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Diffstat (limited to 'documentation/bash.ps')
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation/bash.ps | 3959 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 3959 deletions
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-153.6 Q(yright \251 1989, 1991 by the Free Softw)-.1 E(are F)-.1 E -(oundation, Inc.)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 170.4 Q F2(Bash)108 182.4 Q F0 .796 -(is an)3.296 F F2(sh)3.296 E F0 .795 -(\255compatible command language interpreter that e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G .795 -(cutes commands read from the standard).15 F(input or from a \214le.)108 194.4 -Q F2(Bash)5 E F0(also incorporates useful features from the)2.5 E/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.4(Ko)2.5 G(rn).4 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(C)2.5 E F0(shells \() -2.5 E F2(ksh)A F0(and)2.5 E F2(csh)2.5 E F0(\).)A F2(Bash)108 211.2 Q F0 .488(\ -is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE Posix She\ -ll and T)2.988 F .489(ools speci\214-)-.8 F(cation \(IEEE W)108 223.2 Q -(orking Group 1003.2\).)-.8 E F1(OPTIONS)72 240 Q F0 .366(In addition to the s\ -ingle\255character shell options documented in the description of the)108 252 R -F2(set)2.866 E F0 -.2(bu)2.866 G .366(iltin command,).2 F F2(bash)108 264 Q F0 -(interprets the follo)2.5 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parameters are set to the remaining ar)3.435 F(guments.)-.18 E F2(Bash)5.936 E -F0 .225(reads and e)108 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .224 -(cutes commands from this \214le, then e).15 F(xits.)-.15 E F2(Bash')5.224 E(s) --.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.724 G .224(it status is the e).15 F .224 -(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e)108 691.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted in the script.).15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(1)535 768 Q -EP -%%Page: 2 2 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS)72 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(blank)108 96 Q -F0 2.5(As)144 96 S(pace or tab)157.61 96 Q(.)-.4 E F2 -.1(wo)108 108 S(rd).1 E -F0 2.5(As)144 108 S -(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)157.61 108 Q -(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108 120 Q F0 -(A)144 120 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.75 E(d)-.37 E F0 .251 -(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be)2.75 F .251 -(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F(betic character or an underscore.)144 132 Q -(Also referred to as an)5 E F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 -144 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 156 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)158.16 156 -Q 2.5(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 168 S -2.5(pace tab)214.81 168 R(contr)108 180 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 192 Q F3 -(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E -(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E/F4 10/Symbol SF 1.666<efef>144 -204 S F2 5(&&)3.334 G 5(&;;)182.206 204 S 5(;\(\)|<)207.196 204 S(newline>) -245.086 204 Q F1(RESER)72 220.8 Q(VED W)-.495 E(ORDS)-.09 E F3 .307 -(Reserved wor)108 232.8 R(ds)-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 -F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306 -(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv) -108 244.8 Q .227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 -(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0(belo) -2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 256.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E F2(case)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2 11.916(!c)144 273.6 S -9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)163.686 273.6 R 9.415 -(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5(while { })144 285.6 R F1 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 302.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 314.4 Q F0(A)108 326.4 Q F3 -.383(simple command)2.883 F F0 .383(is a sequence of optional v)2.883 F .384 -(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .384(wed by)-.25 F F3(blank)2.884 E F0 .384 -(\255separated w)B .384(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a) -108 338.4 R F3(contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815 -(he \214rst w)326.97 338.4 R .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(The remaining w)108 350.4 Q(ords are passed as ar) --.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.) -358.08 350.4 Q .175(The return v)108 367.2 R .175(alue of a)-.25 F F3 .175 -(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 -F F3(n)A F0 .176(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F3(n)2.676 E F0 -(.).24 E F2(Pipelines)87 384 Q F0(A)108 396 Q F3(pipeline)2.92 E F0 .42 -(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the character)2.92 F F2(|) -2.919 E F0 5.419(.T)C .419(he format for a pipeline)443.904 396 R(is:)108 408 Q -2.5([!])144 424.8 S F3(command)A F0([)2.5 E F2(|)2.5 E F3(command2)2.5 E F0 -(... ])2.5 E .418(The standard output of)108 441.6 R F3(command)2.918 E F0 .418 -(is connected to the standard input of)2.918 F F3(command2)2.918 E F0 5.418(.T) -.02 G .419(his connection is per)453.124 441.6 R(-)-.2 E(formed before an)108 -453.6 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)187.54 453.6 -Q F1(REDIRECTION)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .238(If the reserv)108 470.4 -R .238(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)2.737 E F0 .237(precedes a pipeline, the e) -5.237 F .237(xit status of that pipeline is the logical NO)-.15 F 2.737(To)-.4 -G 2.737(ft)486.949 470.4 S .237(he e)495.796 470.4 R .237(xit sta-)-.15 F .612 -(tus of the last command.)108 482.4 R .612 -(Otherwise, the status of the pipeline is the e)5.612 F .612 -(xit status of the last command.)-.15 F(The)5.613 E(shell w)108 494.4 Q -(aits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)-.1 E -(alue.)-.25 E(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 511.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F2(Lists)87 528 Q -F0(A)108 540 Q F3(list)2.727 E F0 .227 -(is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.727 -F F2(;)2.727 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.727 E F0(,)A F2(&&)2.727 E F0 2.727(,o)C(r)475.563 -540 Q F4 1.666<efef>2.727 G F0 2.727(,a)-1.666 G .227(nd termi-)502.833 540 R -(nated by one of)108 552 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)199.09 -552 Q F2(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .563(Of these list operators,)108 568.8 R F2 -(&&)3.063 E F0(and)3.063 E F4 1.666<efef>3.063 G F0(ha)1.397 E .863 -.15(ve e) --.2 H .564(qual precedence, follo).15 F .564(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.064 E F0(and) -3.064 E F2(&,)3.064 E F0 .564(which ha)3.064 F .864 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .564 -(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 580.8 Q .029 -(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 597.6 R F2(&)2.529 E F0 -2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)330.75 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 -(cutes the command in the).15 F F3(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0(in) -2.528 E 2.875(as)108 609.6 S 2.875(ubshell. The)119.205 609.6 R .375 -(shell does not w)2.875 F .375 -(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376 -(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 621.6 R F2(;)3.349 E F0 .849(are e) -3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .848 -(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return)5.848 F -(status is the e)108 633.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E(The control operators)108 650.4 Q F2(&&)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E -F4 1.666<efef>2.5 G F0(denote AND lists and OR lists, respecti).834 E -.15(ve) --.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G 2.5(nA)435.116 650.4 S(ND list has the form)449.836 -650.4 Q F3(command)144 667.2 Q F2(&&)2.5 E F3(command2)2.5 E(command2)108 684 Q -F0(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F3(command)2.5 E F0 -(returns an e)2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 -700.8 Q F3(command)144 717.6 Q F4 1.666<efef>2.5 G F3(command2).834 E F0 -185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(2)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 3 3 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command2)108 84 Q F0 .911(is e)3.411 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.911(cuted if and only if).15 F F1(command)3.412 E F0 .912 -(returns a non\255zero e)3.412 F .912(xit status.)-.15 F .912 -(The return status of AND)5.912 F(and OR lists is the e)108 96 Q -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in the list.).15 -E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Compound Commands)87 112.8 Q F0(A)108 124.8 Q F1 -(compound command)2.5 E F0(is one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E(\()108 141.6 -Q F1(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 141.6 Q F0 1.12(is e)3.62 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.12 -(cuted in a subshell.).15 F -1.11(Va)6.119 G 1.119(riable assignments and b) -1.11 F 1.119(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.119(fect the shell')-.25 F(s)-.55 -E(en)144 153.6 Q 1.068(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069 -(fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.069(The return status is the e) -6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 165.6 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 182.4 Q F1 -(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)3.89 E F0 .326(is simply e)2.826 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .326(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.826(vironment. This)-.4 F .325 -(is kno)2.826 F .325(wn as a)-.25 F F1(gr)2.825 E .325(oup command)-.45 F F0 -5.325(.T)C(he)530.56 182.4 Q(return status is the e)144 194.4 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.25(fo)108 211.2 S(r).25 E F1(name)2.5 E F0([) -2.5 E F2(in)2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(;])C F2(do)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;) -2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F0 .423(The list of w)144 223.2 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F -(wing)-.25 E F2(in)2.923 E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423 -(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E -F1(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to)2.924 F .653 -(each element of this list in turn, and)144 235.2 R F1(list)3.153 E F0 .653 -(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653(If the)5.653 F F2 -(in)3.153 E F1(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653(is omitted, the)3.153 F F2 -.25(fo) -3.153 G(r).25 E F0(command e)144 247.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(list)2.5 -E F0(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)2.5 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(select)108 264 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(in)2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -2.5(;])C F2(do)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F0 .432(The list of w) -144 276 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(in)2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F -.432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433 -(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843(is printed on the standard error)144 288 R -3.342(,e)-.4 G .842(ach preceded by a number)281.126 288 R 5.842(.I)-.55 G -3.342(ft)400.576 288 S(he)410.028 288 Q F2(in)3.342 E F1(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E -F0 .842(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .064(tional parameters are printed \(see) -144 300 R F3 -.666(PA)2.564 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.314 E 2.564(w\). The) --.25 F F2(PS3)2.564 E F0 .064(prompt is then displayed and a)2.564 F .798 -(line read from the standard input.)144 312 R .797 -(If the line consists of the number corresponding to one of the)5.798 F .951 -(displayed w)144 324 R .951(ords, then the v)-.1 F .951(alue of)-.25 F F1(name) -3.451 E F0 .952(is set to that w)3.451 F 3.452(ord. If)-.1 F .952 -(the line is empty)3.452 F 3.452(,t)-.65 G .952(he w)484.876 324 R .952 -(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 336 R 2.566(ain. If)-.05 F -.065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G -.065(ther v)452.035 336 R .065(alue read causes)-.25 F F1(name)144 348 Q F0 -.809(to be set to null.)3.309 F .809(The line read is sa)5.809 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.31(di).15 G 3.31(nt)338.36 348 S .81(he v)349.45 348 R(ariable)-.25 E F2 -(REPL)3.31 E(Y)-.92 E F0 5.81(.T)C(he)444.86 348 Q F1(list)3.31 E F0 .81(is e) -3.31 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .81(cuted after).15 F .667(each selection until a)144 360 -R F2(br)3.167 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)3.167 E F2 -.18(re)3.167 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E -F0 .667(command is e)3.167 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.167(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex) -3.167 G .667(it status of).15 F F2(select)3.167 E F0 .667(is the e)3.167 F(xit) --.15 E(status of the last command e)144 372 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F1 -(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)324.09 372 S(ero if no commands were e) -334.36 372 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(case)108 388.8 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d) --.37 E F2(in)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(|)2.5 E F1 -(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))249.27 388.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F2(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 400.8 Q F2(case)3.264 E F0 .764(command \214rst e) -3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F1(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764 -(nd tries to match it ag)303.324 400.8 R .764(ainst each)-.05 F F1(pattern) -3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F 2.028 -(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 412.8 R 2.027(xpansion \(see)-.15 F -F2 -.1(Pa)4.527 G 2.027(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)4.527 E 4.527(w\). When) --.25 F(a)4.527 E .89(match is found, the corresponding)144 424.8 R F1(list)3.39 -E F0 .89(is e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.39(cuted. After).15 F .89 -(the \214rst match, no subsequent matches)3.39 F .308(are attempted.)144 436.8 -R .308(The e)5.308 F .307(xit status is zero if no patterns are matches.)-.15 F -.307(Otherwise, it is the e)5.307 F .307(xit status of)-.15 F -(the last command e)144 448.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F2(if)108 465.6 Q F1(list)2.5 E F2(then)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(elif)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F2(then)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. [) -248.3 465.6 Q F2(else)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(])2.5 E F2<8c>2.5 E F0(The)144 -477.6 Q F2(if)2.534 E F1(list)2.534 E F0 .034(is e)2.534 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.534 -(cuted. If).15 F .034(its e)2.534 F .034(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2 -(then)2.534 E F1(list)2.534 E F0 .034(is e)2.534 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.534 -(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.534 E F2(elif)2.534 E F1(list)2.534 E F0(is) -2.534 E -.15(exe)144 489.6 S .316(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F .316 -(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)2.816 E F1(list)2.816 E -F0 .316(is e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted and the com-).15 F .658 -(mand completes.)144 501.6 R .658(Otherwise, the)5.658 F F2(else)3.158 E F1 -(list)3.158 E F0 .658(is e)3.158 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .658(cuted, if present.).15 F -.658(The e)5.658 F .658(xit status is the e)-.15 F .659(xit status)-.15 F -(of the last command e)144 513.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 530.4 Q F1 -(list)2.5 E F2(do)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E(until)108 542.4 Q F1(list) -2.5 E F2(do)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 554.4 Q F2(while)3.104 -E F0 .603(command continuously e)3.104 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .603(cutes the).15 F F2 -(do)3.103 E F1(list)3.103 E F0 .603(as long as the last command in)3.103 F F1 -(list)3.103 E F0(returns)3.103 E .47(an e)144 566.4 R .47(xit status of zero.) --.15 F(The)5.47 E F2(until)2.97 E F0 .471(command is identical to the)2.97 F F2 -(while)2.971 E F0 .471(command, e)2.971 F .471(xcept that the test)-.15 F .055 -(is ne)144 578.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .055(ted; the).05 F F2(do)2.555 E F1(list) -2.555 E F0 .055(is e)2.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .055 -(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F1(list)2.555 E F0 .054 -(returns a non\255zero e)2.554 F .054(xit status.)-.15 F 1.306(The e)144 590.4 -R 1.306(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)3.806 E F0(and)3.806 E F2(until)3.807 -E F0 1.307(commands is the e)3.807 F 1.307(xit status of the last)-.15 F F2(do) -3.807 E F1(list)3.807 E F0(command)3.807 E -.15(exe)144 602.4 S -(cuted, or zero if none w).15 E(as e)-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E([)108 -619.2 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(])2.5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(\(\) {)2.5 E F1(list)2.5 -E F0 2.5(;})C .385(This de\214nes a function named)144 631.2 R F1(name)2.884 E -F0 5.384(.T)C(he)304.616 631.2 Q F1(body)2.884 E F0 .384 -(of the function is the)2.884 F F1(list)2.884 E F0 .384(of commands between {) -2.884 F .785(and }.)144 643.2 R .785(This list is e)5.785 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 -(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(name)3.285 E F0 .785 -(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple command.)3.285 F(The)5.786 E -.15(ex) -144 655.2 S .64(it status of a function is the e).15 F .64 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted in the body) -.15 F 5.64(.\()-.65 G(See)494.43 655.2 Q F3(FUNC-)3.14 E(TIONS)144 667.2 Q F0 -(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E F3(COMMENTS)72 684 Q F0 .785 -(In a non\255interacti)108 696 R 1.085 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .785 -(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.086 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .786(hell in which the).15 -F F2 .786(-o interacti)3.286 F -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255comments).1 E F0 .786 -(option to the)3.286 F F2(set)3.286 E F0 -.2(bu)108 708 S .343 -(iltin is enabled, a w).2 F .342(ord be)-.1 F .342(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#) -2.842 E F0 .342(causes that w)2.842 F .342 -(ord and all remaining characters on that line to be)-.1 F 5.693(ignored. An) -108 720 R(interacti)5.693 E 3.493 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 3.193(hell without the).15 F -F2 3.193(-o interacti)5.693 F -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255comments).1 E F0 3.194 -(option enabled does not allo)5.693 F(w)-.25 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5) -2.5 E(3)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 4 4 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(comments.)108 84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(QU)72 100.8 S -.36(OT).09 G(ING) -.36 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Quoting)108 112.8 Q F0 .478(is used to remo)2.978 -F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 -F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .477(Quoting can be)5.477 F .184 -(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 124.8 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .185(ed w)-.15 F .185 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .289(Each of the)108 153.6 R F2(metac) -2.789 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288(listed abo)2.789 F .588 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288 -(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F .242(quoted if the)108 -165.6 R 2.742(ya)-.15 G .242(re to represent themselv)171.066 165.6 R 2.742 -(es. There)-.15 F .242(are three quoting mechanisms: the)2.742 F F2 .242 -(escape c)2.742 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.742(,s).73 G(in-)528.89 165.6 Q -(gle quotes, and double quotes.)108 177.6 Q 2.975(An)108 194.4 S .475 -(on-quoted backslash \()123.195 194.4 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974 -(\)i)C 2.974(st)223.768 194.4 S(he)233.412 194.4 Q F2 .474(escape c)2.974 F -(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)326.624 194.4 S(reserv) -337.378 194.4 Q .474(es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .474 -(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 206.4 Q .024(ws, with the e)-.25 F .024 -(xception of <ne)-.15 F 2.524(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)2.524 E F3(\\)2.524 E F0(<ne) -A .024(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not quoted, the)-.25 F F3(\\) -108 218.4 Q F0(<ne)A -(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 235.2 R .295 -(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.)-.25 F -2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)528.89 235.2 Q -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 247.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)328.67 247.2 Q .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 264 R .034(es the literal v) --.15 F .034(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex) -108 276 S 1.267(ception of).15 F F3($)3.767 E F0(,)A F3(`)3.766 E F0 3.766(,a)C -(nd)187.896 276 Q F3(\\)3.766 E F0 6.266(.T)C 1.266(he characters)219.318 276 R -F3($)3.766 E F0(and)3.766 E F3(`)3.766 E F0 1.266 -(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)3.766 F(The)6.266 E .637 -(backslash retains its special meaning only when follo)108 288 R .637 -(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .637(wing characters:)-.25 F F3($)3.137 E F0(,) -A F3(`)3.137 E F0(,)A F3(")3.97 E F0(,).833 E F3(\\)3.137 E F0 3.137(,o)C(r) -536.67 288 Q F3(<newline>)108 300 Q F0 5(.A)C(double quote may be quoted withi\ -n double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)169.4 300 Q -(The special parameters)108 316.8 Q F3(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(@)2.5 E F0(ha) -2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F1 --.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.666(PA)72 333.6 -S(RAMETERS).666 E F0(A)108 345.6 Q F2(par)3.334 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .833 -(is an entity that stores v)3.334 F .833(alues, some)-.25 F .833(what lik)-.25 -F 3.333(eav)-.1 G .833(ariable in a con)362.805 345.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .833 -(ntional programming lan-).15 F 2.51(guage. It)108 357.6 R .01(can be a)2.51 F -F2(name)2.51 E F0 2.51(,an).18 G(umber)222.1 357.6 Q 2.51(,o)-.4 G 2.511(ro) -257.26 357.6 S .011(ne of the special characters listed belo)268.101 357.6 R -2.511(wu)-.25 G(nder)434.828 357.6 Q F3 .011(Special P)2.511 F(arameters)-.1 E -F0(.)A -.15(Fo)108 369.6 S 2.5(rt).15 G(he shell')127.02 369.6 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(urposes, a)172.02 369.6 Q F2(variable)2.5 E F0(is a parameter denoted by a)2.5 -E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.).18 E 2.755(Ap)108 386.4 S .255 -(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)122.975 386.4 R 2.754(alue. The) --.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F 2.754(alue. Once)-.25 -F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)478.688 386.4 R -(may be unset only by using the)108 398.4 Q F3(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command \(see).2 E F1(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 415.2 Q F2(variable)2.5 E F0 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.5 E F2(name)144 432 Q F0(=[)A -F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 448.8 Q F2(value)2.792 E F0 .293(is not gi)2.793 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .293(n, the v).15 F .293(ariable is assigned the null string.) --.25 F(All)5.293 E F2(values)2.793 E F0(under)2.793 E .293(go tilde e)-.18 F -.293(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 1.314(and v)108 460.8 R 1.314(ariable e)-.25 F -1.314(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.313 -(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.813(l. If).25 F 1.313(the v) -3.813 F(ariable)-.25 E .432(has its)108 472.8 R F3<ad69>2.932 E F0(attrib)2.932 -E .432(ute set \(see)-.2 F F3(declar)2.932 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)2.932 E 2.932(wi) --.25 G(n)280.946 472.8 Q F1 .432(SHELL B)2.932 F(UIL)-.09 E .432(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0(then)2.682 E F2(value)2.933 E F0 .433 -(is subject to arith-)2.933 F .455(metic e)108 484.8 R .455(xpansion e)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.955(ni).15 G 2.955(ft)200.745 484.8 S .455 -(he $[...] syntax does not appear)209.81 484.8 R 5.455(.W)-.55 G .454 -(ord splitting is not performed, with the e)353.1 484.8 R(xcep-)-.15 E(tion of) -108 496.8 Q F3("$@")2.5 E F0(as e)2.5 E(xplained belo)-.15 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G -(nder)248.54 496.8 Q F3(Special P)2.5 E(arameters)-.1 E F0 5(.P)C(athname e) -364.1 496.8 Q(xpansion is not performed.)