76 @@ interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
driver and Bash.
The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
-currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the `jobs' command.
+currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command.
When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like:
[1] 25647
- indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of
-the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
-All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
-Bash uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
+the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash
+uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose
process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
-receive keyboard-generated signals such as `SIGINT'. These processes
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes
are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose
process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune
-to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed
-to read from or, if the user so specifies with `stty tostop', write to
-the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write
-to when `stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a `SIGTTIN'
-(`SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
+to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the
+terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN'
+('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND
-character (typically `^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
+character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the
-DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically `^Y', Control-Y) causes the
-process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal,
-and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the
-state of this job, using the `bg' command to continue it in the
-background, the `fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the
-`kill' command to kill it. A `^Z' takes effect immediately, and has
-the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to
-be discarded.
+DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
+to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
+control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
+'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
+kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
-character `%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
-
- Job number `n' may be referred to as `%n'. The symbols `%%' and
-`%+' refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last
-job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background.
-A single `%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to
-the current job. The previous job may be referenced using `%-'. If
-there is only a single job, `%+' and `%-' can both be used to refer to
-that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the `jobs'
-command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the
-previous job with a `-'.
+character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+
+ Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+'
+refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
+stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A
+single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there
+is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that
+job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs'
+command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous
+job with a '-'.
A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For
-example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the
-other hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command
-line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash
-reports an error.
-
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
-`%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into
-the foreground. Similarly, `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
-equivalent to `bg %1'
-
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
-Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before
-reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other
-output. If the `-b' option to the `set' builtin is enabled, Bash
-reports such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap
-on `SIGCHLD' is executed for each child process that exits.
+example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job. Using '%?ce', on the other
+hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line.
+If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an
+error.
+
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1'
+is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
+equivalent to 'bg %1'
+
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b'
+option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes
+immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is
+executed for each child process that exits.
If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or
-running, if the `checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
-Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the `checkjobs'
-option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The `jobs'
+running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs'
+option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs'
command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt
to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print
another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
@@ -6646,76 +6705,76 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables,
7.2 Job Control Builtins
========================
-`bg'
+'bg'
bg [JOBSPEC ...]
Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had
- been started with `&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current
- job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job
+ been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job
+ is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job
control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without
job control.
-`fg'
+'fg'
fg [JOBSPEC]
Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current
job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The
- return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
- or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
- job control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or
- JOBSPEC specifies a job that was started without job control.
+ return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or
+ non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job
+ control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC
+ specifies a job that was started without job control.
-`jobs'
+'jobs'
jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC]
jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
following meanings:
- `-l'
+ '-l'
List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Display information only about jobs that have changed status
since the user was last notified of their status.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
Display only running jobs.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Display only stopped jobs.
- If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
- listed.
+ If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that
+ job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed.
- If the `-x' option is supplied, `jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
+ If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID,
and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit
status.
-`kill'
+'kill'
kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID
- kill -l [EXIT_STATUS]
+ kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS]
Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named
by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either
- a case-insensitive signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without
- the `SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
- If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, `SIGTERM' is used. The
- `-l' option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied
- when `-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
+ a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without
+ the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
+ If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l'
+ option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when
+ '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS
is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a
- process terminated by a signal. The return status is zero if at
- least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error
- occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+ process terminated by a signal. The '-L' option is equivalent to
+ '-l'. The return status is zero if at least one signal was
+ successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid
+ option is encountered.
-`wait'
+'wait'
wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...]
Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or
@@ -6723,32 +6782,32 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables,
last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in
the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently
active child processes are waited for, and the return status is
- zero. If the `-n' option is supplied, `wait' waits for any job to
+ zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to
terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID
specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status
is 127.
-`disown'
- disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ...]
+'disown'
+ disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ]
Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs.
- If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
- but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
- receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
- `-a' nor the `-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If
- no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove or mark
- all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
+ If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+ but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
+ receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
+ '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If
+ no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all
+ jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
operation to running jobs.
-`suspend'
+'suspend'
suspend [-f]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a `SIGCONT'
- signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the `-f' option can be
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT'
+ signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be
used to override this and force the suspension.
- When job control is not active, the `kill' and `wait' builtins do
-not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.
+ When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not
+accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.

File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control
@@ -6756,23 +6815,22 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins,
7.3 Job Control Variables
=========================
-`auto_resume'
+'auto_resume'
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
commands without redirections are treated as candidates for
resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if
there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a
- stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
- it. If this variable is set to the value `exact', the string
- supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
- `substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
- name of a stopped job. The `substring' value provides
- functionality analogous to the `%?' job ID (*note Job Control
+ stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it.
+ If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied
+ must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
+ 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
+ name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides
+ functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control
Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be
a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
- analogous to the `%' job ID.
-
+ analogous to the '%' job ID.

File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top
@@ -6784,14 +6842,14 @@ This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline
library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash.
Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
-shell, unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
-Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the `read'
+shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read'
builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing
commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing
interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time
-using the `-o emacs' or `-o vi' options to the `set' builtin command
-(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or `+o vi'
-options to `set'.
+using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command
+(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi'
+options to 'set'.
* Menu:
@@ -6802,7 +6860,6 @@ options to `set'.
available for binding
* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline
behave like the vi editor.
-
* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for
a specific command.
* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to
@@ -6819,10 +6876,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interactio
The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
keystrokes.
- The text `C-k' is read as `Control-K' and describes the character
+ The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
- The text `M-k' is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character
+ The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On
keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
@@ -6836,15 +6893,15 @@ Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
_first_, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as "metafying"
the <k> key.
- The text `M-C-k' is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
-character produced by "metafying" `C-k'.
+ The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
+character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'.
- In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
-<DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves
-when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).
-If your keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the
-desired character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on
-some keyboards.
+ In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>,
+<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
+in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
+keyboards.

File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -6882,41 +6939,35 @@ character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
- Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error
-until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can
-type `C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your
-mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with `C-f'.
+ Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
+you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type
+'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'.
When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
-characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room
-for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text
-behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled
-back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A
-list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line
-follows.
-
-`C-b'
- Move back one character.
+characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
+the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind
+the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
-`C-f'
+'C-b'
+ Move back one character.
+'C-f'
Move forward one character.
-
<DEL> or <Backspace>
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
-
-`C-d'
+'C-d'
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
-
Printing characters
Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
-
-`C-_' or `C-x C-u'
+'C-_' or 'C-x C-u'
Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
empty line.
(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
-the character underneath the cursor, like `C-d', rather than the
+the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the
character to the left of the cursor.)

@@ -6926,29 +6977,25 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing C
--------------------------------
The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
-order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to `C-b', `C-f', `C-d', and
-<DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other
+commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
-`C-a'
+'C-a'
Move to the start of the line.
-
-`C-e'
+'C-e'
Move to the end of the line.
-
-`M-f'
+'M-f'
Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
digits.
-
-`M-b'
+'M-b'
Move backward a word.
-
-`C-l'
+'C-l'
Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
- Notice how `C-f' moves forward a character, while `M-f' moves
-forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
-operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+ Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward
+a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
+characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.

File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -6957,51 +7004,49 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments,
-------------------------------
"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
-away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into
-the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and
-`yank'.)
+away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the
+line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)
- If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you
+ If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
place later.
- When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring".
-Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+ When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any
+number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line
specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
-available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
+available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
-`C-k'
+'C-k'
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
line.
-`M-d'
+'M-d'
Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as those used by `M-f'.
+ as those used by 'M-f'.
-`M-<DEL>'
+'M-<DEL>'
Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the
- same as those used by `M-b'.
-
-`C-w'
- Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is
- different than `M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
+ same as those used by 'M-b'.
+'C-w'
+ Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different
+ than 'M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to
copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
-`C-y'
+'C-y'
Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
cursor.
-`M-y'
+'M-y'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
- if the prior command is `C-y' or `M-y'.
+ if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'.

File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -7014,15 +7059,15 @@ argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
-start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'.
+start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'.
The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
-meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus
-sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
+meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
+sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
-remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
-the `C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which
-will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the
+'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will
+delete the next ten characters on the input line.

File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction
@@ -7032,35 +7077,35 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline I
Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified
-string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and
+string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and
"non-incremental".
Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string. As each character of the search string is typed,
Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
-typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters
-as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
-history for a particular string, type `C-r'. Typing `C-s' searches
-forward through the history. The characters present in the value of
-the `isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
+typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
+history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches
+forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the
+'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
-`C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. `C-g' will
-abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the
-search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
-becomes the current line.
-
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type `C-r' or
-`C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the
-search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate
-the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
+'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort
+an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
+current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or
+'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
+other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
+and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
+search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
last line found the current line, and begin editing.
- Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
-`C-r's are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
-search string, any remembered search string is used.
+ Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's
+are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+string, any remembered search string is used.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
@@ -7072,19 +7117,19 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands
8.3 Readline Init File
======================
-Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
-keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
-of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
+Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
+installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
+keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
-variable `INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
-`~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
-ultimate default is `/etc/inputrc'.
+variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
+'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
+ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'.
When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
file is read, and the key bindings are set.
- In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
+ In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
* Menu:
@@ -7101,21 +7146,21 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Co
8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
-------------------------------
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init
-file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are
-comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs
-(*note Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable
-settings and key bindings.
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments.
+Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note
+Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings
+and key bindings.
Variable Settings
You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
- values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the
+ values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the
init file. The syntax is simple:
set VARIABLE VALUE
- Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like
- key binding to use `vi' line editing commands:
+ Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
+ binding to use 'vi' line editing commands:
set editing-mode vi
@@ -7123,261 +7168,318 @@ Variable Settings
without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
- on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.
- Any other value results in the variable being set to off.
+ on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any
+ other value results in the variable being set to off.
- The `bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names
- and values. *Note Bash Builtins::.
+ The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and
+ values. *Note Bash Builtins::.
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
- `bell-style'
- Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the
- terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the
- bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if
- one is available. If set to `audible' (the default),
- Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
-
- `bind-tty-special-chars'
- If set to `on', Readline attempts to bind the control
- characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver
- to their Readline equivalents.
-
- `colored-stats'
- If set to `on', Readline displays possible completions using
+ 'bell-style'
+ Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
+ bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If
+ set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is
+ available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline
+ attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+
+ 'bind-tty-special-chars'
+ If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
+ control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
+ driver to their Readline equivalents.
+
+ 'blink-matching-paren'
+ If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
+ to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
+ inserted. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'colored-completion-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays
+ the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
+ different color. The color definitions are taken from the
+ value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. The default is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'colored-stats'
+ If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using
different colors to indicate their file type. The color
- definitions are taken from the value of the `LS_COLORS'
- environment variable. The default is `off'.
+ definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS'
+ environment variable. The default is 'off'.
- `comment-begin'
+ 'comment-begin'
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
- `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
- `"#"'.
+ 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
+ '"#"'.
- `completion-display-width'
+ 'completion-display-width'
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
- `completion-ignore-case'
- If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and
+ 'completion-ignore-case'
+ If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and
completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value
- is `off'.
+ is 'off'.
- `completion-map-case'
- If set to `on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
- Readline treats hyphens (`-') and underscores (`_') as
+ 'completion-map-case'
+ If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+ Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as
equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
and completion.
- `completion-prefix-display-length'
+ 'completion-prefix-display-length'
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
possible completions that is displayed without modification.
When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
possible completions.
- `completion-query-items'
+ 'completion-query-items'
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This
- variable must be set to an integer value greater than or
- equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask.
- The default limit is `100'.
+ variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal
+ to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. The
+ default limit is '100'.
- `convert-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the
+ 'convert-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
- to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'.
+ to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on',
+ but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains
+ eight-bit characters.
- `disable-completion'
- If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'.
+ 'disable-completion'
+ If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
+ Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
+ they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'.
- `editing-mode'
- The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
- bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
- editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
- This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'.
-
- `echo-control-characters'
- When set to `on', on operating systems that indicate they
+ 'echo-control-characters'
+ When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they
support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a
- signal generated from the keyboard. The default is `on'.
+ signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'.
- `enable-keypad'
- When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application
+ 'editing-mode'
+ The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
+ bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
+ editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+ This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'.
+
+ 'emacs-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The
+ value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+ meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is
+ available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+ sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+ embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The
+ default is '@'.
+
+ 'enable-bracketed-paste'
+ When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
+ way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
+ buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating
+ each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This
+ can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as
+ editing commands. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'enable-keypad'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
- the arrow keys. The default is `off'.
+ the arrow keys. The default is 'off'.
- `enable-meta-key'
- When set to `on', Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is
- called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send
- eight-bit characters. The default is `on'.
+ 'enable-meta-key'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta
+ modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+ On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
+ characters. The default is 'on'.
- `expand-tilde'
- If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
- attempts word completion. The default is `off'.
+ 'expand-tilde'
+ If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+ attempts word completion. The default is 'off'.
- `history-preserve-point'
- If set to `on', the history code attempts to place the point
+ 'history-preserve-point'
+ If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point
(the current cursor position) at the same location on each
- history line retrieved with `previous-history' or
- `next-history'. The default is `off'.
-
- `history-size'
- Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the
- history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries
- are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value
- less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.
- By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-
- `horizontal-scroll-mode'
- This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it
- to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
+ history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or
+ 'next-history'. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'history-size'
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+ list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are
+ deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less
+ than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By
+ default, the number of history entries is not limited. If an
+ attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
+ the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+
+ 'horizontal-scroll-mode'
+ This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it
+ to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
- a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'.
+ a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to 'off'.
- `input-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
+ 'input-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym
- for this variable.
+ default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if
+ the locale contains eight-bit characters. The name
+ 'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable.
- `isearch-terminators'
+ 'isearch-terminators'
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and `C-J' will terminate
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and 'C-J' will terminate
an incremental search.
- `keymap'
+ 'keymap'
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
- commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs',
- `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move',
- `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to
- `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The
- default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode'
- variable also affects the default keymap.
-
- `keyseq-timeout'
- Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character
- when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
- complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can
- take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use
- the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
- value to determine whether or not input is available on the
- current input source (`rl_instream' by default). The value
- is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+ commands. Acceptable 'keymap' names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+ equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. The default value is 'emacs'.
+ The value of the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the
+ default keymap.
+
+ 'keyseq-timeout'
+ Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
+ complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
+ additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no
+ input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
+ shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value
+ to determine whether or not input is available on the current
+ input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is
+ specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The
- default value is `500'.
+ pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
+ value is '500'.
- `mark-directories'
- If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash
- appended. The default is `on'.
+ 'mark-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash
+ appended. The default is 'on'.
- `mark-modified-lines'
- This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an
- asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been
- modified. This variable is `off' by default.
+ 'mark-modified-lines'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an
+ asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been
+ modified. This variable is 'off' by default.
- `mark-symlinked-directories'
- If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links to
+ 'mark-symlinked-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to
directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
- `mark-directories'). The default is `off'.
+ 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'.
- `match-hidden-files'
- This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match
- files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when
- performing filename completion. If set to `off', the leading
- `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
- completed. This variable is `on' by default.
+ 'match-hidden-files'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match
+ files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when
+ performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading
+ '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+ completed. This variable is 'on' by default.
- `menu-complete-display-prefix'
- If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+ 'menu-complete-display-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
- cycling through the list. The default is `off'.
+ cycling through the list. The default is 'off'.
- `output-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
+ 'output-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is `off'.
+ sequence. The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to
+ 'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
- `page-completions'
- If set to `on', Readline uses an internal `more'-like pager
- to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
- This variable is `on' by default.
+ 'page-completions'
+ If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to
+ display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
+ variable is 'on' by default.
- `print-completions-horizontally'
- If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches
+ 'print-completions-horizontally'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
- the screen. The default is `off'.
+ the screen. The default is 'off'.
- `revert-all-at-newline'
- If set to `on', Readline will undo all changes to history
- lines before returning when `accept-line' is executed. By
+ 'revert-all-at-newline'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history
+ lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By
default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
- undo lists across calls to `readline'. The default is `off'.
+ undo lists across calls to 'readline'. The default is 'off'.
- `show-all-if-ambiguous'
+ 'show-all-if-ambiguous'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
- If set to `on', words which have more than one possible
+ If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible
completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
- of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'.
+ of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'.
- `show-all-if-unmodified'
+ 'show-all-if-unmodified'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to
- `on', words which have more than one possible completion
+ 'on', words which have more than one possible completion
without any possible partial completion (the possible
completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The
- default value is `off'.
-
- `show-mode-in-prompt'
- If set to `on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt
- indicating the editing mode: emacs (`@'), vi command (`:'),
- or vi insertion (`+'). The default value is `off'.
-
- `skip-completed-text'
- If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior
- when inserting a single match into the line. It's only
- active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
- If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
- completion that match characters after point in the word
- being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor
- are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled,
- attempting completion when the cursor is after the `e' in
- `Makefile' will result in `Makefile' rather than
- `Makefilefile', assuming there is a single possible
- completion. The default value is `off'.
-
- `visible-stats'
- If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is
- appended to the filename when listing possible completions.
- The default is `off'.
-
+ default value is 'off'.
+
+ 'show-mode-in-prompt'
+ If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt
+ indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
+ insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default
+ value is 'off'.
+
+ 'skip-completed-text'
+ If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior
+ when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active
+ when performing completion in the middle of a word. If
+ enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
+ completion that match characters after point in the word being
+ completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
+ not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
+ completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will
+ result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming
+ there is a single possible completion. The default value is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(cmd)'.
+
+ 'vi-ins-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(ins)'.
+
+ 'visible-stats'
+ If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended
+ to the filename when listing possible completions. The
+ default is 'off'.
Key Bindings
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
- simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
- want to change. The following sections contain tables of the
- command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short
- description of what the command does.
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+ First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
+ change. The following sections contain tables of the command name,
+ the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
+ command does.
Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
@@ -7386,31 +7488,31 @@ Key Bindings
part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in
different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to
- a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
- The `bind -p' command displays Readline function names and
- bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization
- file. *Note Bash Builtins::.
+ The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings
+ in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+ *Note Bash Builtins::.
- KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For
example:
Control-u: universal-argument
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function
- `universal-argument', `M-DEL' is bound to the function
- `backward-kill-word', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function
+ 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
- `> output' into the line).
+ '> output' into the line).
A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
- "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
@@ -7421,66 +7523,51 @@ Key Bindings
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
- In the above example, `C-u' is again bound to the function
- `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
- `C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and
- `<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text `Function
- Key 1'.
-
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
+ ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file',
+ and '<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text
+ 'Function Key 1'.
The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
specifying key sequences:
- `\C-'
+ '\C-'
control prefix
-
- `\M-'
+ '\M-'
meta prefix
-
- `\e'
+ '\e'
an escape character
-
- `\\'
+ '\\'
backslash
-
- `\"'
+ '\"'
<">, a double quotation mark
-
- `\''
+ '\''
<'>, a single quote or apostrophe
In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
of backslash escapes is available:
- `\a'
+ '\a'
alert (bell)
-
- `\b'
+ '\b'
backspace
-
- `\d'
+ '\d'
delete
-
- `\f'
+ '\f'
form feed
-
- `\n'
+ '\n'
newline
-
- `\r'
+ '\r'
carriage return
-
- `\t'
+ '\t'
horizontal tab
-
- `\v'
+ '\v'
vertical tab
-
- `\NNN'
+ '\NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
(one to three digits)
-
- `\xHH'
+ '\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
@@ -7488,12 +7575,11 @@ Key Bindings
used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to
be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes
described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other
- character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example,
- the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into
+ character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example,
+ the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into
the line:
"\C-x\\": "\\"
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File
@@ -7501,33 +7587,32 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File,
---------------------------------
Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
-compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
-and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
-are four parser directives used.
-
-`$if'
- The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the
- editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no
- characters are required to isolate it.
-
- `mode'
- The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test
- whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and
- `emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in
- `emacs' mode.
-
- `term'
- The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
+variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are
+four parser directives used.
+
+'$if'
+ The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+ mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
+ The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters
+ are required to isolate it.
+
+ 'mode'
+ The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test
+ whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used
+ in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to
+ set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps
+ only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode.
+
+ 'term'
+ The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
- `=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
- the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This
- allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance.
+ '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+ the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This
+ allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance.
- `application'
+ 'application'
The APPLICATION construct is used to include
application-specific settings. Each program using the
Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
@@ -7540,18 +7625,18 @@ are four parser directives used.
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
$endif
-`$endif'
- This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if'
+'$endif'
+ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if'
command.
-`$else'
- Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the
+'$else'
+ Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the
test fails.
-`$include'
+'$include'
This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following
- directive reads from `/etc/inputrc':
+ directive reads from '/etc/inputrc':
$include /etc/inputrc

@@ -7563,7 +7648,6 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs,
Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding,
variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
-
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
@@ -7681,16 +7765,16 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode,
* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters
* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands.
- This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
-sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing `bind -P' or,
-for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, `bind -p'.
+This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or,
+for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'.
(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key
sequence are unbound by default.
In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
-position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the
-`set-mark' command. The text between the point and mark is referred to
-as the "region".
+position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark'
+command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+"region".

File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -7698,134 +7782,132 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up
8.4.1 Commands For Moving
-------------------------
-`beginning-of-line (C-a)'
+'beginning-of-line (C-a)'
Move to the start of the current line.
-`end-of-line (C-e)'
+'end-of-line (C-e)'
Move to the end of the line.
-`forward-char (C-f)'
+'forward-char (C-f)'
Move forward a character.
-`backward-char (C-b)'
+'backward-char (C-b)'
Move back a character.
-`forward-word (M-f)'
+'forward-word (M-f)'
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
letters and digits.
-`backward-word (M-b)'
+'backward-word (M-b)'
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
composed of letters and digits.
-`shell-forward-word ()'
+'shell-forward-word ()'
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by
non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-`shell-backward-word ()'
+'shell-backward-word ()'
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-`clear-screen (C-l)'
+'clear-screen (C-l)'
Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
line at the top of the screen.
-`redraw-current-line ()'
+'redraw-current-line ()'
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
-------------------------------------------
-`accept-line (Newline or Return)'
+'accept-line (Newline or Return)'
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
- the `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a
+ the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a
modified history line, then restore the history line to its
original state.
-`previous-history (C-p)'
- Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous
+'previous-history (C-p)'
+ Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
command.
-`next-history (C-n)'
- Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+'next-history (C-n)'
+ Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
-`beginning-of-history (M-<)'
+'beginning-of-history (M-<)'
Move to the first line in the history.
-`end-of-history (M->)'
+'end-of-history (M->)'
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
-`reverse-search-history (C-r)'
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+'reverse-search-history (C-r)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-`forward-search-history (C-s)'
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental
- search.
+'forward-search-history (C-s)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-`non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
- for a string supplied by the user.
+'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+ anywhere in a history line.
-`non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
- for a string supplied by the user.
+'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+ anywhere in a history line.
-`history-search-forward ()'
+'history-search-forward ()'
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-search-backward ()'
+'history-search-backward ()'
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-substr-search-forward ()'
+'history-substr-search-forward ()'
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-substr-search-backward ()'
+'history-substr-search-backward ()'
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
+'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N,
insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
- argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the `!N'
+ argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N'
history expansion had been specified.
-`yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
+'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly
- like `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move
- back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the
- word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in
- turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls
- determines the direction to move through the history. A negative
- argument switches the direction through the history (back or
- forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract
- the last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been
- specified.
-
+ like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back
+ through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+ specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+ Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+ the direction to move through the history. A negative argument
+ switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The
+ history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+ as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified.

File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -7833,145 +7915,153 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev
8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
--------------------------------
-`end-of-file (usually C-d)'
+'end-of-file (usually C-d)'
The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
- `stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on
+ 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on
the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
-`delete-char (C-d)'
+'delete-char (C-d)'
Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
- same character as the tty EOF character, as `C-d' commonly is, see
+ same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see
above for the effects.
-`backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
+'backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
-`forward-backward-delete-char ()'
+'forward-backward-delete-char ()'
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
-`quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
+'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
- insert key sequences like `C-q', for example.
+ insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example.
-`self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
+'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
Insert yourself.
-`transpose-chars (C-t)'
+'bracketed-paste-begin ()'
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+ escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+ assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
+ as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
+ read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one
+ was bound to 'self-insert') instead of executing any editing
+ commands.
+
+'transpose-chars (C-t)'
Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion
point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect.
-`transpose-words (M-t)'
+'transpose-words (M-t)'
Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of
the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
-`upcase-word (M-u)'
+'upcase-word (M-u)'
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`downcase-word (M-l)'
+'downcase-word (M-l)'
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`capitalize-word (M-c)'
+'capitalize-word (M-c)'
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`overwrite-mode ()'
+'overwrite-mode ()'
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
- `emacs' mode; `vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
- `readline()' starts in insert mode.
+ 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
+ 'readline()' starts in insert mode.
- In overwrite mode, characters bound to `self-insert' replace the
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the
text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
- Characters bound to `backward-delete-char' replace the character
+ Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character
before point with a space.
By default, this command is unbound.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
-------------------------
-`kill-line (C-k)'
+'kill-line (C-k)'
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
-`backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
- Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
+ Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
-`unix-line-discard (C-u)'
+'unix-line-discard (C-u)'
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
-`kill-whole-line ()'
+'kill-whole-line ()'
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
-`kill-word (M-d)'
+'kill-word (M-d)'
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as `forward-word'.
+ as 'forward-word'.
-`backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
+'backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- `backward-word'.
+ 'backward-word'.
-`shell-kill-word ()'
+'shell-kill-word ()'
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as `shell-forward-word'.
+ as 'shell-forward-word'.
-`shell-backward-kill-word ()'
+'shell-backward-kill-word ()'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- `shell-backward-word'.
+ 'shell-backward-word'.
-`unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
+'unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-`unix-filename-rubout ()'
+'unix-filename-rubout ()'
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the
kill-ring.
-`delete-horizontal-space ()'
+'delete-horizontal-space ()'
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is
unbound.
-`kill-region ()'
+'kill-region ()'
Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is
unbound.
-`copy-region-as-kill ()'
+'copy-region-as-kill ()'
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
-`copy-backward-word ()'
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word
- boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this
- command is unbound.
+'copy-backward-word ()'
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries
+ are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is
+ unbound.
-`copy-forward-word ()'
+'copy-forward-word ()'
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
- boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this
+ boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this
command is unbound.
-`yank (C-y)'
+'yank (C-y)'
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
-`yank-pop (M-y)'
+'yank-pop (M-y)'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
- if the prior command is `yank' or `yank-pop'.
+ if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'.

File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -7979,22 +8069,22 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, P
8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
----------------------------------
-`digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
+'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
- argument. `M--' starts a negative argument.
+ argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument.
-`universal-argument ()'
+'universal-argument ()'
This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is
- followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the
- numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
- this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument
- count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so
- on. By default, this is not bound to a key.
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed
+ by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric
+ argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this
+ command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
+ digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
+ multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so
+ executing this function the first time makes the argument count
+ four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
+ By default, this is not bound to a key.

File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
@@ -8002,271 +8092,268 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Pre
8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
-----------------------------------
-`complete (<TAB>)'
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The
- actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash
- attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with `$'), username (if the text begins with `~'), hostname
- (if the text begins with `@'), or command (including aliases and
- functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
- completion is attempted.
+'complete (<TAB>)'
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual
+ completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts
+ completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
+ '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text
+ begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in
+ turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
+ attempted.
-`possible-completions (M-?)'
+'possible-completions (M-?)'
List the possible completions of the text before point. When
displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
- for display to the value of `completion-display-width', the value
- of the environment variable `COLUMNS', or the screen width, in
- that order.
+ for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value
+ of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that
+ order.
-`insert-completions (M-*)'
+'insert-completions (M-*)'
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
- been generated by `possible-completions'.
+ been generated by 'possible-completions'.
-`menu-complete ()'
- Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
+'menu-complete ()'
+ Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a
+ single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list
of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
- `bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
+ 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
default.
-`menu-complete-backward ()'
- Identical to `menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if `menu-complete' had been given a
+'menu-complete-backward ()'
+ Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a
negative argument.
-`delete-char-or-list ()'
+'delete-char-or-list ()'
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
- end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
- behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is
+ end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
+ behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is
unbound by default.
-`complete-filename (M-/)'
+'complete-filename (M-/)'
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
-`possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a filename.
+'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a filename.
-`complete-username (M-~)'
+'complete-username (M-~)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
-`possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a username.
+'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a username.
-`complete-variable (M-$)'
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- shell variable.
+'complete-variable (M-$)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+ variable.
-`possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a shell variable.
+'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a shell variable.
-`complete-hostname (M-@)'
+'complete-hostname (M-@)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
-`possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a hostname.
+'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a hostname.
-`complete-command (M-!)'
+'complete-command (M-!)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins,
and finally executable filenames, in that order.
-`possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a command name.
+'possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a command name.
-`dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
+'dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
-`dabbrev-expand ()'
+'dabbrev-expand ()'
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
text against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
-`complete-into-braces (M-{)'
+'complete-into-braces (M-{)'
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible
completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (*note Brace Expansion::).
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
---------------------
-`start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
+'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
-`end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
+'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
-`call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
+'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
-`print-last-kbd-macro ()'
+'print-last-kbd-macro ()'
Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
INPUTRC file.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
---------------------------------
-`re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
+'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
-`abort (C-g)'
+'abort (C-g)'
Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
- (subject to the setting of `bell-style').
+ (subject to the setting of 'bell-style').
-`do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
+'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is
bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
-`prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
+'prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a
- meta key. Typing `<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'.
+ meta key. Typing '<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'.
-`undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
+'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
-`revert-line (M-r)'
+'revert-line (M-r)'
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+ 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
-`tilde-expand (M-&)'
+'tilde-expand (M-&)'
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
-`set-mark (C-@)'
+'set-mark (C-@)'
Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
mark is set to that position.
-`exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
+'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set
to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
mark.
-`character-search (C-])'
+'character-search (C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
that character. A negative count searches for previous
occurrences.
-`character-search-backward (M-C-])'
+'character-search-backward (M-C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
-`skip-csi-sequence ()'
+'skip-csi-sequence ()'
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
- This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+ no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of
+ inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
-`insert-comment (M-#)'
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the `comment-begin'
+'insert-comment (M-#)'
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin'
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
- the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
- of `comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the
- characters in `comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of
- the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline
- had been typed. The default value of `comment-begin' causes this
- command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric
- argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will
- be executed by the shell.
-
-`dump-functions ()'
+ numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+ characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+ 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
+ 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In
+ either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+ The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make
+ the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the
+ comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
+ shell.
+
+'dump-functions ()'
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
file. This command is unbound by default.
-`dump-variables ()'
+'dump-variables ()'
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
-`dump-macros ()'
+'dump-macros ()'
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
- output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
- INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
+ is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+ file. This command is unbound by default.
-`glob-complete-word (M-g)'
+'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
completions.
-`glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
+'glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is
appended before pathname expansion.
-`glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
+'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- `glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before pathname
+ 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname
expansion.
-`display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
+'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-`shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
- Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and
- history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions
- (*note Shell Expansions::).
+'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
+ Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history
+ expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell
+ Expansions::).
-`history-expand-line (M-^)'
+'history-expand-line (M-^)'
Perform history expansion on the current line.
-`magic-space ()'
+'magic-space ()'
Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
(*note History Interaction::).
-`alias-expand-line ()'
+'alias-expand-line ()'
Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::).
-`history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
+'history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
-`insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
- A synonym for `yank-last-arg'.
+'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
+ A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'.
-`operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
+'operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
-`edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)'
+'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)'
Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke `$VISUAL',
- `$EDITOR', and `emacs' as the editor, in that order.
-
+ result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL',
+ '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order.

File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8274,19 +8361,19 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Pr
8.5 Readline vi Mode
====================
-While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing
+While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing
functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
- In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing
-modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
-Builtin::). The Readline default is `emacs' mode.
+ In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing
+modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
+Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode.
- When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in
-`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
-you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
-the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with
-`k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth.
+ When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in
+'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
+you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
+the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k'
+and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth.