-.15 E F3 -.2(Po)87 513.6 S -(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 525.6 Q F2 .815(positional par)3.315 -F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .816 -(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0.) -3.315 F(Posi-)5.816 E .445(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 -537.6 R 2.944(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)303.574 537.6 S .444(uments when it is in).18 F --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 549.6 -Q F3(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834 -(Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 -F(The)5.834 E .334 -(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is e)108 -561.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333(cuted \(see).15 F F1(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo) -2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403 -(When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 -578.4 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 590.4 Q -F1(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 607.2 Q -(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675(The shell treats se)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 -(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 -(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)306.95 619.2 R -(them is not allo)108 631.2 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 643.2 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 643.2 R .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .084 -(ble quotes, it e)144 655.2 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084 -(ord with the v)-.1 F .084 -(alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E .943 -(acter of the)144 667.2 R F1(IFS)3.444 E F0 .944(special v)3.194 F 3.444 -(ariable. That)-.25 F .944(is, `)3.444 F(`)-.74 E F3($*)A F0 2.424 -.74('' i)D -3.444(se).74 G(qui)357.352 667.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .944(lent to `).25 F(`)-.74 E -F3($1)A F2(c)A F3($2)A F2(c)A F3(...)A F0 -.74('')C 3.444(,w).74 G(here)470.124 -667.2 Q F2(c)3.444 E F0 .944(is the \214rst)3.444 F .583(character of the v)144 -679.2 R .583(alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.083 E F0 -.25(va)2.833 G 3.083 -(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)3.083 E F0 .583 -(is null or unset, the parameters are separated by)2.833 F(spaces.)144 691.2 Q -F3(@)108 703.2 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 703.2 R .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F 1.387 -(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 715.2 R 1.386(xpands as a separate w)-.15 F -3.886(ord. That)-.1 F 1.386(is, `)3.886 F(`)-.74 E F3($@)3.886 E F0 2.866 -.74 -('' i)D 3.886(se).74 G(qui)465.888 715.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 1.386(lent to `).25 F -(`)-.74 E F3($1)A F0 -.74('')C -.74(``)144 727.2 S F3($2).74 E F0 1.666 -.74 -('' .)D 2.686(.. When).74 F .186(there are no positional parameters, `)2.686 F -(`)-.74 E F3($@)A F0 1.666 -.74('' a)D(nd).74 E F3($@)2.686 E F0 -.15(ex)2.686 -G .187(pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 F 2.687(ya)-.15 G(re)532.23 727.2 Q -185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(4)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 5 5 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(remo)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)108 96 Q F0 -(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 96 Q F1(?)108 -108 Q F0(Expands to the status of the most recently e)144 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 120 Q F0 .882 -(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 120 R -.2(vo) --.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881 -(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 132 Q -F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(\215ag\).)2.5 E F1($)108 144 Q F0 .214 -(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 144 R .214 -(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214(xpands to the process ID of the current) --.15 F(shell, not the subshell.)144 156 Q F1(!)108 168 Q F0 -(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)144 168 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 180 Q F0 1.692 -(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 180 R 1.691 -(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F1(bash)4.191 E F0(is) -4.191 E(in)144 192 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577 -(ith a \214le of commands,)185.817 192 R F1($0)3.077 E F0 .578 -(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F1(bash)3.078 E F0 .578 -(is started with the)3.078 F F1<ad63>3.078 E F0 .369(option, then)144 204 R F1 -($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369 -(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 -(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, it is set to the pathname used to in)144 216 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)354.13 216 S -2.15 -.25(iv e)365.52 216 T 2.5 -(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)389.84 216 S -.18(rg)401.78 216 S(ument zero.).18 E F1(_)108 -228 Q F0 .361(Expands to the last ar)144 228 R .362(gument to the pre)-.18 F -.362(vious command, after e)-.25 F 2.862(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .362 -(set to the full path-)2.862 F(name of each command e)144 240 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted and placed in the en).15 E(vironment e)-.4 E(xported to that command.) --.15 E F1(Shell V)87 256.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 268.8 Q(wing v) --.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1(PPID)108 285.6 Q F0 -(The process ID of the shell')144 285.6 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent.)266.2 285.6 Q F1 -(PWD)108 297.6 Q F0(The current w)144 297.6 Q(orking directory as set by the) --.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1(OLDPWD)108 309.6 Q F0(The pre)144 321.6 -Q(vious w)-.25 E(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.) -2.5 E F1(REPL)108 333.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 -345.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E -(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(UID)108 357.6 Q F0 -(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 357.6 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G -(nitialized at shell startup.)318.56 357.6 Q F1(EUID)108 369.6 Q F0 -(Expands to the ef)144 369.6 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H -(ser ID of the current user).15 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G(nitialized at shell startup.) -355.39 369.6 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 381.6 S(SH).3 E F0 -(Expands to the full pathname used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H -(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 393.6 S(SH_VERSION).3 -E F0(Expands to the v)144 405.6 Q(ersion number of this instance of)-.15 E F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(SHL)108 417.6 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 -(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 429.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(is started.)2.5 E F1(RANDOM)108 441.6 Q F0 .944 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 453.6 R .943 -(ger is generated.)-.15 F .943(The sequence of random)5.943 F .91 -(numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 465.6 R .91(alue to)-.25 F/F2 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)3.41 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)5.41 E F2 -(RANDOM)3.41 E F0 .91(is unset, it loses its)3.16 F(special properties, e)144 -477.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)243.02 477.6 S 2.5(ti)251.63 477.6 S -2.5(ss)259.69 477.6 S(ubsequently reset.)269.97 477.6 Q F1(SECONDS)108 489.6 Q -F0 .795 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell in) -144 501.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 513.6 R -.712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F -.712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .408 -(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 525.6 R .408(alue assigned.) --.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407(is unset, it loses its special) -2.658 F(properties, e)144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)212.75 -537.6 S 2.5(ti)221.36 537.6 S 2.5(ss)229.42 537.6 S(ubsequently reset.)239.7 -537.6 Q F1(LINENO)108 549.6 Q F0 1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced,\ - the shell substitutes a decimal number representing the)144 561.6 R .078(curr\ -ent sequential line number \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 -573.6 R .078(When not in a script or)5.078 F .603(function, the v)144 585.6 R -.603(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F .604 -(When in a function, the v)5.603 F(alue)-.25 E .601(is not the number of the s\ -ource line that the command appears on \(that information has been lost)144 -597.6 R .461(by the time the function is e)144 609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .461 -(cuted\), b).15 F .461(ut is an approximation of the number of)-.2 F/F4 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF .462(simple commands)2.962 F F0 -.15(exe)144 621.6 S 1.02 -(cuted in the current function.).15 F(If)6.019 E F2(LINENO)3.519 E F0 1.019 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.269 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.519(ni) -.15 G 3.519(fi)517.402 621.6 S 3.519(ti)527.031 621.6 S(s)536.11 621.6 Q -(subsequently reset.)144 633.6 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 645.6 Q F0 .355 -(The history number)144 657.6 R 2.855(,o)-.4 G 2.855(ri)233.545 657.6 S(nde) -242.51 657.6 Q 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)267.436 657.6 S .356 -(he history list, of the current command.)278.072 657.6 R(If)5.356 E F2 -(HISTCMD)2.856 E F0 .356(is unset, it)2.606 F(loses its special properties, e) -144 669.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)277.47 669.6 S 2.5(ti)286.08 -669.6 S 2.5(ss)294.14 669.6 S(ubsequently reset.)304.42 669.6 Q F1(OPT)108 -681.6 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 693.6 R 1.627(alue of the last option ar) --.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 -G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 705.6 S(IL).09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R -(May 5)2.5 E(5)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 6 6 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)108 84 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 96 R 4.151(xo)-.15 -G 4.151(ft)194.922 96 S 1.651(he ne)205.183 96 R 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652 -(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)4.152 G -1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 -108 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(HOSTTYPE)108 -120 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type o\ -f machine on which)144 132 R F1(bash)2.722 E F0 .222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 144 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E -F1(OSTYPE)108 156 Q F0 .329 -(Automatically set to a string that describes the operating system on which)144 -168 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F -(def)144 180 Q(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E .994(The follo)108 196.8 R .994 -(wing v)-.25 F .994(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,) -5.994 F F1(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 208.8 Q -.65 -(w.)-.25 G F1(IFS)108 225.6 Q F0(The)144 225.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .637 -(Internal F)3.137 F .637(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .637 -(that is used for w)3.137 F .638(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .638 -(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 237.6 S(rds with the).1 E -F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E -F1 -.74(PA)108 249.6 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588(The search path for commands.)9.91 F -.587(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)5.588 -F .211(for commands \(see)144 261.6 R F2 .212(COMMAND EXECUTION)2.712 F F0 -(belo)2.462 E 2.712(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.712 E .212 -(ault path is system\255dependent, and)-.1 F 12.209 -(is set by the administrator who installs)144 273.6 R F1(bash)385.854 273.6 Q -F0 17.209(.A)C 12.209(common v)447.502 273.6 R 12.209(alue is)-.25 F -.74(``) -144 285.6 S(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.).74 E -.74('') --.7 G(.).74 E F1(HOME)108 297.6 Q F0 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 309.6 Q(ault ar)-.1 E -(gument for the)-.18 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F1(CDP) -108 321.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 333.6 R -F1(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 -(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F -(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 345.6 Q F1(cd) -2.5 E F0 2.5(command. A)2.5 F(sample v)2.5 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`.:~:/usr')-.74 E -('.)-.74 E F1(ENV)108 357.6 Q F0 .506(If this parameter is set when)144 357.6 R -F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505 -(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505(alue is interpreted as a \214lename) --.25 F 1.968(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 369.6 R F3 -(.bashr)4.469 E(c)-.37 E F0 6.969(.T).31 G 1.969(he v)403.037 369.6 R 1.969 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(ENV)4.469 E F0 1.969(is subjected to)4.219 F .47 -(parameter e)144 381.6 R .47(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e) --.15 F .47(xpansion before being interpreted as)-.15 F 2.5(ap)144 393.6 S -(athname.)155.94 393.6 Q F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -(is not used to search for the resultant pathname.)2.25 E F1(MAIL)108 405.6 Q -F0 .336(If this parameter is set to a \214lename and the)8.78 F F2(MAILP)2.837 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.587 G .337(riable is not set,).25 F F1 -(bash)2.837 E F0 .337(informs the user)2.837 F(of the arri)144 417.6 Q -.25(va) --.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5(fm)202.65 417.6 S(ail in the speci\214ed \214le.)216.26 -417.6 Q F1(MAILCHECK)108 429.6 Q F0 .099(Speci\214es ho)144 441.6 R 2.599(wo) --.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\))207.278 441.6 R F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098 -(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F -.098(When it is time)5.098 F .779 -(to check for mail, the shell does so before prompting.)144 453.6 R .779 -(If this v)5.779 F .779(ariable is unset, the shell disables)-.25 F -(mail checking.)144 465.6 Q F1(MAILP)108 477.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -3.512(Ac)144 489.6 S 1.012(olon-separated list of pathnames to be check)159.172 -489.6 R 1.011(ed for mail.)-.1 F 1.011(The message to be printed may be)6.011 F -.635(speci\214ed by separating the pathname from the message with a `?'.)144 -501.6 R .636($_ stands for the name of the)5.635 F(current mail\214le.)144 -513.6 Q(Example:)5 E F1(MAILP)144 525.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -(='/usr/spool/mail/bfox?"Y)A(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"').15 E F1(Bash)144 537.6 Q F0 .389 -(supplies a def)2.889 F .389(ault v)-.1 F .389(alue for this v)-.25 F .389 -(ariable, b)-.25 F .388 -(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F -(system dependent \(e.g., /usr/spool/mail/)144 549.6 Q F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1 -(MAIL_W)108 561.6 Q(ARNING)-1.2 E F0 1.932(If set, and a \214le that)144 573.6 -R F1(bash)4.432 E F0 1.932 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it w)4.432 F(as)-.1 -E(check)144 585.6 Q(ed, the message `)-.1 E(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le) -2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sp)385.41 585.6 S(rinted.)396.8 -585.6 Q F1(PS1)108 597.6 Q F0 .065(The v)144 597.6 R .065 -(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E -(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F -2.5(string. The)144 609.6 R(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1 -(bash\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 621.6 Q F0 .688(The v)144 621.6 -R .688(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .689 -(xpanded and used as the secondary prompt string.)-.15 F .689(The def)5.689 F -.689(ault is)-.1 F -.74(``)144 633.6 S F1(>).74 E F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 -(PS3)108 645.6 Q F0 1.15(The v)144 645.6 R 1.15 -(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F3(select)3.649 E -F0 1.149(command \(see)3.649 F F2 1.149(SHELL GRAM-)3.649 F(MAR)144 657.6 Q F0 -(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 669.6 Q F0 .628(The v)144 669.6 -R .628(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .629(xpanded and the v)-.15 F .629 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)3.129 E F0(dis-)3.129 E -.702(plays during an e)144 681.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .701(cution trace.).15 F .701 -(The \214rst character of)5.701 F F2(PS4)3.201 E F0 .701 -(is replicated multiple times, as neces-)2.951 F(sary)144 693.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G -2.5(oi)167.79 693.6 S(ndicate multiple le)178.07 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74 -('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 705.6 Q F0 1.942 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 717.6 R F2 -(HIST)4.443 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)4.193 E 4.443(w\). The)-.25 F(def) -144 729.6 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 500.)-.25 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5) -2.5 E(6)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)108 84 Q F0 1.386 -(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 96 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.886(d. \(See).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.886 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 -(belo)3.636 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 6.386(\)T).65 G 1.385(he def)499.005 96 R(ault)-.1 -E -.25(va)144 108 S .034(lue is).25 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_history) -2.534 E F0 5.034(.I)C 2.534(fu)248.292 108 S .035 -(nset, the command history is not sa)259.156 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.535(dw).15 G -.035(hen an interacti)424.04 108 R .335 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .035(hell e).15 F -(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 120 Q F0 1.623 -(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 132 R 1.622 -(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 144 S .311 -(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F 2.811(,t)-.65 G 2.811 -(oc)339.168 144 S .311(ontain no more than that number of lines.)351.419 144 R -(The)5.312 E(def)144 156 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 500.)-.25 E F1(OPTERR)108 168 Q -F0 .39(If set to the v)144 180 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 192 R(UIL)-.09 E .359 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 204 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 -216 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0(If set, the v)144 228 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1 -(IGNOREEOF)108 240 Q F0 .14(Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an) -144 252 R F2(EOF)2.639 E F0 .139(character as the sole input.)2.389 F .139 -(If set, the v)5.139 F .139(alue is)-.25 F 1.493(the number of consecuti)144 -264 R -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(EOF)4.143 E F0 1.494 -(characters typed as the \214rst characters on an input line before)3.744 F F1 -(bash)144 276 Q F0 -.15(ex)3.333 G 3.333(its. If).15 F .833(the v)3.333 F .832 -(ariable e)-.25 F .832(xists b)-.15 F .832(ut does not ha)-.2 F 1.132 -.15 -(ve a n)-.2 H .832(umeric v).15 F .832(alue, or has no v)-.25 F .832 -(alue, the def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)144 288 S .585(lue is 10.).25 F .585 -(If it does not e)5.585 F(xist,)-.15 E F2(EOF)3.085 E F0 .586 -(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.835 F .586(This is only in ef) -5.586 F(fect)-.25 E(for interacti)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1 -(TMOUT)108 312 Q F0 1.113(If set to a v)144 324 R 1.113 -(alue greater than zero, the v)-.25 F 1.112 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to w)-.25 F 1.112(ait for)-.1 F -.558(input after issuing the primary prompt.)144 336 R F1(Bash)5.558 E F0 .558 -(terminates after w)3.058 F .558(aiting for that number of seconds)-.1 F -(if input does not arri)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(FCEDIT)108 360 Q F0 -(The def)144 372 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 384 Q F0 2.599(Ac)144 396 S .098 -(olon-separated list of suf)158.259 396 R<8c78>-.25 E .098 -(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F2(READLINE) -2.598 E F0(belo)144 408 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F -.205(\214x matches one of the entries in)-.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205 -(is e)2.455 F .205(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 420 -Q 2.5(As)5 G(ample v)250.65 420 Q(alue is `)-.25 E(`.o:~')-.74 E('.)-.74 E F1 -(INPUTRC)108 432 Q F0 1.637(The \214lename for the readline startup \214le, o) -144 444 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.637(rriding the def).15 F 1.636(ault of)-.1 F F3 -(~/.inputr)5.802 E(c)-.37 E F0(\(see)5.802 E F2(READLINE)4.136 E F0(belo)144 -456 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(notify)108 468 Q F0 .031(If set,)144 468 R F1(bash)2.531 E -F0 .031(reports terminated background jobs immediately)2.531 F 2.532(,r)-.65 G -.032(ather than w)394.13 468 R .032(aiting until before print-)-.1 F -(ing the ne)144 480 Q(xt primary prompt \(see also the)-.15 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0 -(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command\).).2 E F1 -(history_contr)108 492 Q(ol)-.18 E(HISTCONTR)108 504 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 .881 -(If set to a v)144 516 R .881(alue of)-.25 F F3(ignor)3.381 E(espace)-.37 E F0 -3.381(,l).18 G .881(ines which be)281.367 516 R .881(gin with a)-.15 F F1 -(space)3.38 E F0 .88(character are not entered on the)3.38 F .401 -(history list.)144 528 R .401(If set to a v)5.401 F .401(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(ignor)2.901 E(edups)-.37 E F0 2.901(,l).27 G .401 -(ines matching the last history line are not entered.)325.029 528 R(A)5.402 E --.25(va)144 540 S 1.304(lue of).25 F F3(ignor)3.804 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 1.304 -(combines the tw)3.804 F 3.804(oo)-.1 G 3.804(ptions. If)310.534 540 R 1.303 -(unset, or if set to an)3.804 F 3.803(yo)-.15 G 1.303(ther v)453.301 540 R -1.303(alue than those)-.25 F(abo)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,a).15 G -(ll lines read by the parser are sa)177.02 552 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5 -(nt)324.96 552 S(he history list.)335.24 552 Q F1(command_oriented_history)108 -568.8 Q F0 .472(If set,)144 580.8 R F1(bash)2.973 E F0 .473(attempts to sa) -2.973 F .773 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .473 -(ll lines of a multiple\255line command in the same history entry).15 F 5.473 -(.T)-.65 G(his)528.33 580.8 Q(allo)144 592.8 Q -(ws easy re\255editing of multi\255line commands.)-.25 E F1 -(glob_dot_\214lenames)108 609.6 Q F0(If set,)144 621.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5(nt) -351.75 621.6 S(he results of pathname e)362.03 621.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(allo)108 638.4 Q(w_null_glob_expansion)-.1 E F0 .652(If set,)144 650.4 R F1 -(bash)3.152 E F0(allo)3.152 E .651 -(ws pathname patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.151 G -.651(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.151 E .651(w\) to)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 662.4 -S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(histchars)108 -679.2 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 691.2 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)188.589 691.2 S 2.07 -(hree characters which control history e)199.269 691.2 R 2.07(xpansion and tok) --.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 -703.2 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.965 E 3.215(w\). The)-.25 F .714 -(\214rst character is the)3.215 F F3 .714(history e)3.214 F .714(xpansion c)-.2 -F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 3.214(,t).73 G .714(hat is, the character)460.108 -703.2 R .141(which signals the start of a history e)144 715.2 R .141 -(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 2.641('. The)B .142 -(second character is the)2.641 F F3(quic)2.642 E 2.642(ks)-.2 G(ub-)526.67 -715.2 Q(stitution)144 727.2 Q F0(character)4.635 E 4.635(,w)-.4 G 2.134 -(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)232.02 727.2 R 2.134 -(vious command entered,)-.25 F 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(7)535 768 -Q EP -%%Page: 8 8 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -.466(substituting one string for another in the command.)144 84 R .466(The def) -5.466 F .466(ault is `)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)A F0 2.966('. The)B .466 -(optional third charac-)2.966 F .414(ter is the character which signi\214es th\ -at the remainder of the line is a comment, when found as the)144 96 R .389 -(\214rst character of a w)144 108 R .389(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.889 -('. The)B .39(history comment character causes history substitution)2.889 F .25 -(to be skipped for the remaining w)144 120 R .25(ords on the line.)-.1 F .25 -(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to)5.25 F -(treat the rest of the line as a comment.)144 132 Q F1(nolinks)108 148.8 Q F0 -.44(If set, the shell does not follo)144 160.8 R 2.94(ws)-.25 G .44 -(ymbolic links when e)276.82 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .44 -(cuting commands that change the current).15 F -.1(wo)144 172.8 S .981 -(rking directory).1 F 5.981(.I)-.65 G 3.481(tu)227.972 172.8 S .981(ses the ph) -239.233 172.8 R .981(ysical directory structure instead.)-.05 F .981(By def) -5.981 F(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.48 E F0(follo)3.48 E .98(ws the)-.25 F .585(logi\ -cal chain of directories when performing commands which change the current dir\ -ectory)144 184.8 R 3.085(,s)-.65 G(uch)525.56 184.8 Q(as)144 196.8 Q F1(cd)2.65 -E F0 5.15(.S)C .149(ee also the description of the)178.19 196.8 R F1<ad50>2.649 -E F0 .149(option to the)2.649 F F1(set)2.649 E F0 -.2(bu)2.649 G .149(iltin \() -.2 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .149(SHELL B)2.649 F(UIL)-.09 E .149(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)144 208.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(hostname_completion_\214le)108 220.8 -Q(HOSTFILE)108 232.8 Q F0 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 244.8 R/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015 -(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F 1.425 -(needs to complete a hostname.)144 256.8 R 1.424 -(The \214le may be changed interacti)6.424 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.424(ly; the ne) -.15 F 1.424(xt time hostname)-.15 F(completion is attempted)144 268.8 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(adds the contents of the ne)2.5 E 2.5<778c>-.25 G -(le to the already e)386.52 268.8 Q(xisting database.)-.15 E F1(noclob)108 -285.6 Q(ber)-.1 E F0 .38(If set,)144 297.6 R F1(bash)2.88 E F0 .38(does not o) -2.88 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .38(rwrite an e).15 F .381(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F -F1(>)2.881 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.881 E F0 2.881(,a)C(nd)403.766 297.6 Q F1(<>)2.881 -E F0 .381(redirection operators.)2.881 F(This)5.381 E -.25(va)144 309.6 S .465 -(riable may be o).25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .464 -(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection operator).15 F -F1(>|)2.964 E F0(instead)2.964 E(of)144 321.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0(\(see also the) -2.5 E F1<ad43>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command\).).2 E F1(auto_r)108 338.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 -350.4 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)257.83 350.4 R .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 362.4 R .538(\ -ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumpt\ -ion of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 374.4 S .366(isting stopped job).15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 -G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)238.718 374.4 R .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F 1.157 -(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 386.4 R(The) -6.156 E F3(name)3.656 E F0 1.156(of a stopped job, in this)3.656 F(conte)144 -398.4 Q 1.132(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133 -(If set to the v)6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 -G 1.133(he string supplied must)443.541 398.4 R .625 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 410.4 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15 F F3 -(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624(he string supplied needs to match a) -395.716 410.4 R .924(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 422.4 R 5.924 -(.T)-.4 G(he)317.642 422.4 Q F3(substring)3.424 E F0 -.25(va)3.424 G .925 -(lue pro).25 F .925(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 434.4 Q F1 -(%?)2.545 E F0 .045(job id \(see)5.045 F F2 .044(JOB CONTR)2.545 F(OL)-.27 E F0 -(belo)2.294 E 2.544(w\). If)-.25 F .044(set to an)2.544 F 2.544(yo)-.15 G .044 -(ther v)380.512 434.4 R .044(alue, the supplied string must be a)-.25 F -(pre\214x of a stopped job')144 446.4 Q 2.5(sn)-.55 G(ame; this pro)248.16 -446.4 Q(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(job id.)2.5 E -F1(no_exit_on_failed_exec)108 463.2 Q F0 .69(If this v)144 475.2 R .69 -(ariable e)-.25 F .69(xists, a non-interacti)-.15 F .99 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .691 -(hell will not e).15 F .691(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .691 -(cute the \214le speci\214ed in).15 F(the)144 487.2 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e) -.15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(cdable_v)108 504 -Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .834(If this is set, an ar)144 516 R .834(gument to the)-.18 F -F1(cd)3.334 E F0 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834 -(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F(name of a v) -144 528 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2 -(EXP)72 544.8 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0 .76 -(Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 -556.8 R 3.26(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G -.76(inds of)511.74 556.8 R -.15(ex)108 568.8 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F3 -(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F -(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 E .369(ameter and variable e)-.15 F -(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .369(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 580.8 Q -F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds) --.37 G(plitting)261.81 580.8 Q F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)300.37 580.8 Q F3(pathname e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E .16(The order of e)108 597.6 R .16 -(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .16(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .16 -(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.66(,v)-.4 G .16(ariable, command, and arithmetic) -405.38 597.6 R(substitution \(done in a left\255to\255right f)108 609.6 Q -(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 626.4 Q -(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.5 E(ocess substitution) --.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 643.2 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487 -(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487(xpansion can change the number of w) --.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 655.2 S 1.36(pansion; other e).15 F -1.36(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.36(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.36(ord to a single w)-.1 -F 3.86(ord. The)-.1 F 1.36(single e)3.86 F 1.36(xception to this is the)-.15 F --.15(ex)108 667.2 S(pansion of `).15 E(`)-.74 E F1($@)A F0 1.48 -.74('' a)D 2.5 -(se).74 G(xplained abo)205.49 667.2 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F2 -.666 -(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 684 -Q F3(Br)108 696 Q .661(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .661 -(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.161 F .66 -(This mechanism is similar)5.66 F(to)108 708 Q F3 .415(pathname e)2.915 F -(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415(ut the \214lenames generated need not e) -211.615 708 R 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415 -(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G(he)530.56 708 Q .889(form of an optional)108 -720 R F3(pr)3.388 E(eamble)-.37 E F0 3.388(,f).18 G(ollo)238.342 720 Q .888 -(wed by a series of comma-separated strings between a pair of braces,)-.25 F -185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(8)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 9 9 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(follo)108 84 Q .402(wed by an optional)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(postamble)2.902 E F0 5.402(.T).18 G .402 -(he preamble is prepended to each string contained within the braces,)262.43 84 -R(and the postamble is then appended to each resulting string, e)108 96 Q -(xpanding left to right.)-.15 E .719(Brace e)108 112.8 R .719 -(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 -(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)108 124.8 -Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)252.18 124.8 Q .581 -(Brace e)108 141.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 -G .581(ther e)283.356 141.6 R .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G -.582(haracters special to other e)391.192 141.6 R(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 153.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016(It is strictly te) -5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515 -(ys)-.15 G .015(yntactic interpretation to the con-)406.63 153.6 R(te)108 165.6 -Q(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)-.15 E -3.632(Ac)108 182.4 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)123.292 182.4 R 1.132 -(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one) --.15 F(unquoted comma.)108 194.4 Q(An)5 E 2.5(yi)-.15 G -(ncorrectly formed brace e)207.01 194.4 Q(xpansion is left unchanged.)-.15 E -1.476(This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x o\ -f the strings to be generated is)108 211.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 223.2 Q -.3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 240 Q --.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 252 Q(cho)144 264 Q -(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E -(x}})-.15 E 1.177(Brace e)108 280.8 R 1.177 -(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with traditional v)-.15 F 1.177 -(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.677 E F0 3.677(,t)C 1.177(he Bourne shell.)456.747 -280.8 R F2(sh)6.178 E F0 .015 -(does not treat opening or closing braces specially when the)108 292.8 R 2.515 -(ya)-.15 G .015(ppear as part of a w)355.73 292.8 R .014(ord, and preserv)-.1 F -.014(es them in)-.15 F .693(the output.)108 304.8 R F2(Bash)5.693 E F0(remo) -3.193 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.193(sb).15 G .694(races from w)223.252 304.8 R .694 -(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.194(xpansion. F)-.15 F .694(or e)-.15 -F .694(xample, a w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E 1.45(entered to)108 316.8 R F2(sh)3.95 E F0 -(as)3.95 E F1(\214le{1,2})3.95 E F0 1.45(appears identically in the output.) -3.95 F 1.45(The same w)6.45 F 1.45(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 1.45 -(\214le1 \214le2)3.95 F F0(after)3.95 E -.15(ex)108 328.8 S .576(pansion by).15 -F F2(bash)3.076 E F0 5.576(.I)C 3.076(fs)195.968 328.8 S .576 -(trict compatibility with)206.264 328.8 R F2(sh)3.077 E F0 .577 -(is desired, start)3.077 F F2(bash)3.077 E F0 .577(with the)3.077 F F2 -(\255nobraceexpansion)3.077 E F0(\215ag)3.077 E(\(see)108 340.8 Q/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIONS)2.598 E F0(abo)2.348 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.598(\)o).15 G -2.598(rd)204.063 340.8 S .098(isable brace e)214.991 340.8 R .098 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2 .097(+o braceexpand)2.598 F F0 .097(option to the) -2.597 F F2(set)2.597 E F0 .097(command \(see)2.597 F F3(SHELL B)108 352.8 Q -(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 369.6 -S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 .432(If a w)108 381.6 R .432(ord be)-.1 F .432 -(gins with a tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 .433 -('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst slash \(or all characters,)B -.986(if there is no slash\) are treated as a possible)108 393.6 R F1(lo)3.486 E -.985(gin name)-.1 F F0 3.485(.I)C 3.485(ft)348.85 393.6 S(his)358.445 393.6 Q -F1(lo)3.485 E .985(gin name)-.1 F F0 .985(is the null string, the tilde is) -3.485 F .353(replaced with the v)108 405.6 R .353(alue of the parameter)-.25 F -F3(HOME)2.853 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.853 E F3(HOME)2.854 E F0 .354 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.604 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -(ing the shell is substituted instead.)108 417.6 Q .638(If a `+' follo)108 -434.4 R .638(ws the tilde, the v)-.25 F .638(alue of)-.25 F F3(PWD)3.138 E F0 -.638(replaces the tilde and `+'.)2.888 F .638(If a `\255' follo)5.638 F .638 -(ws, the v)-.25 F .637(alue of)-.25 F F3(OLD-)3.137 E(PWD)108 446.4 Q F0 1.345 -(is substituted.)3.595 F 1.345(If the v)6.345 F 1.345(alue follo)-.25 F 1.345 -(wing the tilde is a v)-.25 F(alid)-.25 E F1(lo)3.846 E 1.346(gin name)-.1 F F0 -3.846(,t)C 1.346(he tilde and)424.78 446.4 R F1(lo)3.846 E 1.346(gin name)-.1 F -F0(are)3.846 E .659 -(replaced with the home directory associated with that name.)108 458.4 R .659 -(If the name is in)5.659 F -.25(va)-.4 G .658(lid, or the tilde e).25 F -(xpansion)-.15 E -.1(fa)108 470.4 S(ils, the w).1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E -1.162(Each v)108 487.2 R 1.162(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F 1.162 -(ed for unquoted instances of tildes follo)-.1 F 1.162(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)3.663 -E F0(or)3.663 E F2(=)3.663 E F0 6.163(.I)C 3.663(nt)483.524 487.2 S 1.163 -(hese cases,)494.967 487.2 R 1.043(tilde substitution is also performed.)108 -499.2 R(Consequently)6.043 E 3.543(,o)-.65 G 1.043 -(ne may use pathnames with tildes in assignments to)324.998 499.2 R F3 -.666 -(PA)108 511.2 S(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4 -(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 -(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 -528 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)108 540 R F2($)A F0 4.105('c)C -1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)147.86 540 R 1.606 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106(xpansion. The) --.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 552 R .407 -(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406(ut serv) --.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)515.434 552 S(ro-)528.34 552 Q .032(tect the v) -108 564 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 576 Q(${) -108 592.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.346(The v)144 604.8 R 1.346 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.346(is substituted.)3.846 F -1.346(The braces are required when)6.346 F F1(par)3.845 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -1.345(is a positional)3.845 F .38(parameter with more than one digit, or when) -144 616.8 R F1(par)2.881 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .381(is follo)2.881 F .381 -(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F(be interpreted as part of its name.) -144 628.8 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 645.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor) -3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 -(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F .861 -(and arithmetic e)108 657.6 R(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.861 E F0 .862 -(tests for a parameter that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a) -3.361 F(test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 669.6 Q(${)108 686.4 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .929(Use Default V) -144 698.4 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.929(.I)C(f)237.797 698.4 Q F1(par)3.429 E(ameter) --.15 E F0 .929(is unset or null, the e)3.429 F .928(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor) -3.428 E(d)-.37 E F0 .928(is substituted.)3.428 F(Other)5.928 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, the v)144 710.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(9)535 768 Q EP -%%Page: 10 10 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(:=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .085(Assign Default V)144 96 R(alues)-.92 E -F0 5.085(.I)C(f)248.055 96 Q F1(par)2.585 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .086 -(is unset or null, the e)2.585 F .086(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)2.586 E(d)-.37 -E F0 .086(is assigned to)2.586 F F1(par)2.586 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 108 Q F0 -6.311(.T).73 G 1.311(he v)175.201 108 R 1.311(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.811 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.311(is then substituted.)3.811 F 1.311 -(Positional parameters and special parameters)6.311 F -(may not be assigned to in this w)144 120 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)108 132 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .645(Display Err)144 -144 R .645(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.645(.I)C(f)286.57 144 Q F1(par)3.145 -E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .645(is null or unset, the e)3.145 F .645(xpansion of)-.15 F -F1(wor)3.145 E(d)-.37 E F0 .645(\(or a mes-)3.145 F .715(sage to that ef)144 -156 R .715(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.215 E(d)-.37 E F0 .714 -(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not) -3.215 F(interacti)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) -195.1 168 R(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0(})A F2 .886(Use Alter)144 192 R .886(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 -5.886(.I)C(f)242.508 192 Q F1(par)3.386 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .887 -(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.386 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion of)144 204 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 216 Q -F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.509(The length in characters of the v) -144 228 R 1.508(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.008 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.508 -(is substituted.)4.008 F(If)6.508 E F1(par)4.008 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.008 E -F2(*)4.008 E F0(or)4.008 E F2(@)4.008 E F0 4.008(,t)C(he)530.56 228 Q -(length substituted is the length of)144 240 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(panded within double quotes.).15 E(${)108 252 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A -F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 264 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0(})A(The)144 276 Q F1(wor)3.06 E(d)-.37 E F0 .56(is e)3.06 F .56 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.06(xpansion. If) --.15 F .56(the pattern matches)3.06 F 1.183(the be)144 288 R 1.183 -(ginning of the v)-.15 F 1.183(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.683 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.683(,t).73 G 1.183(hen the e)319.661 288 R 1.182(xpansion is the v)-.15 F -1.182(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.682 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.182(with the)3.682 F .17 -(shortest matching pattern deleted \(the `)144 300 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.651 --.74('' c)D .171(ase\) or the longest matching pattern deleted \(the `).74 F(`) --.74 E F2(##)A F0 -.74('')C(case\).)144 312 Q(${)108 328.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 340.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2 -(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(The)144 352.8 Q F1(wor)2.619 E(d)-.37 E F0 .119 -(is e)2.619 F .119(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F -2.619(xpansion. If)-.15 F .118(the pattern matches a)2.619 F .825 -(trailing portion of the v)144 364.8 R .825(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.325 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.326(,t).73 G .826(hen the e)322.866 364.8 R .826 -(xpansion is the v)-.15 F .826(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.326 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.826(with the)3.326 F 1.672(shortest matching pattern deleted \(the `)144 376.8 -R(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 3.152 -.74('' c)D 1.671 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern deleted \(the).74 F -.74(``)144 388.8 S -F2(%%).74 E F0 1.48 -.74('' c)D(ase\).).74 E F2(Command Substitution)87 405.6 Q -F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 417.6 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 -(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 429.6 Q F2($\()144 451.2 Q F1(command) -A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 463.2 Q F2(`)144 475.2 Q F1(command)A F2(`)A(Bash)108 -492 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0 .019 -(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F -(dard output of the command, with an)108 504 Q 2.5(yt)-.15 G(railing ne)266.17 -504 Q(wlines deleted.)-.25 E 1.559(When the old\255style backquote form of sub\ -stitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 520.8 R(xcept) --.15 E 1.259(when follo)108 532.8 R 1.259(wed by)-.25 F F2($)3.759 E F0(,)A F2 -(`)3.758 E F0 3.758(,o)C(r)212.083 532.8 Q F2(\\)3.758 E F0 6.258(.W)C 1.258 -(hen using the $\()240.149 532.8 R F1(command).833 E F0 3.758(\)f)1.666 G 1.258 -(orm, all characters between the parentheses)359.88 532.8 R(mak)108 544.8 Q 2.5 -(eu)-.1 G 2.5(pt)137.06 544.8 S(he command; none are treated specially)147.34 -544.8 Q(.)-.65 E .229(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 561.6 R 1.829 --.8(To n)5.229 H .23 -(est when using the old form, escape the inner backquotes with).8 F -(backslashes.)108 573.6 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 590.4 R .422 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 F -(on the results.)108 602.4 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 619.2 Q F0 1.034 -(Arithmetic e)108 631.2 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 -(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F(There are tw)108 643.2 Q -2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats for arithmetic e)169.26 643.2 Q(xpansion:)-.15 E F2($[)144 -660 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(])A($\(\()144 676.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)C -(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F0(The)108 693.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)3.03 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F0 .53(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)3.03 F -.53(ut a double quote inside the braces or paren-)-.2 F .215 -(theses is not treated specially)108 705.6 R 5.215(.A)-.65 G .215(ll tok) -239.795 705.6 R .215(ens in the e)-.1 F .215(xpression under)-.15 F .215 -(go parameter e)-.18 F .215(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F -(tution, and quote remo)108 717.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5(l. Arithmetic).25 F -(substitutions may be nested.)2.5 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(10) -530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 11 11 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -1.379(The e)108 84 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 -(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)-.25 G -(nder)381.541 84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 -E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)5.878 E/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 96 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.5 E -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 -(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E -F4(Pr)87 112.8 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F3(Pr)108 124.8 Q .97 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971 -(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F3(FIFOs)A F0 3.471 -(\)o)C 3.471(rt)442.936 124.8 S(he)452.517 124.8 Q F4(/de)3.471 E(v/fd)-.15 E -F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108 136.8 R .021(It tak) -5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or) -2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process) -343.68 136.8 R F3(list)2.521 E F0 .021(is run with its input or output con-) -2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 148.8 R F3(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in) -2.558 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058 -(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar)282.522 148.8 R .059 -(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131(mand as the result of the e)108 160.8 R -2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 -.13(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for)-.15 -F F3(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 172.8 Q F4(<\()2.5 E F3(list)A F4(\)).833 E -F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F3(list)2.5 E F0(.)A .713 -(On systems that support it,)108 189.6 R F3(pr)3.213 E .713(ocess substitution) --.45 F F0 .713(is performed simultaneously with)3.213 F F3(par)3.213 E .713 -(ameter and variable)-.15 F -.2(ex)108 201.6 S(pansion).2 E F0(,).24 E F3 -(command substitution)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).24 G(nd)251.33 201.6 Q F3(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E F4 -.75(Wo)87 218.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 -1.143(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 230.4 R 1.142 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142(xpansion that) --.