File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8294,21 +8381,21 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completi
8.6 Programmable Completion
===========================
-When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using
-the `complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which
+a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
+'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
programmable completion facilities are invoked.
First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been
defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
-compspec defined with the `-E' option to `complete' is used. If the
+compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the
command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an
attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final
slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
-defined with the `-D' option to `complete' is used as the default.
+defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default.
Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
@@ -8316,83 +8403,84 @@ described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
-`-f' or `-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
-the shell variable `FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash
-Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'.
-
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
-`-G' option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern
-need not match the word being completed. The `GLOBIGNORE' shell
-variable is not used to filter the matches, but the `FIGNORE' shell
-variable is used.
-
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the `-W' option is
-considered. The string is first split using the characters in the `IFS'
-special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word
-is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash
+Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.
+
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G'
+option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
+match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not
+used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used.
+
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is
+considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
-described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split
-using the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results
-of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed,
-and the matching words become the possible completions.
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become the possible completions.
After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
-command specified with the `-F' and `-C' options is invoked. When the
-command or function is invoked, the `COMP_LINE', `COMP_POINT',
-`COMP_KEY', and `COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
+command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the
+command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT',
+'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked,
-the `COMP_WORDS' and `COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the
+the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the
function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
-word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being
-completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in
-generating the matches.
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No
+filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
- Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. The function may
-use any of the shell facilities, including the `compgen' and `compopt'
+ Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt'
builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to
generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the
-`COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
+'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
- Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked in an
+ Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an
environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list
of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the `-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a
-pattern as used for pathname expansion; a `&' in the pattern is
-replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal `&' may
-be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting
-a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from
-the list. A leading `!' negates the pattern; in this case any
-completion not matching the pattern will be removed.
-
- Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the `-P' and `-S'
+specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a
+pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced
+with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped
+with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
+matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+characters.
+
+ Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S'
options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
-the `-o dirnames' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec
+the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the `-o plusdirs' option was supplied to `complete' when the
+ If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the
compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is
-returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
-The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
-of filename completion is disabled. If the `-o bashdefault' option was
-supplied to `complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of
+filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was
+supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the
-`-o default' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec was
-defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the
-compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no
-matches.
+'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was
+defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
@@ -8402,7 +8490,7 @@ setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
-with `-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
@@ -8433,15 +8521,15 @@ completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular
command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is
happening.
-`compgen'
- `compgen [OPTION] [WORD]'
+'compgen'
+ compgen [OPTION] [WORD]
Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the
- OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the `complete'
- builtin with the exception of `-p' and `-r', and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the `-F' or `-C' options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
- facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
+ OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin
+ with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the
+ standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various
+ shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities,
+ while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the
programmable completion code had generated them directly from a
@@ -8451,225 +8539,225 @@ happening.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or
no matches were generated.
-`complete'
- `complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST]
+'complete'
+ complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST]
[-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT]
- [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]'
- `complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]'
+ [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
+ complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]
Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the
- `-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to
- be reused as input. The `-r' option removes a completion
+ be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion
specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
- completion specifications. The `-D' option indicates that the
- remaining options and actions should apply to the "default"
- command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
- which no completion has previously been defined. The `-E' option
- indicates that the remaining options and actions should apply to
- "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
- blank line.
+ completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that the
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" command
+ completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
+ completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates
+ that the remaining options and actions should apply to "empty"
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
The process of applying these completion specifications when word
completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable
- Completion::). The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'.
+ Completion::). The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the `-G', `-W', and `-X' options (and, if necessary,
- the `-P' and `-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
- expansion before the `complete' builtin is invoked.
+ arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary,
+ the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
+ expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked.
- `-o COMP-OPTION'
+ '-o COMP-OPTION'
The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's
behavior beyond the simple generation of completions.
COMP-OPTION may be one of:
- `bashdefault'
+ 'bashdefault'
Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the
compspec generates no matches.
- `default'
+ 'default'
Use Readline's default filename completion if the
compspec generates no matches.
- `dirnames'
+ 'dirnames'
Perform directory name completion if the compspec
generates no matches.
- `filenames'
+ 'filenames'
Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
adding a slash to directory names quoting special
- characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This
- option is intended to be used with shell functions
- specified with `-F'.
+ characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option
+ is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+ with '-F'.
- `noquote'
+ 'noquote'
Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they
are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
- `nospace'
+ 'nosort'
+ Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+
+ 'nospace'
Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to
words completed at the end of the line.
- `plusdirs'
+ 'plusdirs'
After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any matches
are added to the results of the other actions.
-
- `-A ACTION'
+ '-A ACTION'
The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of
possible completions:
- `alias'
- Alias names. May also be specified as `-a'.
+ 'alias'
+ Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'.
- `arrayvar'
+ 'arrayvar'
Array variable names.
- `binding'
+ 'binding'
Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline
Commands::).
- `builtin'
+ 'builtin'
Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified
- as `-b'.
+ as '-b'.
- `command'
- Command names. May also be specified as `-c'.
+ 'command'
+ Command names. May also be specified as '-c'.
- `directory'
- Directory names. May also be specified as `-d'.
+ 'directory'
+ Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'.
- `disabled'
+ 'disabled'
Names of disabled shell builtins.
- `enabled'
+ 'enabled'
Names of enabled shell builtins.
- `export'
- Names of exported shell variables. May also be
- specified as `-e'.
+ 'export'
+ Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified
+ as '-e'.
- `file'
- File names. May also be specified as `-f'.
+ 'file'
+ File names. May also be specified as '-f'.
- `function'
+ 'function'
Names of shell functions.
- `group'
- Group names. May also be specified as `-g'.
+ 'group'
+ Group names. May also be specified as '-g'.
- `helptopic'
- Help topics as accepted by the `help' builtin (*note
- Bash Builtins::).
+ 'helptopic'
+ Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::).
- `hostname'
+ 'hostname'
Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
- `HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
+ 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
- `job'
+ 'job'
Job names, if job control is active. May also be
- specified as `-j'.
+ specified as '-j'.
- `keyword'
- Shell reserved words. May also be specified as `-k'.
+ 'keyword'
+ Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'.
- `running'
+ 'running'
Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
- `service'
- Service names. May also be specified as `-s'.
+ 'service'
+ Service names. May also be specified as '-s'.
- `setopt'
- Valid arguments for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ 'setopt'
+ Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::).
- `shopt'
- Shell option names as accepted by the `shopt' builtin
+ 'shopt'
+ Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin
(*note Bash Builtins::).
- `signal'
+ 'signal'
Signal names.
- `stopped'
+ 'stopped'
Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
- `user'
- User names. May also be specified as `-u'.
+ 'user'
+ User names. May also be specified as '-u'.
- `variable'
+ 'variable'
Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as
- `-v'.
+ '-v'.
- `-C COMMAND'
+ '-C COMMAND'
COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
is used as the possible completions.
- `-F FUNCTION'
+ '-F FUNCTION'
The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
completed, as described above (*note Programmable
- Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions
- are retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array
- variable.
+ Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are
+ retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable.
- `-G GLOBPAT'
+ '-G GLOBPAT'
The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
the possible completions.
- `-P PREFIX'
+ '-P PREFIX'
PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
- `-S SUFFIX'
- SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all
- other options have been applied.
+ '-S SUFFIX'
+ SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other
+ options have been applied.
- `-W WORDLIST'
- The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS'
+ '-W WORDLIST'
+ The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS'
special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
expanded. The possible completions are the members of the
resultant list which match the word being completed.
- `-X FILTERPAT'
+ '-X FILTERPAT'
FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is
applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
- FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in
+ FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in
FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
- option other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a NAME
- argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
- for a NAME for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
- adding a completion specification.
+ option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument,
+ an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME
+ for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
+ completion specification.
-`compopt'
- `compopt' [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
+'compopt'
+ compopt [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are
- those valid for the `complete' builtin described above. The `-D'
+ those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D'
option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the
"default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
command for which no completion has previously been defined. The
- `-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to
+ '-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to
"empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
- The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'.
+ The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing
@@ -8677,25 +8765,25 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmabl
=====================================
The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
-the default actions `complete' and `compgen' provide is to use a shell
-function and bind it to a particular command using `complete -F'.
+the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell
+function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'.
- The following function provides completions for the `cd' builtin.
-It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as `$2' to
+ The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It
+is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used
+for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to
determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the
-`COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the
-`COMP_CWORD' variable.
+'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+'COMP_CWORD' variable.
- The function relies on the `complete' and `compgen' builtins to do
-much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash `cd' does beyond
+ The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do
+much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond
accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde
Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above
-(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the
-`cdable_vars' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). `_comp_cd'
-modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only a newline to
-accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs - `compgen' prints
-the possible completions it generates one per line.
+(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars'
+shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value
+of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names
+containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions
+it generates one per line.
Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one
completion per array element. The programmable completion system
@@ -8748,8 +8836,8 @@ retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.
return 0
}
- We install the completion function using the `-F' option to
-`complete':
+ We install the completion function using the '-F' option to
+'complete':
# Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
# use the bash default completion for other arguments
@@ -8757,32 +8845,32 @@ retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.
Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other
details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline
-what to do. The `-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
+what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately.
That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it
can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend
-`_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
-CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The
-`-o nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to
-the directory name, in case we want to append to it. The `-o
-bashdefault' option brings in the rest of the "Bash default"
-completions - possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
-set. These include things like command name completion, variable
-completion for words beginning with `{', completions containing pathname
-expansion patterns (*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
-
- Once installed using `complete', `_comp_cd' will be called every
-time we attempt word completion for a `cd' command.
+'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
+CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o
+nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the
+directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault'
+option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible
+completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include
+things like command name completion, variable completion for words
+beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns
+(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
+
+ Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time
+we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command.
Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most
of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of
the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many
GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the
-project now lives at `http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/'.
-There are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+project now lives at <http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/>. There
+are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with
-bash in the `examples/complete' subdirectory.
+bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory.

File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
@@ -8790,10 +8878,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash,
9 Using History Interactively
*****************************
-This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library
-interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a
-user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in
-other programs, see the GNU Readline Library Manual.
+This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
+from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For
+information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the
+GNU Readline Library Manual.
* Menu:
@@ -8809,53 +8897,52 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins
9.1 Bash History Facilities
===========================
-When the `-o history' option to the `set' builtin is enabled (*note The
+When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The
Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the
-list of commands previously typed. The value of the `HISTSIZE' shell
+list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell
variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last `$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The
+The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The
shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
-the values of the shell variables `HISTIGNORE' and `HISTCONTROL'.
+the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'.
When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file
-named by the `HISTFILE' variable (default `~/.bash_history'). The file
-named by the value of `HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
+named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file
+named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the
-`HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the
-last `$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
-named by `$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note
+'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the
+last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note
Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise
-the history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
+the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the
history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than
-`$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
+'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
is not truncated.
- If the `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character. When the history file is
-read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed
-immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the previous
-history line.
+ If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated
+with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
+history comment character. When the history file is read, lines
+beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
- The builtin command `fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list. The `history' builtin may be used to
+ The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to
display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
-editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands
-For History::).
+editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For
+History::).
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
-list. The `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
-the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The `cmdhist'
+list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
+the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist'
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line
of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons
-where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The `lithist' shell
+where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell
option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
-instead of semicolons. The `shopt' builtin is used to set these
-options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of `shopt'.
+instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these
+options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'.

File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively
@@ -8863,95 +8950,94 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, P
9.2 Bash History Builtins
=========================
-Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list
-and history file.
+Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and
+history file.
-`fc'
- `fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]'
- `fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]'
+'fc'
+ fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]
+ fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]
The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from
the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both
FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most
- recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an
- offset from the current command number). If LAST is not specified
- it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the
- previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l'
- flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The
- `-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r'
- flag reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor
- given by ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
- ENAME is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
- is used: `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value
- of the `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR'
- variable if that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing
- is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+ recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index
+ into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset
+ from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is
+ set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous
+ command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is
+ given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag
+ suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag
+ reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
+ ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is
+ not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used:
+ '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the
+ 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if
+ that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete,
+ the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of
PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is
intepreted the same as FIRST above.
- A useful alias to use with the `fc' command is `r='fc -s'', so
- that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and
- typing `r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
+ A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that
+ typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing
+ 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
-`history'
+'history'
history [N]
history -c
history -d OFFSET
history [-anrw] [FILENAME]
history -ps ARG
- With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
- Lines prefixed with a `*' have been modified. An argument of N
- lists only the last N lines. If the shell variable
- `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set and not null, it is used as a format
- string for STRFTIME to display the time stamp associated with each
- displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line.
+ With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines
+ prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists
+ only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is
+ set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to
+ display the time stamp associated with each displayed history
+ entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time
+ stamp and the history line.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-c'
+ '-c'
Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other
options to replace the history list completely.
- `-d OFFSET'
- Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should
- be specified as it appears when the history is displayed.
+ '-d OFFSET'
+ Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be
+ specified as it appears when the history is displayed.
- `-a'
- Append the new history lines (history lines entered since the
- beginning of the current Bash session) to the history file.
+ '-a'
+ Append the new history lines to the history file. These are
+ history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash
+ session, but not already appended to the history file.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Append the history lines not already read from the history
- file to the current history list. These are lines appended
- to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
+ file to the current history list. These are lines appended to
+ the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
session.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
Read the history file and append its contents to the history
list.
- `-w'
+ '-w'
Write out the current history list to the history file.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
result on the standard output, without storing the results in
the history list.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single
entry.
-
- When any of the `-w', `-r', `-a', or `-n' options is used, if
+ When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if
FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not,
- then the value of the `HISTFILE' variable is used.
-
+ then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.

File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively
@@ -8960,43 +9046,47 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, U
=====================
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
-to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the
+to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the
syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
-input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments
-to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
+input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
+a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
previous commands quickly.
+ History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+read, before the shell breaks it into words.
+
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to
determine which line from the history list should be used during
substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for
inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is
called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
-are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate
-the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
-that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are
-considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the
-appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default.
-Only `\' and `'' may be used to escape the history expansion character.
-
- Several shell options settable with the `shopt' builtin (*note Bash
-Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
-If the `histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being
-used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell
-parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
-editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used,
-and the `histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history
-expansion will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for
-correction. The `-p' option to the `history' builtin command may be
-used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The `-s'
-option to the `history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end
-of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are
-available for subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction
-with Readline.
+are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the
+selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
+Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is '!' by default. Only '\' and '''
+may be used to escape the history expansion character, but the history
+expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes
+the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.
+
+ Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash
+Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If
+the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used,
+history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer
+for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the
+'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p'
+option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a
+history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the
+'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
-history expansion mechanism with the `histchars' variable, as explained
+history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained
above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment
character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file.
@@ -9014,97 +9104,95 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: Hist
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
-the current position in the history list.
+the current position in the history list.
-`!'
+'!'
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
- the end of the line, `=' or `(' (when the `extglob' shell option
- is enabled using the `shopt' builtin).
+ the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is
+ enabled using the 'shopt' builtin).
-`!N'
+'!N'
Refer to command line N.
-`!-N'
+'!-N'
Refer to the command N lines back.
-`!!'
- Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
+'!!'
+ Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'.
-`!STRING'
+'!STRING'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list starting with STRING.
-`!?STRING[?]'
+'!?STRING[?]'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
- the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be
+ the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be
omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
-`^STRING1^STRING2^'
+'^STRING1^STRING2^'
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
- with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
+ with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
-`!#'
+'!#'
The entire command line typed so far.
-

File: bashref.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction
9.3.2 Word Designators
----------------------
-Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A
-`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may
-be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or
-`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first
-word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current
-line separated by single spaces.
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':'
+separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
+being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line
+separated by single spaces.
For example,
-`!!'
+'!!'
designates the preceding command. When you type this, the
preceding command is repeated in toto.
-`!!:$'
+'!!:$'
designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
- shortened to `!$'.
+ shortened to '!$'.
-`!fi:2'
+'!fi:2'
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
- with the letters `fi'.
+ with the letters 'fi'.
Here are the word designators:
-`0 (zero)'
- The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
+'0 (zero)'
+ The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
-`N'
+'N'
The Nth word.
-`^'
+'^'
The first argument; that is, word 1.
-`$'
+'$'
The last argument.
-`%'
- The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search.
+'%'
+ The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search.
-`X-Y'
- A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'.
+'X-Y'
+ A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'.
-`*'
- All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'.
- It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the
+'*'
+ All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'.
+ It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
-`X*'
- Abbreviates `X-$'
-
-`X-'
- Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word.
+'X*'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$'
+'X-'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
@@ -9116,50 +9204,49 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Inte
---------------
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
-more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'.
-`h'
+'h'
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
-`t'
+'t'
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
-`r'
- Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the
+'r'
+ Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the
basename.
-`e'
+'e'
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
-`p'
+'p'
Print the new command but do not execute it.
-`q'
+'q'
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
-`x'
- Quote the substituted words as with `q', but break into words at
+'x'
+ Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at
spaces, tabs, and newlines.
-`s/OLD/NEW/'
+'s/OLD/NEW/'
Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
- Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be
- quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in
- NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the
- `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character
- on the input line.
+ Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'. The delimiter may be
+ quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If '&' appears in
+ NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the '&'.
+ The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
+ input line.
-`&'
+'&'
Repeat the previous substitution.
-`g'
-`a'
+'g'
+'a'
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
- conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'.
-
-`G'
- Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event.
+ conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'.
+'G'
+ Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event.

File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
@@ -9199,58 +9286,57 @@ These are installation instructions for Bash.
The simplest way to compile Bash is:
- 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
- `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using
- `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh
- ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
- `configure' itself.
+ 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
+ './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using
+ 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh
+ ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute
+ 'configure' itself.
- Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints
+ Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints
messages telling which features it is checking for.
- 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting
+ 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting
script.
- 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
+ 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
- 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will
+ 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will
also install the manual pages and Info file.
-
- The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+ The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
-those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package
-(the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories,
-each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a
-`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
-creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the
-future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache'
-that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a
-file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
-debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains
-results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
-
- To find out more about the options and arguments that the
-`configure' script understands, type
+those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
+each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a
+'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
+creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
+future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
+saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
+'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
+'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
+don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+
+ To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
+script understands, type
bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to
-figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
+figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be
considered for the next release.
- The file `configure.ac' is used to create `configure' by a program
-called Autoconf. You only need `configure.ac' if you want to change it
-or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
+ The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
+called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
+or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
-code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that
-`configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
-computer), type `make distclean'.
+code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that
+'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
+computer), type 'make distclean'.

File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash
@@ -9258,15 +9344,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple
10.2 Compilers and Options
==========================
-Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
-the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure'
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
+'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure'
initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using
a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
this:
CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
- On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this:
+ On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this:
env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
@@ -9280,29 +9366,29 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installa
You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same
time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own
-directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports
-the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where
-you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure'
+directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports
+the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where
+you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure'
script from the source directory. You may need to supply the
-`--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files
-are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the
-directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
+'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are.
+'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory
+that 'configure' is in and in '..'.
- If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH'
+ If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH'
variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the
source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one
-architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
+architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
architecture.
Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use
-the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
-links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example
-that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
-directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
+the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
+links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that
+creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
+directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
-The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
+The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
for at least one architecture before you can create build directories
for other architectures.
@@ -9312,15 +9398,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type
10.4 Installation Names
=======================
-By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin',
-`/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
-than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH', or
-by specifying a value for the `DESTDIR' `make' variable when running
-`make install'.
+By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
+'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
+than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
+by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
+'make install'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
-give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will
+give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will
use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
@@ -9330,15 +9416,15 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults,
10.5 Specifying the System Type
===============================
-There may be some features `configure' can not figure out
-automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run
-on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a
-message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the
-`--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system
-type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields:
-`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
+There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically,
+but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually
+'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it
+can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE'
+can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a
+canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g.,
+'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
- See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
+ See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
field.

@@ -9347,14 +9433,14 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: S
10.6 Sharing Defaults
=====================
-If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you
-can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default
-values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure'
-looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
-`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
-`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
-A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all
-`configure' scripts do.
+If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you
+can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default
+values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure'
+looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
+'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all
+'configure' scripts do.

File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash
@@ -9362,31 +9448,31 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev:
10.7 Operation Controls
=======================
-`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
+'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
-`--cache-file=FILE'
+'--cache-file=FILE'
Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
- `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for
- debugging `configure'.
+ './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for
+ debugging 'configure'.
-`--help'
- Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
+'--help'
+ Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit.
-`--quiet'
-`--silent'
-`-q'
+'--quiet'
+'--silent'
+'-q'
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
-`--srcdir=DIR'
+'--srcdir=DIR'
Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually
- `configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+ 'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
-`--version'
- Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
+'--version'
+ Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
script, and exit.
- `configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
-options. `configure --help' prints the complete list.
+ 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list.

File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash
@@ -9394,248 +9480,253 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: In
10.8 Optional Features
======================
-The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where
+The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where
FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several
-`--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc'
-or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use
-`--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is
-enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'.
+'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc'
+or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use
+'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is
+enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'.
- Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options
-that the Bash `configure' recognizes.
+ Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that
+the Bash 'configure' recognizes.
-`--with-afs'
+'--with-afs'
Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
-`--with-bash-malloc'
- Use the Bash version of `malloc' in the directory `lib/malloc'.
- This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
- older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This
- `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
- This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a
+'--with-bash-malloc'
+ Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'.
+ This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
+ older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This
+ 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+ This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a
list of systems for which this should be turned off, and
- `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
+ 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
systems.
-`--with-curses'
+'--with-curses'
Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
database.
-`--with-gnu-malloc'
- A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'.
+'--with-gnu-malloc'
+ A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'.
-`--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
+'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of
- Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works
- only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is `yes' or
- not supplied, `configure' uses the values of the make variables
- `includedir' and `libdir', which are subdirectories of `prefix' by
+ Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works
+ only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or
+ not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables
+ 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by
default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is
- `no', Bash links with the version in `lib/readline'. If PREFIX is
- set to any other value, `configure' treats it as a directory
+ 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is
+ set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory
pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in
- subdirectories of that directory (include files in
- PREFIX/`include' and the library in PREFIX/`lib').
+ subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include'
+ and the library in PREFIX/'lib').
-`--with-purify'
+'--with-purify'
Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from
Rational Software.
-`--enable-minimal-config'
+'--enable-minimal-config'
This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the
historical Bourne shell.
- There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is
-compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+ There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled
+and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
-`--enable-largefile'
+'--enable-largefile'
Enable support for large files
(http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if
the operating system requires special compiler options to build
- programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
- default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+ programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default,
+ if the operating system provides large file support.
-`--enable-profiling'
+'--enable-profiling'
This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
- processed by `gprof' each time it is executed.
+ processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed.
-`--enable-static-link'
- This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used.
+'--enable-static-link'
+ This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used.
This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
- The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
+ The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
-be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'.
+be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
- All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins',
-`directpand-default', and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
+ All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
+'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
-`--enable-alias'
- Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias'
+'--enable-alias'
+ Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
builtins (*note Aliases::).
-`--enable-arith-for-command'
- Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that
- behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping
+'--enable-arith-for-command'
+ Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
+ behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
Constructs::).
-`--enable-array-variables'
+'--enable-array-variables'
Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note
Arrays::).
-`--enable-bang-history'
- Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History
+'--enable-bang-history'
+ Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History
Interaction::).
-`--enable-brace-expansion'
- Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ).
+'--enable-brace-expansion'
+ Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ).
See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description.
-`--enable-casemod-attributes'
- Include support for case-modifying attributes in the `declare'
+'--enable-casemod-attributes'
+ Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE
attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
uppercase upon assignment.
-`--enable-casemod-expansion'
+'--enable-casemod-expansion'
Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
-`--enable-command-timing'
- Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for
- displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time'
+'--enable-command-timing'
+ Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for
+ displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time'
(*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell
builtins and functions to be timed.
-`--enable-cond-command'
- Include support for the `[[' conditional command. (*note
+'--enable-cond-command'
+ Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-cond-regexp'
+'--enable-cond-regexp'
Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
- `=~' binary operator in the `[[' conditional command. (*note
+ '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-coprocesses'
- Include support for coprocesses and the `coproc' reserved word
+'--enable-coprocesses'
+ Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word
(*note Pipelines::).
-`--enable-debugger'
+'--enable-debugger'
Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
-`--enable-direxpand-default'
- Cause the `direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
+'--enable-direxpand-default'
+ Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally
disabled by default.
-`--enable-directory-stack'
- Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd',
- `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
+'--enable-directory-stack'
+ Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd',
+ 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
-`--enable-disabled-builtins'
- Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after
- `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash
- Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin
+'--enable-disabled-builtins'
+ Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after
+ 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash
+ Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin
commands.
-`--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
- Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional
+'--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
+ Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional
Constructs::).
-`--enable-extended-glob'
+'--enable-extended-glob'
Include support for the extended pattern matching features
described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
-`--enable-extended-glob-default'
+'--enable-extended-glob-default'
Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
-`--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
+'--enable-function-import'
+ Include support for importing function definitions exported by
+ another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+
+'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
- above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This
- controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern
- matching bracket expressions.
+ above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls
+ the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions.
-`--enable-help-builtin'
- Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
+'--enable-help-builtin'
+ Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
and variables (*note Bash Builtins::).
-`--enable-history'
- Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin
- commands (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+'--enable-history'
+ Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands
+ (*note Bash History Facilities::).
-`--enable-job-control'
- This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if
- the operating system supports them.
+'--enable-job-control'
+ This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the
+ operating system supports them.
-`--enable-multibyte'
+'--enable-multibyte'
This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
system provides the necessary support.
-`--enable-net-redirections'
+'--enable-net-redirections'
This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
- `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
+ '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
redirections (*note Redirections::).
-`--enable-process-substitution'
+'--enable-process-substitution'
This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
-`--enable-progcomp'
+'--enable-progcomp'
Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no
effect.
-`--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
+'--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped
- characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt
+ characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt
strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list
of prompt string escape sequences.
-`--enable-readline'
+'--enable-readline'
Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::).
-`--enable-restricted'
+'--enable-restricted'
Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled,
- Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note
+ Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note
The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
-`--enable-select'
- Include the `select' compound command, which allows the generation
+'--enable-select'
+ Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation
of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-separate-helpfiles'
- Use external files for the documentation displayed by the `help'
+'--enable-separate-helpfiles'
+ Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help'
builtin instead of storing the text internally.
-`--enable-single-help-strings'
- Store the text displayed by the `help' builtin as a single string
+'--enable-single-help-strings'
+ Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string
for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to
- different languages. You may need to disable this if your
- compiler cannot handle very long string literals.
+ different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler
+ cannot handle very long string literals.
-`--enable-strict-posix-default'
+'--enable-strict-posix-default'
Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
-`--enable-usg-echo-default'
- A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
+'--enable-usg-echo-default'
+ A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
-`--enable-xpg-echo-default'
- Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
- default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default
- value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash
- `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
- Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a
- description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes.
+'--enable-xpg-echo-default'
+ Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
+ default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default
+ value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash
+ 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
+ Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description
+ of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes.
- The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements
-for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are
-not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read
-the comments associated with each definition for more information about
-its effect.
+ The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements
+for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are
+not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the
+comments associated with each definition for more information about its
+effect.

File: bashref.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top
@@ -9646,27 +9737,23 @@ Appendix A Reporting Bugs
Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make
sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/'.
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
-`bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
-encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug
+'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
+encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug
reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup `gnu.bash.bug'.
+newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'.
All bug reports should include:
* The version number of Bash.
-
* The hardware and operating system.
-
* The compiler used to compile Bash.
-
* A description of the bug behaviour.
-
- * A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+ * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
to reproduce it.
-`bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
@@ -9683,29 +9770,29 @@ POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater
-depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of `sh'
+depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh'
included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
the baseline reference.
* Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
- differs from traditional `sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+ differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
* Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
Bash::).
* Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
- the `bind' builtin.
+ the 'bind' builtin.
* Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note
- Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands `complete',
- `compgen', and `compopt', to manipulate it.
+ Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete',
+ 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it.
* Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
- `history' and `fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history
+ 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history
list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
- `HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
+ 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
- * Bash implements `csh'-like history expansion (*note History
+ * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History
Interaction::).
* Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
@@ -9713,133 +9800,133 @@ the baseline reference.
Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash
provides a number of built-in array variables.
- * The `$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
- backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
- is supported (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
+ * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
+ characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+ (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
- * Bash supports the `$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
- translation of the characters between the double quotes. The
- `-D', `--dump-strings', and `--dump-po-strings' invocation options
- list the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
+ * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
+ translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D',
+ '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list
+ the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
Translation::).
- * Bash implements the `!' keyword to negate the return value of a
- pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an `if' statement
- needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash `-o pipefail' option
- to `set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
+ * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a
+ pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement
+ needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option
+ to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
command fails.
- * Bash has the `time' reserved word and command timing (*note
+ * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note
Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be
- controlled with the `TIMEFORMAT' variable.
+ controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable.
- * Bash implements the `for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
+ * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
Constructs::).
- * Bash includes the `select' compound command, which allows the
+ * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the
generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
- * Bash includes the `[[' compound command, which makes conditional
- testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional
- Constructs::), including optional regular expression matching.
+ * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional
+ testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::),
+ including optional regular expression matching.
- * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the `case' and
- `[[' constructs.
+ * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and
+ '[[' constructs.
* Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
- * Bash implements command aliases and the `alias' and `unalias'
+ * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias'
builtins (*note Aliases::).
- * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the `((' compound command (*note
+ * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note
Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
Arithmetic::).
* Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does
not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
- using the `export' command.
+ using the 'export' command.
- * Bash supports the `+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
+ * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
value of the variable named on the left hand side.
- * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal `%', `#', `%%' and `##'
+ * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##'
expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${#xx}', which returns the length of `${xx}', is
+ * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is
supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${var:'OFFSET`[:'LENGTH`]}', which expands to the
- substring of `var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
+ * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the
+ substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${var/[/]'PATTERN`[/'REPLACEMENT`]}', which matches
- PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of `var', is
+ * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+ PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
+ * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
(*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using `${!word}' (*note Shell
+ * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
Parameter Expansion::).
- * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond `$9' using `${NUM}'.
+ * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
- * The POSIX `$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
- Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ```'
+ * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
+ Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``'
(which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
* Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
- * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information
- about the current user (`UID', `EUID', and `GROUPS'), the current
- host (`HOSTTYPE', `OSTYPE', `MACHTYPE', and `HOSTNAME'), and the
- instance of Bash that is running (`BASH', `BASH_VERSION', and
- `BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
+ * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about
+ the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host
+ ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the
+ instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
- * The `IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
- not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a
- longstanding shell security hole.
+ * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+ not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding
+ shell security hole.
- * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses `!' and `^' to
+ * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to
negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne
- shell uses only `!'.
+ shell uses only '!'.
* Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
* Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
- `extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
+ 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
* It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
- name; `sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
+ name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
* Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
- `local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+ 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
(*note Bash Builtins::).
* Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
- even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In `sh', all
+ even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all
variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
command is executed from the file system.
* Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
- * Bash contains the `<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
- opened for both reading and writing, and the `&>' redirection
+ * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+ opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection
operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the
same file (*note Redirections::).
- * Bash includes the `<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
+ * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
be used as the standard input to a command.
- * Bash implements the `[n]<&WORD' and `[n]>&WORD' redirection
+ * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection
operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
* Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
@@ -9848,127 +9935,126 @@ the baseline reference.
* Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
- * The `noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
- files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The `>|'
- redirection operator may be used to override `noclobber'.
+ * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+ files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|'
+ redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'.
- * The Bash `cd' and `pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
- each take `-L' and `-P' options to switch between logical and
+ * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+ each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and
physical modes.
* Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
- function via the `builtin' and `command' builtins (*note Bash
+ function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash
Builtins::).
- * The `command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
+ * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the `enable'
+ * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable'
builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
+ * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
* Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
- using `export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
+ using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
- * The Bash `export', `readonly', and `declare' builtins can take a
- `-f' option to act on shell functions, a `-p' option to display
+ * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a
+ '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display
variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
- as shell input, a `-n' option to remove various variable
- attributes, and `name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
+ as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable
+ attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
and values simultaneously.
- * The Bash `hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
+ * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
- searching the `$PATH', using `hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
+ searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
Builtins::).
- * Bash includes a `help' builtin for quick reference to shell
+ * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell
facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The `printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
+ * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
(*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
- ending in `\' with the `-r' option, and will use the `REPLY'
- variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
- The Bash `read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the `-p'
- option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the
- `-e' option. The `read' builtin also has additional options to
- control input: the `-s' option will turn off echoing of input
- characters as they are read, the `-t' option will allow `read' to
- time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of
- seconds, the `-n' option will allow reading only a specified
- number of characters rather than a full line, and the `-d' option
- will read until a particular character rather than newline.
-
- * The `return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
- executed with the `.' or `source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+ * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
+ ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY'
+ variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The
+ Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p'
+ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e'
+ option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control
+ input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+ they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if
+ input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+ '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of
+ characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read
+ until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+ * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+ executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
Builtins::).
- * Bash includes the `shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
- optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows
- these options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note
- Invoking Bash::).
+ * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
+ optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+ options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+ Bash::).
- * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the `set'
+ * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set'
builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
- * The `-x' (`xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
+ * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
Builtin::).
- * The `test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
+ * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
the behavior based on the number of arguments.
- * Bash includes the `caller' builtin, which displays the context of
+ * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
- with the `.' or `source' builtins). This supports the bash
+ with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the bash
debugger.
- * The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
- `DEBUG' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT'. Commands
- specified with a `DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple
- command, `for' command, `case' command, `select' command, every
- arithmetic `for' command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function. The `DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell
- functions unless the function has been given the `trace' attribute
- or the `functrace' option has been enabled using the `shopt'
- builtin. The `extdebug' shell option has additional effects on the
- `DEBUG' trap.
-
- The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an `ERR'
- pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and `DEBUG'.
- Commands specified with an `ERR' trap are executed after a simple
- command fails, with a few exceptions. The `ERR' trap is not
- inherited by shell functions unless the `-o errtrace' option to
- the `set' builtin is enabled.
-
- The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
- `RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and
- `DEBUG'. Commands specified with an `RETURN' trap are executed
+ * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified
+ with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for'
+ command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for'
+ command, and before the first command executes in a shell function.
+ The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+ function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace'
+ option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug'
+ shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'.
+ Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple
+ command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the
+ 'set' builtin is enabled.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
+ 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and
+ 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed
before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script
- executed with `.' or `source' returns. The `RETURN' trap is not
- inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given
- the `trace' attribute or the `functrace' option has been enabled
- using the `shopt' builtin.
+ executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the
+ 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using
+ the 'shopt' builtin.
- * The Bash `type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
+ * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `umask' builtin permits a `-p' option to cause the output
- to be displayed in the form of a `umask' command that may be
- reused as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+ * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output
+ to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused
+ as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
- * Bash implements a `csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
- `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
- Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible
- as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+ * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
+ 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+ Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+ the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
* Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
@@ -9976,23 +10062,22 @@ the baseline reference.
* The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
- * The `disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+ * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
- `SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a `SIGHUP'.
+ 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'.
* Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
for shell scripts.
- * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (`mldmode' and
- `priv') not present in Bash.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and
+ 'priv') not present in Bash.
- * Bash does not have the `stop' or `newgrp' builtins.
+ * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins.
- * Bash does not use the `SHACCT' variable or perform shell
+ * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell
accounting.
- * The SVR4.2 `sh' uses a `TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses `TMOUT'.
-
+ * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'.
More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::.
@@ -10003,40 +10088,40 @@ Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
* Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a
- shell control structure such as an `if' or `while' statement.
+ shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement.
* Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will
- silently insert a needed closing quote at `EOF' under certain
+ silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain
circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
* The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
- trapping `SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with
- `SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the `system()' C library
- function call), it misbehaves badly.
+ trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with
+ 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function
+ call), it misbehaves badly.
* In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when
- invoked without the `-p' option, will alter its real and effective
+ invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective
UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value,
commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results.
- * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap `SIGSEGV',
- `SIGALRM', or `SIGCHLD'.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM',
+ or 'SIGCHLD'.
- * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the `IFS', `MAILCHECK', `PATH',
- `PS1', or `PS2' variables to be unset.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH',
+ 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset.
- * The SVR4.2 shell treats `^' as the undocumented equivalent of `|'.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'.
- * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (`-x -v');
- the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (`-xv'). In
- fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument
- begins with a `-'.
+ * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v');
+ the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact,
+ some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+ with a '-'.
* The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a
script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
- * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as `jsh' (it
+ * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it
turns on job control).