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 242.4 Q F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds) --.37 G(plitting)290.4 242.4 Q F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 259.2 R F1(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 -(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 -(nd splits the results of the other e)322.193 259.2 R .063(xpansions into w) --.15 F(ords)-.1 E .227(on these characters.)108 271.2 R .227(If the v)5.227 F -.227(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)2.726 E F0 .226(is e)2.476 F(xactly)-.15 E F4 -(<space><tab><newline>)2.726 E F0 2.726(,t)C .226(he def)421.326 271.2 R .226 -(ault, then an)-.1 F 2.726(ys)-.15 G(equence)507.24 271.2 Q(of)108 283.2 Q F1 -(IFS)3.211 E F0 .711(characters serv)2.961 F .711(es to delimit w)-.15 F 3.212 -(ords. If)-.1 F F1(IFS)3.212 E F0 .712(has a v)2.962 F .712 -(alue other than the def)-.25 F .712(ault, then sequences of the)-.1 F 1.628 -(whitespace characters)108 295.2 R F4(space)4.128 E F0(and)4.128 E F4(tab)4.128 -E F0 1.627(are ignored at the be)4.127 F 1.627(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F -1.627(ord, as long as the)-.1 F .563(whitespace character is in the v)108 307.2 -R .564(alue of)-.25 F F1(IFS)3.064 E F0(\(an)2.814 E F1(IFS)3.064 E F0 .564 -(whitespace character\).)2.814 F(An)5.564 E 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564(haracter in) -436.496 307.2 R F1(IFS)3.064 E F0 .564(that is not)2.814 F F1(IFS)108 319.2 Q -F0 1.29(whitespace, along with an)3.54 F 3.789(ya)-.15 G(djacent)246.362 319.2 -Q F1(IFS)3.789 E F0 1.289(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)3.539 F -3.789(As)6.289 G 1.289(equence of)477.328 319.2 R F1(IFS)3.789 E F0 .04 -(whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)108 331.2 R 5.041(.I)-.55 -G 2.541(ft)319.931 331.2 S .041(he v)328.582 331.2 R .041(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(IFS)2.541 E F0 .041(is null, no w)2.291 F .041(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 F F1 -(IFS)5.041 E F0(cannot be unset.)108 343.2 Q .857(Explicit null ar)108 360 R -.857(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.524 E F4 .833('')4.19 G F0 -3.357(\)a)C .857(re retained.)258.207 360 R .857(Implicit null ar)5.857 F .857 -(guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .857(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(par)108 372 Q -(ameter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(that ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(ov).15 G -(alues, are remo)211.58 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(Note that if no e)108 -388.8 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 405.6 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .383(After w)108 417.6 R .383 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F4<ad66>2.883 E F0 .383(option has been set,) -2.883 F F4(bash)2.883 E F0 .384(scans each)2.884 F F3(wor)2.884 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.384(for the characters)2.884 F F4(*)2.884 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.884 E F0 2.884(,a)C -(nd)521.286 417.6 Q F4([)2.884 E F0(.)A .678 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 429.6 R .677(ord is re)-.1 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F3(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677 -(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)416.212 429.6 R .071 -(cally sorted list of pathnames matching the pattern.)108 441.6 R .071 -(If no matching pathnames are found, and the shell v)5.071 F(ari-)-.25 E(able) -108 453.6 Q F4(allo)2.516 E(w_null_glob_expansion)-.1 E F0 .016 -(is unset, the w)2.516 F .016(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .016(If the v)5.016 -F .015(ariable is set, and no matches)-.25 F .487(are found, the w)108 465.6 R -.487(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.988(d. When).15 F 2.988(ap)2.988 G .488 -(attern is used for pathname generation, the character)282.29 465.6 R F4 -.63 -(``)2.988 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .488(at the)5.488 F 1.789 -(start of a name or immediately follo)108 477.6 R 1.789 -(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 4.288(,u)-.65 G 1.788 -(nless the shell v)444.066 477.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(glob_dot_\214lenames)108 -489.6 Q F0 .418(is set.)2.918 F .418(The slash character must al)5.418 F -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .418(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 5.418(.I)-.65 G 2.918(no) -452.948 489.6 S .418(ther cases, the)465.866 489.6 R F4 -.63(``)2.918 G -.55 -(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(character is not treated specially)108 501.6 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 518.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 -E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F4(*)108 535.2 Q F0(Matches an)144 535.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 -G(tring, including the null string.)201.06 535.2 Q F4(?)108 547.2 Q F0 -(Matches an)144 547.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)201.06 547.2 Q(.)-.55 E -F4([...])108 559.2 Q F0 1.992(Matches an)144 559.2 R 4.492(yo)-.15 G 1.992 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)206.154 559.2 R 4.491(Ap)6.991 G 1.991 -(air of characters separated by a minus sign)355.833 559.2 R 1.113(denotes a) -144 571.2 R F3 -.15(ra)3.613 G(ng).15 E(e)-.1 E F0 3.613(;a).18 G 1.413 -.15 -(ny c)220.309 571.2 T 1.113(haracter le).15 F 1.113(xically between those tw) --.15 F 3.613(oc)-.1 G 1.113(haracters, inclusi)396.537 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.613(,i).15 G 3.613(sm)483.343 571.2 S 3.614(atched. If)498.626 571.2 R .15 -(the \214rst character follo)144 583.2 R .15(wing the)-.25 F F4([)2.65 E F0 .15 -(is a)2.65 F F4(!)2.65 E F0 .15(or a)5.15 F F4(^)2.65 E F0 .15(then an)2.65 F -2.65(yc)-.15 G .15(haracter not enclosed is matched.)368.7 583.2 R(A)5.15 E F4 -<ad>2.65 E F0(or)2.65 E F4(])2.65 E F0 -(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -144 595.2 Q F4(Quote Remo)87 612 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 -(After the preceding e)108 624 Q -(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 E F4(\\)2.5 E F0(,) -A F4(`)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)429.14 624 Q F4(")3.333 E F0(are remo)3.333 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1(REDIRECTION)72 640.8 Q F0 .593(Before a command is e)108 -652.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .593(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F3 -.37 -(re)3.093 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .593 -(using a special notation interpreted)3.093 F .617(by the shell.)108 664.8 R -.617(Redirection may also be used to open and close \214les for the current sh\ -ell e)5.617 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .616(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.353(ment. The) -108 676.8 R(follo)3.353 E .853 -(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .854 -(ywhere within a)-.15 F F3 .854(simple command)3.354 F F0(or)3.354 E(may follo) -108 688.8 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F3(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G -(edirections are processed in the order the)216.84 688.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear) -392.47 688.8 Q 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)422.61 688.8 Q .448 -(In the follo)108 705.6 R .447(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor num\ -ber is omitted, and the \214rst character of the redirec-)-.25 F .365 -(tion operator is)108 717.6 R F4(<)2.865 E F0 2.865(,t)C .366 -(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)185.99 -717.6 R .366(If the \214rst character of the)5.366 F(redirection operator is) -108 729.6 Q F4(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C -(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)212.29 -729.6 Q 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(11)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -.077(The w)108 84 R .077(ord that follo)-.1 F .077 -(ws the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .076 -(wing descriptions is subjected to brace e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.984 -(tilde e)108 96 R 1.984(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F 1.984 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.984 -(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 1.984(l, and).25 F(pathname e)108 -108 Q 2.5(xpansion. If)-.15 F(it e)2.5 E(xpands to more than one w)-.15 E(ord,) --.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 124.8 Q -.15(Fo)5 G -2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)325.17 124.8 Q(ls)144 141.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 -(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 158.4 Q/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)374.21 -158.4 Q(ls 2)144 175.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .388 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 192 R F2(dirlist)2.888 E F0 -2.888(,b).68 G .387(ecause the standard error w)299.844 192 R .387 -(as duplicated as standard output)-.1 F(before the standard output w)108 204 Q -(as redirected to)-.1 E F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Redir)87 220.8 Q -(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .453 -(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)108 232.8 -R .453(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)2.953 E(d)-.37 E F0 .453 -(to be opened for read-)2.953 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E -F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)208.79 244.8 S -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)217.4 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 -(is not speci\214ed.)2.5 E(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 -261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 295.2 -Q(ecting Output)-.18 E F0 .236 -(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)108 -307.2 R .236(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)2.736 E(d)-.37 E F0 .236 -(to be opened for writ-)2.736 F .852(ing on \214le descriptor)108 319.2 R F2(n) -3.353 E F0 3.353(,o).24 G 3.353(rt)213.052 319.2 S .853 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)222.515 319.2 R F2(n)3.353 E F0 -.853(is not speci\214ed.)3.353 F .853(If the \214le does not)5.853 F -.15(ex) -108 331.2 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E -(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 348 Q([)144 364.8 Q F2(n)A -F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127(If the redirection operator is)108 -381.6 R F1(>|)2.627 E F0 2.627(,t)C .127(hen the v)239.132 381.6 R .127 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(-C)2.627 E F0 .127(option to the)2.627 F F1(set)2.626 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.626 G .126(iltin command is not tested, and).2 F -(\214le creation is attempted.)108 393.6 Q(\(See also the description of)5 E F1 -(noclob)2.5 E(ber)-.1 E F0(under)2.5 E F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.\)).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 410.4 S(pending Redir).25 E -(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .703(Redirection of output in this f)108 422.4 R .703 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .704(xpansion of) --.15 F F2(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F0 .704(to be)3.204 F .506 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 434.4 R F2(n)3.005 E F0 3.005 -(,o).24 G 3.005(rt)286.75 434.4 S .505 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)295.865 434.4 R F2(n)3.005 E F0 -.505(is not speci\214ed.)3.005 F(If)5.505 E(the \214le does not e)108 446.4 Q -(xist it is created.)-.15 E(The general format for appending output is:)108 -463.2 Q([)144 480 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 501.6 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 513.6 Q F0 -(allo)3.141 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the\ - standard error output \(\214le descriptor 2\) to)-.25 F -(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 525.6 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E -F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(with this construct.)2.5 E(There are tw)108 542.4 Q -2.5(of)-.1 G(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)169.26 -542.4 Q F1(&>)144 559.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 571.2 Q F1(>&)144 583.2 -Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 600 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G -(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)156.5 600 Q(This is semantically equi)5 E -.25 -(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 616.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A -F0(1)A F1(Her)87 633.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)117.64 633.6 Q F0 .33(This typ\ -e of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source unt\ -il a line containing only)108 645.6 R F2(wor)108 657.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .736 -(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.236 F .737 -(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard)5.736 F -(input for a command.)108 669.6 Q(The format of here-documents is as follo)108 -686.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(<<)144 703.2 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -(her)164 715.2 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 727.2 Q F0 185.675(GNU 1995)72 -768 R(May 5)2.5 E(12)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -.128(No parameter e)108 84 R .127(xpansion, command substitution, pathname e) --.15 F .127(xpansion, or arithmetic e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F -(on)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.609 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.109(.I).77 G -2.609(fa)152.508 96 S .409 -.15(ny c)162.887 96 T .109(haracters in).15 F F1 -(wor)2.609 E(d)-.37 E F0 .109(are quoted, the)2.609 F F1(delimiter)2.609 E F0 -.109(is the result of quote remo)2.609 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.609(lo).25 G(n) -477.053 96 Q F1(wor)2.609 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.609(,a).77 G .109(nd the)515.171 96 R -1.113(lines in the here-document are not e)108 108 R 3.613(xpanded. Otherwise,) --.15 F 1.112(all lines of the here-document are subjected to)3.613 F .769 -(parameter e)108 120 R .769(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e) --.15 F 3.269(xpansion. In)-.15 F .769(the latter case, the pair)3.269 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\<new-)3.27 E(line>)108 132 Q F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\) -2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)368.39 132 Q F2(`)2.5 E F0(.)A .602 -(If the redirection operator is)108 148.8 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)C -.601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the line) -251.178 148.8 R(containing)108 160.8 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G -(his allo)203.17 160.8 Q -(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)-.25 E -(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 177.6 Q F0 -(The redirection operator)108 189.6 Q([)144 206.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .188(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 -223.2 R(If)5.188 E F1(wor)2.688 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.688 G .189 -(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 235.2 -Q F1(n)3.095 E F0 .594(is made to be a cop)3.095 F 3.094(yo)-.1 G 3.094(ft) -222.086 235.2 S .594(hat \214le descriptor)231.29 235.2 R 5.594(.I)-.55 G(f) -313.342 235.2 Q F1(wor)3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.094 G .594(luates to).25 -F F2<ad>3.094 E F0 3.094<2c8c>C .594(le descriptor)410.582 235.2 R F1(n)3.094 E -F0 .594(is closed.)3.094 F(If)5.594 E F1(n)3.094 E F0(is)3.094 E -(not speci\214ed, the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 247.2 -Q(The operator)108 264 Q([)144 280.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0 .021(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 297.6 R -(If)5.021 E F1(n)2.521 E F0 .021 -(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descriptor)2.521 F .382 -(1\) is used.)108 309.6 R .382(As a special case, if)5.382 F F1(n)2.882 E F0 -.382(is omitted, and)2.882 F F1(wor)2.882 E(d)-.37 E F0 .382(does not e)2.882 F -.381(xpand to one or more digits, the standard)-.15 F -(output and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 321.6 Q(viously) --.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Opening File Descriptors f)87 338.4 Q -(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 350.4 Q([)144 -367.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.407 -(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 384 R 1.407(xpansion of)-.15 F F1 -(wor)3.907 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.408 -(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)3.907 F(descriptor)108 396 -Q F1(n)2.715 E F0 2.715(,o).24 G 2.715(ra)166.16 396 S 2.715(st)176.645 396 S -.215(he standard input and standard output if)186.03 396 R F1(n)2.715 E F0 .214 -(is not speci\214ed.)2.715 F .214(If the \214le does not e)5.214 F .214 -(xist, it is)-.15 F(created.)108 408 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 424.8 -Q F0 3.467(As)108 436.8 S .967(hell function, de\214ned as described abo) -122.577 436.8 R 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F -1.277(later e)108 448.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.777(cution. Functions).15 F 1.277 -(are e)3.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.277(cuted in the conte).15 F 1.276 -(xt of the current shell; no ne)-.15 F 3.776(wp)-.25 G 1.276 -(rocess is created to)460.362 448.8 R .952 -(interpret them \(contrast this with the e)108 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .952 -(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .953(When a function is e)5.952 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .953(cuted, the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E 1.102 -(ments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)108 472.8 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.602(cution. The).15 F 1.102(special parameter)3.602 F F2(#) -3.602 E F0(is)3.602 E(updated to re\215ect the change.)108 484.8 Q -(Positional parameter 0 is unchanged.)5 E -1.11(Va)108 501.6 S .655 -(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local)3.155 E -F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E 3.156(,v)-.65 G -.656(ariables and)491.304 501.6 R(their v)108 513.6 Q -(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E .044 -(If the b)108 530.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n) --.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 -(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 -(cution resumes with).15 F .311(the ne)108 542.4 R .311 -(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F .311 -(When a function completes, the v)5.311 F .312(alues of the positional parame-) --.25 F(ters and the special parameter)108 554.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0 -(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G -(ad prior to function e)363.64 554.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 571.2 R F2<ad66> -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.858 E -F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F 2.787 -(mands. Functions)108 583.2 R .287(may be e)2.787 F .287 -(xported so that subshells automatically ha)-.15 F .588 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .288 -(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>2.788 E F0 .288(option to)2.788 F(the)108 -595.2 Q F2(export)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E(Functions may be recursi) -108 612 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol)232.58 612 S -(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)242.86 612 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(alls.).15 E F3(ALIASES)72 628.8 Q F0 .335(The shell maintains a list of)108 -640.8 R F1(aliases)2.835 E F0 .335(that may be set and unset with the)2.835 F -F2(alias)2.834 E F0(and)2.834 E F2(unalias)2.834 E F0 -.2(bu)2.834 G .334 -(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 652.8 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). The)-.25 F .763(\214rst w) -3.263 F .763(ord of each command, if unquoted, is check)-.1 F .764(ed to)-.1 F -.634(see if it has an alias.)108 664.8 R .634(If so, that w)5.634 F .633 -(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .633(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .633 -(The alias name and the replace-)5.633 F .58(ment te)108 676.8 R .58 -(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.08(yv)-.15 G .581(alid shell input, including the) -223.95 676.8 R F1(metac)3.081 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .581 -(listed abo)3.081 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.081(,w).15 G .581(ith the e)472.328 676.8 -R(xception)-.15 E .997(that the alias name may not contain)108 688.8 R F1(=) -3.497 E F0 5.997(.T)C .997(he \214rst w)280.486 688.8 R .996 -(ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .996(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .996 -(ut a)-.2 F -.1(wo)108 700.8 S .494(rd that is identical to an alias being e).1 -F .495(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .495(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .495 -(This means that one may)5.495 F(alias)108 712.8 Q F2(ls)3.02 E F0(to)3.02 E F2 -.52(ls \255F)3.02 F F0 3.02(,f)C .52(or instance, and)180.19 712.8 R F2(bash) -3.02 E F0 .519(does not try to recursi)3.02 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .519(ly e).15 F -.519(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.019(xt. If)-.15 F .519(the last)3.019 F -.441(character of the alias v)108 724.8 R .441(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)2.941 -E F0 2.941(,t).67 G .441(hen the ne)267.738 724.8 R .441(xt command w)-.15 F -.441(ord follo)-.1 F .441(wing the alias is also check)-.25 F .442(ed for)-.1 F -185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(13)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(alias e)108 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 -100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E F0(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)389.87 100.8 Q F1(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E -.546(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 117.6 R .546 -(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F .545(xt, as in)-.15 F F1(csh)3.045 E F0 -5.545(.I)C 3.045(fa)435.54 117.6 S -.18(rg)446.355 117.6 S .545 -(uments are needed, a).18 F(shell function should be used.)108 129.6 Q -(Aliases are not e)108 146.4 Q(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E .435 -(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 163.2 R -.436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .436 -(ys reads at least).1 F .338(one complete line of input before e)108 175.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .338(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)309.104 175.2 S -.338(he commands on that line.)318.052 175.2 R .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 187.2 S .904 -(ommand is read, not when it is e)120.283 187.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 -(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 -(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F .729 -(another command does not tak)108 199.2 R 3.229(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)245.685 199.2 -S .728(ect until the ne).25 F .728(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .728 -(This means that the commands)5.728 F(follo)108 211.2 Q .699 -(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are not af)-.25 F .699 -(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.199(wa)-.25 G 3.199(lias. This)397.126 211.2 R(beha) -3.199 E .699(vior is also an issue)-.2 F .073(when functions are e)108 223.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.573(cuted. Aliases).15 F .073(are e)2.573 F .072 -(xpanded when the function de\214nition is read, not when the func-)-.15 F .88 -(tion is e)108 235.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .88 -(cuted, because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.).15 F .88 -(As a consequence, aliases)5.88 F .085(de\214ned in a function are not a)108 -247.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .085(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.585(cuted. T).15 F 2.585(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)427.03 247.2 S .084 -(afe, al)437.944 247.2 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214-).1 F -(nitions on a separate line, and do not use)108 259.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 -(in compound commands.)2.5 E(Note that for almost e)108 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(JOB CONTR)72 292.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 304.8 S -4.601(bc).25 G(ontr)131.231 304.8 Q(ol)-.45 E F0 2.101 -(refers to the ability to selecti)4.601 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.101(ly stop \().15 F -F3(suspend)A F0 4.601(\)t)C 2.102(he e)373.44 304.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.102 -(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 316.8 Q F3 -.37(re)C(sume).37 E -F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)149.152 316.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702(ser typically emplo) -292.906 316.8 R .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 --.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace)-.1 E(supplied jointly by the system')108 -328.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)239.96 328.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G -(nd)303.43 328.8 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .893(The shell associates a)108 345.6 R -F3(job)3.394 E F0 .894(with each pipeline.)3.394 F .894(It k)5.894 F .894 -(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .894 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 357.6 R F1(jobs)2.841 -E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F3(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 -E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 369.6 Q(e:)-.1 E -([1] 25647)144 386.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job number 1 and that \ -the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated)108 403.2 R .733 -(with this job is 25647.)108 415.2 R .732 -(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job)5.733 F -(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 427.2 Q F3(job)2.5 E F0 -(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.5 E 2.563 -.8(To f)108 444 T .963 -(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 F .964 -(ace to job control, the system maintains the notion of a)-.1 F F3(curr)108 456 -Q .723(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .723(ocess gr)-.45 F .723(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.723 -(.M)C .723(embers of this process group \(processes whose process group ID is) -265.055 456 R .341(equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -468 R .642 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .342(board-generated signals such as) -.15 F F2(SIGINT)2.842 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(These)4.842 E .216 -(processes are said to be in the)108 480 R F3(for)2.716 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45 -(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F3(Bac)5.216 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 .215 -(processes are those whose process group ID dif)2.716 F(fers)-.25 E .3 -(from the terminal')108 492 R .3(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G .3(board-generated signals.).15 F .3(Only fore)5.3 F .3 -(ground processes)-.15 F .253(are allo)108 504 R .253 -(wed to read from or write to the terminal.)-.25 F .252 -(Background processes which attempt to read from \(write)5.252 F 1.03 -(to\) the terminal are sent a)108 516 R F2 1.031(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.531 F(OU\)) --.162 E F0 1.031(signal by the terminal dri)3.281 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.831 -.4 -(r, w).15 H 1.031(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 528 Q -.679(If the operating system on which)108 544.8 R F1(bash)3.179 E F0 .678 -(is running supports job control,)3.178 F F1(bash)3.178 E F0(allo)3.178 E .678 -(ws you to use it.)-.25 F -.8(Ty)5.678 G(ping).8 E(the)108 556.8 Q F3(suspend) -2.681 E F0 .182(character \(typically)2.681 F F1(^Z)2.682 E F0 2.682(,C)C .182 -(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped) -259.988 556.8 R .007(and returns you to)108 568.8 R F1(bash)2.507 E F0 5.007 -(.T)C .007(yping the)215.845 568.8 R F3 .007(delayed suspend)2.507 F F0 .007 -(character \(typically)2.507 F F1(^Y)2.506 E F0 2.506(,C)C .006 -(ontrol-Y\) causes the process)426.402 568.8 R .004(to be stopped when it atte\ -mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to)108 580.8 R -F1(bash)2.504 E F0 5.004(.Y)C .004(ou may)510.276 580.8 R .619 -(then manipulate the state of this job, using the)108 592.8 R F1(bg)3.118 E F0 -.618(command to continue it in the background, the)3.118 F F1(fg)3.118 E F0 -(com-)3.118 E .825(mand to continue it in the fore)108 604.8 R .825 -(ground, or the)-.15 F F1(kill)3.325 E F0 .825(command to kill it.)3.325 F(A) -5.825 E F1(^Z)3.326 E F0(tak)3.326 E .826(es ef)-.1 F .826(fect immediately) --.25 F 3.326(,a)-.65 G(nd)530 604.8 Q(has the additional side ef)108 616.8 Q -(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.)-.25 E 1.098 -(There are a number of w)108 633.6 R 1.097(ays to refer to a job in the shell.) --.1 F 1.097(The character)6.097 F F1(%)3.597 E F0 1.097(introduces a job name.) -3.597 F(Job)6.097 E(number)108 645.6 Q F3(n)2.796 E F0 .296 -(may be referred to as)2.796 F F1(%n)2.796 E F0 5.296(.A)C .296 -(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the name used to start)270.904 -645.6 R .277(it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)108 -657.6 R -.15(Fo)5.277 G 2.777(re).15 G(xample,)360.737 657.6 Q F1(%ce)2.777 E -F0 .277(refers to a stopped)2.777 F F1(ce)2.777 E F0(job)2.777 E 5.277(.I)-.4 G -2.777(fa)529.453 657.6 S .38(pre\214x matches more than one job,)108 669.6 R F1 -(bash)2.88 E F0 .38(reports an error)2.88 F 5.38(.U)-.55 G(sing)348.71 669.6 Q -F1(%?ce)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C 2.88(nt)402.52 669.6 S .38 -(he other hand, refers to an)413.18 669.6 R 2.88(yj)-.15 G(ob)530 669.6 Q .623 -(containing the string)108 681.6 R F1(ce)3.123 E F0 .622(in its command line.) -3.123 F .622(If the substring matches more than one job,)5.622 F F1(bash)3.122 -E F0 .622(reports an)3.122 F(error)108 693.6 Q 5.143(.T)-.55 G .143(he symbols) -140.633 693.6 R F1(%%)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F1(%+)2.643 E F0 .143 -(refer to the shell')2.643 F 2.643(sn)-.55 G .143(otion of the)326.77 693.6 R -F3(curr)2.643 E .143(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.643(,w).23 G .143 -(hich is the last job stopped)432.895 693.6 R .119(while it w)108 705.6 R .119 -(as in the fore)-.1 F 2.619(ground. The)-.15 F F3(pr)2.618 E -.15(ev)-.37 G -.118(ious job).15 F F0 .118(may be referenced using)2.618 F F1<25ad>2.618 E F0 -5.118(.I)C 2.618(no)433.968 705.6 S .118(utput pertaining to jobs)446.586 705.6 -R .076(\(e.g., the output of the)108 717.6 R F1(jobs)2.576 E F0 .076 -(command\), the current job is al)2.576 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .076 -(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.576 E F0 2.576(,a)C .076(nd the pre)442.726 -717.6 R .076(vious job with)-.25 F(a)108 729.6 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A 185.675 -(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(14)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 15 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -.444(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 84 R -(ground:)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F -.443(ym for)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C -(ringing)511.11 84 Q 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 96 R -3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473(%1 &').63 F(') --.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F(equi)108 108 Q -.25 -(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1').63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131 -(The shell learns immediately whene)108 124.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G -.131(ob changes state.)277.796 124.8 R(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 -E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13(its until it is about to print a).1 F .276 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 136.8 R 2.776(ss)-.55 G .276 -(tatus so as to not interrupt an)286.292 136.8 R 2.776(yo)-.15 G .276 -(ther output.)416.124 136.8 R .276(If the)5.276 F F1(-b)2.776 E F0 .276 -(option to)2.776 F(the)108 148.8 Q F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin command is set,).2 F F1(bash)2.871 E F0 .371 -(reports such changes immediately)2.871 F 5.371(.\()-.65 G .371 -(See also the description of)405.105 148.8 R F1(notify)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)108 -160.8 S(riable under).25 E F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(.\)).15 E .529(If you attempt to e)108 177.6 R(xit)-.15 E F1(bash) -3.029 E F0 .529(while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a message w)3.029 F -.529(arning you.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.529 G 3.029(um)1.1 G .529(ay then)510.311 -177.6 R .644(use the)108 189.6 R F1(jobs)3.144 E F0 .644 -(command to inspect their status.)3.144 F .644(If you do this, or try to e) -5.644 F .644(xit ag)-.15 F .644(ain immediately)-.05 F 3.144(,y)-.65 G .644 -(ou are not)498.722 189.6 R -.1(wa)108 201.6 S(rned ag).1 E -(ain, and the stopped jobs are terminated.)-.05 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 -218.4 Q(ALS)-.18 E F0(When)108 230.4 Q F1(bash)2.632 E F0 .132(is interacti) -2.632 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.632(,i).15 G 2.632(ti)216.178 230.4 S(gnores)224.37 -230.4 Q F2(SIGTERM)2.632 E F0 .132(\(so that)2.382 F F1 .132(kill 0)2.632 F F0 -.133(does not kill an interacti)2.633 F .433 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .133(hell\), and) -.15 F F2(SIGINT)2.633 E F0 .331(is caught and handled \(so that the)108 242.4 R -F1(wait)2.831 E F0 -.2(bu)2.831 G .331(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .33 -(In all cases,)5.33 F F1(bash)2.83 E F0(ignores)2.83 E F2(SIGQ)2.83 E(UIT)-.09 -E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .33(If job)4.83 F(control is in ef)108 254.4 Q -(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F2(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F3(,)A F2(SIGTT) -2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A F0 1.657 -(Synchronous jobs started by)108 271.2 R F1(bash)4.157 E F0(ha)4.157 E 1.957 --.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.658(ignals set to the v).15 F 1.658 -(alues inherited by the shell from its parent.)-.25 F 1.43 -(When job control is not in ef)108 283.2 R 1.429 -(fect, background jobs \(jobs started with)-.25 F F1(&)3.929 E F0 3.929(\)i)C -(gnore)419.073 283.2 Q F2(SIGINT)3.929 E F0(and)3.679 E F2(SIGQ)3.929 E(UIT) --.09 E F3(.)A F0 1.95 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)108 295.2 R -.15 -(ey)-.1 G 1.95(board-generated job control signals).15 F F2(SIGTTIN)108 307.2 Q -F3(,)A F2(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F3(.)A -F2(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 324 Q F0 .547(After a command has been split into w)108 -336 R .546(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar) --.1 F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 348 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E(en.)-.1 -E .379 -(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it.)108 -364.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246 -(that name, that function is in)108 376.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da) -.1 G 2.746(sd)254.597 376.8 S .246(escribed abo)266.233 376.8 R .546 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E F3(.)A F0 .246 -(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 388.8 Q 2.5 -(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)356.4 388.8 Q -(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 405.6 R .31 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F1(bash)2.81 E F0 .31 -(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 417.6 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.778 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .277(for a directory containing an e)2.528 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .277 -(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F .277 -(If the search is unsuccessful, the shell)5.277 F -(prints an error message and returns a nonzero e)108 429.6 Q(xit status.)-.15 E -1.089(If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more\ - slashes, the shell e)108 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .049 -(named program.)108 458.4 R(Ar)5.049 E .049(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .049(n, and the remaining ar).15 F .049 -(guments to the command are set)-.18 F(to the ar)108 470.4 Q(guments gi)-.18 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 487.2 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F -4.309(,i)-.65 G 4.309(ti)526.241 487.2 S(s)536.11 487.2 Q .678(assumed to be a) -108 499.2 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C -.678(le containing shell commands.)240.516 499.2 R 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 -(ubshell is spa)384.176 499.2 R .677(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .677 -(cute it.).15 F(This)5.677 E .329 -(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 511.2 R .329 -(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.83(ws)-.25 G .33(hell had been in)348.36 511.2 R --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)442.3 511.2 S .33 -(andle the script, with)455.13 511.2 R 1.219(the e)108 523.2 R 1.219 -(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see)-.15 F -F1(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)488.496 523.2 Q F2(SHELL) -3.719 E -.09(BU)108 535.2 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A F0 -(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be)108 552 R -.347(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348 -(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) -281.513 552 R 3.178(gram. The)108 564 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not handle\ - this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.192(format themselv)108 576 R -3.692(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193 -(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.193 -(gument follo)-.18 F 1.193(wing the)-.25 F 1.131 -(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 588 R 1.13 -(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.13(wed by the)-.25 F -(command ar)108 600 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F2(ENVIR)72 616.8 Q -(ONMENT)-.27 E F0 2.353(When a program is in)108 628.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 -G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)235.435 628.8 S 4.853(sg)245.848 628.8 S -2.15 -.25 -(iv e)259.591 628.8 T 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)285.704 628.8 S 2.353 -(rray of strings called the)299.997 628.8 R F4(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354(his is a list of)477.245 628.8 R F4(name)108 640.8 Q -F0<ad>A F4(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F4(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F4(value)A -F0(.).18 E .173(The shell allo)108 657.6 R .173(ws you to manipulate the en) --.25 F .172(vironment in se)-.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .172(ral w).15 F 2.672 -(ays. On)-.1 F(in)2.672 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .172(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F -(wn)-.25 E(en)108 669.6 Q .186(vironment and creates a parameter for each name\ - found, automatically marking it for)-.4 F F4 -.2(ex)2.687 G(port).2 E F0 .187 -(to child pro-)2.687 F 2.704(cesses. Ex)108 681.6 R .203 -(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export) -2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)433.271 681.6 Q F0 -.203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703(wp)-.25 G(aram-)516.68 681.6 Q 1.153 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 693.6 R 3.653 -(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 -F(en)108 705.6 Q .64(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 -(alue becomes part of the en)251.96 705.6 R .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 717.6 R 3.08 -(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)204.45 717.6 S .58(cuted command consists of the shell').15 -F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58(nitial en)373.88 717.6 R .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58 -(alues may be)-.25 F .301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 729.6 R 2.801 -(yp)-.15 G .301(airs remo)236.046 729.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G 2.801 -(yt)295.778 729.6 S(he)306.359 729.6 Q F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an) -2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3(dditions via the)429.92 729.6 R F1(export)2.8 E F0(and) -2.8 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(15)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)147.12 84 Q F0 -(commands.)2.5 E .636(The en)108 100.8 R .636(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .636(simple command)3.136 F F0 .637 -(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.137 F .203 -(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 112.8 R .502 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n) -.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .202(fect only the)-.25 F -(en)108 124.8 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .592(If the)108 141.6 R -F1<ad6b>3.092 E F0 .592(\215ag is set \(see the)3.092 F F1(set)3.093 E F0 -.2 -(bu)3.093 G .593(iltin command belo).2 F .593(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.093 E -F0 .593(parameter assignments are placed in the)3.093 F(en)108 153.6 Q -(vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.)-.4 E -(When)108 170.4 Q F1(bash)3.164 E F0(in)3.164 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.164 -(sa).1 G 3.163(ne)196.232 170.4 S .663(xternal command, the v)208.685 170.4 R -(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.163 E F0 .663 -(is set to the full path name of the command and)3.163 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 182.4 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3(EXIT ST)72 -199.2 Q -.855(AT)-.81 G(US).855 E F0 -.15(Fo)108 211.2 S 2.903(rt).15 G .403 -(he purposes of the shell, a command which e)127.423 211.2 R .403 -(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .403(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .404(An e) -5.404 F .404(xit status)-.15 F .322(of zero indicates success.)108 223.2 R -2.821(An)5.322 G .321(on\255zero e)230.409 223.2 R .321(xit status indicates f) --.15 F 2.821(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.821(ac)2.821 G .321(ommand terminates on a f) -419.946 223.2 R(atal)-.1 E(signal,)108 235.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 -E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(signal)A F0(as the e)2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 252 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405(If a command is)5.405 F -(found b)108 264 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E F1(Bash)108 280.8 Q F0 .202 -(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .201(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e) -108 292.8 Q(xits with a non\255zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 -E F1(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3(PR)72 -309.6 Q(OMPTING)-.27 E F0 .644(When e)108 321.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E F0 -.645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645 -(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826(and the secondary prompt)108 -333.6 R F3(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F1(Bash)6.825 E F0 -(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be customized by i\ -nserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are)108 345.6 R -(decoded as follo)108 357.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\t)144 369.6 Q F0 -(the current time in HH:MM:SS format)180 369.6 Q F1(\\d)144 381.6 Q F0 -(the date in "W)180 381.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\n)144 393.6 Q F0(ne)180 393.6 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\s) -144 405.6 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 405.6 Q F1($0)2.5 E -F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\w)144 417.6 Q -F0(the current w)180 417.6 Q(orking directory)-.1 E F1(\\W)144 429.6 Q F0 -(the basename of the current w)180 429.6 Q(orking directory)-.1 E F1(\\u)144 -441.6 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 441.6 Q F1(\\h)144 453.6 Q F0 -(the hostname)180 453.6 Q F1(\\#)144 465.6 Q F0 -(the command number of this command)180 465.6 Q F1(\\!)144 477.6 Q F0 -(the history number of this command)180 477.6 Q F1(\\$)144 489.6 Q F0 -(if the ef)180 489.6 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)301.54 489.6 Q F1($)2.5 E(\\nnn)144 501.6 Q F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 501.6 Q F1(nnn)2.5 E(\\\\) -144 513.6 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 513.6 S(ackslash)191.94 513.6 Q F1(\\[)144 525.6 Q F0 -(be)180 525.6 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could b\ -e used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt)180 537.6 Q -F1(\\])144 549.6 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 549.6 Q -.119(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 566.4 R .12 -(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(position in the h\ -istory list, which may include commands restored from the history \214le \(see) -108 578.4 R F3(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 590.4 Q .541 -(w\), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546 -(rent shell session.)108 602.4 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e) -5.546 F .546(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-) --.15 F(tion, arithmetic e)108 614.4 Q(xpansion, and w)-.15 E(ord splitting.)-.1 -E F3(READLINE)72 631.2 Q F0 1.374 -(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)108 -643.2 R 1.674 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.374(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255nolineediting)3.874 E F0 .033(option is gi)108 655.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.533(n. By).15 F(def)2.533 E .032 -(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F 2.532(Av) -5.032 G .032(i-style line editing)467.156 655.2 R(interf)108 667.2 Q -(ace is also a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.).25 E .567 -(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)108 684 R -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)3.068 G .568 -(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.196 -(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 696 R(Similarly)6.196 E(,)-.65 E F2(meta) -3.696 E F0 -.1(ke)3.695 G 1.195(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y) --.2 E F0 3.695(,s)C 3.695(oM)421.18 696 S 1.195(\255x means Meta\255X.)438.765 -696 R(\(On)6.195 E -.1(ke)108 708 S .932(yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.432 -E F0 -.1(ke)3.432 G 2.232 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F2(x)A F0 .932(means ESC) -3.432 F F2(x)3.433 E F0 3.433(,i)C .933(.e., press the Escape k)322.8 708 R -1.233 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .933(hen the).15 F F2(x)3.433 E F0 -.1(ke)3.433 G 4.733 --.65(y. T)-.05 H .933(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 720 R F2 .6 -(meta pr)3.1 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)203.91 -720 R F2(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C -3.099(rp)407.796 720 S .599(ress the Escape k)419.225 720 R .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 -H .599(hen hold).15 F 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(16)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 17 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(the Control k)108 84 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E 1.125 -(The def)108 100.8 R 1.126(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.126 -(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F1(~/.inputr)5.292 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.626 -(\214le. The)5.292 F -.25(va)3.626 G 1.126(lue of the shell v).25 F(ariable) --.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPU-)3.626 E(TRC)108 112.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(,)A F0 .106(if set, is used instead of)2.357 F F1(~/.inputr)2.606 E(c)-.37 E -F0 5.106(.O).31 G .106(ther programs that use this library may add their o) -280.89 112.8 R .106(wn commands)-.25 F(and bindings.)108 124.8 Q -.15(Fo)108 -141.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)128.53 141.6 Q(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 -158.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 170.4 Q -(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 182.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(into the)108 194.4 Q F1(~/.inputr)4.166 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)4.166 G(uld mak) -.1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)244.092 194.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E -F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)108 211.2 R 1.261 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 -E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 -E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F1 -(RETURN)108 223.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)3.155 E F0(,).72 E F1(SP)3.155 E -.3(AC) --.9 G(E).3 E F0 3.155(,a).73 G(nd)216.315 223.2 Q F1 -.5(TA)3.155 G(B).5 E F0 -5.655(.I).27 G 3.155(na)258.505 223.2 S .655 -(ddition to command names, readline allo)271.1 223.2 R .655(ws k)-.25 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G 3.154(st).15 G 3.154(ob)475.724 223.2 S 3.154(eb)488.878 223.2 S .654 -(ound to a)501.472 223.2 R(string that is inserted when the k)108 235.2 Q .3 --.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(sp).15 G(ressed \(a)263.85 235.2 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E -F0(\).)A .827 -(Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization \214le.)108 -252 R .827(The name of this \214le is tak)5.827 F .828(en from)-.1 F 1.325 -(the v)108 264 R 1.325(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)3.825 E F0 -.25(va)3.575 G -3.825(riable. If).25 F 1.324(that v)3.825 F 1.324(ariable is unset, the def) --.25 F 1.324(ault is)-.1 F F1(~/.inputr)3.824 E(c)-.37 E F0 6.324(.W).31 G -1.324(hen a program)479.592 264 R 1.158 -(which uses the readline library starts up, the init \214le is read, and the k) -108 276 R 1.459 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.159(indings and v).15 F 1.159 -(ariables are set.)-.25 F .029(There are only a fe)108 288 R 2.529(wb)-.25 G -.029(asic constructs allo)198.135 288 R .028(wed in the readline init \214le.) --.25 F .028(Blank lines are ignored.)5.028 F .028(Lines be)5.028 F(gin-)-.15 E -.553(ning with a)108 300 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.053 E F0 .554 -(are comments.)3.053 F .554(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F4($) -3.054 E F0 .554(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .554 -(Other lines denote)5.554 F -.1(ke)108 312 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)129.69 -312 Q(ariable settings.)