@@ -10048,7 +10133,7 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- `http://fsf.org/'
+ <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@@ -10073,21 +10158,21 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
- of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
- We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
+ recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
- that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
- can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
+ that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+ be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
- of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
- accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
- way requiring permission under copyright law.
+ of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
+ the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+ requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
@@ -10105,12 +10190,12 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
- titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
- the notice that says that the Document is released under this
- License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
- Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
- The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
- does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+ titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+ notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+ If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+ is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
+ contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
+ any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
@@ -10121,27 +10206,27 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
- straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
- composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
- widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
- text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
- formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
- otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
- markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
- modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
- not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
- copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+ straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+ of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+ available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+ formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+ suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
+ Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+ been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+ readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
+ used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
+ "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
- SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
- standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
- human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
- PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
- can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
- XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
- available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
- produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
+ SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+ simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+ Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+ Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+ edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+ the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+ the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+ processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
@@ -10179,8 +10264,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
- distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
- the conditions in section 3.
+ distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+ conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
@@ -10194,12 +10279,11 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
- front cover must present the full title with all words of the
- title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
- on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
- covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
- satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
- other respects.
+ front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+ equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
+ covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+ long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+ conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
@@ -10207,40 +10291,39 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
- numbering more than 100, you must either include a
- machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
- state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
- which the general network-using public has access to download
- using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
- copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
- latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
- begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
- this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
- location until at least one year after the last time you
- distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
- retailers) of that edition to the public.
+ numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+ remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+ through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
- the Document well before redistributing any large number of
- copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
- version of the Document.
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
- release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
- the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
- licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
- whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
- things in the Modified Version:
+ release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+ Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
+ the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
- distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
- previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
- in the History section of the Document). You may use the
- same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
- that version gives permission.
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title
+ as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+ version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
@@ -10270,31 +10353,30 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
- authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
- the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
- the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
- and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
- then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
- the previous sentence.
+ authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+ Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+ an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+ previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
- previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
- the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
- work that was published at least four years before the
- Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
- it refers to gives permission.
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
+ "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ that was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+ to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
- Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
- section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
- titles.
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+ in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
@@ -10307,11 +10389,11 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
- material copied from the Document, you may at your option
- designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
- add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
- Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
- other section titles.
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
@@ -10320,15 +10402,15 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
- and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
- of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
- passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
- added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
- Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
- previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
- you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
- replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
- publisher that added the old one.
+ and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+ the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
+ of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+ one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+ the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
@@ -10338,8 +10420,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
- modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
- all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
@@ -10366,20 +10448,20 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
- rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
- documents in all other respects.
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
- a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
- this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
- that document.
+ a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
- separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
- a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+ separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+ storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
@@ -10424,8 +10506,8 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
- provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
- and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
@@ -10437,33 +10519,33 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
- the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
- you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
- not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
- the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+ the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+ same material does not give you any rights to use it.
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
- `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
+ <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
- published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
- the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
- you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
- Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
- can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
+ Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+ choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+ decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
- 11. RELICENSING
+ 11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
@@ -10493,7 +10575,6 @@ Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
-
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
@@ -10510,7 +10591,7 @@ notices just after the title page:
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
-Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
@@ -10521,9 +10602,9 @@ combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
-permit their use in free software.
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.

File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
@@ -10555,94 +10636,94 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
* :: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 11)
* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 258)
+ (line 268)
* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
* bg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 7)
* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21)
* break: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 31)
+ (line 36)
* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 102)
* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 111)
* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 39)
-* command: Bash Builtins. (line 129)
+ (line 44)
+* command: Bash Builtins. (line 128)
* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 12)
* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 30)
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
- (line 228)
+ (line 229)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 80)
-* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 149)
+ (line 85)
+* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 148)
* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 7)
* disown: Job Control Builtins.
(line 89)
* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245)
-* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 307)
+* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 294)
* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 89)
+ (line 94)
* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 97)
+ (line 102)
* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 114)
+ (line 119)
* export: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 121)
+ (line 126)
* fc: Bash History Builtins.
(line 10)
* fg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 17)
* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 137)
+ (line 142)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 180)
-* help: Bash Builtins. (line 336)
+ (line 185)
+* help: Bash Builtins. (line 323)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 40)
* jobs: Job Control Builtins.
(line 27)
* kill: Job Control Builtins.
- (line 59)
-* let: Bash Builtins. (line 357)
-* local: Bash Builtins. (line 365)
-* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 376)
-* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 381)
+ (line 58)
+* let: Bash Builtins. (line 342)
+* local: Bash Builtins. (line 350)
+* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 364)
+* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 369)
* popd: Directory Stack Builtins.
- (line 39)
-* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 429)
+ (line 35)
+* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 414)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
- (line 61)
+ (line 53)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 200)
-* read: Bash Builtins. (line 477)
-* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 564)
+ (line 205)
+* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458)
+* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 550)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 210)
+ (line 215)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 229)
+ (line 234)
* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 245)
+ (line 255)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
-* source: Bash Builtins. (line 573)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 559)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 101)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 258)
+ (line 268)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 334)
+ (line 343)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 340)
-* type: Bash Builtins. (line 578)
-* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 610)
-* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 616)
+ (line 349)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 564)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 596)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 602)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 389)
-* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 707)
+ (line 398)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 701)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 407)
+ (line 416)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
(line 76)
@@ -10657,9 +10738,11 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words
* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 119)
+ (line 121)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 119)
+ (line 121)
+* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
+* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
@@ -10679,14 +10762,12 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words
* in: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* select: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 78)
+ (line 79)
* then: Conditional Constructs.
(line 7)
* time: Pipelines. (line 9)
* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22)
-* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
-* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)

File: bashref.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes
@@ -10718,180 +10799,198 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
* auto_resume: Job Control Variables.
(line 6)
* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13)
-* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30)
-* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 37)
-* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 47)
-* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 57)
-* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 64)
-* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 69)
-* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 84)
-* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 90)
-* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 93)
-* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 101)
-* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 109)
-* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 116)
-* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 121)
-* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 144)
-* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 147)
* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16)
* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25)
+* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30)
+* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 39)
+* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 49)
+* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 59)
+* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 68)
+* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 73)
+* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 88)
+* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 94)
+* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 97)
+* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 105)
+* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 109)
+* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 117)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 124)
+* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 129)
+* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 152)
+* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 155)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 38)
* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 45)
+* blink-matching-paren: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 50)
* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 9)
-* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 158)
+* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 166)
+* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 55)
* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 50)
-* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 165)
+ (line 62)
+* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 173)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 56)
-* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 171)
-* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 200)
-* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 177)
-* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 182)
-* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 190)
-* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 204)
-* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 210)
+ (line 68)
* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 61)
+ (line 73)
* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 68)
+ (line 80)
* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 73)
+ (line 85)
* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 79)
+ (line 91)
* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 86)
-* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 218)
+ (line 98)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 225)
+* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 179)
+* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 208)
+* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 185)
+* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 190)
+* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 198)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 212)
+* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 218)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 96)
-* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 224)
-* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 228)
+ (line 108)
+* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 231)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 235)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 102)
+ (line 116)
+* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 121)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 107)
-* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 238)
+ (line 126)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 245)
+* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 132)
+* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 142)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 118)
-* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 243)
-* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 247)
+ (line 150)
+* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 250)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 254)
+* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 258)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 129)
-* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 251)
-* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 255)
-* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 261)
-* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 279)
-* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 284)
-* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 290)
-* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 296)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 311)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 316)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 332)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 336)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 347)
+ (line 161)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 271)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 275)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 281)
+* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 298)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 310)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 316)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 331)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 336)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 356)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 367)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 133)
+ (line 165)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 139)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 366)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 373)
+ (line 171)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 387)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 394)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 146)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 382)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 393)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 396)
+ (line 180)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 402)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 413)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 416)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 399)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 419)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 153)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 409)
+ (line 187)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 429)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 160)
+ (line 195)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 167)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 413)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 417)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 421)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 428)
-* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 433)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 437)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 441)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 445)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 451)
+ (line 202)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 433)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 437)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 441)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 448)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 453)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 457)
+* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 461)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 465)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 469)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 475)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 22)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 455)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 479)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 27)
-* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 463)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 196)
+ (line 232)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 201)
+ (line 237)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 206)
+ (line 242)
* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 213)
+ (line 249)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 153)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 467)
+ (line 187)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 491)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 470)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 494)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 38)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 474)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 498)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 218)
+ (line 254)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 223)
+ (line 260)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 477)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 482)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 491)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 495)
-* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 499)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 501)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 506)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 515)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 519)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 523)
+* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 529)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 48)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 505)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 510)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 516)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 519)
-* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 524)
-* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 528)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 532)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 534)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 539)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 545)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 548)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 553)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 557)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 561)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 233)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 535)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 541)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 546)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 555)
+ (line 270)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 564)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 570)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 575)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 584)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 239)
+ (line 276)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 245)
+ (line 282)
* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 254)
+ (line 291)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 259)
+ (line 297)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 560)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 598)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 610)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 614)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 589)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 627)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 639)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 643)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 310)
+* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 320)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 272)
+ (line 330)

File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
@@ -10903,105 +11002,192 @@ D.4 Function Index
* Menu:
* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 10)
-* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6)
-* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
-* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
-* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. (line 9)
-* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing. (line 24)
-* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
-* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20)
-* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
-* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
-* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 52)
+ (line 10)
+* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
+ (line 6)
+* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 124)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
+* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
+* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 9)
+* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
+* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
+ (line 20)
+* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
+* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33)
+* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
+* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61)
* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 41)
+ (line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 46)
-* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
+ (line 46)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
- (line 6)
-* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 58)
-* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 63)
-* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54)
-* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12)
+ (line 6)
+* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 80)
+* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 49)
+* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 72)
+* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 100)
+* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 56)
+* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 64)
+* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 58)
+* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 63)
+* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 54)
+* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 95)
+* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12)
* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 43)
-* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46)
-* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
+ (line 43)
+* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 46)
+* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
+* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 109)
* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 14)
-* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 48)
+ (line 14)
+* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57)
* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 73)
+ (line 73)
* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 85)
+ (line 85)
* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 79)
-* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
-* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
-* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23)
-* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
+ (line 79)
+* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 90)
+* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 138)
+* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
+* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
+* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
+ (line 23)
+* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 36)
-* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
-* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
-* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31)
-* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
-* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 52)
-* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 46)
-* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 64)
-* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 58)
+ (line 36)
+* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
+* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
+* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
+ (line 31)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
+* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 91)
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 97)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 103)
+* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 127)
+* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 117)
+* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 53)
+* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 47)
+* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 65)
+* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 59)
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 60)
+ (line 60)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
- (line 22)
-* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6)
-* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. (line 50)
-* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. (line 15)
-* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19)
+ (line 22)
+* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 130)
+* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 6)
+* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 50)
+* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 15)
+* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 19)
+* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 120)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 26)
+ (line 26)
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 38)
-* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17)
+ (line 38)
+* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
+ (line 17)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
- (line 41)
+ (line 41)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
- (line 36)
-* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 56)
+ (line 35)
+* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 133)
+* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65)
+* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 86)
* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion.
- (line 15)
+ (line 15)
+* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 52)
+* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 76)
+* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 60)
+* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 68)
* prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 18)
-* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13)
-* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
-* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26)
+ (line 18)
+* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
+ (line 13)
+* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
-* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27)
+ (line 6)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
+* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
+ (line 27)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 25)
-* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30)
+ (line 25)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30)
* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 32)
+ (line 32)
+* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 33)
+* shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
+* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 112)
+* shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
+* shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 28)
* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 51)
-* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
-* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 33)
-* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 39)
+ (line 51)
+* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
+* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 29)
+* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42)
+* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48)
* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 22)
-* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10)
-* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41)
-* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. (line 12)
-* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 37)
-* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 44)
-* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 68)
-* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 79)
-* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 70)
-* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. (line 71)
+ (line 22)
+* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10)
+* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 41)
+* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 12)
+* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 37)
+* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 53)
+* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 68)
+* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
+ (line 80)
+* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
+ (line 71)
+* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 71)

File: bashref.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes
@@ -11061,8 +11247,8 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6)
* execution environment: Command Execution Environment.
(line 6)
-* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6)
* exit status: Definitions. (line 26)
+* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6)
* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6)
* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion.
(line 6)
@@ -11093,18 +11279,18 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6)
* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction.
(line 6)
+* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128)
* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
-* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 125)
* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
* job: Definitions. (line 38)
-* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* job control: Definitions. (line 42)
+* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands.
- (line 19)
+ (line 18)
* killing text: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 6)
* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
-* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 122)
+* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 125)
* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6)
* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46)
* name: Definitions. (line 51)
@@ -11134,7 +11320,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* quoting: Quoting. (line 6)
* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6)
* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables.
- (line 24)
+ (line 23)
* redirection: Redirections. (line 6)
* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70)
* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell.
@@ -11147,8 +11333,8 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* signal: Definitions. (line 78)
* signal handling: Signals. (line 6)
-* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82)
+* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6)
* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
@@ -11165,134 +11351,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index

Tag Table:
-Node: Top930
-Node: Introduction2848
-Node: What is Bash?3076
-Node: What is a shell?4189
-Node: Definitions6728
-Node: Basic Shell Features9646
-Node: Shell Syntax10865
-Node: Shell Operation11895
-Node: Quoting13189
-Node: Escape Character14492
-Node: Single Quotes14977
-Node: Double Quotes15325
-Node: ANSI-C Quoting16450
-Node: Locale Translation17694
-Node: Comments18590
-Node: Shell Commands19208
-Node: Simple Commands20080
-Node: Pipelines20711
-Node: Lists23449
-Node: Compound Commands25178
-Node: Looping Constructs26184
-Node: Conditional Constructs28647
-Node: Command Grouping39577
-Node: Coprocesses41056
-Node: GNU Parallel42889
-Node: Shell Functions46875
-Node: Shell Parameters51959
-Node: Positional Parameters56088
-Node: Special Parameters56988
-Node: Shell Expansions60327
-Node: Brace Expansion62270
-Node: Tilde Expansion65051
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion67400
-Node: Command Substitution79694
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion81027
-Node: Process Substitution81959
-Node: Word Splitting83009
-Node: Filename Expansion84657
-Node: Pattern Matching86822
-Node: Quote Removal90522
-Node: Redirections90817
-Node: Executing Commands99981
-Node: Simple Command Expansion100651
-Node: Command Search and Execution102581
-Node: Command Execution Environment104918
-Node: Environment107904
-Node: Exit Status109563
-Node: Signals111185
-Node: Shell Scripts113153
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands115671
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins117699
-Node: Bash Builtins137606
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior165232
-Node: The Set Builtin165577
-Node: The Shopt Builtin175903
-Node: Special Builtins190324
-Node: Shell Variables191303
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables191743
-Node: Bash Variables193774
-Node: Bash Features220649
-Node: Invoking Bash221548
-Node: Bash Startup Files227326
-Node: Interactive Shells232355
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?232765
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?233414
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior234229
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions237517
-Node: Shell Arithmetic241519
-Node: Aliases244295
-Node: Arrays246851
-Node: The Directory Stack251832
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins252551
-Node: Controlling the Prompt255507
-Node: The Restricted Shell258279
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode260116
-Node: Job Control269502
-Node: Job Control Basics269962
-Node: Job Control Builtins274681
-Node: Job Control Variables279152
-Node: Command Line Editing280310
-Node: Introduction and Notation281982
-Node: Readline Interaction283604
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials284795
-Node: Readline Movement Commands286584
-Node: Readline Killing Commands287549
-Node: Readline Arguments289469
-Node: Searching290513
-Node: Readline Init File292699
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax293846
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs310832
-Node: Sample Init File313365
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands316483
-Node: Commands For Moving317690
-Node: Commands For History318834
-Node: Commands For Text323019
-Node: Commands For Killing325948
-Node: Numeric Arguments328405
-Node: Commands For Completion329544
-Node: Keyboard Macros333736
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands334424
-Node: Readline vi Mode340230
-Node: Programmable Completion341137
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins348413
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example358159
-Node: Using History Interactively363409
-Node: Bash History Facilities364093
-Node: Bash History Builtins367092
-Node: History Interaction371020
-Node: Event Designators373725
-Node: Word Designators374947
-Node: Modifiers376586
-Node: Installing Bash377990
-Node: Basic Installation379127
-Node: Compilers and Options381819
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures382560
-Node: Installation Names384224
-Node: Specifying the System Type385042
-Node: Sharing Defaults385758
-Node: Operation Controls386431
-Node: Optional Features387389
-Node: Reporting Bugs397453
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell398651
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License415510
-Node: Indexes440706
-Node: Builtin Index441160
-Node: Reserved Word Index447987
-Node: Variable Index450435
-Node: Function Index464615
-Node: Concept Index471916
+Node: Top897
+Node: Introduction2817
+Node: What is Bash?3033
+Node: What is a shell?4147
+Node: Definitions6685
+Node: Basic Shell Features9636
+Node: Shell Syntax10855
+Node: Shell Operation11881
+Node: Quoting13174
+Node: Escape Character14474
+Node: Single Quotes14959
+Node: Double Quotes15307
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting16585
+Node: Locale Translation17838
+Node: Comments18734
+Node: Shell Commands19352
+Node: Simple Commands20224
+Node: Pipelines20855
+Node: Lists23598
+Node: Compound Commands25327
+Node: Looping Constructs26330
+Node: Conditional Constructs28793
+Node: Command Grouping39715
+Node: Coprocesses41194
+Node: GNU Parallel43026
+Node: Shell Functions46999
+Node: Shell Parameters52205
+Node: Positional Parameters56618
+Node: Special Parameters57518
+Node: Shell Expansions60855
+Node: Brace Expansion62949
+Node: Tilde Expansion65730
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion68078
+Node: Command Substitution82210
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion83565
+Node: Process Substitution84497
+Node: Word Splitting85617
+Node: Filename Expansion87561
+Node: Pattern Matching89845
+Node: Quote Removal93543
+Node: Redirections93838
+Node: Executing Commands103258
+Node: Simple Command Expansion103928
+Node: Command Search and Execution105858
+Node: Command Execution Environment108194
+Node: Environment111178
+Node: Exit Status112837
+Node: Signals114507
+Node: Shell Scripts116474
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands118989
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins121023
+Node: Bash Builtins141623
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior170268
+Node: The Set Builtin170613
+Node: The Shopt Builtin181026
+Node: Special Builtins196825
+Node: Shell Variables197804
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables198241
+Node: Bash Variables200272
+Node: Bash Features228652
+Node: Invoking Bash229551
+Node: Bash Startup Files235500
+Node: Interactive Shells240603
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?241013
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?241662
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior242477
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions245852
+Node: Shell Arithmetic250092
+Node: Aliases252909
+Node: Arrays255457
+Node: The Directory Stack260541
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins261325
+Node: Controlling the Prompt264293
+Node: The Restricted Shell267039
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode268864
+Node: Job Control279215
+Node: Job Control Basics279675
+Node: Job Control Builtins284394
+Node: Job Control Variables288924
+Node: Command Line Editing290080
+Node: Introduction and Notation291751
+Node: Readline Interaction293374
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials294565
+Node: Readline Movement Commands296348
+Node: Readline Killing Commands297308
+Node: Readline Arguments299226
+Node: Searching300270
+Node: Readline Init File302456
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax303603
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs323790
+Node: Sample Init File326315
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands329432
+Node: Commands For Moving330636
+Node: Commands For History331779
+Node: Commands For Text336068
+Node: Commands For Killing339457
+Node: Numeric Arguments341938
+Node: Commands For Completion343077
+Node: Keyboard Macros347268
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands347955
+Node: Readline vi Mode353759
+Node: Programmable Completion354666
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins362127
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example372013
+Node: Using History Interactively377265
+Node: Bash History Facilities377949
+Node: Bash History Builtins380950
+Node: History Interaction384947
+Node: Event Designators387911
+Node: Word Designators389130
+Node: Modifiers390767
+Node: Installing Bash392169
+Node: Basic Installation393306
+Node: Compilers and Options395997
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures396738
+Node: Installation Names398401
+Node: Specifying the System Type399219
+Node: Sharing Defaults399935
+Node: Operation Controls400608
+Node: Optional Features401566
+Node: Reporting Bugs411823
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell413017
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License429869
+Node: Indexes455046
+Node: Builtin Index455500
+Node: Reserved Word Index462327
+Node: Variable Index464775
+Node: Function Index480234
+Node: Concept Index493391