-.25 E .724(The syntax for controlling k)108 328.8 R -1.024 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .724(indings in the).15 F F1(~/.inputr)3.224 E(c)-.37 E -F0 .724(\214le is simple.)3.224 F .723(All that is required is the name of) -5.724 F .938(the command or the te)108 340.8 R .938(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 -F 1.238 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .938 -(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be).15 F .168 -(speci\214ed in one of tw)108 352.8 R 2.668(ow)-.1 G .168(ays: as a symbolic k) -209.46 352.8 R .468 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .167(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta-) -2.667 E F0(or)2.667 E F1(Contr)2.667 E(ol-)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.667 E .167 -(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.2(sequence. When)108 364.8 R .7 -(using the form)3.2 F F4 -.1(ke)3.2 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function-name)A F0 -(or)3.201 E F1(macr)3.201 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)3.201 G(yname)-.2 E F0 -.701(is the name of a k)3.201 F 1.001 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(pelled).15 E -(out in English.)108 376.8 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)192.15 376.8 Q -(Control-u: uni)144 400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 412.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: ">&output")144 424.8 Q .443(In the abo)108 441.6 R .743 -.15(ve ex) --.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C-u)2.943 E F0 .443(is bound to the function)2.943 F F4 -(uni)2.942 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M-DEL)2.942 E -F0 .442(is bound to the function)2.942 F F4(backward\255kill\255w)108 453.6 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)207.719 453.6 Q F1(C-o)2.579 E F0 .079 -(is bound to run the macro e)2.579 F .08 -(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to insert)-.15 F(the te)108 465.6 Q -(xt)-.15 E F1(>&output)2.5 E F0(into the line\).)2.5 E .36(In the second form,) -108 482.4 R F4("k)2.86 E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function-name)A F0(or)2.859 E -F1(macr)2.859 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F4 -.1(ke)2.859 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.859 E .359 -(fers from)-.25 F F4 -.1(ke)2.859 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.859 E .659 -.15(ve i) --.15 H 2.859(nt).15 G .359(hat strings)498.251 482.4 R 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 494.4 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284 -(equence may be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E(GNU Emacs style k)108 506.4 Q .3 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 E(wing e)-.25 E(xample.)-.15 E -("\\C-u": uni)144 530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C-x\\C-r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 542.4 Q("\\e[11~": "Function K) -144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .238(In this e)108 571.2 R(xample,)-.15 -E F1(C-u)2.738 E F0 .238(is ag)2.738 F .238(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F4 -(uni)2.738 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .237(C-x C-r) -5.238 F F0 .237(is bound to the function)2.737 F F4 -.18(re)108 583.2 S<ad72> -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 3.909(,a)C(nd)191.139 583.2 Q F1 1.409 -(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.909 F F0 1.409(is bound to insert the te)3.909 F(xt)-.15 E F4 -1.41(Function K)3.91 F 1.41(ey 1)-.25 F F0 6.41(.T)C 1.41 -(he full set of escape)454.94 583.2 R(sequences is)108 595.2 Q F4<5c43ad>144 -612 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 612 Q F4(\\M-)144 628.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 -628.8 Q F4(\\e)144 645.6 Q F0(an escape character)180 645.6 Q F4(\\\\)144 662.4 -Q F0(backslash)180 662.4 Q F4(\\")144 679.2 Q F0(literal ")180 679.2 Q F4(\\') -144 696 Q F0(literal ')180 696 Q .74(When entering the te)108 712.8 R .74(xt o\ -f a macro, single or double quotes should be used to indicate a macro de\214ni\ -tion.)-.15 F 1.226(Unquoted te)108 724.8 R 1.226 -(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F 1.227(Backslash will quote an) -6.226 F 3.727(yc)-.15 G 1.227(haracter in the macro te)430.552 724.8 R(xt,)-.15 -E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(17)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(including " and '.)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 100.8 Q F0(allo) -2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 112.8 R .345 -.15(ve u) --.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046(option to the)2.546 F -F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 124.8 Q/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E .044(Readline has v)108 141.6 R .044 -(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.044(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)413.902 141.6 S .043(riable may be set in the).25 F/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inpu-)2.543 E(tr)108 153.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le with a statement of the form)2.5 E F1(set)144 170.4 Q F3 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .488(Except where noted, readline v)108 187.2 -R .489(ariables can tak)-.25 F 2.989(et)-.1 G .489(he v)307.12 187.2 R(alues) --.25 E F1(On)2.989 E F0(or)2.989 E F1(Off)2.989 E F0 5.489(.T)C .489(he v) -404.025 187.2 R .489(ariables and their def)-.25 F .489(ault v)-.1 F(al-)-.25 E -(ues are:)108 199.2 Q F1(horizontal\255scr)108 216 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E -F0 .449(When set to)144 228 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)222.186 228 Q .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 -(crolling the input horizontally on a)398.6 228 R 1.194(single screen line whe\ -n it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a ne)144 240 -R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 252 Q F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 264 Q F0 .253 -(Controls whether readline be)144 276 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F .553 --.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F3(emacs)2.752 E F0(or)2.752 E F3 -(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0(can be set to either)144 288 Q -F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 300 Q F0(If set to)144 312 Q F1(On)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)200.39 312 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1(*)A F0(\).) -A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 324 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 336 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)2.511 E -F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)486.799 336 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 -(rings the bell.)144 348 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 3.44(,r)C -.94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)278.91 348 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.44 -(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A -(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 360 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)306.21 -360 Q F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 372 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 -(The string that is inserted in)144 384 Q F1(vi)2.5 E F0(mode when the)2.5 E F1 -(vi\255comment)2.5 E F0(command is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -(meta\255\215ag \(Off\))108 396 Q F0 .227(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 -2.727(,r)C .228(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not str\ -ip the high bit from the char)199.628 408 R(-)-.2 E(acters it reads\), re)144 -420 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 E -F1(con)108 432 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 444 -R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)201.172 444 R -.15(ve)-.4 G -.613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 -.15(ey s) --.1 H .612(equence by).15 F 1.238 -(stripping the eighth bit and prepending an escape character \(in ef)144 456 R -1.238(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F3(meta)3.738 E(pr)144 468 Q(e\214x)-.37 -E F0(\).)A F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 480 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 492 R F1 -(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eighth\ - bit set directly rather than as a meta-)200.748 492 R(pre\214x)144 504 Q -(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 516 Q -F0 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 528 R .53 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)144 540 -R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 F .561 -(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)428.2 540 Q .56(ger v)-.15 F .56 -(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 552 R .783 -(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the v)5.782 -F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 564 S .237(riable, the user is ask).25 F -.237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237 -(hem; otherwise the)389.255 564 R 2.737(ya)-.15 G .237(re simply listed)477.856 -564 R(on the terminal.)144 576 Q F1 -.1(ke)108 588 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 -2.323(Set the current readline k)144 600 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.823(map. The).15 F -2.323(set of le)4.823 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 4.823(lk).05 G -.15(ey)368.477 600 S -2.323(map names is).15 F F3 2.324(emacs, emacs-standar)4.823 F(d,)-.37 E .809 -(emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-mo)144 612 R(ve)-.1 E 3.308(,v)-.1 G(i-command) -300.864 612 Q F0 3.308(,a)C(nd)356.102 612 Q F3(vi-insert)3.308 E F0(.).68 E F3 -(vi)5.808 E F0 .808(is equi)3.308 F -.25(va)-.25 G .808(lent to).25 F F3 -(vi-command)3.308 E F0(;)A F3(emacs)144 624 Q F0 1.123(is equi)3.623 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.124(lent to).25 F F3(emacs-standar)3.624 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.124(.T)C -1.124(he def)317.338 624 R 1.124(ault v)-.1 F 1.124(alue is)-.25 F F3(emacs) -3.624 E F0 3.624(;t).27 G 1.124(he v)431.468 624 R 1.124(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)3.624 E F0(also af)144 636 Q(fects the def)-.25 E(ault k)-.1 E --.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(sho)108 648 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\)) --.1 E F0 .478(This alters the def)144 660 R .478(ault beha)-.1 F .478 -(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .477(If set to)5.477 F F1(on)2.977 E -F0 2.977(,w)C .477(ords which ha)450.329 660 R .777 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 E -1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately \ -instead of ringing the)144 672 R(bell.)144 684 Q F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 -696 Q F0(If set to)144 708 Q F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)195.39 708 Q -(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E -.05(Readline implements a f)108 724.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to the c\ -onditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F 185.675(GNU 1995)72 -768 R(May 5)2.5 E(18)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -1.49(which allo)108 84 R 1.49(ws k)-.25 F 1.79 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.49 -(indings and v).15 F 1.49 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F 1.49 -(There are three)6.49 F(parser directi)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(su).15 G -(sed.)180.91 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($if)108 112.8 Q F0(The)144 112.8 Q F1 -($if)2.963 E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462 -(ws bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used,) --.25 F .477(or the application using readline.)144 124.8 R .477(The te)5.477 F -.477(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477(xtends to the end of the line; no characters) --.15 F(are required to isolate it.)144 136.8 Q F1(mode)144 153.6 Q F0(The)180 -153.6 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 -(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 -(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)351.631 153.6 R 3.065 -(mode. This)180 165.6 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 -.565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .03 -(set bindings in the)180 177.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs-standar)2.529 E -(d)-.37 E F0(and)2.529 E F2(emacs-ctlx)2.529 E F0 -.1(ke)2.529 G .029 -(ymaps only if readline is starting out)-.05 F(in emacs mode.)180 189.6 Q F1 -(term)144 206.4 Q F0(The)180 206.4 Q F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 -(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 218.4 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -.654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k) -360.138 218.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1(wo)3.154 G .654 -(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 230.4 Q F1(=)3.003 E F0 .503 -(is tested ag)3.003 F .504 -(ainst the full name of the terminal and the portion of the terminal name)-.05 -F(before the \214rst)180 242.4 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)260.13 242.4 Q -(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.5 E F0(to match both)2.5 E F2(sun)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)456.28 242.4 Q F1(application) -144 259.2 Q F0(The)180 271.2 Q F1(application)2.772 E F0 .272 -(construct is used to include application\255speci\214c settings.)2.772 F .272 -(Each program)5.272 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 283.2 R F2 -.114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 -(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)395.052 283.2 R .501(particular v) -180 295.2 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F .801 --.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .396 -(ci\214c program.)180 307.2 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 -(nstance, the follo)261.308 307.2 R .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 319.2 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 331.2 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 -343.2 S(uote the current or pre)194.72 343.2 Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -("\\C-xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 355.2 Q F1($endif)180 367.2 Q($endif)108 384 Q -F0(This command, as you sa)9.33 E 2.5(wi)-.15 G 2.5(nt)257.73 384 S(he pre) -268.01 384 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(command.)2.5 E F1($else)108 400.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 -400.8 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E .62(Readline commands may be gi) -108 417.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G(umeric)255.959 417.6 Q F2(ar)3.119 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619(hich normally act as a repeat count.) -341.807 417.6 R(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108 429.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G 3.119(st)158.456 429.6 S .619 -(he sign of the ar)168.245 429.6 R .619(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F --.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a) --.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw) -108 441.6 R 1.018(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518 -(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)298.478 441.6 R 1.018 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 453.6 Q(vior with ar) --.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted.)-.25 E .811 -(When a command is described as)108 470.4 R F2(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E -.811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 -G .812(or possible future retrie)403.403 470.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G -F2(yank-)517.79 470.4 Q(ing)108 482.4 Q F0 3.439(\). The)B .939(killed te)3.439 -F .939(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.439(di).15 G 3.438(na)234.794 482.4 S F2 -(kill\255ring)A F0 5.938(.C)C(onsecuti)302.418 482.4 Q 1.238 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.938(ills cause the te).15 F .938(xt to be accumulated into one)-.15 F .331 -(unit, which can be yank)108 494.4 R .331(ed all at once.)-.1 F .331 -(Commands which do not kill te)5.331 F .331(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F -.331(xt on the)-.15 F(kill\255ring.)108 506.4 Q 1.392(The follo)108 523.2 R -1.391(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 -(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F 3.891(ya) --.15 G(re)532.23 523.2 Q(bound.)108 535.2 Q F1(Commands f)87 552 Q(or Mo)-.25 E -(ving)-.1 E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 564 Q F0(Mo)144 576 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)182.59 576 Q F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 588 Q F0(Mo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5 -(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)182.59 600 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 612 S -(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E -(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 636 Q F0(Mo) -144 648 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 660 -S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 672 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) --.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 684 Q F1(backward\255w)108 696 Q(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E -F0(Mo)144 708 Q .749 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .449 -(ack to the start of this, or the pre).15 F .449(vious, w)-.25 F 2.949(ord. W) --.1 F .448(ords are composed of alphanumeric char)-.8 F(-)-.2 E -(acters \(letters and digits\).)144 720 Q 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E -(19)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(clear\255scr)108 84 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 -(Clear the screen lea)144 96 R .993 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G .993 -(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 108 Q F1 -.18(re)108 120 S -(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 132 Q -(By def)5 E(ault, this is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Commands f)87 148.8 Q -(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 160.8 Q -(n\))-.15 E F0 .037(Accept the line re)144 172.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .037 -(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .037(If this line is non\255empty)5.037 F -2.537(,a)-.65 G .036(dd it to the history list)451.748 172.8 R .699 -(according to the state of the)144 184.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 -E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 -(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 196.8 Q F1(pr)108 208.8 Q --.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0(Fetch the pre)144 220.8 Q -(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E -F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 232.8 Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 244.8 Q -(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.) --.1 E F1(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 256.8 Q F0(Mo)144 268.8 Q .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)182.59 268.8 Q(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 280.8 Q F0(Mo)144 292.8 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)182.59 292.8 Q 2.5(,i) --.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)294.99 292.8 Q F1 -2.29 -.18 -(re v)108 304.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 -(Search backw)144 316.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F -1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 328.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 340.8 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131(Search forw)144 -352.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 -F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 364.8 Q F1(non\255incr)108 376.8 Q -(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E -(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 1.089(Search backw)144 388.8 R 1.088(ard t\ -hrough the history starting at the current line using a non\255incremental sea\ -rch)-.1 F(for a string supplied by the user)144 400.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(non\255incr)108 412.8 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E -(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.188(Search forw)144 424.8 R 1.189(ard th\ -rough the history using a non\255incremental search for a string supplied by t\ -he)-.1 F(user)144 436.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 448.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 -E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 460.8 R .249(ard through the history f\ -or the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the current point.)144 472.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E -(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(history\255sear)108 484.8 Q -(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 496.8 R .951(ard through the hi\ -story for the string of characters between the start of the current)-.1 F 2.721 -(line and the current point.)144 508.8 R 2.721 -(This is a non-incremental search.)7.721 F 2.72(By def)7.721 F 2.72 -(ault, this command is)-.1 F(unbound.)144 520.8 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 -532.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>175.14 532.8 Q F0 .622 -(Insert the \214rst ar)144 544.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 -(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622 -(vious line\))-.25 F .682(at point \(the current cursor position\).)144 556.8 R --.4(Wi)5.682 G .682(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.182 -E F0 3.182(,i).24 G .682(nsert the)390.17 556.8 R F3(n)3.182 E F0 .682(th w)B -.681(ord from the pre)-.1 F(vious)-.25 E .729(command \(the w)144 568.8 R .729 -(ords in the pre)-.1 F .729(vious command be)-.25 F .729(gin with w)-.15 F .729 -(ord 0\).)-.1 F 3.23(An)5.73 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)441.56 568.8 T(ti).15 E 1.03 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .73(ument inserts).18 F(the)144 580.8 Q F3(n)2.5 -E F0(th w)A(ord from the end of the pre)-.1 E(vious command.)-.25 E F1 -(yank\255last\255ar)108 592.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)175.69 592.8 R --1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.077(Insert the last ar)144 604.8 R 1.077 -(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.077(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.077 -(ord on the pre)-.1 F 1.077(vious line\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)6.076 G 1.076(th an).4 -F(ar)144 616.8 Q(gument, beha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H(actly lik).15 E(e)-.1 -E F1(yank-nth-ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 628.8 Q F0 .223 -(Expand the line the w)144 640.8 R .223(ay the shell does when it reads it.)-.1 -F .224(This performs alias and history e)5.224 F(xpansion)-.15 E .161 -(as well as all of the shell w)144 652.8 R .161(ord e)-.1 F 2.661 -(xpansions. See)-.15 F F2(HIST)2.661 E(OR)-.162 E 2.411(YE)-.315 G(XP)387.555 -652.8 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.411 E 2.661(wf)-.25 G .16(or a description of) -466.479 652.8 R(history e)144 664.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 676.8 Q F0 .938(Perform history e)144 -688.8 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F(See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E -(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)407.662 688.8 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E -3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-)488.142 688.8 R(tion of history e)144 700.8 -Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(20)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255last\255ar)108 84 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5 -(,M).833 G -1.667(\255_ \))239.143 84 R F0 2.5(As)144 96 S(ynon)157.61 96 Q -(ym for)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(operate-and-get-next \(C\255o\))108 108 Q F0 .948 -(Accept the current line for e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15(ve t)-.25 -H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)441.792 120 R -(history for editing.)144 132 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)247.73 132 S -(ument is ignored.).18 E F1(Commands f)87 148.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 -E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 160.8 Q F0 .486 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 172.8 R 5.486(.I)-.55 G 2.987(fp) -304.636 172.8 S .487(oint is at the be)315.953 172.8 R .487 -(ginning of the line, there are no charac-)-.15 F -(ters in the line, and the last character typed w)144 184.8 Q(as not)-.1 E F1 -(C\255d)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)377.34 184.8 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EOF) -2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 -196.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 208.8 R 5.553(.W) --.55 G .553(hen gi)315.598 208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 -(umeric ar)370.457 208.8 R .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 -(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill\255ring.)144 220.8 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 232.8 Q F0 1.228(Add the ne)144 244.8 -R 1.228(xt character that you type to the line v)-.15 F 3.728(erbatim. This) --.15 F 1.228(is ho)3.728 F 3.729(wt)-.25 G 3.729(oi)446.163 244.8 S 1.229 -(nsert characters lik)457.672 244.8 R(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)144 256.8 Q F0 2.5(,f)C -(or e)170.81 256.8 Q(xample.)-.15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C-v T)108 268.8 Q(AB\)) --.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 280.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 292.