End Tag Table
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cleartomark
-{restore}if
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMR9
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@@ -524,7 +467,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMR9 known{/CMR9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMR9 def
/FontBBox {-39 -250 1036 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5000792 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -1143,7 +1085,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMMI9 known{/CMMI9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMMI9 def
/FontBBox {-29 -250 1075 750 }readonly def
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/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
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/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMSLTT10 def
/FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def
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/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
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/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMTT9 def
/FontBBox {-6 -233 542 698 }readonly def
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/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
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/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMR10 def
/FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def
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/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
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/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMCSC10 def
/FontBBox {14 -250 1077 750 }readonly def
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/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
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cleartomark
{restore}if
%%EndFont
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+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT12 003.002
+%%Title: CMTT12
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMTT12 known{/CMTT12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
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+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
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+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
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+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
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+dup 103 /g put
+dup 104 /h put
+dup 105 /i put
+dup 108 /l put
+dup 110 /n put
+dup 111 /o put
+dup 115 /s put
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+currentdict end
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+cleartomark
+{restore}if
+%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: SFRM1095
%!FontType1-1.0: SFRM1095 0.3
%%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
@@ -4130,7 +4196,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMBX12 def
/FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5000769 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -4219,6 +4284,7 @@ dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
+dup 123 /endash put
readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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@@ -4857,7 +4925,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMTI10 def
/FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5000828 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -5246,7 +5313,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMMI10 known{/CMMI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMMI10 def
/FontBBox {-32 -250 1048 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5087385 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -5482,7 +5548,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMMI12 known{/CMMI12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMMI12 def
/FontBBox {-31 -250 1026 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5087386 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -5718,7 +5783,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMSY10 def
/FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5096651 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -5974,7 +6038,6 @@ FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
/FontName /CMSL10 def
/FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def
-/UniqueID 5000798 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
/version (003.002) readonly def
@@ -6045,6 +6108,7 @@ dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
+dup 122 /z put
readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%Page: 7 13
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eop end
%%Page: 8 14
@@ -8444,17 +8516,17 @@ b(page)e(3\).)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)i(generally)g(sp)s
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@@ -8509,12 +8581,12 @@ TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41
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@@ -8543,10 +8615,10 @@ Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(the)e(shell)h(executes)h(the)f(command)150
b(is)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h(executing)h(the)f(command)g(in)f(the)h
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@@ -8575,7 +8647,7 @@ b(Eac)m(h)35 b(construct)g(b)s(egins)f(with)150 4659
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@@ -8638,7 +8710,7 @@ Fj(commands)e Ft(;)j(done)630 3794 y Fu(First,)38 b(the)f(arithmetic)h
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@@ -8795,7 +8867,7 @@ b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 4550 y(sion)j
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Fj(num)p Ft(})p Fu(.)225 4276 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)27
b Fm(posix)g Ft($\(\))g Fu(form)g(of)h(command)g(substitution)f(is)h
(implemen)m(ted)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.5.4)i([Com-)330
-4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(28\),)j(and)38
+4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(29\),)j(and)38
b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is)
f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h
(compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31
b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s
-(cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(29\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60
+(cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(30\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60
b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55
b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330
4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e
@@ -18363,17 +18800,17 @@ Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330
4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f
(that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p
Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31
-b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(69,)g(for)f
+b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(71,)g(for)f
(details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f
Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g
(of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340
-y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(29\).)41
+y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(30\).)41
b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p
eop end
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b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
-b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(148)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
+b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(152)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co)
s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h
(the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f
@@ -18387,7 +18824,7 @@ b Fr(collating)k(sym)m(b)s(ols)g Fu(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.8)h
883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)35 b(implemen)m(ts)g(extended)g(pattern)g
(matc)m(hing)h(features)f(when)f(the)h Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)
330 993 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f
-(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(30\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b
+(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(31\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b
Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5
b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j
Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 1230 y(the)31
@@ -18396,24 +18833,24 @@ Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s
(cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f
Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g
(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g
-(Builtins],)g(page)h(48\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8
+(Builtins],)g(page)h(49\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8
b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only)
f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705
y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)
-e(37\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
+e(38\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37
b(assignmen)m(ts)330 1815 y(preceding)30 b(commands)g(are)h(global)h
(unless)d(the)i(command)f(is)h(executed)g(from)f(the)g(\014le)h
(system.)225 1943 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)
i(expansion)f(on)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(op)s(erands)e
(to)j(input)e(and)330 2052 y(output)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g
-(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(31\).)225
+(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(32\).)225
2180 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(con)m(tains)h(the)f(`)p
Ft(<>)p Fu(')f(redirection)i(op)s(erator,)f(allo)m(wing)i(a)e(\014le)g
(to)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)g(for)h(b)s(oth)f(read-)330 2290
y(ing)35 b(and)f(writing,)i(and)e(the)h(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(')g(redirection)
g(op)s(erator,)h(for)f(directing)g(standard)f(output)h(and)330
2399 y(standard)30 b(error)g(to)h(the)f(same)h(\014le)f(\(see)i
-(Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(31\).)225 2527
+(Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(32\).)225 2527
y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)21 b(includes)f(the)h(`)p Ft(<<<)p
Fu(')g(redirection)g(op)s(erator,)i(allo)m(wing)g(a)e(string)f(to)i(b)s
(e)e(used)g(as)h(the)g(standard)330 2637 y(input)29 b(to)j(a)e
@@ -18424,20 +18861,20 @@ Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330
3002 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i
(\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g
(redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 3112 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f
-([Redirections],)h(page)f(31\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
+([Redirections],)h(page)f(32\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60
b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h
(arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f(services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330
3349 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h
-([Redirections],)g(page)f(31\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60
+([Redirections],)g(page)f(32\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60
b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v)-5
b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g
(\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 3587 y(rection)39
-b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(58\).)66
+b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(60\).)66
b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330
3696 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h
Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 3824 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34
b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)
-g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\))h(eac)m(h)330
+g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))h(eac)m(h)330
3934 y(tak)m(e)c Ft(-L)e Fu(and)f Ft(-P)h Fu(options)h(to)g(switc)m(h)g
(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(logical)i(and)c(ph)m(ysical)i(mo)s(des.)225
4061 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g(function)e(to)i(o)m(v)
@@ -18445,28 +18882,28 @@ m(erride)g(a)g(builtin)e(with)h(the)g(same)g(name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides)
h(access)h(to)330 4171 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h
(within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g
Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 4281 y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g
-(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35
+(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4408 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35
b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(allo)m(ws)i(selectiv)m(e)h(disabling)e(of)f
(functions)g(when)g(command)g(lo)s(okup)g(is)330 4518
y(p)s(erformed)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)g(page)g
-(48\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i
+(49\).)225 4646 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Individual)23 b(builtins)g(ma)m(y)i
(b)s(e)e(enabled)h(or)g(disabled)g(using)f(the)h Ft(enable)f
Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g(4.2)330 4756 y([Bash)31
-b(Builtins],)g(page)g(48\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26
+b(Builtins],)g(page)g(49\).)225 4883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26
b(Bash)h Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)h(tak)m(es)i(additional)f(options)g(that)
g(allo)m(w)h(users)d(to)j(con)m(trol)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)330
4993 y(of)35 b(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(passed)f(to)h(the)g(executed)g
(command,)h(and)d(what)i(the)f(zeroth)h(argumen)m(t)330
5103 y(to)c(the)g(command)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.1)f
-([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(41\).)225 5230
+([Bourne)f(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(42\).)225 5230
y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Shell)29 b(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(exp)s(orted)g
(to)h(c)m(hildren)f(via)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(using)f
Ft(export)f(-f)h Fu(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)i(3.3)h([Shell)e(F)-8
b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(17\).)p eop end
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b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
-b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(149)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
+b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(153)225 299 y Fq(\017)60
b Fu(The)40 b(Bash)h Ft(export)p Fu(,)h Ft(readonly)p
Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(can)g(tak)m(e)h(a)f
Ft(-f)f Fu(option)i(to)f(act)h(on)330 408 y(shell)30
@@ -18482,15 +18919,15 @@ Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d
(an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h
(\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g
Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330
-984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(41\).)225
+984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(42\).)225
1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d
Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i
-(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(48\).)225
+(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(49\).)225
1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5
b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g
-(4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(48\).)225
+(4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(49\).)225
1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i
-(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(48\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g
+(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(49\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g
(line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g
Ft(-r)g Fu(option,)i(and)d(will)i(use)f(the)h Ft(REPLY)e
Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(as)g(a)f(default)h(if)f(no)h(non-option)330
@@ -18513,23 +18950,23 @@ Fu(option)h(will)330 2491 y(read)30 b(un)m(til)h(a)g(particular)f(c)m
b Fu(The)33 b Ft(return)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(ab)
s(ort)f(execution)h(of)f(scripts)g(executed)h(with)f(the)g
Ft(.)g Fu(or)330 2737 y Ft(source)c Fu(builtins)g(\(see)j(Section)f
-(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\).)225
+(4.1)g([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\).)225
2874 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)43 b(includes)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f
Fu(builtin,)k(for)d(\014ner)f(con)m(trol)j(of)e(shell)h(optional)g
(capabilities)h(\(see)330 2984 y(Section)c(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f
-(Builtin],)k(page)d(62\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f
+(Builtin],)k(page)d(64\),)k(and)39 b(allo)m(ws)i(these)f(options)h(to)f
(b)s(e)f(set)i(and)330 3093 y(unset)30 b(at)h(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s
(cation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(6.1)f([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)h
-(80\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h
+(82\).)225 3230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)45 b(has)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(more)h
(optional)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(con)m(trollable)j(with)e(the)f
Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)330 3340 y(tion)31
-b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)225 3477
+b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225 3477
y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p
Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f
(commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace)
-f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(58\).)225
+f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(60\).)225
3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)
-f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(41\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h
+f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(42\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h
(di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h
Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m
(vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31
@@ -18540,7 +18977,7 @@ b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h
Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26
b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225
4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section)
-f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(41\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e
+f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(42\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e
Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e
(to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h
Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h
@@ -18556,86 +18993,86 @@ Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330
Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f
(the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e
Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)j
-(page)e(41\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330
+(page)e(42\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330
5340 y(signal)30 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g
Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h
(with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end
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b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31
-b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(150)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g
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(a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68
b(The)39 b Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h
(shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)29 b(errtrace)37
b Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(is)330
518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Ft(trap)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h
-(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(41\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g
-Ft(RETURN)330 760 y Fu(pseudo-signal)35 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)j
+(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(42\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g
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%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi
index eca3c26b..c0f4a2f8 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.texi
+++ b/doc/bashref.texi
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
@cindex control operator
A @code{token} that performs a control function. It is a @code{newline}
or one of the following:
-@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;},
+@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, @samp{;;&},
@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}.
@item exit status
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
@item metacharacter
@cindex metacharacter
A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
-a @code{blank} or one of the following characters:
+a @code{space}, @code{tab}, @code{newline}, or one of the following characters:
@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or
@samp{>}.
@@ -450,6 +450,10 @@ Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\},
and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}.
+When the shell is in
+@sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+the @samp{!} has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
@@ -500,6 +504,8 @@ backslash
single quote
@item \"
double quote
+@item \?
+question mark
@item \@var{nnn}
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
(one to three digits)
@@ -603,8 +609,8 @@ the command was terminated by signal @var{n}.
@cindex pipeline
@cindex commands, pipelines
-A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of
-the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}.
+A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}.
@rwindex time
@rwindex !
@@ -868,7 +874,7 @@ case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-li
@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to
the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
@@ -999,7 +1005,7 @@ right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching},
as if the @code{extglob} shell option were enabled.
The @samp{=} operator is identical to @samp{==}.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
@@ -1011,12 +1017,12 @@ to be matched as a string.
An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same
precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}.
When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
-an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in @i{regex}3)).
+an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in @i{regex}3)).
The return value is 0 if the string matches
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option @code{nocasematch}
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
@@ -1346,7 +1352,9 @@ word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
The @var{body} of the function is the compound command
@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}).
That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but
-may be any compound command listed above.
+may be any compound command listed above,
+with one exception: If the @code{function} reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
name of a command.
When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
@@ -1481,7 +1489,7 @@ Filename expansion is not performed.
Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
@code{alias},
@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
-and @code{local} builtin commands.
+and @code{local} builtin commands (@var{declaration} commands).
When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear
in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin
and retain these assignment statement properties.
@@ -1490,6 +1498,8 @@ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as @code{declare} that
+accept assignment statements (@var{declaration} commands).
When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @var{integer} attribute
has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
@@ -1503,13 +1513,15 @@ When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and
appended to the variable's value.
A variable can be assigned the @var{nameref} attribute using the
-@option{-n} option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands
+@option{-n} option to the @code{declare} or @code{local} builtin commands
(@pxref{Bash Builtins})
to create a @var{nameref}, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
-Whenever the nameref variable is referenced or assigned to, the operation
-is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref variable's
-value.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
@@ -1520,14 +1532,15 @@ declare -n ref=$1
@noindent
inside the function creates a nameref variable @var{ref} whose value is
the variable name passed as the first argument.
-References and assignments to @var{ref} are treated as references and
-assignments to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}.
+References and assignments to @var{ref}, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}.
If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the @option{-n} attribute.
+Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin
@@ -1572,9 +1585,8 @@ expands to a separate word.
In contexts where it is performed, those words
are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
-with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
-of the @env{IFS}
-special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+@env{IFS} special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent
to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c}
is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS}
variable.
@@ -1691,6 +1703,10 @@ This is performed at the
same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
command substitution.
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(@var{quote removal}).
+
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
expand a single word to a single word.
@@ -1870,12 +1886,16 @@ or when @var{parameter} is followed by a character that is not to be
interpreted as part of its name.
If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!),
+and @var{parameter} is not a @var{nameref},
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
@var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of @var{parameter} itself.
This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
+If @var{parameter} is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by @var{parameter} instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
described below.
@@ -2144,6 +2164,10 @@ If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{%}, it must match at the end
of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
If @var{string} is null, matches of @var{pattern} are deleted
and the @code{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
the substitution operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
@@ -2177,6 +2201,41 @@ If @var{parameter}
is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}@@@var{operator}@}
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of @var{parameter}
+or information about @var{parameter} itself, depending on the value of
+@var{operator}. Each @var{operator} is a single letter:
+
+@table @code
+@item Q
+The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+@item E
+The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting mechansim.
+@item P
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+@var{parameter} as if it were a prompt string (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+@item A
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or @code{declare} command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate @var{parameter} with its attributes and value.
+@item a
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+@var{parameter}'s attributes.
+@end table
+
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
@end table
@node Command Substitution
@@ -2196,8 +2255,8 @@ or
@end example
@noindent
-Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} and
-replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
word splitting.
@@ -2246,8 +2305,8 @@ failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
@subsection Process Substitution
@cindex process substitution
-Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
-pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
It takes the form of
@example
<(@var{list})
@@ -2258,16 +2317,20 @@ or
>(@var{list})
@end example
@noindent
-The process @var{list} is run with its input or output connected to a
-@sc{fifo} or some file in @file{/dev/fd}. The name of this file is
+The process @var{list} is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
-expansion. If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
+expansion.
+If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
the file will provide input for @var{list}. If the
@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an
argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}.
Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
as a redirection.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
@@ -2291,7 +2354,7 @@ at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS}
characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of
-the whitespace characters @code{space} and @code{tab}
+the whitespace characters @code{space}, @code{tab}, and @code{newline}
are ignored at the beginning and end of the
word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character).
@@ -2301,11 +2364,18 @@ whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of @env{IFS}
whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs.
-Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained.
+Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
parameters that have no values, are removed.
If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
-null argument results and is retained.
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+@code{-d''} becomes @code{-d} after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
is performed.
@@ -2352,7 +2422,10 @@ The @env{GLOBIGNORE}
shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
pattern. If @env{GLOBIGNORE}
is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
-@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches. The filenames
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches.
+If the @code{nocaseglob} option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
@file{.} and @file{..}
are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
is set and not null.
@@ -2523,7 +2596,10 @@ because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
-redirections, as described in the following table:
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
@table @code
@item /dev/fd/@var{fd}
@@ -2651,18 +2727,18 @@ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only @var{word}
(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
+input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified) for a command.
The format of here-documents is:
@example
-<<[@minus{}]@var{word}
+[@var{n}]<<[@minus{}]@var{word}
@var{here-document}
@var{delimiter}
@end example
No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
-@var{word}. If any characters in @var{word} are quoted, the
+@var{word}. If any part of @var{word} is quoted, the
@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word},
and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
If @var{word} is unquoted,
@@ -2681,15 +2757,17 @@ natural fashion.
@subsection Here Strings
A variant of here documents, the format is:
@example
-<<< @var{word}
+[@var{n}]<<< @var{word}
@end example
The @var{word} undergoes
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+The result is supplied as a single string,
+with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified).
@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors
The redirection operator
@@ -2945,7 +3023,7 @@ shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
@end itemize
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
-shell's execution environment.
+shell's execution environment.
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
@@ -3038,7 +3116,8 @@ constructs (@pxref{Lists}).
All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
conditional and list constructs.
-All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
@node Signals
@subsection Signals
@@ -3079,7 +3158,7 @@ an interactive login shell exits.
If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
-the command completes.
+the command completes.
When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for
which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return
@@ -3171,7 +3250,7 @@ This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
to or have been extended in Bash.
-Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack
(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history
@@ -3185,7 +3264,8 @@ options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--}
to signify the end of the options.
The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}
builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially.
-The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let},
+The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{return},
+@code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let},
and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning
with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}.
Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
@@ -3222,6 +3302,12 @@ if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}.
If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional
parameters when @var{filename} is executed. Otherwise the positional
parameters are unchanged.
+If the @option{-T} option is enabled, @code{source} inherits any trap on
+@code{DEBUG}; if it is not, any @code{DEBUG} trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to @code{source}, and @code{source} unsets the
+@code{DEBUG} trap while it executes.
+If @option{-T} is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the @code{DEBUG} trap, the new value is retained when @code{source} completes.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
zero if no commands are executed. If @var{filename} is not found, or
cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
@@ -3499,6 +3585,11 @@ Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value @var{n}
to its caller.
If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
last command executed in the function.
+If @code{return} is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+if @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before @code{return} was invoked.
@code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script
being executed with the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin,
returning either @var{n} or
@@ -3538,8 +3629,7 @@ less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
test @var{expr}
@end example
-Evaluate a conditional express
-ion @var{expr} and return a status of 0
+Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr} and return a status of 0
(true) or 1 (false).
Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
@@ -3607,7 +3697,7 @@ Otherwise, the expression is false.
@item 4 arguments
If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
-Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
@item 5 or more arguments
@@ -3667,7 +3757,7 @@ each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg}
is executed whenever
a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
-command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
non-zero exit status,
subject to the following conditions.
The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
@@ -3718,7 +3808,7 @@ unset [-fnv] [@var{name}]
Remove each variable or function @var{name}.
If the @option{-v} option is given, each
-@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is remvoved.
+@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed.
If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell
functions, and the function definition is removed.
If the @option{-n} option is supplied, and @var{name} is a variable with
@@ -3763,7 +3853,7 @@ bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}]
bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename}
bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name}
-bind @var{readline-command}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:readline-command}
@end example
Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
@@ -3790,8 +3880,8 @@ names are
@code{vi-move},
@code{vi-command}, and
@code{vi-insert}.
-@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command};
-@code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
+@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a
+synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
@item -l
List the names of all Readline functions.
@@ -3874,7 +3964,7 @@ a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
-If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller}
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller}
displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
@@ -3935,7 +4025,7 @@ The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions;
only the function name and attributes are printed.
If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where
-the function is defined are displayed as well.
+each @var{name} is defined are displayed as well.
@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at
@@ -3969,10 +4059,11 @@ The upper-case attribute is disabled.
Give each @var{name} the @var{nameref} attribute, making
it a name reference to another variable.
That other variable is defined by the value of @var{name}.
-All references and assignments to @var{name}, except for changing the
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to @var{name}, except for those using or changing the
@option{-n} attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
@var{name}'s value.
-The @option{-n} attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
@item -r
Make @var{name}s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
@@ -4153,7 +4244,12 @@ and assigned @var{value}.
The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}.
@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
-children. The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside
+children.
+If @var{name} is @samp{-}, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which @code{local} is invoked: shell options changed using
+the @code{set} builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside
a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a
readonly variable.
@@ -4169,7 +4265,7 @@ parent.
@item mapfile
@btindex mapfile
@example
-mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
+mapfile [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
[-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
@end example
@@ -4181,6 +4277,9 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
@table @code
+@item -d
+The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
@item -n
Copy at most @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied.
@item -O
@@ -4189,7 +4288,7 @@ The default index is 0.
@item -s
Discard the first @var{count} lines read.
@item -t
-Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
+Remove a trailing @var{delim} (default newline) from each line read.
@item -u
Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input.
@item -C
@@ -4199,12 +4298,12 @@ The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}.
Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}.
@end table
-If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c},
+If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c},
the default quantum is 5000.
When @var{callback} is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
-@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array}
@@ -4236,10 +4335,8 @@ interprets the following extensions:
@table @code
@item %b
Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
-corresponding @var{argument},
-except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
-@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits.
+corresponding @var{argument} in the same way as @code{echo -e}
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@item %q
Causes @code{printf} to output the
corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
@@ -4274,9 +4371,13 @@ read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}]
@end example
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
-@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word
+@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option,
+split into words as described above in @ref{Word Splitting},
+and the first word
is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name},
-and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names,
+the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
to the last @var{name}.
If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
the remaining names are assigned empty values.
@@ -4287,8 +4388,8 @@ The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special
meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
variable @env{REPLY}.
-The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read}
-times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128),
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read}
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}.
@@ -4316,7 +4417,7 @@ the editing buffer before editing begins.
@item -n @var{nchars}
@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter.
@item -N @var{nchars}
@@ -4326,6 +4427,9 @@ than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until
@var{nchars} characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in @code{IFS}; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the @option{-r} option below).
@item -p @var{prompt}
Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting
@@ -4365,7 +4469,7 @@ Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}.
@item readarray
@btindex readarray
@example
-readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
+readarray [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}]
[-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
@end example
@@ -4434,7 +4538,7 @@ It is a synonym for the @code{declare} builtin command.
@item ulimit
@btindex ulimit
@example
-ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [@var{limit}]
+ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [@var{limit}]
@end example
@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes
@@ -4469,6 +4573,9 @@ The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
@item -i
The maximum number of pending signals.
+@item -k
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
@item -l
The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
@@ -4504,6 +4611,9 @@ some systems, to its children.
@item -x
The maximum number of file locks.
+@item -P
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
@item -T
The maximum number of threads.
@end table
@@ -4521,8 +4631,14 @@ When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied,
both the hard and soft limits are set.
If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds; @option{-p},
-which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and @option{-T}, @option{-b},
-@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values.
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+@option{-P},
+@option{-T},
+@option{-b},
+@option{-k},
+@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values;
+and, when in @sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+@option{-c} and @option{-f}, which are in 512-byte increments.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
@@ -4574,8 +4690,9 @@ Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
@table @code
@item -a
-Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export
-to the environment of subsequent commands.
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
@item -b
Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
@@ -4633,8 +4750,8 @@ When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
containing its exit status.
@item -n
-Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a
-script for syntax errors.
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
This option is ignored by interactive shells.
@item -o @var{option-name}
@@ -4951,7 +5068,10 @@ bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
string comparison when using the @code{[[}
-conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item).
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
@item compat40
If set, Bash
@@ -4975,6 +5095,17 @@ If set, Bash
does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
expansion using quote removal.
+@item compat43
+If set, Bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to @code{declare},
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows @code{break} or
+@code{continue} in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
@item complete_fullquote
If set, Bash
quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
@@ -5020,7 +5151,9 @@ If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
@item extdebug
-If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the @option{--debugger} option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
@enumerate
@item
@@ -5035,20 +5168,20 @@ next command is skipped and not executed.
@item
If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the
shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
-executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), a call to
-@code{return} is simulated.
+executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to @code{return}.
@item
@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their
descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
@item
-Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps.
@item
-Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
@code{ERR} trap.
@end enumerate
@@ -5118,6 +5251,11 @@ by default.
If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive
login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}).
+@item inherit_errexit
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the @code{errexit} option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when @sc{posix} mode is enabled.
+
@item interactive_comments
Allow a word beginning with @samp{#}
to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
@@ -5139,7 +5277,7 @@ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
The value may not be changed.
@item mailwarn
-If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed.
@@ -5155,7 +5293,9 @@ performing filename expansion.
@item nocasematch
If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
performing matching while executing @code{case} or @code{[[}
-conditional commands.
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
@item nullglob
If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
@@ -5297,7 +5437,6 @@ current directory.
A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
or trailing colon.
-
@item PS1
The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }.
@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape
@@ -5342,8 +5481,12 @@ that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
-elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If @code{BASH_ALIASES}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
@item BASH_ARGC
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
@@ -5372,8 +5515,12 @@ builtin).
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
-Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
-elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If @code{BASH_CMDS}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
@item BASH_COMMAND
The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
@@ -5413,6 +5560,11 @@ where each corresponding member of @var{FUNCNAME} was invoked.
referenced within another shell function).
Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
+@item BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+@code{enable} command.
+
@item BASH_REMATCH
An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary
operator to the @code{[[} conditional command
@@ -5578,6 +5730,21 @@ Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
+@item EXECIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (@pxref{Pattern Matching})
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+@code{PATH}.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via @code{PATH} lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the @code{[}, @code{test}, and @code{[[}
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to @code{EXECIGNORE}.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
+option.
+
@item FCEDIT
The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc}
builtin command.
@@ -5598,7 +5765,7 @@ shell function.
The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
is @code{"main"}.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
-Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status.
+Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect.
If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
@@ -5621,11 +5788,13 @@ be ignored by filename expansion.
If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list
of matches.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
+option.
@item GROUPS
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
-Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect and return an error status.
+Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect.
If @env{GROUPS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
@@ -5697,6 +5866,8 @@ before attempting a match.
The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
@env{HISTIGNORE}.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
+option.
@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}. A
pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a
@@ -5780,6 +5951,10 @@ strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
@item LC_NUMERIC
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+@item LC_TIME
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+
@item LINENO
The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
@@ -5848,6 +6023,11 @@ trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and
@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+@item PS0
+The value of this parameter is expanded like @var{PS1}
+and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+
@item PS3
The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
@code{select} command. If this variable is not set, the
@@ -6076,10 +6256,13 @@ invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin.
@table @code
@item -c
-Read and execute commands from the first non-option @var{argument}
-after processing the options, then exit.
-Any remaining arguments are assigned to the
-positional parameters, starting with @code{$0}.
+Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+@var{command_string}, then exit.
+If there are arguments after the @var{command_string},
+the first argument is assigned to @code{$0}
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to @code{$0} sets the name of the shell, which is used
+in warning and error messages.
@item -i
Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
@@ -6174,7 +6357,9 @@ and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to
inhibit this behavior.
-When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the @code{exit} builtin command,
+Bash reads and executes commands from
the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists.
@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
@@ -6341,6 +6526,7 @@ signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line
of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the
second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+Bash displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before executing it.
@item
Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command
@@ -6435,6 +6621,11 @@ and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands.
Expressions may be unary or binary.
Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form
@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked.
If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
@@ -6578,8 +6769,8 @@ may be positive or negative integers.
@cindex arithmetic evaluation
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
-the shell expansions or by the @code{let} and the @option{-i} option
-to the @code{declare} builtins.
+the shell expansions or by using the @code{((} compound command, the
+@code{let} builtin, or the @option{-i} option to the @code{declare} builtin.
Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
@@ -6666,7 +6857,7 @@ is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and @var{n} is a number in that base.
If @var{base}@code{#} is omitted, then base 10 is used.
When specifying @var{n},
-he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order.
If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
@@ -6728,7 +6919,7 @@ on that line are not affected by the new alias.
This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
not when the function is executed, because a function definition
-is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases
defined in a function are not available until after that
function is executed. To be safe, always put
alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias}
@@ -6831,15 +7022,18 @@ expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}.
@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}.
If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or
@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing with a subscript of 0.
If the @var{subscript}
used to reference an element of an indexed array
-evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+@code{bash} will create an array if necessary.
+
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
@@ -6884,6 +7078,7 @@ The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified
directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
the directory removed. The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack. The current directory is always the "top"
of the directory stack.
The contents of the directory stack are also visible
@@ -6903,6 +7098,7 @@ dirs [-clpv] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the
@code{popd} command removes directories from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
@table @code
@item -c
@@ -6932,13 +7128,11 @@ with zero.
popd [-n] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
@end example
-Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and @code{cd}
-to the new top directory.
When no arguments are given, @code{popd}
removes the top directory from the stack and
-performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory. The
-elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with
-@code{dirs}; that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}.
+performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed with @code{dirs}; that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}.
@table @code
@item -n
@@ -6960,12 +7154,13 @@ pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir}]
Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
and then @code{cd} to @var{dir}.
-With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories.
+With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories
+and makes the new top the current directory.
@table @code
@item -n
-Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
-to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
@item +@var{N}
Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
@@ -6975,7 +7170,7 @@ Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
the list by rotating the stack.
@item @var{dir}
-Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, making
+Makes @var{dir} be the top of the stack, making
it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
to the @code{cd} builtin.
@end table
@@ -7151,9 +7346,7 @@ is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
@item
-The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
-in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
-is the current or previous job.
+Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
@item
Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
@@ -7174,37 +7367,10 @@ Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
@item
-The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
-statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
-when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
-statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
-
-@item
The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
default value of @env{$HISTFILE}).
@item
-The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
-separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
-
-@item
-The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
-prefix.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
-is not found.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
-results in an invalid expression.
-
-@item
-Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
-with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
-the @code{eval} builtin.
-
-@item
Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
@@ -7227,6 +7393,15 @@ builtins.
during command lookup.
@item
+When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
+not print the @code{function} keyword.
+
+@item
+Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
+under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+
+@item
The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
completed children. The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
@@ -7244,6 +7419,10 @@ The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
token begins with a @samp{-}.
@item
+The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled.
+
+@item
If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
@@ -7268,6 +7447,22 @@ variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
+is not found.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
+the @code{eval} builtin.
+
+@item
Process substitution is not available.
@item
@@ -7275,6 +7470,11 @@ While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
@item
+When expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+@item
Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins
persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
@@ -7284,6 +7484,25 @@ shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix}
special builtin command had been executed.
@item
+The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
+statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
+when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
+
+@item
+The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
+
+@item
+The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
+
+@item
+The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
+prefix.
+
+@item
The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
@@ -7304,14 +7523,14 @@ The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
@item
-Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode,
+Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
+@code{inherit_errexit} option, so
+subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.
+When the @code{inherit_errexit} option is not enabled,
Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
@item
-Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
-
-@item
When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
is supplied.
@@ -7373,6 +7592,10 @@ has been set.
If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap
handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128.
+@item
+Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
+statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
+
@end enumerate
There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by
@@ -7589,7 +7812,7 @@ passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status.
@btindex kill
@example
kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid}
-kill -l [@var{exit_status}]
+kill -l|-L [@var{exit_status}]
@end example
Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process
@@ -7604,6 +7827,7 @@ signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
is zero.
@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The @option{-L} option is equivalent to @option{-l}.
The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
@@ -7627,7 +7851,7 @@ of the shell, the return status is 127.
@item disown
@btindex disown
@example
-disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
+disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{} | @var{pid} @dots{} ]
@end example
Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of
@@ -8019,7 +8243,7 @@ the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}.
All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins},
-@samp{directpand-default}, and
+@samp{direxpand-default}, and
@samp{xpg-echo-default} are
enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
necessary support.
@@ -8105,6 +8329,11 @@ above under @ref{Pattern Matching}.
Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described
above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
+@item --enable-function-import
+Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by
+default.
+
@item --enable-glob-asciirange-default
Set the default value of the @var{globasciiranges} shell option described
above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0
index dcdc6c51..3706dad4 100644
--- a/doc/builtins.0
+++ b/doc/builtins.0
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1)
+BASH_BUILTINS(1) General Commands Manual BASH_BUILTINS(1)
@@ -15,38 +15,44 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the
options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options
- and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett,
- and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with-
- out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not
- specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as
- invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation.
+ and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn--
+ ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+ with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but
+ are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+ with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta-
+ tion.
:: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
- and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
- returned.
+ No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
+ and performing any specified redirections. The return status is
+ zero.
.. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell
- environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
- cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash,
- filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing
+ Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell
+ environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+ cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash,
+ filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing
_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable.
- When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is
- searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option
- to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not
- searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi-
- tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
- commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
+ When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is
+ searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option
+ to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not
+ searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi-
+ tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the
+ positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is
+ enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any
+ DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to
+ ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If
+ --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+ new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status
+ is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if
+ no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
cannot be read.
aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of
aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When
arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose
- _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word
+ _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup-
plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass
@@ -66,7 +72,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
- bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+ bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
@@ -77,18 +83,19 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d,
- and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is
- equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d.
+ and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e
+ is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+ _d_a_r_d.
--ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions.
- --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a
+ --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
--PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings.
- --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
+ --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
+ strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
- --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
+ --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
- --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way
+ --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
--VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values.
--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
@@ -100,110 +107,110 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q
Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q.
--xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is
- entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets
- the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd--
- lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the
+ Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is
+ entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets
+ the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd--
+ lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the
current location of the insertion point. If the executed
- command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD--
- LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the
+ command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD--
+ LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the
editing state.
- --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
- associated commands in a format that can be reused as
+ --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+ associated commands in a format that can be reused as
input.
- The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+ The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
bbrreeaakk [_n]
- Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is
- specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater
- than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
- exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or
+ Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is
+ specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater
+ than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are
+ exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or
equal to 1.
bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and
+ Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
- whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+ whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is
- commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
+ commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
_s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command.
ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With-
out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
- the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
+ the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
- and source file corresponding to that position in the current
- execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
- example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
- The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
- routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
+ and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
+ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+ routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r]
- Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied,
- the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi-
+ Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied,
+ the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi-
tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH
- defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each
- directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative
- directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null
- directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory,
+ defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each
+ directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative
+ directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null
+ directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory,
i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not
- used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory
- structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and
+ used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory
+ structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and
before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option
to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links
- to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
+ to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing
- the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a
- slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied
- with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success-
- fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will
- return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the
- --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a
- file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
+ the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a
+ slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied
+ with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success-
+ fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will
+ return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the
+ --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a
+ file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc-
- tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument,
+ tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument,
and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
- the new working directory is written to the standard output.
- The return value is true if the directory was successfully
+ the new working directory is written to the standard output.
+ The return value is true if the directory was successfully
changed; false otherwise.
ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
- Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
- executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
- performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
+ Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+ executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+ performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
- Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
- builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
+ builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
- completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci-
- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
+ mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified,
+ only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
+ ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
[--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...]
@@ -221,8 +228,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
attempted on a blank line.
The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
+ word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm--
+ mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
@@ -250,22 +257,24 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words
if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+ nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
pplluussddiirrss
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
- The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa.
aarrrraayyvvaarr
Array variable names.
bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
- bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as --bb.
ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc.
ddiirreeccttoorryy
@@ -273,7 +282,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ddiissaabblleedd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as --ee.
ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff.
ffuunnccttiioonn
@@ -282,11 +291,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hheellppttooppiicc
Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
hhoossttnnaammee
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
- jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as --jj.
- kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
--kk.
rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss.
@@ -301,40 +310,40 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as --vv.
--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
- The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
- first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose
- arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22)
+ The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose
+ arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22)
is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33)
- is the word preceding the word being completed on the
- current command line. When it finishes, the possible
- completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
+ is the word preceding the word being completed on the
+ current command line. When it finishes, the possible
+ completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
PPLLYY array variable.
--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
- The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
+ The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
- _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
_s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
- The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
- _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
- A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
+ A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
@@ -382,12 +391,12 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option
is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number
- where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF
- option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created
- or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed
- in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
- following options can be used to restrict output to variables
- with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option
+ implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or
+ modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a
+ shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow-
+ ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
+ specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
--aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss
above).
--AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss
@@ -401,11 +410,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
attribute is disabled.
--nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name
reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references and assign-
- ments to _n_a_m_e, except for changing the --nn attribute
- itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
- _n_a_m_e's value. The --nn attribute cannot be applied to
- array variables.
+ defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those
+ using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed
+ on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref
+ attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
--rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
--tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions
@@ -442,10 +451,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes
- entries from the list.
+ entries from the list. The current directory is always the
+ first directory in the stack.
--cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
--pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
--vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
@@ -460,7 +470,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
- ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...]
+ ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ]
Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active
jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr
option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option
@@ -544,101 +554,101 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi-
rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status
- is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+ is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
eexxiitt [_n]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates.
eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ...
eexxppoorrtt --pp
- The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is
- given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or
- if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is
+ given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or
+ if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by
=_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup-
+ of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup-
plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t]
ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not
- specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other-
- wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com-
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not
+ specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+ ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other-
+ wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com-
mand for editing and -16 for listing.
- The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT
- variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com-
+ The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT
+ variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance
- of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as
- _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance
+ of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as
+ _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
- lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
+ lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in
which case ffcc returns failure.
ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c]
- Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started
without job control.
ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s]
- ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss
- places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing
+ ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss
+ places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing
_n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into
- the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into
+ the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
- return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
- ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
- ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if
@@ -704,33 +714,34 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
--dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.
- --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
+ --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+ These are history lines entered since the beginning of
+ the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the
history file.
- --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bbaasshh session.
- --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to
+ --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to
the current history list.
--ww Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file's contents.
- --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
+ --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _a_r_g_s are added.
- If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
- timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
+ If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is
+ 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
an argument to --pp fails.
@@ -739,8 +750,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
--ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
--pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
--rr Display only running jobs.
@@ -755,7 +766,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
- kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
+ kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
@@ -765,72 +776,80 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
--ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
- error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is
+ equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was
+ successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid
+ option is encountered.
lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
+ MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
- llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
- assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
+ llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
+ assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
- llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
- or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable.
+ variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are
+ restored to their original values when the function returns.
+ With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a
+ function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a
+ function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly
+ variable.
llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
- mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
- [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
- [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
- plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
+ mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+ _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+ rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+ _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
+ --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each
+ input line, rather than newline.
--nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
copied.
--OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
index is 0.
--ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
- --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
+ --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line
+ read.
+ --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
dard input.
- --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
+ --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
--cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
- --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
- If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
_a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
- mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
_a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
--_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
@@ -857,83 +876,83 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
interprets the following extensions:
%%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
- backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal
- escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits).
- %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
+ corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee.
+ %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
%%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
- causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+ causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
- argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
- been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
+ argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
+ been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff
behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
+ The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
_m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n]
ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
- directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
- if supplied, have the following meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
- manipulated.
- ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two
+ directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+ Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating
+ or adding directories to the stack, so that only the
+ stack is manipulated.
+ ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+ --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the
- new current working directory as if it had been supplied
+ new current working directory as if it had been supplied
as the argument to the ccdd builtin.
If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r
- fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r
+ fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
ppwwdd [--LLPP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option
is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command
- is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp
_p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the
+ descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split
+ into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the
first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the
- second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer
- words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to
- split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
- for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The back-
- slash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning
- for the next character read and for line continuation. Options,
- if supplied, have the following meanings:
+ second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the
+ remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+ the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input
+ stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+ ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into
+ words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+ (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character
+ (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
+ acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
--aa _a_n_a_m_e
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any
@@ -951,7 +970,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s
rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim-
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the
delimiter.
--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s
@@ -960,61 +979,69 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac-
ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters
- are read.
+ are read. The result is not split on the characters in
+ IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
+ the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
+ the --rr option below).
--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t
Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
--rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
--ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t
- Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
- not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci-
- mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
- mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
+ not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci-
+ mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+ mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd
- returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
- The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
+ the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd
+ returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
+ The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+ fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
--uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d.
If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is
- greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign-
- ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip-
- tor is supplied as the argument to --uu.
+ able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater
+ than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a
+ readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup-
+ plied as the argument to --uu.
rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...]
- The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so
- marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed
- arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative
- arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If
- no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a
+ The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so
+ marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed
+ arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative
+ arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If
+ no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be
- used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
- names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format
- that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
- =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return
- status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+ used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+ names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
+ =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return
+ status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
_n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with
a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
rreettuurrnn [_n]
- Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
- fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is
- that of the last command executed in the function body. If
+ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+ fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed in the function body. If
+ rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+ determine the status is the last command executed before the
+ trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+ last command used to determine the status is the last command
+ executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If
rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a
script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop
executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of
@@ -1038,26 +1065,26 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
$$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following
meanings:
- --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
- subsequent commands.
+ --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ environment of subsequent commands.
--bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
--ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a
single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
- (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero sta-
- tus. The shell does not exit if the command that fails
- is part of the command list immediately following a
- wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the
- iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed
- in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the
- final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last,
- or if the command's return value is being inverted with
- !!. If a compound command other than a subshell returns
- a non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was
- being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR,
- if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status.
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee
+ or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or
+ eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&&
+ or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
+ command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while --ee was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
@@ -1295,138 +1322,158 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
- (see previous item).
+ (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a
+ command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue
+ with the next command in the list after one terminates
+ due to an interrupt.
ccoommppaatt4400
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
- (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter-
- rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
- interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
- rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
+ (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter-
+ rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
+ interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
+ rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
in the list.
ccoommppaatt4411
- If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote
- in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
- character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
- ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
- considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
- through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
+ If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote
+ in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
+ character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
+ ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
+ considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
+ through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
as in previous versions.
ccoommppaatt4422
- If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in
- the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
+ If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in
+ the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
removal.
+ ccoommppaatt4433
+ If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an
+ attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign-
+ ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion
+ errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command
+ to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal
+ errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset
+ the loop state when a shell function is executed (this
+ allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect
+ loops in the caller's context).
ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee
- If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that
- expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that
+ expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
ddiirreexxppaanndd
- If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing
- buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
+ If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
ddiirrssppeellll
- If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
eexxeeccffaaiill
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if eexxeecc fails.
eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
eexxttddeebbuugg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
- enabled:
+ If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the
+ debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to
+ the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav-
+ ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to
- rreettuurrnn is simulated.
- 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described
+ 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell
+ simulates a call to rreettuurrnn.
+ 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
- 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
+ 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
eexxttqquuoottee
- If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed
- within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed
+ within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
ffaaiillgglloobb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree
- If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a
- description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by
+ description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by
default.
gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
parisons. That is, the current locale's collating
- sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col-
- late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case
+ sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col-
+ late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case
ASCII characters will collate together.
gglloobbssttaarr
If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //,
only directories and subdirectories match.
ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
hhiissttaappppeenndd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
hhiissttrreeeeddiitt
- If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
hhiissttvveerriiffyy
- If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
hhoossttccoommpplleettee
If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@
- is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@
+ is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE
above). This is enabled by default.
hhuuppoonneexxiitt
If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
+ iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt
+ If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+ eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+ environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is
+ enabled.
iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss
If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
@@ -1459,7 +1506,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or
- [[[[ conditional commands.
+ [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ pletions as part of programmable completion.
nnuullllgglloobb
If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see
PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string,
@@ -1592,7 +1641,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
ishes executing.
- If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a a
+ If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a
pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the
@@ -1631,7 +1680,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true
if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
- uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]]
+ uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
@@ -1655,6 +1704,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
--ii The maximum number of pending signals
+ --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
--ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory
--mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
@@ -1670,46 +1720,48 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
--xx The maximum number of file locks
+ --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
--TT The maximum number of threads
If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the
new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte
- blocks; and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The
- return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup-
- plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+ blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values;
+ and, when in Posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre-
+ ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option
- is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute,
- _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn
- has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are
- supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
- able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
- unset variable or function is removed from the environment
- passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN--
+ and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option
+ is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute,
+ _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn
+ has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are
+ supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+ able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
+ unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+ passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN--
DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are
unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read-
@@ -1718,12 +1770,12 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.]
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn
- option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and
- returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process
- or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
+ option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and
+ returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process
+ or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
is the exit status of the last process or job waited for.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps
index 5d49778a..f6aec86f 100644
--- a/doc/builtins.ps
+++ b/doc/builtins.ps
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
-%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
-%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:31 2014
+%%Creator: groff version 1.22.3
+%%CreationDate: Wed Aug 31 10:24:00 2016
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Courier
-%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
+%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3
%%Pages: 23
%%PageOrder: Ascend
%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () ()
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
%%PageMedia: Default
%%EndDefaults
%%BeginProlog
-%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2
+%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.22 3
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet
/setpacking where{
pop
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ exch pop add exch pop
/level0 save def
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
+DEFS/BPhook known{DEFS begin BPhook end}if
72 RES div dup scale
LS{
90 rotate
@@ -139,7 +140,10 @@ pop
findfont
dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin
{
-1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse
+1 index/FID ne
+2 index/UniqueID ne
+and
+{def}{pop pop}ifelse
}forall
/Encoding exch def
dup/FontName exch def
@@ -177,8 +181,10 @@ newpath
userdict begin
/showpage{}def
/setpagedevice{}def
+mark
}bind def
/PEND{
+cleartomark
countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat
level1 restore
}bind def
@@ -233,11 +239,11 @@ def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0 1.325
-(bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, b)108 96 R 1.325(uiltin, caller)
--.2 F 3.825(,c)-.4 G 1.324
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S
+(ME).219 E F0 1.325(bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, b)108 96 R
+1.325(uiltin, caller)-.2 F 3.825(,c)-.4 G 1.324
(d, command, compgen, complete, compopt, continue,)-3.825 F .903
(declare, dirs, diso)108 108 R .903(wn, echo, enable, e)-.25 F -.25(va)
-.25 G .904(l, e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .904(c, e).15 F .904(xit, e)-.15 F
@@ -255,39 +261,39 @@ ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F2<ad>108
(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F2(:)2.534 E F0
(,)A F2(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F2(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E
F2(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and)
-.2 F .078(do not treat)108 196.8 R F2<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E
-5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F2(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F2(logout)2.577 E F0
-(,)A F2(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F2(let)
-2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F2(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G
-.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108
-208.8 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>2.819 E F0 .319
-(without requiring)2.819 F F2<adad>2.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b)
--5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32
-(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar)
-108 220.8 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>
-3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143
-(lid options and require).25 F F2<adad>3.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 232.8 Q F2(:)108
-250.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A
-.451(No ef)144 262.8 R .451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F
-.452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452
-(and performing an)3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5
-(redirections. A)144 274.8 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E
-F2(.)110.5 291.6 Q F3(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37
-E F0(])A F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3
-(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.02(cute commands from).15 F F3(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02
-(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F
-(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15
-G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)
--6.458 E F3(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458
-(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4
-9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608
-(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3(\214lename)3.108
-E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)
-3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F3
-.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
+.2 F 1.549(do not treat)108 196.8 R F2<adad>4.049 E F0(specially)4.049 E
+6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F2(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(logout)4.049 E F0
+(,)A F2 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F2(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18
+E F0(,)A F2(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd)
+-4.049 E F2(shift)4.048 E F0 -.2(bu)4.048 G 1.548(iltins accept and).2 F
+.26(process ar)108 208.8 R .26(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F
+F2<ad>2.76 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.76 F F2<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261
+(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261
+(guments b)-.18 F .261(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154
+(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 220.8 R 1.154
+(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>3.654 E F0 1.154
+(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F2
+<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 250.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F3 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 262.8 R
+.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F
+(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)
+3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144
+274.8 R(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)110.5 291.6 Q F3(\214lename)
+6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)
+-.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02
+(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F3
+(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02
+(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458
+(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458
+(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F3
+(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F
+.608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189
+E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3
+(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)
+-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6
+R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832
+(is not in)3.332 F F3 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982
(\214le is found in)144 363.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F2(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18
@@ -296,2615 +302,2717 @@ E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F2(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
375.6 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F
(y)-.15 E F3(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F
2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F3
-(\214lename)144 387.6 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842
-(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
-2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716
-(status of the last command e)144 399.6 R .716
-(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F3(\214lename)145.91 411.6
-Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 428.4 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)
-C(..])-2.5 E F2(Alias)144 440.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724
+(\214lename)144 387.6 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197
+(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
+4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F2<ad54>4.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F
+(enabled,)144 399.6 Q F2(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an)
+3.617 F 3.617(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F2(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0
+3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118
+(ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F2(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118
+(trap string is sa)3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36
+(restored around the call to)144 411.6 R F2(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0
+2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F2(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F
+F2(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86
+(cutes. If).15 F F2<ad54>2.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435
+(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 423.6 R F2(DEB)3.935 E
+(UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435
+(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F2(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763
+(completes. The)144 435.6 R 1.262
+(return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262
+(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 447.6 Q
+-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F3(\214lename)4.41 E
+F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 464.4 Q F0([)2.5
+E F2<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
+(..])-2.5 E F2(Alias)144 476.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F2<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
-(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F2(alias)5.224 E
-F3(name)144 452.4 Q F0(=)A F3(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
+(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F2(alias)5.225 E
+F3(name)144 488.4 Q F0(=)A F3(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F3(name)
-3.08 E F0(whose)144 464.4 Q F3(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F3(value)
-5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395
-(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054
-(stitution when the alias is e)144 476.4 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
-(or each)-.15 F F3(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054
-(gument list for which no)-.18 F F3(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554
-F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 488.4 R 1.314
+3.08 E F0(whose)144 500.4 Q F3(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F3(value)
+2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009
+(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
+(tution when the alias is e)144 512.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579
+(or each)-.15 F F3(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579
+(gument list for which no)-.18 F F3(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078
+F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 524.4 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F2(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
-(returns true unless a)3.814 F F3(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E
-(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 500.4 Q F2(bg)108 517.2 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F3(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144
-529.2 R F3(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745
-(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F2(&)3.245 E
-F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F3(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 541.2 Q F0 .672
-(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
--3.172 F F3(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2
-(bg)5.671 E F3(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418
-(when job control is disabled or)144 553.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
-(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G
-(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F3(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G
-(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 565.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
-E F2(bind)108 582 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
-2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 594 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
+(returns true unless a)3.814 F F3(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
+(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 536.4 Q F2(bg)108 553.2 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F3(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144
+565.2 R F3(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745
+(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F2(&)3.244 E
+F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F3(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 577.2 Q F0 .671
+(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the)
+-3.171 F F3(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2
+(bg)5.672 E F3(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419
+(when job control is disabled or)144 589.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
+(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
+(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F3(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
+(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 601.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
+E F2(bind)108 618 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
+2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad71>-2.5 E F3
(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F3(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F2<ad72>-2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 606 Q F0([)
+F2<ad72>-2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 642 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad66>2.5 E F3
-(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 618 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G
+(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 654 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G
(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad78>2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3
-(shell\255command)A F2(bind)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5
+(shell\255command)A F2(bind)108 666 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5
G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3
-(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 642 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G
-(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 654 R F2 -.18(re)
-2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239
-(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238
-(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or)
-2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 666 R F2 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E
-F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
-.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F3
-(.inputr)144 678 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484
-(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F
-.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
-(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 690 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E
-.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6d>144 702
-Q F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 714 Q F3 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2
-E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659
-(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F3 -.1(ke)
-180 726 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F3 3.193
-(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192
-(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
-F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
+(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 678 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5
+G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3 -.37(re)C
+(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 690 R F2 -.18(re)
+2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
+(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
+(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
+2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 702 R F2 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E
+F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
+.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F3
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(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F
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-(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 662.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
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(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
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(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
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(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
-184 108 Q F1<ad46>144 120 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .113
-(The shell function)184 132 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
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+(The shell function)184 180 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614
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($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816
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-(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 180 R
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.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F
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--.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 192 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25
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E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
--.15 F(tions.)184 228 Q F1<ad50>144 240 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
-184 252 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
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(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 264 Q F1<ad53>144 276 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
-2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 312 Q F1<ad53>144 324 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
+<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 324 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 288 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
-(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 300 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
+E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 336 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
+(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 348 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139
(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007
-(each resultant w)184 312 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
+(each resultant w)184 360 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F
-(resultant list which match the w)184 324 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
-F1<ad58>144 336 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 348 Q F0 .456
+(resultant list which match the w)184 372 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
+F1<ad58>144 384 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 396 Q F0 .456
(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
-(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 360 R 1.596
-(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 372 Q F2(\214lterpat)
+(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 408 R 1.596
+(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 420 Q F2(\214lterpat)
3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 384 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
+(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 432 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 400.8 R .466
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 448.8 R .466
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
-(plied without a)144 412.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
+(plied without a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
-1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 424.8 Q F0
+1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 472.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(compopt)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
+F1(compopt)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 453.6 R
+(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 501.6 R
F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
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-(completion if no)144 465.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
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(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725
-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 477.6 Q F2(name)
+(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 525.6 Q F2(name)
3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
-F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 489.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
+F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 537.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297