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 304.8 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 -316.8 Q F0 .424(Drag the character before point forw)144 328.8 R .424(ard o)-.1 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(rt).15 G .424(he character at point.)331.218 328.8 R -.424(Point mo)5.424 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(sf).15 G(orw)477.882 328.8 Q .424 -(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.03 -(If point is at the end of the line, then transpose the tw)144 340.8 R 3.531 -(oc)-.1 G 1.031(haracters before point.)382.266 340.8 R(Ne)6.031 E -.05(ga)-.15 -G(ti).05 E 1.331 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E(ments don')144 352.8 Q -2.5(tw)-.18 G(ork.)200.94 352.8 Q F1(transpose\255w)108 364.8 Q -(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .683(Drag the w)144 376.8 R .682 -(ord behind the cursor past the w)-.1 F .682(ord in front of the cursor mo)-.1 -F .682(ving the cursor o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.182(rt).15 G(hat)527.78 376.8 -Q -.1(wo)144 388.8 S(rd as well.).1 E F1(upcase\255w)108 400.8 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 .702(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 412.8 R .702 -(wing\) w)-.25 F 3.202(ord. W)-.1 F .702(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -1.002 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .702(ument, do the pre).18 F .703(vious w) --.25 F .703(ord, b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(do not mo)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H -(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 436.8 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 -448.8 Q .641(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F .641(wing\) w)-.25 F 3.141 -(ord. W)-.1 F .641(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .941 -.15(ve a)-.25 H --.18(rg).15 G .64(ument, do the pre).18 F .64(vious w)-.25 F .64(ord, b)-.1 F -(ut)-.2 E(do not mo)144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -(capitalize\255w)108 472.8 Q(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 .82 -(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 484.8 R .82(wing\) w)-.25 F 3.32(ord. W) --.1 F .82(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.12 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) -.15 G .82(ument, do the pre).18 F .82(vious w)-.25 F .82(ord, b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E -(do not mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(Killing and Y)87 -513.6 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 525.6 Q F0(Kill the te)144 -537.6 Q(xt from the current cursor position to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x C\255Rubout\))108 549.6 Q F0(Kill backw)144 -561.6 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 573.6 Q F0(Kill backw)144 585.6 Q -(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(kill\255whole\255line)108 597.6 Q F0 -(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where the cursor is.)144 -609.6 Q(By def)5 E(ault, this is unbound.)-.1 E F1(kill\255w)108 621.6 Q -(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 1.044 -(Kill from the cursor to the end of the current w)144 633.6 R 1.043 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F 1.043(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E --.1(wo)144 645.6 S 2.5(rd. W).1 F(ord boundaries are the same as those used by) --.8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(backward\255kill\255w)108 657.6 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.26 -(Kill the w)144 669.6 R 3.26(ord behind the cursor)-.1 F 8.26(.W)-.55 G 3.26 -(ord boundaries are the same as those used by)304.31 669.6 R F1(back-)5.76 E -(ward\255w)144 681.6 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 693.6 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .482(Kill the w)144 705.6 R .482 -(ord behind the cursor)-.1 F 2.982(,u)-.4 G .482(sing white space as a w) -281.652 705.6 R .482(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.482(.T)-.65 G .482(he w)445.076 705.6 -R .481(ord boundaries are)-.1 F(dif)144 717.6 Q(ferent from backw)-.25 E -(ard\255kill\255w)-.1 E(ord.)-.1 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(21)530 -768 Q EP -%%Page: 22 22 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(delete\255horizontal\255space)108 84 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 96 Q(By def)5 E -(ault, this is unbound.)-.1 E F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 108 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 120 S -(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at the cursor)-.25 E -(.)-.55 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 132 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill\255ring, and yank the ne)144 144 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(op. Only) -302.71 144 R -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E -F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 160.8 Q(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar) -108 172.8 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 184.8 R .641 -(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg) -425.942 184.8 S 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)-.15 E -(ati)144 196.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 -208.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .783(Each time this is e) -144 220.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .783(cuted, the ar).15 F .782 -(gument count is multiplied by four)-.18 F 5.782(.T)-.55 G .782(he ar)437.062 -220.8 R .782(gument count is ini-)-.18 F .175(tially one, so e)144 232.8 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .175(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .176(es the ar) --.1 F .176(gument count four)-.18 F 5.176(.B)-.55 G 2.676(yd)485.028 232.8 S -(ef)497.704 232.8 Q .176(ault, this)-.1 F(is not bound to a k)144 244.8 Q -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E F1(Completing)87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E -F0 1.137(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137 -(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .532(xt as a v)-.15 F -.532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)-.15 F F1($) -3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) --.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)144 309.6 Q .702(xt be) --.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 -(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 -(If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M-?\))108 333.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 345.6 Q(xt before point.)-.15 E F1 -(insert\255completions)108 357.6 Q F0 3.372(Insert all completions of the te) -144 369.6 R 3.372(xt before point that w)-.15 F 3.372(ould ha)-.1 F 3.672 -.15 -(ve b)-.2 H 3.372(een generated by).15 F F1(possi-)5.873 E(ble\255completions) -144 381.6 Q F0 5(.B)C 2.5(yd)227.76 381.6 S(ef)240.26 381.6 Q -(ault, this is not bound to a k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 393.6 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 405.6 Q(xt before point.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 417.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 429.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1(complete\255user)108 -441.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 453.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)108 -465.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 477.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 489.6 -Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 501.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(possible\255v)108 513.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 525.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 537.6 Q F0(Attempt completion on the te) -144 549.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 561.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 573.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 585.6 Q F0 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 597.6 R .581 -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58(Command comple-) -5.58 F .238(tion attempts to match the te)144 609.6 R .238(xt ag)-.15 F .239 -(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .239(ed w)-.15 F .239(ords, shell functions, b) --.1 F .239(uiltins, and \214nally)-.2 F -.15(exe)144 621.6 S -(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 633.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M-T)108 657.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 669.6 R .425 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 -(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F(for possible completion matches.)144 -681.6 Q F1(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 693.6 Q F0 .272(Perform \ -\214lename completion and return the list of possible completions enclosed wit\ -hin braces so)144 705.6 R(the list is a)144 717.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(22)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 23 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(Ke)87 84 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 E -(start\255kbd\255macr)108 96 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C-x \()188.93 96 Q(\)).833 E F0 -(Be)144 108 Q(gin sa)-.15 E(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E --.15(ey)-.1 G(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 120 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C-x \))184.5 120 Q(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 132 Q -(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro and sa).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 144 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C-x e\))204.64 144 Q F0 -(Re-e)144 156 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .999 -(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro appear as if).15 -F(typed at the k)144 168 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1(Miscellaneous)87 184.8 -Q -.18(re)108 196.8 S<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E -F0 .54(Read in the contents of your init \214le, and incorporate an)144 208.8 R -3.041(yb)-.15 G .541(indings or v)385.876 208.8 R .541 -(ariable assignments found)-.25 F(there.)144 220.8 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 -232.8 Q F0 3.249(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 -244.8 R 5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)414.6 244.8 R F1 -(bell\255style)144 256.8 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 268.8 Q(case\255v)-.18 E -(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, ...\))-.1 E F0 -(Run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character)144 -280.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 292.8 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 -(Metafy the ne)144 304.8 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC) -5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 316.8 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 328.8 Q F1 -2.29 --.18(re v)108 340.8 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .244 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 352.8 R .245(This is lik)5.245 F 2.745 -(et)-.1 G .245(yping the)341.895 352.8 R F1(undo)2.745 E F0 .245 -(command enough times to return)2.745 F(the line to its initial state.)144 -364.8 Q F1(tilde\255expand \(M\255~\))108 376.8 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 388.8 -Q(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1(dump\255functions)108 400.8 Q -F0 .627(Print all of the functions and their k)144 412.8 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)5.626 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 424.8 Q -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E -(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(display\255shell\255v)108 436.8 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 448.8 Q -(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A -F2(HIST)72 465.6 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 .227(When interacti)108 477.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.727(,t).15 G .227(he shell pro)184.424 477.6 R .227 -(vides access to the)-.15 F F3 .227(command history)2.727 F F0 2.727(,t)C .228 -(he list of commands pre)386.34 477.6 R .228(viously typed.)-.25 F .12(The te) -108 489.6 R .12(xt of the last)-.15 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.62 E F0 .12(commands \(def) -2.37 F .119(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.619(di).15 G 2.619(nah) -367.958 489.6 S .119(istory list.)387.636 489.6 R .119 -(The shell stores each com-)5.119 F .124 -(mand in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 501.6 R .125(ariable e) --.25 F .125(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.625 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.375 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.625(\)b).15 G .125(ut after history)480.87 501.6 R -.15(ex)108 -513.6 S .267(pansion is performed, subject to the v).15 F .267 -(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F1(command_oriented_history)2.767 -E F0(and)2.767 E F2(HIST)2.767 E(-)-.828 E(CONTR)108 525.6 Q(OL)-.27 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.191 -(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)5.69 F -(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)3.691 E F0(\(def)3.441 E(ault)-.1 E F3 -(~/.bash_history)108 537.6 Q F0(\).)A F2(HISTFILE)5.632 E F0 .632 -(is truncated, if necessary)2.882 F 3.131(,t)-.65 G 3.131(oc)333.656 537.6 S -.631(ontain no more than)346.227 537.6 R F2(HISTFILESIZE)3.131 E F0 3.131 -(lines. The)2.881 F -.2(bu)108 549.6 S .168(iltin command).2 F F1(fc)2.668 E F0 -(\(see)2.668 E F2 .168(SHELL B)2.668 F(UIL)-.09 E .168(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 -(belo)2.418 E .168(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .168(cute a).15 F .102(portion of the history list.)108 561.6 R(The)5.102 E -F1(history)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G .101 -(iltin can be used to display the history list and manipulate the his-).2 F -.464(tory \214le.)108 573.6 R .464 -(When using the command-line editing, search commands are a)5.464 F -.25(va)-.2 -G .464(ilable in each editing mode that).25 F(pro)108 585.6 Q .483 -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 F .483(When an interacti)5.483 F .783 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .483(hell e).15 F .483(xits, the last)-.15 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.983 -E F0 .482(lines are copied from)2.733 F 1.047(the history list to)108 597.6 R -F2(HISTFILE)3.547 E F4(.)A F0(If)5.548 E F2(HISTFILE)3.548 E F0 1.048 -(is unset, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not)3.298 F -(sa)108 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E F2(HIST)72 626.4 Q(OR)-.162 E 2.25(YE) --.315 G(XP)121.284 626.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0 .611 -(The shell supports a history e)108 638.4 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61(xpansion in)-.15 -F F1(csh.)3.11 E F0 .61(This section)5.61 F .87 -(describes what syntax features are a)108 650.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F 2.014 -(can be disabled using the)108 662.4 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014(option to the) -4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 -2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 674.4 Q -2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.163(History e)108 -691.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is read,\ - before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 703.2 S 2.585(rds. It).1 F -(tak)2.585 E .085(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.585(op)-.1 G 2.585(arts. The)228.19 -703.2 R .084(\214rst is to determine which line from the pre)2.585 F .084 -(vious history to use dur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E .915(ing substitution.)108 715.2 R -.915(The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the curr\ -ent one.)5.915 F .915(The line)5.915 F .603(selected from the pre)108 727.2 R -.603(vious history is the)-.25 F F3 -.15(ev)3.103 G(ent).15 E F0 3.103(,a)C -.602(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)305.444 727.2 R F3 -(wor)3.102 E(ds)-.37 E F0(.)A 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(23)530 768 -Q EP -%%Page: 24 24 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -1.748(The line is brok)108 84 R 1.749(en into w)-.1 F 1.749(ords in the same f) --.1 F 1.749(ashion as when reading input, so that se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral) -.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(metac)4.249 E(har)-.15 E(ac-)-.15 E(ter)108 96 Q -F0 1.785(\255separated w)B 1.785 -(ords surrounded by quotes are considered as one w)-.1 F 4.284(ord. Only)-.1 F -1.784(backslash \()4.284 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\).833 E F0 4.284(\)a).833 G -1.784(nd single)501.826 96 R(quotes can quote the history escape character)108 -108 Q 2.5(,w)-.4 G(hich is)300.32 108 Q F2(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E(ault.) --.1 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 124.8 R 2.2(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2 -(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 2.2 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F(description of)108 136.8 Q F2(histchars) -2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) --.92 E F0(\).)A F2(Ev)87 153.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 165.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G -(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list.).15 -E F2(!)108 182.4 Q F0(Start a history substitution, e)144 182.4 Q -(xcept when follo)-.15 E(wed by a)-.25 E F2(blank)2.5 E F0 2.5(,n)C -.25(ew) -398.6 182.4 S(line, = or \(.).25 E F2(!!)108 194.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 -194.4 Q(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!) -108 206.4 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 206.4 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E -F2<21ad>108 218.4 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to the current command line minus)144 218.4 -Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2(!)108 230.4 Q F1(string)A F0 -(Refer to the most recent command starting with)9.33 E F1(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 -E F2(!?)108 242.4 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 -(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 254.4 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0(.) -.22 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 271.4 Q F1(string1)111.996 266.4 Q F3(^) -140.336 271.4 Q F1(string2)144.332 266.4 Q F3(^)172.672 271.4 Q F0 2.66 -(Quick substitution.)144 278.4 R 2.66(Repeat the last command, replacing)7.66 F -F1(string1)5.16 E F0(with)5.16 E F1(string2)5.16 E F0 7.66(.E).02 G(qui)490.34 -278.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.66(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 290.4 S(!!:s/).74 E F1 -(string1)A F0(/)A F1(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)240.02 290.4 Q F2 -(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 302.4 Q F0 -(The entire command line typed so f)144 302.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75(Wo)87 -319.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0(A)108 331.2 Q F2(:)3.654 E F0 1.154 -(separates the e)3.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.154(nt speci\214cation from the w).15 -F 1.154(ord designator)-.1 F 6.154(.I)-.55 G 3.654(tc)377.32 331.2 S 1.154 -(an be omitted if the w)388.194 331.2 R 1.155(ord designator)-.1 F(be)108 343.2 -Q .539(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.039 E F0(,)A F2($)3.039 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.039 E -F0 3.039(,o)C(r)200.244 343.2 Q F2(%)3.039 E F0 5.539(.W)C .539 -(ords are numbered from the be)233.292 343.2 R .538 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .538(ord being)-.1 F -(denoted by a 0 \(zero\).)108 355.2 Q F2 2.5(0\()108 372 S(zer)118.83 372 Q -(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 384 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F -(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1(n)108 396 Q F0(The) -144 396 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^)108 408 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 -408 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 420 Q F0 -(The last ar)144 420 Q(gument.)-.18 E F2(%)108 432 Q F0(The w)144 432 Q -(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1(string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108 -444 Q F2<ad>A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 444 S(ange of w)157.05 444 Q(ords; `\255)-.1 -E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)242.56 444 Q(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2 -(*)108 456 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 456 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315 -(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1 -(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.816 E F0 -.316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 468 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F2(x*)108 480 Q F0(Abbre) -144 480 Q(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<78ad>108 492 Q F0(Abbre)144 -492 Q(viates)-.25 E F1(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F2(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b) -C(ut omits the last w)250.46 492 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(Modi\214ers)87 508.8 Q F0 .158 -(After the optional w)108 520.8 R .158(ord designator)-.1 F 2.658(,y)-.4 G .158 -(ou can add a sequence of one or more of the follo)256.6 520.8 R .157 -(wing modi\214ers, each)-.25 F(preceded by a `:'.)108 532.8 Q F2(h)108 549.6 Q -F0(Remo)144 549.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing pathname component, lea).15 E -(ving only the head.)-.2 E F2(r)108 561.6 Q F0(Remo)144 561.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t) --.15 H(railing suf).15 E(\214x of the form)-.25 E F1(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea) -313.98 561.6 Q(ving the basename.)-.2 E F2(e)108 573.6 Q F0(Remo)144 573.6 Q .3 --.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F2(t)108 -585.6 Q F0(Remo)144 585.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -(ll leading pathname components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F2(p)108 597.6 -Q F0(Print the ne)144 597.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)204.02 597.6 Q -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F2(q)108 609.6 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 609.6 Q(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 -E F2(x)108 621.6 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)144 621.6 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F2 -(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)304.81 621.6 Q(ords at)-.1 E F2(blanks)2.5 -E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F2(s/)108 633.6 Q F1(old)A F2(/)A F1(ne)A(w) --.15 E F2(/)A F0(Substitute)144 645.6 Q F1(ne)2.813 E(w)-.15 E F0 .314 -(for the \214rst occurrence of)2.813 F F1(old)2.814 E F0 .314(in the e)2.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .314(nt line.).15 F(An)5.314 E 2.814(yd)-.15 G .314 -(elimiter can be used in place)424.29 645.6 R .617(of /.)144 657.6 R .617 -(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)5.617 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 F .749 -(be quoted in)144 669.6 R F1(old)3.249 E F0(and)3.249 E F1(ne)3.249 E(w)-.15 E -F0 .749(with a single backslash.)3.249 F .75(If & appears in)5.749 F F1(ne)3.25 -E(w)-.15 E F0 3.25(,i).31 G 3.25(ti)444.66 669.6 S 3.25(sr)453.47 669.6 S .75 -(eplaced by)463.94 669.6 R F1(old)3.25 E F0 5.75(.A).77 G -(single backslash will quote the &.)144 681.6 Q F2(&)108 693.6 Q F0 -(Repeat the pre)144 693.6 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F2(g)108 705.6 Q F0 .398 -(Cause changes to be applied o)144 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398 -(he entire e)284.948 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.).15 F .397 -(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F2(:s)A F0 2.897('\()C(e.g.,)523.06 -705.6 Q(`)144 717.6 Q F2(:gs/)A F1(old)A F2(/)A F1(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F0 -1.218('\) or `)B F2(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218(used with `)3.718 F F2(:s)A F0 -1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)343.124 717.6 R -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 729.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(24)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 84 Q(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION) -.855 E F0 1.478(The shell allo)108 96 R 1.477(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.477 -(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.477 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(let) -3.977 E F0 -.2(bu)3.977 G(iltin).2 E 1.232(command and)108 108 R F2 1.232 -(Arithmetic Expansion)3.732 F F0 3.732(\). Ev)B 1.232 -(aluation is done in long inte)-.25 F 1.232(gers with no check for o)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E -.65(w,)-.25 G .279(though di)108 120 R .279 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.278(.T)-.55 G .278 -(he follo)341.626 120 R .278(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -(v-)-.25 E(els of equal-precedence operators.)108 132 Q(The le)5 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 148.8 -S F0(unary minus and plus)144 148.8 Q F2 2.5(!~)108 160.8 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 160.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 -172.8 S F0(multiplication, di)144 172.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> -108 184.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 184.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 196.8 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 196.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 208.8 Q F0 -(comparison)144 220.8 Q F2(== !=)108 232.8 Q F0(equality and inequality)144 -232.8 Q F2(&)108 244.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 244.8 Q F2(^)108 256.8 Q F0 -(bitwise e)144 256.