(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F
-1.227(the `)144 501.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
+1.227(the `)144 549.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
-no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 513.6 R 2.178
+no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 561.6 R 2.178
(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177
(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `)
-144 525.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
+144 573.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5
-E 1.387(The return v)144 549.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
+E 1.387(The return v)144 597.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.388
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
-(options for a)144 561.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
+(options for a)144 609.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
-(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 578.4 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 590.4 R 1.754
+(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 626.4 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 638.4 R 1.754
(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
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+(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15
+(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
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+(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
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+(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
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+(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
+(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
-(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 120 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F
-F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E
-(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 .499
-(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .638(to be e)
-3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
+(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 189.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
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+(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638
(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the)
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--.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077
-(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a).15 F
-(non-interacti)144 156 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576
-(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577
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+(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0
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(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577
-F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 168 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)
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-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005
-(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 180 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536
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(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536
(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536
-(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 192 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
-(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
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+(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 278.4 R .096(xit with a status of)
-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)
--.15 F -.15(exe)144 220.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9
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-(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5
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E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
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F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F
.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 273.6 R(the)2.627 E F1
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 343.2 R(the)2.627 E F1
<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the)
.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)
5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126
-(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 285.6 Q F0 .048
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(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)
-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0
-.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 297.6 S 1.447
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(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447
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F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0
-(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 333.6 Q F1(fc)108 350.4 Q F0([)2.5
-E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
+(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 403.2 Q F1(fc)108 420 Q F0([)2.5 E
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-(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 374.4 R F2<8c72>
+(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 444 R F2<8c72>
4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432
(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144
-386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs)
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.45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141
(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be)
-144 398.4 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15
-F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05
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-(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E F2(last)2.904
-E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F(-)-.2 E .948
-(rent command for listing \(so that)144 422.4 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948
-(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
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-144 434.4 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0
-(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E
-(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 458.4
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+(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E
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+(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 528 Q
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(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E
F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022
-(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 470.4 R .438(If the)
-5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
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+F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
-.335(the editor gi)144 482.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E
-F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835
-(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835
-F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 494.4 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E
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(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95
(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F
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(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788
(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789
-E(mand)144 554.4 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F2<8c72>
-2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347
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(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0
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-(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166
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(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r)
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-(mand.)144 578.4 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144
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(cuted or f).15 F .787
(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
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(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144
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(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
-(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665
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(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)
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-(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .626
-(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
-3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
-2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475
+(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 405.6 Q F0 .625
+(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 405.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2
+(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)
+3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 417.6 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
-(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .363
-(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
-(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
-(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
+(normal history e)180 429.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 441.6 Q F0
+.362(Store the)180 441.6 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
+(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363
+(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 453.6 Q -.15
+(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
+(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 470.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
-.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669
-(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
-(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956
-(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
-(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416
-(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415
-(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\
-ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\
-, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)
-3 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5
-(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15
-E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108
-489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5
-E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
--.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3
--.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0
-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1
-<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)
-24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F
-.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1<ad70>144
-561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
-(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0
-(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E F0
-.313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
+.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 482.4 R .669
+(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669
+(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 494.4 R .956
+(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955
+(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.795
+(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 506.4 R 1.795
+(wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F
+1.796(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 518.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \
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+tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 530.4 Q(fset)
+-.18 E F0 1.031(is supplied as an ar)3.531 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1
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+<ad70>3.532 E F0 -.1(fa)144 542.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 559.2 Q F0([)
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+(jobs \255x)108 571.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37
+E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 583.2 Q .3 -.15
+(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 595.2 Q F0
+(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 595.2 Q F1
+<ad6e>144 607.2 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)
+180 607.2 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15
+F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 619.2 Q F1<ad70>
+144 631.2 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 631.2 Q 2.5(sp)
+-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 643.2 Q F0
+(Display only running jobs.)180 643.2 Q F1<ad73>144 655.2 Q F0
+(Display only stopped jobs.)180 655.2 Q(If)144 672 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E
+F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25
+-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 684 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 631.2 R F1
+E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 700.8 R F1
<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q
+(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 712.8 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
-F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
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<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
-(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
-(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2
-(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
+(kill \255l)108 96 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E
+F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144
+108 R F2(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
-(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
+(either a case-insensiti)144 120 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
+(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 132 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 720 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
+1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 144 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .28
-(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28
-(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .378
-(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
+.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 156 R .28
+(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2
+-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 168 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1
+<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 108 R
-F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
-.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
-(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
-E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
-(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-.196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F
-(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25
-(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0
-(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5
-E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06
-(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06
-(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)
--5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.153(yo)
--.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar)
-3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .652
+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 180 R
+(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25
+G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962
+(returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E
+(successfully sent, or f)144 192 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1
+E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 208.8 Q F2
+(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144
+220.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197
+(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196
+(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)
+2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 232.8 Q F2(ar)
+2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0
+(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5
+E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
+(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 261.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F
+.06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0
+.06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)
+-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 273.6 Q 3.153(yo)
+-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)
+3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-213.6 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
-(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.165
-(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
-(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
-F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
--.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
-249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
-(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2
-Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1
-(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>
--2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 295.2 S
-(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>
--2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1
-(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351
-(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.85 E
-(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor)
--2.85 F F1(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2 R F2<ad75>3.748 E F0
-1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3
-(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.749 E
-(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144
-331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e>
-144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1
-(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0
-(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0(Be)22.52 E
-(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)
--.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)
--.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0
-(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2
-<ad74>144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E
-(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 391.2 Q F0
-(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0
-(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2<ad43>144 403.2 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E
-(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum)
-2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0
-(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 415.2
-Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1
-(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467
-(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
-(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1
+285.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
+.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
+(If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F 1.461
+(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 297.6 R F1
+(local)3.961 E F0 1.461(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.461
+(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.562(using the)144 309.6 R F1(set)4.062
+E F0 -.2(bu)4.062 G 1.563
+(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.563
+(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.744(returns. W)144 321.6 R 1.244
+(ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.744 E F0 1.244
+(writes a list of local v)3.744 F 1.243
+(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.243(It is an)6.243 F .42
+(error to use)144 333.6 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42
+(when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless)
+5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in)
+144 345.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)
+2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)
+108 362.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 362.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 379.2 Q
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-(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
-(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 480 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
-(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
-3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 492 Q
+<ad74>144 604.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 616.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928
+G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428
+(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561
+(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 628.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E
+F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 640.8 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
-504 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 516 R .59
-(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
-(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2
-G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
-(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 528 S(riable)
-.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
-(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
-F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
-(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 540 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
--.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
-.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
-552 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 564 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191
-(If no)144 580.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191
-(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E
-F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192
-(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 592.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad)
-.18 E F0 1.343
-(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871
-(128\), a v)144 604.8 R .871
-(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F
-.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
-(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 616.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
-<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 633.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 645.6 R -.15(ve)
--.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
+652.8 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 664.8 R .589
+(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
+-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 676.8 S
+(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0
+.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)
+2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15
+G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 688.8 R 1.12
+(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12
+(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12
+(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 700.8 R -.15(ex)2.5 G
+(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E
+F1<ad75>144 712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180
+712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .477(If no)144 729.6 R F2(names)3.337 E F0
+.477(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.247 F(ariable)
+-.25 E F3(REPL)2.976 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .476
+(The e)4.976 F .476(xit status is zero,)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
+(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 14 14
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+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .772(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)
+144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.272 G(ad).18 E F0 .773
+(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.272 F
+-.25(va)144 96 S 2.004
+(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.004
+(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.004(lid \214le).25 F
+(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 108 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5
+E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 124.8 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0
+2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E
+F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 136.8 R
+-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0
-.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144
-657.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
-(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
-(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 669.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144
+148.8 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
+(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
+(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 160.8 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 681.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
-(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
-F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
-3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 693.6 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 172.8 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
+(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
+F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name)
+3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 184.8 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
-.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 705.6 R(The)5.296 E F1
-<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
+.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 196.8 R(The)5.295 E F1
+<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 717.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-729.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+144 208.8 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+220.8 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
--5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
-148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .26
-(option is encountered, one of the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26
-(ariable name, or)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
-(is supplied with a)2.76 F F1(name)144.36 96 Q F0
-(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 112.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 124.8 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
-(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F1(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
-5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F1(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .469
-(the return status is that of the last command e)144 136.8 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .469(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.469(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.469 E
-F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .468(is used out-)2.969 F .466
-(side a function, b)144 148.8 R .466(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.467(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)2.967 E F0(\()5.467 E F2(sour)
-A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.967(\)c)C .467(ommand, it causes the shell to)-2.967 F
-.088(stop e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .087
-(cuting that script and return either).15 F F1(n)2.947 E F0 .087
-(or the e)2.827 F .087(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G .087(cuted within).15 F .613(the script as the e)144 172.8 R .613
-(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.613 E F1(n)3.113 E F0 .613
-(is supplied, the return v)3.113 F .613
-(alue is its least signi\214cant 8)-.25 F 2.511(bits. The)144 184.8 R
-.011(return status is non-zero if)2.511 F F2 -.18(re)2.511 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 .011(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.511 F .01
-(gument, or is used outside)-.18 F 2.909(af)144 196.8 S .409
-(unction and not during e)-2.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .41
-(cution of a script by).15 F F2(.)2.91 E F0(or)3.743 E F2(sour)2.91 E
-(ce)-.18 E F0 5.41(.A)C .71 -.15(ny c)-5.41 H .41
-(ommand associated with the).15 F F2(RETURN)144 208.8 Q F0(trap is e)2.5
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cution resumes after the function or script.).15 E F2(set)108 225.6 Q
-F0([)2.5 E F2(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad6f>-2.5 E
-F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E
-F2(set)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(+o)-2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 249.6 S .836(thout options, the name and v).4 F
-.835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835
-(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
-(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 261.6
-R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 273.6 R F1(posix)2.912 E F0
+-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
+144 232.8 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
+-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 244.8 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 261.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 273.6 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
+(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
+(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596
+(the return status is that of the last command e)144 285.6 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
+F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 297.6 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
+(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
+-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.066(before the trap handler)144
+309.6 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E
+F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)
+3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .39
+(determine the status is the last command e)144 321.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.889 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke)
+.4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 333.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0
+.084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084
+E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589
+(causes the shell to stop e)144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
+(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588
+(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)
+144 357.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
+.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326
+(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445
+(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 369.6 R .444
+(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
+(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 381.6 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
+F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15
+E .75(mand associated with the)144 393.6 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
+(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 405.6 Q F1
+(set)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
+F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
+F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
+2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
+(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 446.4 S .835
+(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
+.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
+(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 458.4
+R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.911(reset. In)144 470.4 R F2(posix)2.911 E F0
.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412
-(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53
-(locale. When)144 285.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
-3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
--.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F
-1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 297.6 R 1.623
+(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.531
+(locale. When)144 482.4 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
+3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
+-.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623
+(after option processing are treated as v)144 494.4 R 1.624
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
-144 309.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
-F2 2.5(... $)2.5 F F1(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 321.6 Q
-F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
-(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54
-(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 333.6 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)
--.4 E F2<ad62>144 345.6 Q F0 .132
-(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
-2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
-(primary prompt.)184 357.6 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
--.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2<ad65>144 369.6 Q F0
-.087(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F1(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087
-(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F1 .088(simple command)2.588 F
-F0 .088(\), a)B F1(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 381.6 Q
-F1 1.294(compound command)3.794 F F0(\(see)3.794 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-1.294(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.794 F F0(abo)3.544 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.793(\), e)
-.15 F 1.293(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079
-(The shell does not e)184 393.6 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F
-.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 405.6 Q
-1.655(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F2(until)4.155 E F0
--.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654
-(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F2(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv)
-4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 417.6 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc)
--.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F2
-(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582
-(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 429.6 R
-F2(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F2(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c)
--3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917
-(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E
--.25(va)184 441.6 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66
-(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661
-(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113
-(non-zero status because a command f)184 453.6 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F
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-.409(rning this option of).45 F 2.909(fc)-.25 G .409(auses the ef)-2.909
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-(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 108 Q F1<ad74>144 120
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-(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044
-(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \
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-(error when performing parameter e)184 144 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F
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+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 498 Q F1
+<ad48>144 510 Q F0(Enable)184 510 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
+(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
+F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 522 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 534 Q F0 .96
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 534 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
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(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 384 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-396 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184 570 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
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(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
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(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
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-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 432 Q
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+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 606 Q F0
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(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
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-456 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2
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-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
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-E F1<ad6f>144 120 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2
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-(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
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(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15
-(ex)184 716.4 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55
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(only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184
-228 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 240 Q
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-(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859
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-(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
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3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F
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-(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 168 R .431
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-180 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 192 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\
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(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
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-(hostcomplete)144 336 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 348 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
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+F4<ad74>144 358.8 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F4(type)3.342 E F0
+.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
+F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0
+(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F1
+(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F1(name)144.36 370.8 Q F0 .087
+(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
+(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F1
+(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118
+(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 382.8 R .118
+(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F
+F4<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F4(type)2.619 E F0 .855
+(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 394.8 R .855
+(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0
+.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144
+406.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641
+(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F4
+<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F2 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)
+-.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 418.8 R F1(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)
+C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613
+F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113
+(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F4<ad70>
+2.612 E F0(and)144 430.8 Q F4<ad50>3.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23
+F .731
+(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25
+F F2 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F4<ad61>
+144 442.8 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F4(type)4.248 E F0 1.748
+(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748
+(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744
+(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 454.8 R F4<ad70>
+3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744
(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
-144 108 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0
-1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)
-144 120 R F1(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.326
-E F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325
-(guments are found, f)-.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325
-(re not)-2.825 F(found.)144 132 Q F1(ulimit)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A
-(Pro)144 160.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15
-G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+144 466.8 R F4<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F4<ad66>3.723 E F0
+1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the)
+144 478.8 R F4(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type)
+5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326
+(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326
+(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 490.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 507.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4
+(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144
+519.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244
+(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.944(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
-(The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
+.943(that allo)144 531.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
+(The)5.943 E F4<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208
+144 543.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .426
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F1<ad48>2.925 E
-F0(nor)2.925 E F1<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425
-(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-208.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
+ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 555.6 R .425
+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F4<ad48>2.926 E
+F0(nor)2.926 E F4<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
+(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
+567.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.742(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1
-(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
+.741(of the special v)144 579.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F4
+(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 591.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
-.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498
+F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 603.6 R F4<ad48>2.999 E F0
+.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
-(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 256.8 Q 2.5
-(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1
-<ad61>144 268.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144
-280.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
-F1<ad63>144 292.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
-F1<ad64>144 304.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
--.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 316.8 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 328.8 Q
-F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
-26.97 E F1<ad69>144 340.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
-27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 352.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 364.8 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 376.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
-e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 388.8 Q F1<ad70>144 400.8 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
-<ad71>144 412.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144
-424.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144
-436.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 448.8 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 460.8 Q
-F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 472.8 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
-(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
-484.8 Q F1<ad78>144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E
-F1<ad54>144 508.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144
-525.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
-(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2
-(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
-(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045
-(no option is gi)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .402(in seconds;)144
-549.6 R F1<ad70>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.902 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1
-<ad75>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .403(hich are unscaled)-2.903 F -.25(va)144
-561.6 S 3.083(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083
-F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583
-(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
-573.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 602.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
+(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 615.6 Q 2.5
+(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F4
+<ad61>144 627.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 627.6 Q F4
+<ad62>144 639.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 639.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F4<ad63>144 651.6 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 651.6 Q F4<ad64>144 663.6
+Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 663.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
+-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4<ad65>144 675.6 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 675.6 Q F4<ad66>144
+687.6 Q F0
+(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
+687.6 Q F4<ad69>144 699.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
+699.6 Q F4<ad6b>144 711.6 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 711.6 Q
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>144 84 Q F0
+(The maximum size that may be lock)180 84 Q(ed into memory)-.1 E F1
+<ad6d>144 96 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 96 Q 2.5(ys)
+-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F0 .791
+(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not al\
+lo)180 108 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
+(be set\))180 120 Q F1<ad70>144 132 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 132 Q F1
+<ad71>144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
+180 144 Q F1<ad72>144 156 Q F0
+(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 156 Q F1<ad73>144 168 Q
+F0(The maximum stack size)180 168 Q F1<ad74>144 180 Q F0
+(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 180 Q F1<ad75>144 192 Q
+F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 192 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 204 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 204 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 216
+Q F1<ad78>144 228 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 228 Q F1
+<ad50>144 240 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 240 Q F1
+<ad54>144 252 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 252 Q(If)144 268.8
+Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468
+(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F
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+E .044(no option is gi)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1
+<ad66>2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1
+<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144
+292.8 R F1<ad70>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F1<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
+<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F1
+<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F1<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C
+1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 304.8 R 1.438
+(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E
+F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.)
+-3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 316.8 R
+-.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
+(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
+328.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
+F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A
+.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 357.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 614.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-626.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+pted by)144 369.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+381.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 638.4 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 393.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 650.4 Q F0 .551
+(mode)144.38 405.6 Q F0 .551
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 662.4 Q
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 417.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 679.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 691.2 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+(unalias)108 434.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 446.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
-F(remo)144 703.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+F(remo)144 458.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)
-148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>
--2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 96 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 475.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 487.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0
3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 108 Q F0 1.551
+-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 499.2 Q F0 1.551
(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 120 R F1<ad66>
-4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141
-(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 F
-(remo)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
+4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 511.2 R F1
+<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
+2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
+F(remo)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037
(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492
-(be unset rather than the v)144 144 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 F
-F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
+(be unset rather than the v)144 535.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
+F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F
-.221(options are supplied, each)144 156 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221
+.221(options are supplied, each)144 547.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221
(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22
(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188
-(tion with that name is unset.)144 168 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
+(tion with that name is unset.)144 559.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G
1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 180 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706(yo)
--.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E
-/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E
-F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 192 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
+(passed to subsequent commands.)144 571.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
+(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
+E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E
+F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 583.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348
-F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 204
-Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
-(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a)
--.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 220.8 Q
+F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144
+595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
+G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a)
+-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 612 Q
F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8
-(Wa)144 232.8 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\
-ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026
+(Wa)144 624 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its\
+ termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026
(may be a process ID)2.766 F .256
-(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25
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+(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256
(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E
-F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 256.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318
+F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318
(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318
(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318
(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1<ad6e>144
-268.8 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa)
+660 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa)
2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362
(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If)
-5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 280.8 S(on-e)
+5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 672 S(on-e)
-2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F
.095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15
-F(of the last process or job w)144 292.8 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 309.6 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
-321.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+F(of the last process or job w)144 684 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5
+10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 700.8 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
+712.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/rbash.0 b/doc/rbash.0
index 3ac18d86..9becaa45 100644
--- a/doc/rbash.0
+++ b/doc/rbash.0
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-RBASH(1) RBASH(1)
+RBASH(1) General Commands Manual RBASH(1)
@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o specifying command names containing //
- +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the ..
+ +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the ..
builtin command
- +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
--pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
- +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at
+ +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at
startup
+o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
+ +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
to the eennaabbllee builtin command
- +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
- When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, rrbbaasshh
- turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, rrbbaasshh
+ turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
bash(1)
diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps
index 6d2a4500..244a4990 100644
--- a/doc/rbash.ps
+++ b/doc/rbash.ps
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
-%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
-%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:31 2014
+%%Creator: groff version 1.22.3
+%%CreationDate: Wed Aug 31 10:24:00 2016
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
-%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
+%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3
%%Pages: 1
%%PageOrder: Ascend
%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () ()
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
%%PageMedia: Default
%%EndDefaults
%%BeginProlog
-%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2
+%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.22 3
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet
/setpacking where{
pop
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ exch pop add exch pop
/level0 save def
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
+DEFS/BPhook known{DEFS begin BPhook end}if
72 RES div dup scale
LS{
90 rotate
@@ -136,7 +137,10 @@ pop
findfont
dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin
{
-1 index/FID ne{def}{pop pop}ifelse
+1 index/FID ne
+2 index/UniqueID ne
+and
+{def}{pop pop}ifelse
}forall
/Encoding exch def
dup/FontName exch def
@@ -174,8 +178,10 @@ newpath
userdict begin
/showpage{}def
/setpagedevice{}def
+mark
}bind def
/PEND{
+cleartomark
countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat
level1 restore
}bind def
@@ -226,47 +232,47 @@ def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RB)72 48 Q 376.2(ASH\(1\) RB)-.35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0
-(rbash \255 restricted bash, see)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5
-E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash)
-4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F2(rbash)4.397 E F0
-4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F2<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.896
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RB)72 48 Q 130.47(ASH\(1\) General)-.35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E(RB)132.97 E(ASH\(1\))-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0
+SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0(rbash \255 restricted bash, see)108 96
+Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72
+112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897
+(is started with the name)4.397 F F2(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397
+(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F2<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.896
(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896
(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 136.8 R .945
(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946
(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E
(beha)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F2
(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
-(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108
-165.6 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E F2(cd)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
-182.4 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of)-.25 E/F3 9
+(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 165.6 Q
+(changing directories with)144 165.6 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F0<83>108 182.4 Q
+(setting or unsetting the v)144 182.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E/F3 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25
G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
-(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S
-(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
-216 S(pecifying a \214lename containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
-(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
-(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 232.8 S .45
-(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449
+(SH_ENV).27 E F0<83>108 199.2 Q(specifying command names containing)144
+199.2 Q F2(/)2.5 E F0<83>108 216 Q(specifying a \214lename containing a)
+144 216 Q F2(/)2.5 E F0(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E
+F0 -.2(bu)5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 232.8 Q .45
+(specifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)144 232.8 R .449
(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F2
(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
-32.5<8369>108 261.6 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)
--32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 278.4 S(arsing the v)
--32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
-(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 295.2 S(edirecting output usi\
-ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5
-<8375>108 312 S(sing the)-32.5 E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E 32.5<8361>
-108 328.8 S(dding or deleting b)-32.5 E(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E
+<83>108 261.6 Q(importing function de\214nitions from the shell en)144
+261.6 Q(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 278.4 Q(parsing the v)144
+278.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
+(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 295.2 Q(redirecting output using the\
+ >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)144 295.2 Q<83>108 312
+Q(using the)144 312 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E<83>108
+328.8 Q(adding or deleting b)144 328.8 Q(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E
F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
-(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8375>108 345.6 S
-(sing the)-32.5 E F2(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E 32.5<8373>
-108 362.4 S(pecifying the)-32.5 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
-F2(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8374>108 379.2
-S(urning of)-32.5 E 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E F2(set +r)
-2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(set +o r)2.5 E(estricted)-.18 E F0(.)A
+(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 345.6 Q
+(using the)144 345.6 Q F2(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E<83>108
+362.4 Q(specifying the)144 362.4 Q F2<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
+F2(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 379.2 Q
+(turning of)144 379.2 Q 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E F2
+(set +r)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(set +o r)2.5 E(estricted)-.18 E F0(.)A
(These restrictions are enforced after an)108 396 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
(tartup \214les are read.)-2.5 E .429
(When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 412.8 R -.15
diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex b/doc/texinfo.tex
index bfd765dd..d494cce0 100644
--- a/doc/texinfo.tex
+++ b/doc/texinfo.tex
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
% Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
%
-\def\texinfoversion{2013-09-11.11}
+\def\texinfoversion{2015-11-22.14}
%
% Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-% 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+% 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
+% Free Software Foundation, Inc.
%
% This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
@@ -96,7 +97,9 @@
\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright
\let\ptexrbrace=\}
\let\ptexslash=\/
+\let\ptexsp=\sp
\let\ptexstar=\*
+\let\ptexsup=\sup
\let\ptext=\t
\let\ptextop=\top
{\catcode`\'=\active \global\let\ptexquoteright'}% active in plain's math mode
@@ -193,17 +196,6 @@
wide-spread wrap-around
}
-% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
-\newdimen\bindingoffset
-\newdimen\normaloffset
-\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
-
-% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
-% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
-% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
-%
-\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
-
% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
% and nothing on the terminal. We don't just call \tracingall here,
% since that produces some useless output on the terminal. We also make
@@ -248,6 +240,15 @@
\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
\removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
+% Output routine
+%
+
+% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
+% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
+% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
+%
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
+
% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
%
\newif\ifcropmarks
@@ -274,6 +275,7 @@
% described on page 260 of The TeXbook. It involves outputting two
% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and
% one after. I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK...
+%
\def\domark{%
\toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}%
\toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}%
@@ -286,6 +288,9 @@
\noexpand\else \the\toks8 % 2: color marks
}%
}
+
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks - extract needed part of mark.
+%
% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us
% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g.,
@@ -301,36 +306,75 @@
% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors.
\def\lastchapterdefs{}
\def\lastsectiondefs{}
+\def\lastsection{}
\def\prevchapterdefs{}
\def\prevsectiondefs{}
\def\lastcolordefs{}
+% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
+\newdimen\bindingoffset
+\newdimen\normaloffset
+\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
+
% Main output routine.
+%
\chardef\PAGE = 255
\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}
\newbox\headlinebox
\newbox\footlinebox
-% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument. Note that \pagecontents
-% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself.
+% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.
+% \shipout a vbox for a single page, adding an optional header, footer,
+% cropmarks, and footnote. This also causes index entries for this page
+% to be written to the auxiliary files.
+%
\def\onepageout#1{%
\ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
%
\ifodd\pageno \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
\else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
%
+ % Common context changes for both heading and footing.
% Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
% the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
\def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars}
%
- \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
- \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
+ % Retrieve the information for the headings from the marks in the page,
+ % and call Plain TeX's \makeheadline and \makefootline, which use the
+ % values in \headline and \footline.
%
+ % This is used to check if we are on the first page of a chapter.
+ \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+ \ifx\thischapter\empty
+ % See comment for \gettopheadingmarks
+ \ifcase0\firstmark\fi
+ \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+ \ifcase1\firstmark\fi
+ \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+ \else
+ \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+ \ifcase1\topmark\fi
+ \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+ \fi
+ %
+ \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
\ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
+ %
+ \ifx\curchaptername\prevchaptername
+ \let\thischapterheading\thischapter
+ \else
+ % \thischapterheading is the same as \thischapter except it is blank
+ % for the first page of a chapter. This is to prevent the chapter name
+ % being shown twice.
+ \def\thischapterheading{}%
+ \fi
+ %
+ \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
\global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}%
%
{%
+ % Set context for writing to auxiliary files like index files.
% Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
% take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
% before the \shipout runs.
@@ -339,10 +383,10 @@
\normalturnoffactive % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
% the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
% We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
- % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
+ % \entry{{\indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
% "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
% it needs to be
- % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym}
+ % {\code {{\backslashcurfont }acronym}
\shipout\vbox{%
% Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
\ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi
@@ -400,6 +444,7 @@
\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
+% Main part of page, including any footnotes
\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
{\catcode`\@ =11
\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
@@ -422,9 +467,13 @@
\def\nsbot{\vbox
{\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
+
+% Argument parsing
+
% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1. The argument is the rest of
% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment). #1 should be a
% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
+% For example, \def\foo{\parsearg\fooxxx}.
%
\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}}
\def\parseargusing#1#2{%
@@ -443,9 +492,11 @@
}%
}
-% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.
+% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment. Also remove a @texinfoc
+% comment (see \scanmacro for details). Pass the result on to \argcheckspaces.
\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm}
-\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argremovetexinfoc #1\texinfoc\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovetexinfoc#1\texinfoc#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `<space>\^^M' is replaced by a single space.
%
@@ -480,14 +531,13 @@
%
\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}}
+
+% \parseargdef - define a command taking an argument on the line
+%
% \parseargdef\foo{...}
% is roughly equivalent to
% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo}
% \def\Xfoo#1{...}
-%
-% Actually, I use \csname\string\foo\endcsname, ie. \\foo, as it is my
-% favourite TeX trick. --kasal, 16nov03
-
\def\parseargdef#1{%
\expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1%
}
@@ -677,6 +727,12 @@
\endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar.
\global\dimen1 = \prevdepth
\egroup % End the \vtop.
+ \addgroupbox
+ \prevdepth = \dimen1
+ \checkinserts
+}
+
+\def\addgroupbox{
% \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
\dimen0 = \ht\groupbox \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
% \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
@@ -689,9 +745,8 @@
\fi
\fi
\box\groupbox
- \prevdepth = \dimen1
- \checkinserts
}
+
%
% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
@@ -934,12 +989,20 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
% @c is the same as @comment
% @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment
%
-\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
+\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other\commentxxx}%
+
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup%
+\futurelet\nexttoken\commentxxxx}%
+\gdef\commentxxxx{\ifx\nexttoken\aftermacro\expandafter\comment\fi}%
+}
+
+\def\c{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
-\commentxxx}
-{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
-%
-\let\c=\comment
+\cxxx}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active \gdef\cxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
+% See comment in \scanmacro about why the definitions of @c and @comment differ
% @paragraphindent NCHARS
% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
@@ -1010,69 +1073,23 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
% paragraph.
%
\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{%
- \gdef\indent{%
- \restorefirstparagraphindent
- \indent
- }%
- \gdef\noindent{%
- \restorefirstparagraphindent
- \noindent
- }%
- \global\everypar = {%
- \kern -\parindent
- \restorefirstparagraphindent
- }%
+ \gdef\indent {\restorefirstparagraphindent \indent}%
+ \gdef\noindent{\restorefirstparagraphindent \noindent}%
+ \global\everypar = {\kern -\parindent \restorefirstparagraphindent}%
}
-
+%
\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{%
- \global \let \indent = \ptexindent
- \global \let \noindent = \ptexnoindent
- \global \everypar = {}%
+ \global\let\indent = \ptexindent
+ \global\let\noindent = \ptexnoindent
+ \global\everypar = {}%
}
% @refill is a no-op.
\let\refill=\relax
-% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
-% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
-% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename).
-%
-\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
-\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
-
-% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file.
-% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input.
-% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo.
-\def\setfilename{%
- \fixbackslash % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'.
- \iflinks
- \tryauxfile
- % Open the new aux file. TeX will close it automatically at exit.
- \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
- \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case.
- \openindices
- \let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds.
- %
- % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
- % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.
- \openin 1 texinfo.cnf
- \ifeof 1 \else \input texinfo.cnf \fi
- \closein 1
- %
- \comment % Ignore the actual filename.
-}
-
-% Called from \setfilename.
-%
-\def\openindices{%
- \newindex{cp}%
- \newcodeindex{fn}%
- \newcodeindex{vr}%
- \newcodeindex{tp}%
- \newcodeindex{ky}%
- \newcodeindex{pg}%
-}
+% @setfilename INFO-FILENAME - ignored
+\let\setfilename=\comment
% @bye.
\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
@@ -1090,6 +1107,7 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
\newtoks\toksC
\newtoks\toksD
\newbox\boxA
+\newbox\boxB
\newcount\countA
\newif\ifpdf
\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
@@ -1138,10 +1156,12 @@ output) for that.)}
\ifpdf
%
- % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex,
+ % Color manipulation macros using ideas from pdfcolor.tex,
% except using rgb instead of cmyk; the latter is said to render as a
% very dark gray on-screen and a very dark halftone in print, instead
- % of actual black.
+ % of actual black. The dark red here is dark enough to print on paper as
+ % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing. We use
+ % black by default, though.
\def\rgbDarkRed{0.50 0.09 0.12}
\def\rgbBlack{0 0 0}
%
@@ -1251,10 +1271,9 @@ output) for that.)}
% used to mark target names; must be expandable.
\def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1}
%
- % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as
- % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing.
- \def\urlcolor{\rgbDarkRed}
- \def\linkcolor{\rgbDarkRed}
+ % by default, use black for everything.
+ \def\urlcolor{\rgbBlack}
+ \def\linkcolor{\rgbBlack}
\def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink}
%
% Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
@@ -1825,8 +1844,10 @@ end
% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
-\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tenttsl=\defttsl \let\tensl=\defsl \bf}
% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
@@ -1887,6 +1908,7 @@ end
% Section fonts (14.4pt).
\def\secnominalsize{14pt}
\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secrmnotbold\rmshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
@@ -1956,8 +1978,10 @@ end
% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
-\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tensl=\defsl \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
@@ -2089,12 +2113,9 @@ end
\endgroup
}
-
% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters,
-% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. Since
-% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts except
-% in the main text, we don't bother to reset \scriptfont and
-% \scriptscriptfont (which would also require loading a lot more fonts).
+% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. We don't
+% bother to reset \scriptfont and \scriptscriptfont; awaiting user need.
%
\def\resetmathfonts{%
\textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy
@@ -2108,8 +2129,8 @@ end
% \tenSTYLE to set the current font.
%
% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower)
-% and \lllsize (three sizes lower). These relative commands are used in
-% the LaTeX logo and acronyms.
+% and \lllsize (three sizes lower). These relative commands are used
+% in, e.g., the LaTeX logo and acronyms.
%
% This all needs generalizing, badly.
%
@@ -2145,7 +2166,7 @@ end
\let\tenttsl=\secttsl
\def\curfontsize{sec}%
\def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}%
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}}
+ \resetmathfonts \setleading{17pt}}
\def\subsecfonts{%
\let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl
\let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc
@@ -2574,37 +2595,21 @@ end
\let\file=\code
\let\option=\code
-% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
-% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
-% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
-% itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url.
-% (This \urefnobreak definition isn't used now, leaving it for a while
-% for comparison.)
-\def\urefnobreak#1{\dourefnobreak #1,,,\finish}
-\def\dourefnobreak#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
- \unsepspaces
- \pdfurl{#1}%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
- \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
- \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
- \else
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
- \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
- \ifpdf
- \unhbox0 % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
- \else
- \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
- \fi
- \else
- \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
- \fi
- \fi
- \endlink
-\endgroup}
+% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') aka @url takes an optional
+% (comma-separated) second argument specifying the text to display and
+% an optional third arg as text to display instead of (rather than in
+% addition to) the url itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url.
+
+% TeX-only option to allow changing PDF output to show only the second
+% arg (if given), and not the url (which is then just the link target).
+\newif\ifurefurlonlylink
-% This \urefbreak definition is the active one.
+% The main macro is \urefbreak, which allows breaking at expected
+% places within the url. (There used to be another version, which
+% didn't support automatic breaking.)
\def\urefbreak{\begingroup \urefcatcodes \dourefbreak}
\let\uref=\urefbreak
+%
\def\dourefbreak#1{\urefbreakfinish #1,,,\finish}
\def\urefbreakfinish#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% doesn't work in @example
\unsepspaces
@@ -2613,12 +2618,19 @@ end
\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
\unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
\else
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+ \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% look for second arg
\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
\ifpdf
- \unhbox0 % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
+ \ifurefurlonlylink
+ % PDF plus option to not display url, show just arg
+ \unhbox0
+ \else
+ % PDF, normally display both arg and url for consistency,
+ % visibility, if the pdf is eventually used to print, etc.
+ \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})%
+ \fi
\else
- \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
+ \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI, always show arg and url
\fi
\else
\urefcode{#1}% only url given, so show it
@@ -2658,8 +2670,10 @@ end
% we put a little stretch before and after the breakable chars, to help
% line breaking of long url's. The unequal skips make look better in
% cmtt at least, especially for dots.
-\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus.13em }
-\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus.1em }
+\def\urefprestretchamount{.13em}
+\def\urefpoststretchamount{.1em}
+\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax}
+\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax}
%
\def\urefcodeamp{\urefprestretch \&\urefpoststretch}
\def\urefcodedot{\urefprestretch .\urefpoststretch}
@@ -2786,11 +2800,6 @@ end
%
\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
-% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
-% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find. We need it for
-% Polish suppressed-l. --karl, 22sep96.
-%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
-
% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
% all-uppercase.
@@ -2857,6 +2866,8 @@ end
\let\v=\check
\let\~=\tilde
\let\dotaccent=\dot
+ % have to provide another name for sup operator
+ \let\mathopsup=\sup
$\finishmath
}
\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup} % Close the group opened by \tex.
@@ -2880,8 +2891,17 @@ end
}
}
-% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command, but leave this definition for fun.
-\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
+% for @sub and @sup, if in math mode, just do a normal sub/superscript.
+% If in text, use math to place as sub/superscript, but switch
+% into text mode, with smaller fonts. This is a different font than the
+% one used for real math sub/superscripts (8pt vs. 7pt), but let's not
+% fix it (significant additions to font machinery) until someone notices.
+%
+\def\sub{\ifmmode \expandafter\sb \else \expandafter\finishsub\fi}
+\def\finishsub#1{$\sb{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}%
+%
+\def\sup{\ifmmode \expandafter\ptexsp \else \expandafter\finishsup\fi}
+\def\finishsup#1{$\ptexsp{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}%
% @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}.
% Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex,
@@ -3023,11 +3043,16 @@ end
\TeX
}
-% Some math mode symbols.
-\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$}
-\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi}
-\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi}
-\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi}
+% Some math mode symbols. Define \ensuremath to switch into math mode
+% unless we are already there. Expansion tricks may not be needed here,
+% but safer, and can't hurt.
+\def\ensuremath{\ifmmode \expandafter\asis \else\expandafter\ensuredmath \fi}
+\def\ensuredmath#1{$\relax#1$}
+%
+\def\bullet{\ensuremath\ptexbullet}
+\def\geq{\ensuremath\ge}
+\def\leq{\ensuremath\le}
+\def\minus{\ensuremath-}
% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
@@ -3191,8 +3216,15 @@ end
\def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E}
\def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e}
%
-% Use the ec* fonts (cm-super in outline format) for non-CM glyphs.
-\def\ecfont{%
+% Use the European Computer Modern fonts (cm-super in outline format)
+% for non-CM glyphs. That is ec* for regular text and tc* for the text
+% companion symbols (LaTeX TS1 encoding). Both are part of the ec
+% package and follow the same conventions.
+%
+\def\ecfont{\etcfont{e}}
+\def\tcfont{\etcfont{t}}
+%
+\def\etcfont#1{%
% We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this
% is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German
% quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so
@@ -3201,14 +3233,14 @@ end
\edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
\ifmonospace
% typewriter:
- \font\thisecfont = ectt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+ \font\thisecfont = #1ctt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
\else
\ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
% bold:
- \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+ \font\thisecfont = #1cb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
\else
% regular:
- \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+ \font\thisecfont = #1c\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
\fi
\fi
\thisecfont
@@ -3378,7 +3410,7 @@ end
\newtoks\evenfootline % footline on even pages
\newtoks\oddfootline % footline on odd pages
-% Now make TeX use those variables
+% Now make \makeheadline and \makefootline in Plain TeX use those variables
\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
\else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
@@ -3434,6 +3466,10 @@ end
% @everyheadingmarks
% @everyfootingmarks
+% These define \getoddheadingmarks, \getevenheadingmarks,
+% \getoddfootingmarks, and \getevenfootingmarks, each to one of
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks.
+%
\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}}
\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}}
\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}}
@@ -3481,7 +3517,7 @@ end
\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
}
\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
@@ -3492,8 +3528,8 @@ end
\global\pageno=1
\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
}
\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}
@@ -3504,7 +3540,7 @@ end
\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
}
@@ -3512,8 +3548,8 @@ end
\def\HEADINGSsinglex{%
\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
}
@@ -3691,7 +3727,7 @@ end
\parskip=\smallskipamount
\ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
%
- % Try typesetting the item mark that if the document erroneously says
+ % Try typesetting the item mark so that if the document erroneously says
% something like @itemize @samp (intending @table), there's an error
% right away at the @itemize. It's not the best error message in the
% world, but it's better than leaving it to the @item. This means if
@@ -3723,7 +3759,12 @@ end
\noindent
\hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}%
%
- \vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% not good to break after first line of item.
+ \ifinner\else
+ \vadjust{\penalty 1200}% not good to break after first line of item.
+ \fi
+ % We can be in inner vertical mode in a footnote, although an
+ % @itemize looks awful there.
+ }%
\flushcr
}
@@ -3941,19 +3982,23 @@ end
}
% multitable-only commands.
-%
-% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold.
-% Assignments have to be global since we are inside the implicit group
-% of an alignment entry. \everycr resets \everytab so we don't have to
+%
+% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold. Assignments
+% have to be global since we are inside the implicit group of an
+% alignment entry. \everycr below resets \everytab so we don't have to
% undo it ourselves.
\def\headitemfont{\b}% for people to use in the template row; not changeable
\def\headitem{%
\checkenv\multitable
\crcr
+ \gdef\headitemcrhook{\nobreak}% attempt to avoid page break after headings
\global\everytab={\bf}% can't use \headitemfont since the parsing differs
\the\everytab % for the first item
}%
%
+% default for tables with no headings.
+\let\headitemcrhook=\relax
+%
% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp. But then the space in a template
% line is not enough. That is bad. So let's go back to just `&' until
% we again encounter the problem the 1sp was intended to solve.
@@ -3984,15 +4029,15 @@ end
%
\everycr = {%
\noalign{%
- \global\everytab={}%
+ \global\everytab={}% Reset from possible headitem.
\global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter.
- % Check for saved footnotes, etc.
+ %
+ % Check for saved footnotes, etc.:
\checkinserts
- % Keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages.
- %\filbreak
- % Maybe so, but it also creates really weird page breaks when the
- % table breaks over pages. Wouldn't \vfil be better? Wait until the
- % problem manifests itself, so it can be fixed for real --karl.
+ %
+ % Perhaps a \nobreak, then reset:
+ \headitemcrhook
+ \global\let\headitemcrhook=\relax
}%
}%
%
@@ -4341,19 +4386,16 @@ end
% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's.
\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}}
-% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo.
-% It automatically defines \fooindex such that
-% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo.
-% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for
-% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is foo.
+% \newindex {foo} defines an index named IX.
+% It automatically defines \IXindex such that
+% \IXindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index IX.
+% It also defines \IXindfile to be the number of the output channel for
+% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is IX.
% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
% for the sake of vms.
%
\def\newindex#1{%
- \iflinks
- \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
- \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file
- \fi
+ \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define @#1index
\noexpand\doindex{#1}}
}
@@ -4367,14 +4409,19 @@ end
\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
%
\def\newcodeindex#1{%
- \iflinks
- \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
- \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1
- \fi
+ \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
\expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
\noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
}
+% The default indices:
+\newindex{cp}% concepts,
+\newcodeindex{fn}% functions,
+\newcodeindex{vr}% variables,
+\newcodeindex{tp}% types,
+\newcodeindex{ky}% keys
+\newcodeindex{pg}% and programs.
+
% @synindex foo bar makes index foo feed into index bar.
% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
@@ -4403,26 +4450,19 @@ end
\expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
}
-% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros.
+% Define \doindex, the driver for all index macros.
% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
-% and it is "foo", the name of the index.
-
-% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work.
-% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros.
-
-% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
-% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+% and it the two-letter name of the index.
-\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer}
-\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
+\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\doindexxxx}
+\def\doindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
-\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer}
-\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
+\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\docodeindexxxx}
+\def\docodeindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
-% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
-% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't,
-% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't.
+% Used when writing an index entry out to an index file, to prevent
+% expansion of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
%
\def\indexdummies{%
\escapechar = `\\ % use backslash in output files.
@@ -4434,36 +4474,10 @@ end
% complicated, when \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
% We can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
% braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters. Perhaps we
- % should define @lbrace and @rbrace commands a la @comma.
+ % should use @lbracechar and @rbracechar?
\def\{{{\tt\char123}}%
\def\}{{\tt\char125}}%
%
- % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is
- % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts
- % causes processing to be prematurely terminated. This is,
- % apparently, because \indexsorttmp is fully expanded, and \endinput
- % is an expandable command. The redefinition below makes \endinput
- % disappear altogether for that purpose -- although logging shows that
- % processing continues to some further point. On the other hand, it
- % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that
- % is still getting written without apparent harm.
- %
- % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to
- % help-texinfo, 22may06):
- % @macro funindex {WORD}
- % @findex xyz
- % @end macro
- % ...
- % @funindex commtest
- %
- % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor.
- %
- % Sample whatsit resulting:
- % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}}
- %
- % So:
- \let\endinput = \empty
- %
% Do the redefinitions.
\commondummies
}
@@ -4487,7 +4501,6 @@ end
% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies.
%
\def\commondummies{%
- %
% \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively
% preventing its expansion. This is used only for control words,
% not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for
@@ -4564,6 +4577,7 @@ end
\definedummyword\guilsinglright
\definedummyword\lbracechar
\definedummyword\leq
+ \definedummyword\mathopsup
\definedummyword\minus
\definedummyword\ogonek
\definedummyword\pounds
@@ -4577,6 +4591,8 @@ end
\definedummyword\quotesinglbase
\definedummyword\rbracechar
\definedummyword\result
+ \definedummyword\sub
+ \definedummyword\sup
\definedummyword\textdegree
%
% We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write.
@@ -4590,6 +4606,8 @@ end
}
% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts.
+% Define \definedumyletter, \definedummyaccent and \definedummyword before
+% using.
%
\def\commondummiesnofonts{%
% Control letters and accents.
@@ -4651,6 +4669,7 @@ end
\definedummyword\samp
\definedummyword\strong
\definedummyword\tie
+ \definedummyword\U
\definedummyword\uref
\definedummyword\url
\definedummyword\var
@@ -4659,6 +4678,52 @@ end
\definedummyword\xref
}
+% For testing: output @{ and @} in index sort strings as \{ and \}.
+\newif\ifusebracesinindexes
+
+\let\indexlbrace\relax
+\let\indexrbrace\relax
+
+{\catcode`\@=0
+\catcode`\\=13
+ @gdef@backslashdisappear{@def\{}}
+}
+
+{
+\catcode`\<=13
+\catcode`\-=13
+\catcode`\`=13
+ \gdef\indexnonalnumdisappear{%
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax\else
+ % @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us ignore left quotes in the sort term.
+ % (Introduced for FSFS 2nd ed.)
+ \let`=\empty
+ \fi
+ %
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexbackslashignore\endcsname\relax\else
+ \backslashdisappear
+ \fi
+ %
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexhyphenignore\endcsname\relax\else
+ \def-{}%
+ \fi
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlessthanignore\endcsname\relax\else
+ \def<{}%
+ \fi
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexatsignignore\endcsname\relax\else
+ \def\@{}%
+ \fi
+ }
+
+ \gdef\indexnonalnumreappear{%
+ \useindexbackslash
+ \let-\normaldash
+ \let<\normalless
+ \def\@{@}%
+ }
+}
+
+
% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
% by, and when constructing control sequence names. It eliminates all
% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
@@ -4671,7 +4736,6 @@ end
\def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}%
% All control words become @asis by default; overrides below.
\let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent
- %
\commondummiesnofonts
%
% Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command
@@ -4684,14 +4748,11 @@ end
\def\_{\normalunderscore}%
\def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting
%
- % Unfortunately, texindex is not prepared to handle braces in the
- % content at all. So for index sorting, we map @{ and @} to strings
- % starting with |, since that ASCII character is between ASCII { and }.
- \def\{{|a}%
- \def\lbracechar{|a}%
+ \def\lbracechar{{\indexlbrace}}%
+ \def\rbracechar{{\indexrbrace}}%
+ \let\{=\lbracechar
+ \let\}=\rbracechar
%
- \def\}{|b}%
- \def\rbracechar{|b}%
%
% Non-English letters.
\def\AA{AA}%
@@ -4700,7 +4761,7 @@ end
\def\L{L}%
\def\OE{OE}%
\def\O{O}%
- \def\TH{ZZZ}%
+ \def\TH{TH}%
\def\aa{aa}%
\def\ae{ae}%
\def\dh{dzz}%
@@ -4712,7 +4773,7 @@ end
\def\o{o}%
\def\questiondown{?}%
\def\ss{ss}%
- \def\th{zzz}%
+ \def\th{th}%
%
\def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
\def\TeX{TeX}%
@@ -4749,9 +4810,6 @@ end
\def\result{=>}%
\def\textdegree{o}%
%
- \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax
- \else \indexlquoteignore \fi
- %
% We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present).
% Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now.
% makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up
@@ -4765,19 +4823,18 @@ end
\macrolist
}
-% Undocumented (for FSFS 2nd ed.): @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us
-% ignore left quotes in the sort term.
-{\catcode`\`=\active
- \gdef\indexlquoteignore{\let`=\empty}}
-\let\indexbackslash=0 %overridden during \printindex.
\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text.
\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}}
-% Workhorse for all \fooindexes.
+% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
+% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+% TODO: Two-level index? Operation index?
+
+% Workhorse for all indexes.
% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception
% is with most defuns, which call us directly).
@@ -4785,6 +4842,7 @@ end
\def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
\iflinks
{%
+ \requireopenindexfile{#1}%
% Store the main index entry text (including the third arg).
\toks0 = {#2}%
% If third arg is present, precede it with a space.
@@ -4800,7 +4858,49 @@ end
\fi
}
-% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file:
+% Check if an index file has been opened, and if not, open it.
+\def\requireopenindexfile#1{%
+\ifnum\csname #1indfile\endcsname=0
+ \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+ \edef\suffix{#1}%
+ % A .fls suffix would conflict with the file extension for the output
+ % of -recorder, so use .f1s instead.
+ \ifx\suffix\indexisfl\def\suffix{f1}\fi
+ % Open the file
+ \immediate\openout\csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.\suffix
+ % Using \immediate here prevents an object entering into the current box,
+ % which could confound checks such as those in \safewhatsit for preceding
+ % skips.
+\fi}
+\def\indexisfl{fl}
+
+% Output \ as {\indexbackslash}, because \ is an escape character in
+% the index files.
+\let\indexbackslash=\relax
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
+ @gdef@useindexbackslash{@def\{{@indexbackslash}}}
+}
+
+% Definition for writing index entry text.
+\def\sortas#1{\ignorespaces}%
+
+% Definition for writing index entry sort key. Should occur at the at
+% the beginning of the index entry, like
+% @cindex @sortas{september} \september
+% The \ignorespaces takes care of following space, but there's no way
+% to remove space before it.
+{
+\catcode`\-=13
+\gdef\indexwritesortas{%
+ \begingroup
+ \indexnonalnumreappear
+ \indexwritesortasxxx}
+\gdef\indexwritesortasxxx#1{%
+ \xdef\indexsortkey{#1}\endgroup}
+}
+
+
+% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file.
%
\def\dosubindwrite{%
% Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
@@ -4810,14 +4910,20 @@ end
%
% Remember, we are within a group.
\indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
- \def\backslashcurfont{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now
- % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash.
- %
- % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to
- % get the string to sort by.
+ \useindexbackslash % \indexbackslash isn't defined now so it will be output
+ % as is; and it will print as backslash.
+ % Get the string to sort by, by processing the index entry with all
+ % font commands turned off.
{\indexnofonts
- \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion
- \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}%
+ \indexnonalnumdisappear
+ \xdef\indexsortkey{}%
+ \let\sortas=\indexwritesortas
+ \edef\temp{\the\toks0}%
+ \setbox\dummybox = \hbox{\temp}% Make sure to execute any \sortas
+ \ifx\indexsortkey\empty
+ \xdef\indexsortkey{\temp}%
+ \ifx\indexsortkey\empty\xdef\indexsortkey{ }\fi
+ \fi
}%
%
% Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
@@ -4827,10 +4933,11 @@ end
% sorted result.
\edef\temp{%
\write\writeto{%
- \string\entry{\indexsorttmp}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
+ \string\entry{\indexsortkey}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
}%
\temp
}
+\newbox\dummybox % used above
% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit:
%
@@ -4956,7 +5063,9 @@ end
% as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
% (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
\catcode`\@ = 11
- \openin 1 \jobname.#1s
+ % See comment in \requireopenindexfile.
+ \def\indexname{#1}\ifx\indexname\indexisfl\def\indexname{f1}\fi
+ \openin 1 \jobname.\indexname s
\ifeof 1
% \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
% and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
@@ -4964,43 +5073,96 @@ end
% there is some text.
\putwordIndexNonexistent
\else
+ \catcode`\\ = 0
+ \escapechar = `\\
%
% If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
% false. We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
% it can discover if there is anything in it.
- \read 1 to \temp
+ \read 1 to \thisline
\ifeof 1
\putwordIndexIsEmpty
\else
% Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
% character. It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
% to make right now.
- \def\indexbackslash{\backslashcurfont}%
- \catcode`\\ = 0
- \escapechar = `\\
+ \def\indexbackslash{\ttbackslash}%
+ \let\indexlbrace\{ % Likewise, set these sequences for braces
+ \let\indexrbrace\} % used in the sort key.
\begindoublecolumns
- \input \jobname.#1s
+ \let\entryorphanpenalty=\indexorphanpenalty
+ %
+ % Read input from the index file line by line.
+ \loopdo
+ \ifeof1
+ \let\firsttoken\relax
+ \else
+ \read 1 to \nextline
+ \edef\act{\gdef\noexpand\firsttoken{\getfirsttoken\nextline}}%
+ \act
+ \fi
+ \thisline
+ %
+ \ifeof1\else
+ \let\thisline\nextline
+ \repeat
+ %%
\enddoublecolumns
\fi
\fi
\closein 1
\endgroup}
+\def\getfirsttoken#1{\expandafter\getfirsttokenx#1\endfirsttoken}
+\long\def\getfirsttokenx#1#2\endfirsttoken{\noexpand#1}
+
+\def\loopdo#1\repeat{\def\body{#1}\loopdoxxx}
+\def\loopdoxxx{\let\next=\relax\body\let\next=\loopdoxxx\fi\next}
+
% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
% Change them to control the appearance of the index.
-\def\initial#1{{%
- % Some minor font changes for the special characters.
- \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt
- %
+{\catcode`\/=13 \catcode`\-=13 \catcode`\^=13 \catcode`\~=13 \catcode`\_=13
+\catcode`\|=13 \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13 \catcode`\+=13 \catcode`\"=13
+\catcode`\$=3
+\gdef\initialglyphs{%
+ % Some changes for non-alphabetic characters. Using the glyphs from the
+ % math fonts looks more consistent than the typewriter font used elsewhere
+ % for these characters.
+ \def\indexbackslash{\math{\backslash}}%
+ \let\\=\indexbackslash
+ %
+ % Can't get bold backslash so don't use bold forward slash
+ \catcode`\/=13
+ \def/{{\secrmnotbold \normalslash}}%
+ \def-{{\normaldash\normaldash}}% en dash `--'
+ \def^{{\chapbf \normalcaret}}%
+ \def~{{\chapbf \normaltilde}}%
+ \def\_{%
+ \leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }%
+ \def|{$\vert$}%
+ \def<{$\less$}%
+ \def>{$\gtr$}%
+ \def+{$\normalplus$}%
+}}
+
+\def\initial{%
+ \bgroup
+ \initialglyphs
+ \initialx
+}
+
+\def\initialx#1{%
% Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
\removelastskip
%
% We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
+ % The glue before the bonus allows a little bit of space at the
+ % bottom of a column to reduce an increase in inter-line spacing.
\nobreak
- \vskip 0pt plus 3\baselineskip
- \penalty 0
- \vskip 0pt plus -3\baselineskip
+ \vskip 0pt plus 5\baselineskip
+ \penalty -300
+ \vskip 0pt plus -5\baselineskip
%
% Typeset the initial. Making this add up to a whole number of
% baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
@@ -5008,24 +5170,24 @@ end
% we need before each entry, but it's better.
%
% No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
- \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip
- \leftline{\secbf #1}%
+ \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus 1\baselineskip
+ \leftline{\secfonts \kern-0.05em \secbf #1}%
+ % \secfonts is inside the argument of \leftline so that the change of
+ % \baselineskip will not affect any glue inserted before the vbox that
+ % \leftline creates.
% Do our best not to break after the initial.
\nobreak
\vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
-}}
+ \egroup % \initialglyphs
+}
+
+\newdimen\entryrightmargin
+\entryrightmargin=0pt
% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and
% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin. It is used for index
% and table of contents entries. The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
%
-% A straightforward implementation would start like this:
-% \def\entry#1#2{...
-% But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to
-% @code, which sets - active. This problem was fixed by a kludge---
-% ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right.
-% The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text.
-% --kasal, 21nov03
\def\entry{%
\begingroup
%
@@ -5033,38 +5195,18 @@ end
% affect previous text.
\par
%
- % Do not fill out the last line with white space.
- \parfillskip = 0in
- %
% No extra space above this paragraph.
\parskip = 0in
%
- % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
- \finalhyphendemerits = 0
- %
- % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
- % don't both fit on one line. In that case, bob suggests starting the
- % dots pretty far over on the line. Unfortunately, a large
- % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
- % lines. So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
- %
- % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start
- % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that.
- \hangindent = 2em
- %
- % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line
- % with blank space.
- \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil
- %
- % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
- % columns.
- \vskip 0pt plus1pt
- %
% When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks
% from @* into spaces. The user might give these in long section
% titles, for instance.
\def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
- \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}%
+ \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}% An undocumented command
+ %
+ % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
+ % columns.
+ \vskip 0pt plus0.5pt
%
% Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
\afterassignment\doentry
@@ -5072,45 +5214,148 @@ end
}
\def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
\def\doentry{%
+ % Save the text of the entry
+ \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup
\bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
\noindent
\aftergroup\finishentry
% And now comes the text of the entry.
+ % Not absorbing as a macro argument reduces the chance of problems
+ % with catcodes occurring.
}
-\def\finishentry#1{%
+{\catcode`\@=11
+\gdef\finishentry#1{%
+ \egroup % end box A
+ \dimen@ = \wd\boxA % Length of text of entry
+ \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup\unhbox\boxA
% #1 is the page number.
%
- % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if
- % there are no page numbers. The next person who breaks this will be
- % cursed by a Unix daemon.
- \setbox\boxA = \hbox{#1}%
- \ifdim\wd\boxA = 0pt
- \ %
+ % Get the width of the page numbers, and only use
+ % leaders if they are present.
+ \global\setbox\boxB = \hbox{#1}%
+ \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt
+ \null\nobreak\hfill\ %
\else
%
- % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out
- % this line with blank space. (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the
- % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.)
- \hfil\penalty50
\null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
%
- % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as
- % part of (the primitive) \par. Without it, a spurious underfull
- % \hbox ensues.
\ifpdf
- \pdfgettoks#1.%
- \ \the\toksA
+ \pdfgettoks#1.%
+ \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable\the\toksA
\else
- \ #1%
+ \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable #1%
\fi
\fi
- \par
+ \egroup % end \boxA
+ \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt
+ \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\box\boxA
+ \else
+ \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\vbox\bgroup\noindent
+ % We want the text of the entries to be aligned to the left, and the
+ % page numbers to be aligned to the right.
+ %
+ \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fil
+ \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus -1fill
+ \rightskip = 0pt plus -1fil
+ \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fill
+ % Cause last line, which could consist of page numbers on their own
+ % if the list of page numbers is long, to be aligned to the right.
+ \parfillskip=0pt plus -1fill
+ %
+ \hangindent=1em
+ %
+ \advance\rightskip by \entryrightmargin
+ % Determine how far we can stretch into the margin.
+ % This allows, e.g., "Appendix H GNU Free Documentation License" to
+ % fit on one line in @letterpaper format.
+ \ifdim\entryrightmargin>2.1em
+ \dimen@i=2.1em
+ \else
+ \dimen@i=0em
+ \fi
+ \advance \parfillskip by 0pt minus 1\dimen@i
+ %
+ \dimen@ii = \hsize
+ \advance\dimen@ii by -1\leftskip
+ \advance\dimen@ii by -1\entryrightmargin
+ \advance\dimen@ii by 1\dimen@i
+ \let\maybestrut=\relax
+ \ifdim\wd\boxA > \dimen@ii % If the entry doesn't fit in one line
+ \let\maybestrut=\strut
+ \ifdim\dimen@ > 0.8\dimen@ii % due to long index text
+ \dimen@ = 0.7\dimen@ % Try to split the text roughly evenly
+ \dimen@ii = \hsize
+ \advance \dimen@ii by -1em
+ \ifnum\dimen@>\dimen@ii
+ % If the entry is too long, use the whole line
+ \dimen@ = \dimen@ii
+ \fi
+ \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill % ragged right
+ \advance \dimen@ by 1\rightskip
+ \parshape = 2 0pt \dimen@ 1em \dimen@ii
+ % Ideally we'd add a finite glue at the end of the first line only, but
+ % TeX doesn't seem to provide a way to do such a thing.
+ \fi\fi
+ \maybestrut % Add a strut on the first and last lines
+ \unhbox\boxA
+ \maybestrut
+ %
+ % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
+ \finalhyphendemerits = 0
+ %
+ % Word spacing - no stretch
+ \spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font minus \fontdimen4\font
+ %
+ \linepenalty=1000 % Discourage line breaks.
+ \hyphenpenalty=5000 % Discourage hyphenation.
+ %
+ \par % format the paragraph
+ \egroup % The \vbox
+ \fi
\endgroup
+ % delay text of entry until after penalty
+ \bgroup\aftergroup\insertindexentrybox
+ \entryorphanpenalty
+}}
+
+\newskip\thinshrinkable
+\skip\thinshrinkable=.15em minus .15em
+
+\newbox\entryindexbox
+\def\insertindexentrybox{%
+\lineskip=0pt % This comes into effect when the \vbox has a large
+ % height due to the paragraph in it having several
+ % lines.
+\box\entryindexbox}
+
+% Default is no penalty
+\let\entryorphanpenalty\egroup
+
+% Used from \printindex. \firsttoken should be the first token
+% after the \entry. If it's not another \entry, we are at the last
+% line of a group of index entries, so insert a penalty to discourage
+% orphaned index entries.
+\long\def\indexorphanpenalty{%
+ \def\isentry{\entry}%
+ \ifx\firsttoken\isentry
+ \else
+ \unskip\penalty 9000
+ % The \unskip here stops breaking before the glue. It relies on the
+ % \vskip above being there, otherwise there is an error
+ % "You can't use `\unskip' in vertical mode". There has to be glue
+ % in the current vertical list that hasn't been added to the
+ % "current page". See Chapter 24 of the TeXbook. This contradicts
+ % Section 8.3.7 in "TeX by Topic," though.
+ \fi
+ \egroup % now comes the box added with \aftergroup
}
% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em.
+% The filll stretch here overpowers both the fil and fill stretch to push
+% the page number to the right.
\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
- \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill}
+ \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1filll}
+
\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
@@ -5136,6 +5381,11 @@ end
\newbox\partialpage
\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
+\newdimen\doublecolumntopgap
+\doublecolumntopgap = 0pt
+
+\newtoks\savedtopmark % Used in \begindoublecolumns
+\newtoks\savedfirstmark
\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
% Grab any single-column material above us.
@@ -5157,9 +5407,23 @@ end
\unvbox\PAGE
\kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
}%
+ % Save \topmark and \firstmark
+ \global\savedtopmark=\expandafter{\topmark}%
+ \global\savedfirstmark=\expandafter{\firstmark}%
}%
\eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
%
+ % We recover the two marks that the last output routine saved in order
+ % to propagate the information in marks added around a chapter heading,
+ % which could be otherwise be lost by the time the final page is output.
+ %
+ \mark{\the\savedtopmark}% Only mark in page passed to following \output.
+ \output = {%
+ \setbox0=\box\PAGE % clear box 255
+ }abc\eject
+ %
+ \mark{\the\savedfirstmark}%
+ %
% Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
\output = {\doublecolumnout}%
%
@@ -5186,11 +5450,15 @@ end
%
% Double the \vsize as well. (We don't need a separate register here,
% since nobody clobbers \vsize.)
+ \global\doublecolumntopgap = \topskip
+ \global\advance\doublecolumntopgap by -1\baselineskip
+ \global\advance\vsize by -1\doublecolumntopgap
\vsize = 2\vsize
+ \topskip=0pt
}
% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
-% the last.
+% the last, which is done by \balancecolumns.
%
\def\doublecolumnout{%
\splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
@@ -5215,10 +5483,13 @@ end
%
\hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
\wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize
- \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}%
+ \vbox{%
+ \vskip\doublecolumntopgap
+ \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}}%
}
-%
-% All done with double columns.
+
+
+% Finished with with double columns.
\def\enddoublecolumns{%
% The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised
% _before_ we change the output routine. This is necessary in the
@@ -5272,28 +5543,47 @@ end
\pagegoal = \vsize
}
%
-% Called at the end of the double column material.
+% Only called for the last of the double column material. \doublecolumnout
+% does the others.
\def\balancecolumns{%
\setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
\dimen@ = \ht0
\advance\dimen@ by \topskip
\advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
- \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
- %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}%
- \splittopskip = \topskip
- % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint.
- {%
- \vbadness = 10000
- \loop
- \global\setbox3 = \copy0
- \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
- \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@
- \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
- \repeat
- }%
- %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}%
- \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
- \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+ \ifdim\dimen@<14\baselineskip
+ % Don't split a short final column in two.
+ \setbox2=\vbox{}%
+ \else
+ \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
+ \dimen@ii = \dimen@
+ \splittopskip = \topskip
+ % Loop until the second column is no higher than the first
+ {%
+ \vbadness = 10000
+ \loop
+ \global\setbox3 = \copy0
+ \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
+ % Remove glue from bottom of first column to
+ % make sure it is higher than the second.
+ \global\setbox1 = \vbox{\unvbox1\unpenalty\unskip}%
+ \ifdim\ht3>\ht1
+ \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
+ \repeat
+ }%
+ \multiply\dimen@ii by 4
+ \divide\dimen@ii by 5
+ \ifdim\ht3<\dimen@ii
+ % Column heights are too different, so don't make their bottoms
+ % flush with each other. The glue at the end of the second column
+ % allows a second column to stretch, reducing the difference in
+ % height between the two.
+ \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1\vfill}%
+ \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3\vskip 0pt plus 0.3\ht0}%
+ \else
+ \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
+ \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
%
\pagesofar
}
@@ -5314,6 +5604,10 @@ end
\let\lastnode=\empty % no node to associate with
\writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc
\headingsoff % no headline or footline on the part page
+ % This outputs a mark at the end of the page that clears \thischapter
+ % and \thissection, as is done in \startcontents.
+ \let\pchapsepmacro\relax
+ \chapmacro{}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
\chapoddpage
\endgroup
}
@@ -5558,9 +5852,6 @@ end
% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{%
- % Well, we could do the following in a group, but that would break
- % an assumption that \chapmacro is called at the outermost level.
- % Thus we are safer this way: --kasal, 24feb04
\let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters
\unnmhead0{#1}%
\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
@@ -5684,7 +5975,11 @@ end
% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it.
\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
+
+% Start a new page
\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% \chapoddpage - start on an odd page for a new chapter
% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong. But we don't
% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page.
@@ -5720,17 +6015,20 @@ end
\CHAPPAGon
-% Chapter opening.
+% \chapmacro - Chapter opening.
%
% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing,
% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number.
+% Not used for @heading series.
%
% To test against our argument.
\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing}
-\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc}
\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix}
+\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc}
%
\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{%
+ \checkenv{}% chapters, etc., should not start inside an environment.
+ %
% Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
\let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
@@ -5783,6 +6081,7 @@ end
%
{%
\chapfonts \rmisbold
+ \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading % give better error message
%
% Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the
% xref code eventually uses it. On the other hand, it has to be called
@@ -5876,22 +6175,29 @@ end
% Print any size, any type, section title.
%
-% #1 is the text, #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #3 is
-% the section type for xrefs (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix), #4 is the
-% section number.
+% #1 is the text of the title,
+% #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec),
+% #3 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc),
+% #4 is the section number.
%
\def\seckeyword{sec}
%
\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{%
{%
- \checkenv{}% should not be in an environment.
+ \def\sectionlevel{#2}%
+ \def\temptype{#3}%
+ %
+ % It is ok for the @heading series commands to appear inside an
+ % environment (it's been historically allowed, though the logic is
+ % dubious), but not the others.
+ \ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword\else
+ \checkenv{}% non-@*heading should not be in an environment.
+ \fi
+ \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading
%
% Switch to the right set of fonts.
\csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold
%
- \def\sectionlevel{#2}%
- \def\temptype{#3}%
- %
% Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
\ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
@@ -6103,7 +6409,7 @@ end
\savepageno = \pageno
\begingroup % Set up to handle contents files properly.
\raggedbottom % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
- \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
+ \entryrightmargin=\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
%
% Roman numerals for page numbers.
\ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
@@ -6208,7 +6514,7 @@ end
% Chapters, in the main contents.
\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
-%
+
% Chapters, in the short toc.
% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{%
@@ -6223,7 +6529,7 @@ end
\setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}%
\hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}}
%
-\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\hskip.7em#1}{#4}}
% Unnumbered chapters.
\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}}
@@ -6256,6 +6562,8 @@ end
\def\dochapentry#1#2{%
\penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
\begingroup
+ % Move the page numbers slightly to the right
+ \advance\entryrightmargin by -0.05em
\chapentryfonts
\tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
\endgroup
@@ -6318,6 +6626,7 @@ end
% other math active characters (just in case), to plain's definitions.
\mathactive
%
+ % Inverse of the list at the beginning of the file.
\let\b=\ptexb
\let\bullet=\ptexbullet
\let\c=\ptexc
@@ -6333,7 +6642,9 @@ end
\let\+=\tabalign
\let\}=\ptexrbrace
\let\/=\ptexslash
+ \let\sp=\ptexsp
\let\*=\ptexstar
+ %\let\sup=\ptexsup % do not redefine, we want @sup to work in math mode
\let\t=\ptext
\expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop % we've made it outer
\let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing
@@ -6372,6 +6683,24 @@ end
\endgraf
\ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
\removelastskip
+ \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+ % Penalize breaking before the environment, because preceding text
+ % often leads into it.
+ \penalty100
+ \fi
+ \vskip\envskipamount
+ \fi
+ \fi
+}}
+
+\def\afterenvbreak{{%
+ % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+ % \sectionheading, q.v.
+ \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+ \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+ \endgraf
+ \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+ \removelastskip
% it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
% or better ...
\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi
@@ -6380,8 +6709,6 @@ end
\fi
}}
-\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak
-
% \nonarrowing is a flag. If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will
% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again.
\let\nonarrowing=\relax
@@ -6419,15 +6746,13 @@ end
% side, and for 6pt waste from
% each corner char, and rule thickness
\normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
- % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin.
- \let\nonarrowing = t%
%
% If this cartouche directly follows a sectioning command, we need the
% \parskip glue (backspaced over by default) or the cartouche can
% collide with the section heading.
\ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi
%
- \vbox\bgroup
+ \setbox\groupbox=\vbox\bgroup
\baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
\carttop
\hbox\bgroup
@@ -6451,6 +6776,7 @@ end
\egroup
\cartbot
\egroup
+ \addgroupbox
\checkinserts
}
@@ -6587,9 +6913,13 @@ end
% @raggedright does more-or-less normal line breaking but no right
-% justification. From plain.tex.
+% justification. From plain.tex. Don't stretch around special
+% characters in urls in this environment, since the stretch at the right
+% should be enough.
\envdef\raggedright{%
- \rightskip0pt plus2em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax
+ \rightskip0pt plus2.4em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax
+ \def\urefprestretchamount{0pt}%
+ \def\urefpoststretchamount{0pt}%
}
\let\Eraggedright\par
@@ -6829,7 +7159,7 @@ end
% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done
% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source
% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as
-% possible is very desirable.
+% possible is desirable.
%
\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying}
\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}}
@@ -6924,7 +7254,7 @@ end
\temp
}
-% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader
+% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader { (defn. of \deffnheader) }
%
% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters.
% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly.
@@ -7262,34 +7592,42 @@ end
}
\fi
-\def\scanmacro#1{\begingroup
+\let\aftermacroxxx\relax
+\def\aftermacro{\aftermacroxxx}
+
+% alias because \c means cedilla in @tex or @math
+\let\texinfoc=\c
+
+% Used at the time of macro expansion.
+% Argument is macro body with arguments substituted
+\def\scanmacro#1{%
\newlinechar`\^^M
- \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
- %
- % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
- % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
- % backslash to get it printed correctly. Previously, we had
- % \catcode`\\=\other instead. We'll see whether a problem appears
- % with macro expansion. --kasal, 19aug04
- \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
+ \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}%
%
- % ... and for \example:
- \spaceisspace
+ % Process the macro body under the current catcode regime.
+ \scantokens{#1\texinfoc}\aftermacro%
%
- % The \empty here causes a following catcode 5 newline to be eaten as
- % part of reading whitespace after a control sequence. It does not
- % eat a catcode 13 newline. There's no good way to handle the two
- % cases (untried: maybe e-TeX's \everyeof could help, though plain TeX
- % would then have different behavior). See the Macro Details node in
- % the manual for the workaround we recommend for macros and
- % line-oriented commands.
- %
- \scantokens{#1\empty}%
-\endgroup}
+ % The \c is to remove the \newlinechar added by \scantokens, and
+ % can be noticed by \parsearg.
+ % The \aftermacro allows a \comment at the end of the macro definition
+ % to duplicate itself past the final \newlinechar added by \scantokens:
+ % this is used in the definition of \group to comment out a newline. We
+ % don't do the same for \c to support Texinfo files with macros that ended
+ % with a @c, which should no longer be necessary.
+ % We avoid surrounding the call to \scantokens with \bgroup and \egroup
+ % to allow macros to open or close groups themselves.
+}
\def\scanexp#1{%
+ \bgroup
+ % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \printindex
+ % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+ % backslash to get it printed correctly.
+ % FIXME: This may not be needed.
+ %\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
\edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
\temp
+ \egroup
}
\newcount\paramno % Count of parameters
@@ -7355,7 +7693,6 @@ end
\catcode`\+=\other
\catcode`\<=\other
\catcode`\>=\other
- \catcode`\@=\other
\catcode`\^=\other
\catcode`\_=\other
\catcode`\|=\other
@@ -7365,38 +7702,36 @@ end
\def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros.
\scanctxt
+ \catcode`\@=\other
\catcode`\\=\other
\catcode`\^^M=\other
}
\def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions
\scanctxt
+ \catcode`\ =\other
+ \catcode`\@=\other
\catcode`\{=\other
\catcode`\}=\other
\catcode`\^^M=\other
\usembodybackslash
}
-\def\macroargctxt{% used when scanning invocations
+% Used when scanning braced macro arguments. Note, however, that catcode
+% changes here are ineffectual if the macro invocation was nested inside
+% an argument to another Texinfo command.
+\def\macroargctxt{%
\scanctxt
- \catcode`\\=0
+ \catcode`\ =\active
+ \catcode`\^^M=\other
+ \catcode`\\=\active
}
-% why catcode 0 for \ in the above? To recognize \\ \{ \} as "escapes"
-% for the single characters \ { }. Thus, we end up with the "commands"
-% that would be written @\ @{ @} in a Texinfo document.
-%
-% We already have @{ and @}. For @\, we define it here, and only for
-% this purpose, to produce a typewriter backslash (so, the @\ that we
-% define for @math can't be used with @macro calls):
-%
-\def\\{\normalbackslash}%
-%
-% We would like to do this for \, too, since that is what makeinfo does.
-% But it is not possible, because Texinfo already has a command @, for a
-% cedilla accent. Documents must use @comma{} instead.
-%
-% \anythingelse will almost certainly be an error of some kind.
+\def\macrolineargctxt{% used for whole-line arguments without braces
+ \scanctxt
+ \catcode`\{=\other
+ \catcode`\}=\other
+}
% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
@@ -7468,57 +7803,36 @@ end
\fi
}
-% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a
-% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
-% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
+% \getargs -- Parse the arguments to a @macro line. Set \macname to
+% the name of the macro, and \argl to the braced argument list.
\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
\def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
+% This made use of the feature that if the last token of a
+% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
+% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
-% For macro processing make @ a letter so that we can make Texinfo private macro names.
-\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
-\catcode `@=11\relax
-
-% Parse the optional {params} list. Set up \paramno and \paramlist
-% so \defmacro knows what to do. Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH
-% in the params list to some hook where the argument si to be expanded. If
-% there are less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
+% Parse the optional {params} list to @macro or @rmacro.
+% Set \paramno to the number of arguments,
+% and \paramlist to a parameter text for the macro (e.g. #1,#2,#3 for a
+% three-param macro.) Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH in the params
+% list to some hook where the argument is to be expanded. If there are
+% less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
% is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be
% defined `a la TeX in the macro body.
%
% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
%
-% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
-% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something
-% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
-% it to # just before using the token list produced.
-%
-% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
-% the macro is used.
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used: see
+% \parsemmanyargdef.
%
-% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
-% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
-% processed again to replace the arguments.
-%
-% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
-% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of
-% the catcode regime underwhich the body was input).
-%
-% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
-% arguments, you need that no macro has more than 256 arguments, otherwise an
-% error is produced.
\def\parsemargdef#1;{%
\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
\let\hash\relax
- \let\xeatspaces\relax
+ % \hash is redefined to `#' later to get it into definitions
+ \let\processmacroarg\relax
\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,%
- % In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
- % list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
- % each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
- % in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
- % are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
- % twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
\ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else
\paramno0\relax
\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments
@@ -7529,10 +7843,47 @@ end
\else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
\advance\paramno by 1
\expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
- {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
+ {\processmacroarg{\hash\the\paramno}}%
\edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
\fi\next}
+% \parsemacbody, \parsermacbody
+%
+% Read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. (They're different since
+% rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+%
+% We are in \macrobodyctxt, and the \xdef causes backslashshes in the macro
+% body to be transformed.
+% Set \macrobody to the body of the macro, and call \defmacro.
+%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsemacbody#1@end macro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+
+% Make @ a letter, so that we can make private-to-Texinfo macro names.
+\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
+\catcode `@=11\relax
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Code for > 10 arguments only %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
+% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
+% processed again to replace the arguments.
+%
+% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
+% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of
+% the catcode regime under which the body was input).
+%
+% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
+% arguments, no macro can have more than 256 arguments (else error).
+%
+% In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
+% list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
+% each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
+% in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
+% are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
+% twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
\def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{%
\if#1;\let\next=\relax
\else
@@ -7548,16 +7899,6 @@ end
\advance\paramno by 1\relax
\fi\next}
-% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
-% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
-%
-
-\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode
-\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-\catcode `\@=11\relax
\let\endargs@\relax
\let\nil@\relax
@@ -7565,7 +7906,7 @@ end
\long\def\nillm@{\nil@}%
% This macro is expanded during the Texinfo macro expansion, not during its
-% definition. It gets all the arguments values and assigns them to macros
+% definition. It gets all the arguments' values and assigns them to macros
% macarg.ARGNAME
%
% #1 is the macro name
@@ -7586,8 +7927,6 @@ end
\getargvals@@
\fi
}
-
-%
\def\getargvals@@{%
\ifx\paramlist\nilm@
% Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty.
@@ -7631,7 +7970,8 @@ end
}
% Replace arguments by their values in the macro body, and place the result
-% in macro \@tempa
+% in macro \@tempa.
+%
\def\macvalstoargs@{%
% To do this we use the property that token registers that are \the'ed
% within an \edef expand only once. So we are going to place all argument
@@ -7655,8 +7995,9 @@ end
\expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\@tempc}%
}
+% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group.
+%
\def\macargexpandinbody@{%
- %% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group.
\expandafter
\endgroup
\macargdeflist@
@@ -7693,14 +8034,8 @@ end
\next
}
-% Save the token stack pointer into macro #1
-\def\texisavetoksstackpoint#1{\edef#1{\the\@cclvi}}
-% Restore the token stack pointer from number in macro #1
-\def\texirestoretoksstackpoint#1{\expandafter\mathchardef\expandafter\@cclvi#1\relax}
-% newtoks that can be used non \outer .
-\def\texinonouternewtoks{\alloc@ 5\toks \toksdef \@cclvi}
-
-% Tailing missing arguments are set to empty
+% Trailing missing arguments are set to empty.
+%
\def\setemptyargvalues@{%
\ifx\paramlist\nilm@
\let\next\macargexpandinbody@
@@ -7730,99 +8065,244 @@ end
\long\def#2{#4}%
}
-% This defines a Texinfo @macro. There are eight cases: recursive and
-% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, up to nine, and many arguments.
-% Much magic with \expandafter here.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of code for > 10 arguments %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+
+
+% Remove following spaces at the expansion stage.
+% This works because spaces are discarded before each argument when TeX is
+% getting the arguments for a macro.
+% This must not be immediately followed by a }.
+\long\def\gobblespaces#1{#1}
+
+% This defines a Texinfo @macro or @rmacro, called by \parsemacbody.
+% \macrobody has the body of the macro in it, with placeholders for
+% its parameters, looking like "\processmacroarg{\hash 1}".
+% \paramno is the number of parameters
+% \paramlist is a TeX parameter text, e.g. "#1,#2,#3,"
+% There are eight cases: recursive and nonrecursive macros of zero, one,
+% up to nine, and many arguments.
% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
-% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
+% they're defined in: @include reads the file inside a group.
%
\def\defmacro{%
\let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
- \ifrecursive
+ \ifnum\paramno=1
+ \def\processmacroarg{\gobblespaces}%
+ % This removes the pair of braces around the argument. We don't
+ % use \eatspaces, because this can cause ends of lines to be lost
+ % when the argument to \eatspaces is read, leading to line-based
+ % commands like "@itemize" not being read correctly.
+ \else
+ \def\processmacroarg{\xprocessmacroarg}%
+ \let\xprocessmacroarg\relax
+ \fi
+ \ifrecursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\ifcase\paramno
% 0
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+ \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
\or % 1
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+ \bgroup
\noexpand\braceorline
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
- \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+ \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+ % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+ }%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
+ \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
\else
\ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9
+ % See non-recursive section below for comments
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+ \bgroup
+ \noexpand\expandafter
+ \noexpand\macroargctxt
+ \noexpand\expandafter
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+ \noexpand\passargtomacro
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}%
\expandafter\expandafter
\expandafter\xdef
\expandafter\expandafter
- \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
- \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+ \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{%
+ \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
\else % 10 or more
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
\noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
}%
- \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+ \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
\global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble
\fi
\fi
- \else
+ \else %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Non-recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\ifcase\paramno
% 0
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+ \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
\or % 1
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
+ \bgroup
\noexpand\braceorline
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+ \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+ % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+ }%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
\egroup
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+ \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}%
+ }%
\else % at most 9
\ifnum\paramno<10\relax
+ % @MACNAME sets the context for reading the macro argument
+ % @MACNAME@@ gets the argument, processes backslashes and appends a
+ % comma.
+ % @MACNAME@@@ removes braces surrounding the argument list.
+ % @MACNAME@@@@ scans the macro body with arguments substituted.
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+ \bgroup
+ \noexpand\expandafter % This \expandafter skip any spaces after the
+ \noexpand\macroargctxt % macro before we change the catcode of space.
+ \noexpand\expandafter
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+ \noexpand\passargtomacro
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}%
\expandafter\expandafter
\expandafter\xdef
\expandafter\expandafter
- \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
- \paramlist{%
- \egroup
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+ \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{%
+ \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
\else % 10 or more:
\expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
\noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
}%
- \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+ \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
\global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse
\fi
\fi
\fi}
-\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax
+\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax % end private-to-Texinfo catcodes
\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
-% \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a
-% {. If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole
-% line. Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence
-% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=13 % We need to manipulate \ so use @ as escape
+@catcode`@_=11 % private names
+@catcode`@!=11 % used as argument separator
+
+% \passargtomacro#1#2 -
+% Call #1 with a list of tokens #2, with any doubled backslashes in #2
+% compressed to one.
+%
+% This implementation works by expansion, and not execution (so we cannot use
+% \def or similar). This reduces the risk of this failing in contexts where
+% complete expansion is done with no execution (for example, in writing out to
+% an auxiliary file for an index entry).
+%
+% State is kept in the input stream: the argument passed to
+% @look_ahead, @gobble_and_check_finish and @add_segment is
+%
+% THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT ! {PENDING_BS} NEXT_TOKEN (... rest of input)
+%
+% where:
+% THE_MACRO - name of the macro we want to call
+% ARG_RESULT - argument list we build to pass to that macro
+% PENDING_BS - either a backslash or nothing
+% NEXT_TOKEN - used to look ahead in the input stream to see what's coming next
+
+@gdef@passargtomacro#1#2{%
+ @add_segment #1!{}@relax#2\@_finish\%
+}
+@gdef@_finish{@_finishx} @global@let@_finishx@relax
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 used to look ahead
+%
+% If the next token is not a backslash, process the rest of the argument;
+% otherwise, remove the next token.
+@gdef@look_ahead#1!#2#3#4{%
+ @ifx#4\%
+ @expandafter@gobble_and_check_finish
+ @else
+ @expandafter@add_segment
+ @fi#1!{#2}#4#4%
+}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 should be a backslash, which is gobbled.
+% #5 looks ahead
+%
+% Double backslash found. Add a single backslash, and look ahead.
+@gdef@gobble_and_check_finish#1!#2#3#4#5{%
+ @add_segment#1\!{}#5#5%
+}
+
+@gdef@is_fi{@fi}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 is input stream until next backslash
+%
+% Input stream is either at the start of the argument, or just after a
+% backslash sequence, either a lone backslash, or a doubled backslash.
+% NEXT_TOKEN contains the first token in the input stream: if it is \finish,
+% finish; otherwise, append to ARG_RESULT the segment of the argument up until
+% the next backslash. PENDING_BACKSLASH contains a backslash to represent
+% a backslash just before the start of the input stream that has not been
+% added to ARG_RESULT.
+@gdef@add_segment#1!#2#3#4\{%
+@ifx#3@_finish
+ @call_the_macro#1!%
+@else
+ % append the pending backslash to the result, followed by the next segment
+ @expandafter@is_fi@look_ahead#1#2#4!{\}@fi
+ % this @fi is discarded by @look_ahead.
+ % we can't get rid of it with \expandafter because we don't know how
+ % long #4 is.
+}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO
+% #2 - ARG_RESULT
+% #3 discards the res of the conditional in @add_segment, and @is_fi ends the
+% conditional.
+@gdef@call_the_macro#1#2!#3@fi{@is_fi #1{#2}}
+
+}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% \braceorline MAC is used for a one-argument macro MAC. It checks
+% whether the next non-whitespace character is a {. It sets the context
+% for reading the argument (slightly different in the two cases). Then,
+% to read the argument, in the whole-line case, it then calls the regular
+% \parsearg MAC; in the lbrace case, it calls \passargtomacro MAC.
%
\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
\def\braceorlinexxx{%
- \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else
- \expandafter\parsearg
+ \ifx\nchar\bgroup
+ \macroargctxt
+ \expandafter\passargtomacro
+ \else
+ \macrolineargctxt\expandafter\parsearg
\fi \macnamexxx}
@@ -7904,6 +8384,7 @@ end
\pdfmkdest{#1}%
\iflinks
{%
+ \requireauxfile
\atdummies % preserve commands, but don't expand them
\edef\writexrdef##1##2{%
\write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef
@@ -7943,9 +8424,12 @@ end
% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
% manual. All but the node name can be omitted.
%
-\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\pxref{\putwordsee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\xref{\putwordSee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\ref{\xrefXX}
+
+\def\xrefXX#1{\def\xrefXXarg{#1}\futurelet\tokenafterxref\xrefXXX}
+\def\xrefXXX{\expandafter\xrefX\expandafter[\xrefXXarg,,,,,,,]}
%
\newbox\toprefbox
\newbox\printedrefnamebox
@@ -8089,6 +8573,12 @@ end
%
% output the `page 3'.
\turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
+ \ifx,\tokenafterxref
+ \else\ifx.\tokenafterxref
+ \else\ifx;\tokenafterxref
+ \else\ifx)\tokenafterxref
+ \else,% add a , if xref not followed by punctuation
+ \fi\fi\fi\fi
\fi\fi
\fi
\endlink
@@ -8159,6 +8649,7 @@ end
% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
%
\def\refx#1#2{%
+ \requireauxfile
{%
\indexnofonts
\otherbackslash
@@ -8222,6 +8713,23 @@ end
\fi
}
+% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
+% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
+% This is done with @novalidate at the beginning of the file.
+%
+\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
+\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
+
+% Used when writing to the aux file, or when using data from it.
+\def\requireauxfile{%
+ \iflinks
+ \tryauxfile
+ % Open the new aux file. TeX will close it automatically at exit.
+ \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
+ \fi
+ \global\let\requireauxfile=\relax % Only do this once.
+}
+
% Read the last existing aux file, if any. No error if none exists.
%
\def\tryauxfile{%
@@ -8301,14 +8809,7 @@ end
\catcode`\\=\other
%
% Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters.
- {%
- \count1=128
- \def\loop{%
- \catcode\count1=\other
- \advance\count1 by 1
- \ifnum \count1<256 \loop \fi
- }%
- }%
+ {\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other}%
%
% @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces.
\catcode`\{=1
@@ -8342,8 +8843,6 @@ end
%
% Auto-number footnotes. Otherwise like plain.
\gdef\footnote{%
- \let\indent=\ptexindent
- \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
\global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne
\edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}%
%
@@ -8367,6 +8866,11 @@ end
%
\gdef\dofootnote{%
\insert\footins\bgroup
+ %
+ % Nested footnotes are not supported in TeX, that would take a lot
+ % more work. (\startsavinginserts does not suffice.)
+ \let\footnote=\errfootnotenest
+ %
% We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the
% footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment.
% So reset some parameters.
@@ -8404,13 +8908,24 @@ end
}
}%end \catcode `\@=11
+\def\errfootnotenest{%
+ \errhelp=\EMsimple
+ \errmessage{Nested footnotes not supported in texinfo.tex,
+ even though they work in makeinfo; sorry}
+}
+
+\def\errfootnoteheading{%
+ \errhelp=\EMsimple
+ \errmessage{Footnotes in chapters, sections, etc., are not supported}
+}
+
% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create
% the real \insert just after the vbox finished. Otherwise, the insertion
% would be lost.
% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote
% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished.
% And the same can be done for other insert classes. --kasal, 16nov03.
-
+%
% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro.
% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled
% out prematurely.
@@ -8508,6 +9023,7 @@ end
\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
\catcode`\^^M = 5 % in case we're inside an example
\normalturnoffactive % allow _ et al. in names
+ \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}% in case we are being used via a macro
% If the image is by itself, center it.
\ifvmode
\imagevmodetrue
@@ -8688,6 +9204,7 @@ end
% \floatlabel-lof. Besides \floatident, we include the short
% caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing.
{%
+ \requireauxfile
\atdummies
%
% since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M
@@ -8827,20 +9344,20 @@ end
{
\catcode`\_ = \active
\globaldefs=1
-\parseargdef\documentlanguage{\begingroup
- \let_=\normalunderscore % normal _ character for filenames
+\parseargdef\documentlanguage{%
\tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX.
% Read the file by the name they passed if it exists.
+ \let_ = \normalunderscore % normal _ character for filename test
\openin 1 txi-#1.tex
\ifeof 1
- \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore{#1_\finish}%
+ \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore #1_\finish
\else
\globaldefs = 1 % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist
\input txi-#1.tex
\fi
\closein 1
\endgroup % end raw TeX
-\endgroup}
+}
%
% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist,
% try txi-de.tex.
@@ -8910,7 +9427,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters
% according to the specified encoding.
%
-\parseargdef\documentencoding{%
+\def\documentencoding{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\documentencodingzzz}
+\def\documentencodingzzz#1{%
% Encoding being declared for the document.
\def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}%
%
@@ -8939,10 +9457,12 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
%
\else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight
\setnonasciicharscatcode\active
- \utfeightchardefs
+ % since we already invoked \utfeightchardefs at the top level
+ % (below), do not re-invoke it, then our check for duplicated
+ % definitions triggers. Making non-ascii chars active is enough.
%
\else
- \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}%
+ \message{Ignoring unknown document encoding: #1.}%
%
\fi % utfeight
\fi % latnine
@@ -8951,10 +9471,11 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\fi % ascii
}
+% emacs-page
% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available
% the default font encoding (OT1).
%
-\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}}
+\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing, sorry: #1.}}
% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference.
\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi}
@@ -8968,17 +9489,17 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\def\latonechardefs{%
\gdef^^a0{\tie}
\gdef^^a1{\exclamdown}
- \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}}
- \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}}
- \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
- \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}}
- \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}}
+ \gdef^^a2{{\tcfont \char162}} % cent
+ \gdef^^a3{\pounds}
+ \gdef^^a4{{\tcfont \char164}} % currency
+ \gdef^^a5{{\tcfont \char165}} % yen
+ \gdef^^a6{{\tcfont \char166}} % broken bar
\gdef^^a7{\S}
\gdef^^a8{\"{}}
\gdef^^a9{\copyright}
\gdef^^aa{\ordf}
\gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft}
- \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$}
+ \gdef^^ac{\ensuremath\lnot}
\gdef^^ad{\-}
\gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol}
\gdef^^af{\={}}
@@ -8990,12 +9511,10 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\gdef^^b4{\'{}}
\gdef^^b5{$\mu$}
\gdef^^b6{\P}
- %
- \gdef^^b7{$^.$}
+ \gdef^^b7{\ensuremath\cdot}
\gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
\gdef^^b9{$^1$}
\gdef^^ba{\ordm}
- %
\gdef^^bb{\guillemetright}
\gdef^^bc{$1\over4$}
\gdef^^bd{$1\over2$}
@@ -9250,6 +9769,18 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\UTFviiiLoop
\endgroup
+\def\globallet{\global\let} % save some \expandafter's below
+
+% @U{xxxx} to produce U+xxxx, if we support it.
+\def\U#1{%
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax
+ \errhelp = \EMsimple
+ \errmessage{Unicode character U+#1 not supported, sorry}%
+ \else
+ \csname uni:#1\endcsname
+ \fi
+}
+
\begingroup
\catcode`\"=12
\catcode`\<=12
@@ -9258,7 +9789,6 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\catcode`\;=12
\catcode`\!=12
\catcode`\~=13
-
\gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{%
\countUTFz = "#1\relax
%\wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
@@ -9273,6 +9803,13 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}%
+ %
+ \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax \else
+ \message{Internal error, already defined: #1}%
+ \fi
+ %
+ % define an additional control sequence for this code point.
+ \expandafter\globallet\csname uni:#1\endcsname \UTFviiiTmp
\endgroup}
\gdef\parseXMLCharref{%
@@ -9310,23 +9847,53 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}}
\endgroup
+% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Basic_M
+% U+0000..U+007F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)
+% U+0080..U+00FF = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)
+% U+0100..U+017F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-A
+% U+0180..U+024F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-B
+%
+% Many of our renditions are less than wonderful, and all the missing
+% characters are available somewhere. Loading the necessary fonts
+% awaits user request. We can't truly support Unicode without
+% reimplementing everything that's been done in LaTeX for many years,
+% plus probably using luatex or xetex, and who knows what else.
+% We won't be doing that here in this simple file. But we can try to at
+% least make most of the characters not bomb out.
+%
\def\utfeightchardefs{%
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A2}{{\tcfont \char162}}% 0242=cent
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A4}{{\tcfont \char164}}% 0244=currency
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A5}{{\tcfont \char165}}% 0245=yen
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A6}{{\tcfont \char166}}% 0246=brokenbar
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A7}{\S}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AC}{\ensuremath\lnot}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B1}{\ensuremath\pm}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B2}{$^2$}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B3}{$^3$}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B5}{$\mu$}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B6}{\P}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B7}{\ensuremath\cdot}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B9}{$^1$}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BC}{$1\over4$}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BD}{$1\over2$}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BE}{$3\over4$}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A}
@@ -9353,6 +9920,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D7}{\ensuremath\times}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U}
@@ -9386,6 +9954,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F7}{\ensuremath\div}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u}
@@ -9405,20 +9974,23 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c}
- \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}}
- \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010F}{d'}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0110}{\DH}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0111}{\dh}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G}
@@ -9428,14 +10000,20 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0122}{\cedilla{G}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0123}{\cedilla{g}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0126}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0127}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012E}{\ogonek{I}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012F}{\ogonek{i}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}}
@@ -9443,15 +10021,29 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0136}{\cedilla{K}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0137}{\cedilla{k}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0138}{\ensuremath\kappa}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013B}{\cedilla{L}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013C}{\cedilla{l}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013D}{L'}% should kern
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013E}{l'}% should kern
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013F}{L\U{00B7}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0140}{l\U{00B7}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0145}{\cedilla{N}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0146}{\cedilla{n}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0149}{'n}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014A}{\missingcharmsg{ENG}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014B}{\missingcharmsg{eng}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}}
@@ -9463,6 +10055,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0156}{\cedilla{R}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0157}{\cedilla{r}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S}
@@ -9474,10 +10068,12 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}}
- \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{t}}
- \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{T}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{T}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{t}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}}
-
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0165}{\v{t}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0166}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0167}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U}
@@ -9489,6 +10085,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0172}{\ogonek{U}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0173}{\ogonek{u}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y}
@@ -9500,6 +10098,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017F}{\missingcharmsg{LONG S}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}}
@@ -9556,6 +10155,83 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{02DB}{\ogonek{ }}
+ % Greek letters upper case
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0391}{{\it A}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0392}{{\it B}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0393}{\ensuremath{\mit\Gamma}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0394}{\ensuremath{\mit\Delta}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0395}{{\it E}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0396}{{\it Z}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0397}{{\it H}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0398}{\ensuremath{\mit\Theta}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0399}{{\it I}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039A}{{\it K}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039B}{\ensuremath{\mit\Lambda}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039C}{{\it M}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039D}{{\it N}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039E}{\ensuremath{\mit\Xi}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039F}{{\it O}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A0}{\ensuremath{\mit\Pi}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A1}{{\it P}}
+ %\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A2}{} % none - corresponds to final sigma
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A3}{\ensuremath{\mit\Sigma}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A4}{{\it T}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A5}{\ensuremath{\mit\Upsilon}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A6}{\ensuremath{\mit\Phi}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A7}{{\it X}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A8}{\ensuremath{\mit\Psi}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A9}{\ensuremath{\mit\Omega}}
+
+ % Vowels with accents
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0390}{\ensuremath{\ddot{\acute\iota}}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AC}{\ensuremath{\acute\alpha}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AD}{\ensuremath{\acute\epsilon}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AE}{\ensuremath{\acute\eta}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AF}{\ensuremath{\acute\iota}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B0}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ddot\upsilon}}}
+
+ % Standalone accent
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0384}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ }}}
+
+ % Greek letters lower case
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B1}{\ensuremath\alpha}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B2}{\ensuremath\beta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B3}{\ensuremath\gamma}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B4}{\ensuremath\delta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B5}{\ensuremath\epsilon}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B6}{\ensuremath\zeta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B7}{\ensuremath\eta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B8}{\ensuremath\theta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B9}{\ensuremath\iota}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BA}{\ensuremath\kappa}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BB}{\ensuremath\lambda}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BC}{\ensuremath\mu}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BD}{\ensuremath\nu}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BE}{\ensuremath\xi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BF}{{\it o}} % omicron
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C0}{\ensuremath\pi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C1}{\ensuremath\rho}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C2}{\ensuremath\varsigma}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C3}{\ensuremath\sigma}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C4}{\ensuremath\tau}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C5}{\ensuremath\upsilon}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C6}{\ensuremath\phi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C7}{\ensuremath\chi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C8}{\ensuremath\psi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C9}{\ensuremath\omega}
+
+ % More Greek vowels with accents
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CA}{\ensuremath{\ddot\iota}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CB}{\ensuremath{\ddot\upsilon}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CC}{\ensuremath{\acute o}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CD}{\ensuremath{\acute\upsilon}}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CE}{\ensuremath{\acute\omega}}
+
+ % Variant Greek letters
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D1}{\ensuremath\vartheta}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D6}{\ensuremath\varpi}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03F1}{\ensuremath\varrho}
+
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}}
@@ -9683,6 +10359,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y}
+ % Punctuation
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft}
@@ -9691,26 +10368,227 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2020}{\ensuremath\dagger}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2021}{\ensuremath\ddagger}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{202F}{\thinspace}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright}
+
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result}
+ % Mathematical symbols
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2200}{\ensuremath\forall}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2203}{\ensuremath\exists}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2208}{\ensuremath\in}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus}
- \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\point}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\ast}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221E}{\ensuremath\infty}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2225}{\ensuremath\parallel}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2227}{\ensuremath\wedge}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2229}{\ensuremath\cap}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2264}{\ensuremath\leq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2265}{\ensuremath\geq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2282}{\ensuremath\subset}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2287}{\ensuremath\supseteq}
+
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2016}{\ensuremath\Vert}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2032}{\ensuremath\prime}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{210F}{\ensuremath\hbar}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2111}{\ensuremath\Im}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2113}{\ensuremath\ell}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2118}{\ensuremath\wp}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{211C}{\ensuremath\Re}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2127}{\ensuremath\mho}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2135}{\ensuremath\aleph}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2190}{\ensuremath\leftarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2191}{\ensuremath\uparrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2193}{\ensuremath\downarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2194}{\ensuremath\leftrightarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2195}{\ensuremath\updownarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2196}{\ensuremath\nwarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2197}{\ensuremath\nearrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2198}{\ensuremath\searrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2199}{\ensuremath\swarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A6}{\ensuremath\mapsto}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A9}{\ensuremath\hookleftarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21AA}{\ensuremath\hookrightarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BC}{\ensuremath\leftharpoonup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BD}{\ensuremath\leftharpoondown}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BE}{\ensuremath\upharpoonright}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C0}{\ensuremath\rightharpoonup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C1}{\ensuremath\rightharpoondown}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21CC}{\ensuremath\rightleftharpoons}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D0}{\ensuremath\Leftarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D1}{\ensuremath\Uparrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D3}{\ensuremath\Downarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D4}{\ensuremath\Leftrightarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D5}{\ensuremath\Updownarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21DD}{\ensuremath\leadsto}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2201}{\ensuremath\complement}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2202}{\ensuremath\partial}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2205}{\ensuremath\emptyset}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2207}{\ensuremath\nabla}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2209}{\ensuremath\notin}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220B}{\ensuremath\owns}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220F}{\ensuremath\prod}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2210}{\ensuremath\coprod}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2211}{\ensuremath\sum}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2213}{\ensuremath\mp}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2218}{\ensuremath\circ}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221A}{\ensuremath\surd}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221D}{\ensuremath\propto}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2220}{\ensuremath\angle}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2223}{\ensuremath\mid}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2228}{\ensuremath\vee}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222A}{\ensuremath\cup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222B}{\ensuremath\smallint}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222E}{\ensuremath\oint}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{223C}{\ensuremath\sim}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2240}{\ensuremath\wr}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2243}{\ensuremath\simeq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2245}{\ensuremath\cong}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2248}{\ensuremath\approx}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{224D}{\ensuremath\asymp}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2250}{\ensuremath\doteq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2260}{\ensuremath\neq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226A}{\ensuremath\ll}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226B}{\ensuremath\gg}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227A}{\ensuremath\prec}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227B}{\ensuremath\succ}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2283}{\ensuremath\supset}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2286}{\ensuremath\subseteq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228E}{\ensuremath\uplus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228F}{\ensuremath\sqsubset}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2290}{\ensuremath\sqsupset}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2291}{\ensuremath\sqsubseteq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2292}{\ensuremath\sqsupseteq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2293}{\ensuremath\sqcap}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2294}{\ensuremath\sqcup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2295}{\ensuremath\oplus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2296}{\ensuremath\ominus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2297}{\ensuremath\otimes}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2298}{\ensuremath\oslash}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2299}{\ensuremath\odot}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A2}{\ensuremath\vdash}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A3}{\ensuremath\dashv}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A4}{\ensuremath\ptextop}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A5}{\ensuremath\bot}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A8}{\ensuremath\models}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B4}{\ensuremath\unlhd}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B5}{\ensuremath\unrhd}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C0}{\ensuremath\bigwedge}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C1}{\ensuremath\bigvee}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C2}{\ensuremath\bigcap}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C3}{\ensuremath\bigcup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C4}{\ensuremath\diamond}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C5}{\ensuremath\cdot}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C6}{\ensuremath\star}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C8}{\ensuremath\bowtie}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2308}{\ensuremath\lceil}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2309}{\ensuremath\rceil}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230A}{\ensuremath\lfloor}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230B}{\ensuremath\rfloor}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2322}{\ensuremath\frown}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2323}{\ensuremath\smile}
+
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25A1}{\ensuremath\Box}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B3}{\ensuremath\triangle}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B7}{\ensuremath\triangleright}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25BD}{\ensuremath\bigtriangledown}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C1}{\ensuremath\triangleleft}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C7}{\ensuremath\Diamond}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2660}{\ensuremath\spadesuit}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2661}{\ensuremath\heartsuit}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2662}{\ensuremath\diamondsuit}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2663}{\ensuremath\clubsuit}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266D}{\ensuremath\flat}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266E}{\ensuremath\natural}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266F}{\ensuremath\sharp}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{26AA}{\ensuremath\bigcirc}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27B9}{\ensuremath\rangle}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27C2}{\ensuremath\perp}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27E8}{\ensuremath\langle}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F5}{\ensuremath\longleftarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F6}{\ensuremath\longrightarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F7}{\ensuremath\longleftrightarrow}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27FC}{\ensuremath\longmapsto}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{29F5}{\ensuremath\setminus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A00}{\ensuremath\bigodot}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A01}{\ensuremath\bigoplus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A02}{\ensuremath\bigotimes}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A04}{\ensuremath\biguplus}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A06}{\ensuremath\bigsqcup}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A1D}{\ensuremath\Join}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A3F}{\ensuremath\amalg}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AAF}{\ensuremath\preceq}
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AB0}{\ensuremath\succeq}
+
+ \global\mathchardef\checkmark="1370 % actually the square root sign
+ \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2713}{\ensuremath\checkmark}
}% end of \utfeightchardefs
-
% US-ASCII character definitions.
\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done
\relax
}
+% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
+\def\nonasciistringdefs{%
+ \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+ \def\defstringchar##1{\def##1{\string##1}}%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^80\defstringchar^^81\defstringchar^^82\defstringchar^^83%
+ \defstringchar^^84\defstringchar^^85\defstringchar^^86\defstringchar^^87%
+ \defstringchar^^88\defstringchar^^89\defstringchar^^8a\defstringchar^^8b%
+ \defstringchar^^8c\defstringchar^^8d\defstringchar^^8e\defstringchar^^8f%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^90\defstringchar^^91\defstringchar^^92\defstringchar^^93%
+ \defstringchar^^94\defstringchar^^95\defstringchar^^96\defstringchar^^97%
+ \defstringchar^^98\defstringchar^^99\defstringchar^^9a\defstringchar^^9b%
+ \defstringchar^^9c\defstringchar^^9d\defstringchar^^9e\defstringchar^^9f%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^a0\defstringchar^^a1\defstringchar^^a2\defstringchar^^a3%
+ \defstringchar^^a4\defstringchar^^a5\defstringchar^^a6\defstringchar^^a7%
+ \defstringchar^^a8\defstringchar^^a9\defstringchar^^aa\defstringchar^^ab%
+ \defstringchar^^ac\defstringchar^^ad\defstringchar^^ae\defstringchar^^af%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^b0\defstringchar^^b1\defstringchar^^b2\defstringchar^^b3%
+ \defstringchar^^b4\defstringchar^^b5\defstringchar^^b6\defstringchar^^b7%
+ \defstringchar^^b8\defstringchar^^b9\defstringchar^^ba\defstringchar^^bb%
+ \defstringchar^^bc\defstringchar^^bd\defstringchar^^be\defstringchar^^bf%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^c0\defstringchar^^c1\defstringchar^^c2\defstringchar^^c3%
+ \defstringchar^^c4\defstringchar^^c5\defstringchar^^c6\defstringchar^^c7%
+ \defstringchar^^c8\defstringchar^^c9\defstringchar^^ca\defstringchar^^cb%
+ \defstringchar^^cc\defstringchar^^cd\defstringchar^^ce\defstringchar^^cf%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^d0\defstringchar^^d1\defstringchar^^d2\defstringchar^^d3%
+ \defstringchar^^d4\defstringchar^^d5\defstringchar^^d6\defstringchar^^d7%
+ \defstringchar^^d8\defstringchar^^d9\defstringchar^^da\defstringchar^^db%
+ \defstringchar^^dc\defstringchar^^dd\defstringchar^^de\defstringchar^^df%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^e0\defstringchar^^e1\defstringchar^^e2\defstringchar^^e3%
+ \defstringchar^^e4\defstringchar^^e5\defstringchar^^e6\defstringchar^^e7%
+ \defstringchar^^e8\defstringchar^^e9\defstringchar^^ea\defstringchar^^eb%
+ \defstringchar^^ec\defstringchar^^ed\defstringchar^^ee\defstringchar^^ef%
+ %
+ \defstringchar^^f0\defstringchar^^f1\defstringchar^^f2\defstringchar^^f3%
+ \defstringchar^^f4\defstringchar^^f5\defstringchar^^f6\defstringchar^^f7%
+ \defstringchar^^f8\defstringchar^^f9\defstringchar^^fa\defstringchar^^fb%
+ \defstringchar^^fc\defstringchar^^fd\defstringchar^^fe\defstringchar^^ff%
+}
+
+
+% define all the unicode characters we know about, for the sake of @U.
+\utfeightchardefs
+
+
% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with
% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a
% document encoding.
@@ -9979,8 +10857,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
\let"=\activedoublequote
\catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde
-\chardef\hat=`\^
-\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hat}} \let^ = \activehat
+\chardef\hatchar=`\^
+\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hatchar}} \let^ = \activehat
\catcode`\_=\active
\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
@@ -9997,6 +10875,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
\catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr
\catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}}
\catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\-=\active \let-=\normaldash
+
% used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page
% breaks in the middle of an @tex block.
@@ -10011,12 +10891,6 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
% in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too.
}
-% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
-% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
-% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on.
-% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file.
-\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other}
-
% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after
% parsing them.
\def\turnoffactive{%
@@ -10035,23 +10909,22 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines).
{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}}
-% In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
+% In Texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
% in fixed width font.
\catcode`\\=\active % @ for escape char from now on.
-% The story here is that in math mode, the \char of \backslashcurfont
-% ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol font (because \char
-% in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex sets
-% \mathcode`\\="026E). It seems better for @backslashchar{} to always
-% print a typewriter backslash, hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
+% Print a typewriter backslash. For math mode, we can't simply use
+% \backslashcurfont: the story here is that in math mode, the \char
+% of \backslashcurfont ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol
+% font (because \char in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex
+% sets \mathcode`\\="026E). Hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
% which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam;
% ignored family value; char position "5C). We can't use " for the
% usual hex value because it has already been made active.
-@def@normalbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
-@let@backslashchar = @normalbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
-% On startup, @fixbackslash assigns:
-% @let \ = @normalbackslash
+@def@ttbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
+@let@backslashchar = @ttbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
+
% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
% catcode other. We switch back and forth between these.
@@ -10059,51 +10932,77 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
-% the literal character `\'. Also revert - to its normal character, in
-% case the active - from code has slipped in.
+% the literal character `\'.
%
{@catcode`- = @active
@gdef@normalturnoffactive{%
+ @nonasciistringdefs
@let-=@normaldash
@let"=@normaldoublequote
@let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
@let+=@normalplus
@let<=@normalless
@let>=@normalgreater
- @let\=@normalbackslash
@let^=@normalcaret
@let_=@normalunderscore
@let|=@normalverticalbar
@let~=@normaltilde
+ @let\=@ttbackslash
@markupsetuplqdefault
@markupsetuprqdefault
@unsepspaces
}
}
-% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
-% This is canceled by @fixbackslash.
-@otherifyactive
+% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
+% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
+% So turn them off again, and have @fixbackslash turn them back on.
+@catcode`+=@other @catcode`@_=@other
+% \enablebackslashhack - allow file to begin `\input texinfo'
+%
% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
% a backslash.
-%
-@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash}
-@global@let\ = @eatinput
+% If the file did not have a `\input texinfo', then it is turned off after
+% the first line; otherwise the first `\' in the file would cause an error.
+% This is used on the very last line of this file, texinfo.tex.
+% We also use @c to call @fixbackslash, in case ends of lines are hidden.
+{
+@catcode`@^=7
+@catcode`@^^M=13@gdef@enablebackslashhack{%
+ @global@let\ = @eatinput%
+ @catcode`@^^M=13%
+ @def@c{@fixbackslash@c}%
+ @def ^^M{@let^^M@secondlinenl}%
+ @gdef @secondlinenl{@let^^M@thirdlinenl}%
+ @gdef @thirdlinenl{@fixbackslash}%
+}}
+
+{@catcode`@^=7 @catcode`@^^M=13%
+@gdef@eatinput input texinfo#1^^M{@fixbackslash}}
-% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then
-% the first `\' in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix
-% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur.
-% Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
-% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
-%
@gdef@fixbackslash{%
- @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi
+ @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @ttbackslash @fi
+ @catcode13=5 % regular end of line
+ @let@c=@texinfoc
+ % Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
+ % file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
@catcode`+=@active
@catcode`@_=@active
+ %
+ % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
+ % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc. This macro, @fixbackslash, gets
+ % called at the beginning of every Texinfo file. Not opening texinfo.cnf
+ % directly in this file, texinfo.tex, makes it possible to make a format
+ % file for Texinfo.
+ %
+ @openin 1 texinfo.cnf
+ @ifeof 1 @else @input texinfo.cnf @fi
+ @closein 1
}
+
% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
@escapechar = `@@
@@ -10132,7 +11031,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
@c Local variables:
@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
-@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message"
+@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message\\|emacs-page"
@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{"
@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
@c time-stamp-end: "}"
@@ -10143,3 +11042,4 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
@ignore
arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115
@end ignore
+@enablebackslashhack
diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi
index 5f71e558..90bdb3e1 100644
--- a/doc/version.texi
+++ b/doc/version.texi
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
@ignore
-Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Sun Feb 2 16:22:00 EST 2014
+@set LASTCHANGE Wed Sep 7 17:12:22 EDT 2016
-@set EDITION 4.3
-@set VERSION 4.3
-@set UPDATED 2 February 2014
-@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2014
+@set EDITION 4.4
+@set VERSION 4.4
+
+@set UPDATED 7 September 2016
+@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2016
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