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)108 268.8 -Q F0(bitwise OR)144 268.8 Q F2(&&)108 280.8 Q F0(logical AND)144 280.8 Q F2(||) -108 292.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 292.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 304.8 S 2.5(=/)121.2 304.8 -S 2.5(=%)132.18 304.8 S 2.5(=+)150.38 304.8 S 2.5<3dad>164.28 304.8 S 2.5(=<) -178.18 304.8 S(<= >>= &= ^= |=)192.08 304.8 Q F0(assignment)144 316.8 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 333.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 -(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68(xpansion is performed before the e) --.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 2.785(ated. The)108 -345.6 R -.25(va)2.785 G .284(lue of a parameter is coerced to a long inte).25 F -.284(ger within an e)-.15 F 2.784(xpression. A)-.15 F .284(shell v)2.784 F .284 -(ariable need not)-.25 F(ha)108 357.6 Q .3 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts inte).15 E -(ger attrib)-.15 E(ute turned on to be used in an e)-.2 E(xpression.)-.15 E -.049(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 374.4 R -2.55(Al)5.049 G(eading)364.89 374.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(0x)2.55 E F0(or) -2.55 E F3(0X)2.55 E F0 .05(denotes he)2.55 F 2.55(xadecimal. Oth-)-.15 F .016 -(erwise, numbers tak)108 386.4 R 2.516(et)-.1 G .016(he form [)197.928 386.4 R -F3(base#)A F0 .015(]n, where)B F3(base)2.515 E F0 .015 -(is a decimal number between 2 and 36 representing the)2.515 F -(arithmetic base, and)108 398.4 Q F3(n)2.5 E F0(is a number in that base.)2.5 E -(If)5 E F3(base)2.5 E F0(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.5 E .234 -(Operators are e)108 415.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 -(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 427.2 S -(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(SHELL B)72 444 -Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F2(:)108 456 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(])A .502(No ef)144 468 R .502(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 -F .502(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.002 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .501 -(and performing an)3.001 F 3.001(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)508.34 468 Q 2.5 -(redirections. A)144 480 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F2(.)110.5 -496.8 Q F3(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sour) -108 508.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0 -(])A 1.169(Read and e)144 520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.169(cute commands from).15 F -F3(\214lename)3.669 E F0 1.169(in the current shell en)3.669 F 1.17 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.302 -(status of the last command e)144 532.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.301(cuted from).15 F -F3(\214lename)3.801 E F0 6.301(.I).18 G(f)368.143 532.8 Q F3(\214lename)3.801 E -F0 1.301(does not contain a slash, path-)3.801 F .608(names in)144 544.8 R F1 --.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 -(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3(\214lename)3.108 E F0 -5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)424.339 544.8 R F1 -.666(PA)3.108 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 .201(need not be e)144 556.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.701 -(cutable. The).15 F .201 -(current directory is searched if no \214le is found in)2.701 F F1 -.666(PA) -2.701 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .201(If an)4.701 F(y)-.15 E F3 -(ar)2.701 E(gu-)-.37 E(ments)144 568.8 Q F0 1.057(are supplied, the)3.557 F -3.557(yb)-.15 G 1.058(ecome the positional parameters when)252.228 568.8 R F3 -(\214le)3.558 E F0 1.058(is e)3.558 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.558(cuted. Otherwise).15 -F(the)3.558 E 1.079(positional parameters are unchanged.)144 580.8 R 1.078 -(The return status is the status of the last command e)6.079 F(xited)-.15 E -(within the script \(0 if no commands are e)144 592.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0(is not found.)2.5 E -F2(alias)108 609.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(name)A F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) -193.9 609.6 Q F2(Alias)144 621.6 Q F0 1.667(with no ar)4.167 F 1.667 -(guments prints the list of aliases in the form)-.18 F F3(name)4.168 E F0(=)A -F3(value)A F0 1.668(on standard output.)4.168 F .607(When ar)144 633.6 R .607 -(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F3(name)3.107 E F0 -(whose)3.107 E F3(value)3.107 E F0 .607(is gi)3.107 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.106 -(n. A).15 F(trailing)3.106 E 2.692(space in)144 645.6 R F3(value)5.192 E F0 -2.692(causes the ne)5.192 F 2.692(xt w)-.15 F 2.692(ord to be check)-.1 F 2.693 -(ed for alias substitution when the alias is)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 657.6 S 2.868 -(panded. F).15 F .367(or each)-.15 F F3(name)2.867 E F0 .367(in the ar)2.867 F -.367(gument list for which no)-.18 F F3(value)2.867 E F0 .367 -(is supplied, the name and v)2.867 F(alue)-.25 E 1.716 -(of the alias is printed.)144 669.6 R F2(Alias)6.716 E F0 1.717 -(returns true unless a)4.216 F F3(name)4.217 E F0 1.717(is gi)4.217 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 4.217(nf).15 G 1.717(or which no alias has been)425.605 669.6 R -(de\214ned.)144 681.6 Q F2(bg)108 698.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(jobspec)A F0(])A(Place) -144 710.4 Q F3(jobspec)3.485 E F0 .985 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.485 F F2(&)3.485 E F0 -5.985(.I)C(f)425.645 710.4 Q F3(jobspec)3.485 E F0 .985(is not present, the) -3.485 F(shell')144 722.4 Q 4.166(sn)-.55 G 1.666(otion of the)178.726 722.4 R -F3(curr)4.166 E 1.666(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.666(is used.)4.166 F F2(bg)6.666 E F3 -(jobspec)4.166 E F0 1.667(returns 0 unless run when job control is)4.167 F -185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(25)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -1.139(disabled or)144 84 R 3.639(,w)-.4 G 1.138 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)202.258 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(jobspec)3.638 E F0 -.1(wa)3.638 G 3.638(sn).1 G 1.138 -(ot found or started without job)412.37 84 R(control.)144 96 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(bind)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 -E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255lvd)189.12 112.8 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2(-q)217.32 112.8 Q F1 -(name)2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G -(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2(-f)2.5 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 -E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A -F1(function-name)A F0 .238(Display current)144 148.8 R F2 -.18(re)2.738 G -(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, or bind a k)267.832 148.8 R .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0(function)2.739 E .88 -(or macro.)144 160.8 R .88(The binding syntax accepted is identical to that of) -5.88 F F1(.inputr)3.38 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.38(,b).31 G .88(ut each binding must be) -440.93 160.8 R .38(passed as a separate ar)144 172.8 R .381 -(gument; e.g., '"\\C-x\\C-r": re\255read\255init\255\214le'.)-.18 F .381 -(Options, if supplied, ha)5.381 F .681 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E(follo)144 184.8 -Q(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6d>144 196.8 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use) -180 208.8 Q F1 -.1(ke)5.175 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.674(as the k)5.175 F -.15(ey)-.1 -G 2.674(map to be af).15 F 2.674(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F -(Acceptable)7.674 E F1 -.1(ke)180 220.8 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.929(names are)5.428 F -F1 2.929(emacs, emacs-standar)5.429 F 2.929 -(d, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E 5.429(,v)-.1 G(i-)533.89 -220.8 Q(command)180 232.8 Q F0 3.435(,a)C(nd)229.255 232.8 Q F1(vi-insert)3.435 -E F0(.).68 E F1(vi)5.934 E F0 .934(is equi)3.434 F -.25(va)-.25 G .934(lent to) -.25 F F1(vi-command)3.434 E F0(;)A F1(emacs)3.434 E F0 .934(is equi)3.434 F --.25(va)-.25 G .934(lent to).25 F F1(emacs-)3.434 E(standar)180 244.8 Q(d)-.37 -E F0(.)A F2<ad6c>144 256.8 Q F0(List the names of all)180 256.8 Q F2 -.18(re) -2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(functions)2.5 E F2<ad76>144 268.8 Q F0 -(List current function names and bindings)180 268.8 Q F2<ad64>144 280.8 Q F0 -(Dump function names and bindings in such a w)180 280.8 Q(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5 -(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read)423.89 280.8 Q F2<ad66>144 292.8 Q F1(\214lename)2.5 E -F0(Read k)180 304.8 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E -F2<ad71>144 316.8 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 328.8 Q -.15 -(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)282.51 328.8 T .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named) -.1 E F1(function)2.5 E F0(The return v)144 345.6 Q -(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 -G 2.5(ra)391.37 345.6 S 2.5(ne)401.64 345.6 S(rror occurred.)413.58 345.6 Q F2 -(br)108 362.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .075(Exit from within a)144 -374.4 R F2 -.25(fo)2.575 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F2(while)2.575 E F0 2.575(,o)C(r) -270.86 374.4 Q F2(until)2.575 E F0 2.576(loop. If)2.575 F F1(n)2.576 E F0 .076 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.576 F F1(n)2.576 E F0(le)2.576 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.) -.15 E F1(n)5.076 E F0 .076(must be)2.576 F/F3 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.576 E F0 2.576 -(1. If)2.576 F F1(n)2.576 E F0(is)2.576 E .838 -(greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)144 -386.4 R 3.338(xited. The)-.15 F .838(return v)3.338 F .838(alue is 0)-.25 F -(unless the shell is not e)144 398.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting a loop when).15 E -F2(br)2.5 E(eak)-.18 E F0(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2 -.2(bu)108 -415.2 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 427.2 Q .792(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792 -(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F1(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793 -(nd return its e)382.099 427.2 R .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful) -5.793 F .603 -(when you wish to de\214ne a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -439.2 R .602(uiltin, b)-.2 F .602(ut need the func-)-.2 F .772 -(tionality of the b)144 451.2 R .772(uiltin within the function itself.)-.2 F -(The)5.773 E F2(cd)3.273 E F0 -.2(bu)3.273 G .773 -(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E -(The return status is f)144 463.2 Q(alse if)-.1 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin) --.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.5 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(cd)108 480 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1(dir)A F0 5.17(]C)C .21(hange the current directory to)150.67 480 R F1(dir) -2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C .21(he v)298.01 480 R(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G -.21(he v)456.703 480 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E -F0 .337(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 492 R F1 -(dir)2.837 E F0 5.337(.A).73 G(lternati)379.662 492 Q .637 -.15(ve d)-.25 H -.337(irectory names are separated).15 F .31(by a colon \(:\).)144 504 R 2.809 -(An)5.309 G .309(ull directory name in)221.367 504 R F4(CDP)2.809 E -.855(AT) --.666 G(H).855 E F0 .309(is the same as the current directory)2.559 F 2.809(,i) --.65 G .309(.e., `)496.442 504 R(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.309(.I).74 G(f) -536.67 504 Q F1(dir)144 516 Q F0(be)3.418 E .918(gins with a slash \(/\), then) --.15 F F4(CDP)3.418 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .918(is not used.)3.168 F -.919(An ar)5.919 F .919(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>3.419 E F0 .919(is equi)3.419 F --.25(va)-.25 G .919(lent to).25 F F4($OLD-)3.419 E(PWD)144 528 Q/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The return v)4.5 E(alue is true if the directory w) --.25 E(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 -544.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(-pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 556.8 Q F1(command)2.878 E F0(with)2.878 E F1(ar)2.878 -E(gs)-.37 E F0 .378(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)2.878 -F .377(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .558(commands found in the)144 568.8 R F4 -.666 -(PA)3.058 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .559(are e)2.809 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.059(cuted. If).15 -F(the)3.059 E F2<ad70>3.059 E F0 .559(option is gi)3.059 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .559 -(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.059 E F0(is)3.059 E .232 -(performed using a def)144 580.8 R .231(ault v)-.1 F .231(alue for)-.25 F F2 --.74(PA)2.731 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .231 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.731 F(If)5.231 E -.231(either the)144 592.8 R F2<ad56>2.731 E F0(or)2.731 E F2<ad76>2.731 E F0 -.232(option is supplied, a description of)2.732 F F1(command)2.732 E F0 .232 -(is printed.)2.732 F(The)5.232 E F2<ad76>2.732 E F0 .232(option causes)2.732 F -2.711(as)144 604.8 S .211(ingle w)155.041 604.8 R .211 -(ord indicating the command or pathname used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 -G F1(command)2.81 E F0 .21(to be printed; the)2.71 F F2<ad56>2.71 E F0 .475 -(option produces a more v)144 616.8 R .476(erbose description.)-.15 F .476 -(An ar)5.476 F .476(gument of)-.18 F F2<adad>2.976 E F0 .476 -(disables option checking for the)2.976 F 1.349(rest of the ar)144 628.8 R -3.849(guments. If)-.18 F(the)3.849 E F2<ad56>3.849 E F0(or)3.849 E F2<ad76> -3.849 E F0 1.348(option is supplied, the e)3.848 F 1.348(xit status is 0 if) --.15 F F1(command)3.848 E F0 -.1(wa)3.848 G(s).1 E 1.305(found, and 1 if not.) -144 640.8 R 1.305(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.305 -F F1(command)3.806 E F0 1.306(cannot be)3.806 F .093(found, the e)144 652.8 R -.093(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .092(Otherwise, the e)5.092 F .092 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)2.592 E F0 -.2(bu)2.592 G .092 -(iltin is the e).2 F .092(xit status of)-.15 F F1(command)144 664.8 Q F0(.).77 -E F2(continue)108 681.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .064(Resume the ne)144 693.6 -R .064(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)2.564 G(r).25 E F0(,)A -F2(while)2.564 E F0 2.564(,o)C(r)366.096 693.6 Q F2(until)2.564 E F0 2.565 -(loop. If)2.565 F F1(n)2.565 E F0 .065(is speci\214ed, resume at the)2.565 F F1 -(n)144 705.6 Q F0 1.169(th enclosing loop.)B F1(n)6.169 E F0 1.169(must be) -3.669 F F3<b3>3.669 E F0 3.669(1. If)3.669 F F1(n)3.669 E F0 1.169 -(is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last)3.669 F 1.593 -(enclosing loop \(the `top\255le)144 717.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.593 -(l' loop\) is resumed.).15 F 1.593(The return v)6.593 F 1.593 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not)-.25 F -.15(exe)144 729.6 S -(cuting a loop when).15 E F2(continue)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted.).15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(26)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 27 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255frxi)A F0 2.5 -(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)175.16 84 Q F0([=)A F2(value)A F0(]])A F1 -(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255frxi)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)174.23 96 Q F0 -([=)A F2(value)A F0(]])A 1.098(Declare v)144 108 R 1.098(ariables and/or gi) --.25 F 1.398 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.098(hem attrib).15 F 3.598(utes. If)-.2 F(no) -3.598 E F2(name)3.598 E F0 3.598(sa)C 1.098(re gi)394.362 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.098(n, then display the v).15 F 1.098(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 120 S 2.491 -(riables instead.).25 F 2.491(The options can be used to restrict output to v) -7.491 F 2.492(ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 132 Q(ute.)-.2 E -F1<ad66>144 144 Q F0(Use function names only)180 144 Q F1<ad72>144 156 Q F0 -(Mak)180 156 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)241.644 156 Q -7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)288.811 156 R 2.546 -(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements.)180 168 Q F1<ad78>144 180 Q -F0(Mark)180 180 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)235.54 180 Q -(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E F1<ad69>144 -192 Q F0 .557(The v)180 192 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 -(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION \))180 -204 Q F0(is performed when the v)2.25 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.) --.25 E 1.219(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 220.8 R 3.719(ft)-.25 G -1.219(he attrib)289.373 220.8 R 1.219(ute instead.)-.2 F 1.218 -(When used in a function, mak)6.219 F(es)-.1 E F2(name)3.718 E F0(s)A .235 -(local, as with the)144 232.8 R F1(local)2.735 E F0 2.735(command. The)2.735 F -.235(return v)2.735 F .235(alue is 0 unless an ille)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.736 -(lo).05 G .236(ption is encountered, an)443.752 232.8 R .435 -(attempt is made to de\214ne a function using "-f foo=bar", one of the)144 -244.8 R F2(names)2.935 E F0 .434(is not a le)2.935 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.934(ls) -.05 G .434(hell v)503.436 244.8 R(ari-)-.25 E .519 -(able name, an attempt is made to turn of)144 256.8 R 3.019(fr)-.25 G .52 -(eadonly status for a readonly v)318.391 256.8 R .52(ariable, or an attempt is) --.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 268.8 Q(xistant function with -f.)-.15 E F1 -(dirs [-l] [+/\255n])108 285.6 Q F0 1.505 -(Display the list of currently remembered directories.)144 297.6 R 1.505 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.505 F F1(pushd)144 309.6 Q F0 -(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command mo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(sb).15 -G(ack up through the list.)331.5 309.6 Q F1(+n)144 321.6 Q F0 .13(displays the) -180 321.6 R F2(n)2.63 E F0 .13(th entry counting from the left of the list sho) -B .13(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)2.63 E F0 .13(when in)2.63 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 -G 2.63(dw).1 G(ith-)526.11 321.6 Q(out options, starting with zero.)180 333.6 Q -F1<ad6e>144 345.6 Q F0 1.342(displays the)180 345.6 R F2(n)3.842 E F0 1.342 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.342(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs) -3.842 E F0 1.342(when in)3.842 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 357.6 Q F1<ad6c>144 369.6 Q F0 .361 -(produces a longer listing; the def)180 369.6 R .361 -(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F(tory)180 -381.6 Q(.)-.65 E .381(The return v)144 398.4 R .381(alue is 0 unless an ille) --.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.881(lo).05 G .381(ption is supplied or)303.798 398.4 R -F2(n)2.88 E F0(inde)2.88 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.88(sb).15 G -.15(ey)430.78 398.4 S -.38(ond the end of the direc-).15 F(tory stack.)144 410.4 Q F1(echo)108 427.2 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)164.8 427.2 Q(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.266(Output the)144 439.2 R F2(ar)2.766 E(g)-.37 E F0 .266 -(s, separated by spaces.)B .266(The return status is al)5.266 F -.1(wa)-.1 G -.267(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.267 E F1<ad6e>2.767 E F0 .267 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing)2.767 F(ne)144 451.2 Q .311(wline is suppressed.) --.25 F .311(If the)5.311 F F1<ad65>2.811 E F0 .311(option is gi)2.811 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .311(n, interpretation of the follo).15 F .31 -(wing backslash-escaped)-.25 F .873(characters is enabled.)144 463.2 R(The) -5.874 E F1<ad45>3.374 E F0 .874 -(option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, e)3.374 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(on systems where the)144 475.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G -(re interpreted by def)241.61 475.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(\\a)144 487.2 Q F0 -(alert \(bell\))180 487.2 Q F1(\\b)144 499.2 Q F0(backspace)180 499.2 Q F1(\\c) -144 511.2 Q F0(suppress trailing ne)180 511.2 Q(wline)-.25 E F1(\\f)144 523.2 Q -F0(form feed)180 523.2 Q F1(\\n)144 535.2 Q F0(ne)180 535.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G -(ine)201.69 535.2 Q F1(\\r)144 547.2 Q F0(carriage return)180 547.2 Q F1(\\t) -144 559.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 559.2 Q F1(\\v)144 571.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 -571.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 583.2 Q F0(backslash)180 583.2 Q F1(\\nnn) -144 595.2 Q F0(the character whose ASCII code is)180 595.2 Q F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(octal\))2.5 E F1(enable)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255all)162.03 612 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)187.45 612 Q F0(...])2.5 E .683 -(Enable and disable b)144 624 R .683(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .683 -(This allo)5.683 F .683(ws the e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .683 -(cution of a disk command which).15 F .324(has the same name as a shell b)144 -636 R .324(uiltin without specifying a full pathname.)-.2 F(If)5.324 E F1<ad6e> -2.824 E F0 .324(is used, each)2.824 F F2(name)2.824 E F0 .181 -(is disabled; otherwise,)144 648 R F2(names)2.681 E F0 .181(are enabled.)2.681 -F -.15(Fo)5.181 G 2.681(re).15 G .181(xample, to use the)338.817 648 R F1(test) -2.68 E F0 .18(binary found via the)2.68 F F3 -.666(PA)2.68 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .748 -(instead of the shell b)144 660 R .748(uiltin v)-.2 F .748(ersion, type `)-.15 -F .748(`enable -n test')-.74 F 3.248('. If)-.74 F .748(no ar)3.248 F .749 -(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .749(n, a list of all).15 F .425 -(enabled shell b)144 672 R .425(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F .425(If only)5.425 F -F1<ad6e>2.925 E F0 .424(is supplied, a list of all disabled b)2.925 F .424 -(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F(If)5.424 E(only)144 684 Q F1(\255all)2.546 E F0 .046 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)2.546 F .047 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each)-.2 F .281(is enabled.)144 -696 R F1(enable)5.281 E F0(accepts)2.781 E F1<ad61>2.781 E F0 .281(as a synon) -2.781 F .281(ym for)-.15 F F1(\255all)2.781 E F0 5.281(.T)C .28(he return v) -370.81 696 R .28(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)2.78 E F0 .28(is not a)2.78 -F(shell b)144 708 Q(uiltin.)-.2 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(27)530 -768 Q EP -%%Page: 28 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 84 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 96 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 -E F0 3.17(sa)C .671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.) -187.74 96 R .671(This command is then read)5.671 F .165(and e)144 108 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .165(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .165 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .165(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.664 H(l).15 E F0 2.664(command. If)2.664 F(there)2.664 E(are no)144 120 -Q F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,o).27 G 2.5(ro)198.89 120 S(nly null ar)209.72 -120 Q(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 136.8 Q F0([[)2.5 E F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 148.8 Q F2(command)2.91 E F0 .41 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)2.91 F .41(No ne)5.41 F 2.91(wp)-.25 G -.41(rocess is created.)371.42 148.8 R(The)5.41 E F2(ar)2.91 E(guments)-.37 E F0 -(become)2.91 E 1.239(the ar)144 160.8 R 1.239(guments to)-.18 F F2(command) -3.739 E F0 6.239(.I)C 3.739(ft)267.646 160.8 S 1.239(he \214rst ar)277.495 -160.8 R 1.238(gument is)-.18 F F1<ad>3.738 E F0 3.738(,t)C 1.238 -(he shell places a dash in the zeroth ar)376.426 160.8 R(g)-.18 E 1.048 -(passed to)144 172.8 R F2(command)3.548 E F0 6.048(.T).77 G 1.048 -(his is what login does.)239.844 172.8 R 1.048(If the \214le cannot be e)6.048 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cuted for some reason, a).15 F(non-interacti)144 184.8 Q -.911 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .611(hell e).15 F .611(xits, unless the shell v)-.15 F -(ariable)-.25 E F1(no_exit_on_failed_exec)3.111 E F0 -.15(ex)3.111 G .611 -(ists, in which case).15 F .332(it returns f)144 196.8 R 2.832(ailure. An)-.1 F -(interacti)2.832 E .632 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .332(hell returns f).15 F .333 -(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.833(cuted. If).15 F F2 -(command)2.833 E F0(is)2.833 E(not speci\214ed, an)144 208.8 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G -(edirections tak)219.95 208.8 Q 2.5(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)289.83 208.8 S -(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 E F1(exit)108 225.6 -Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .123(ause the shell to e)150.67 225.6 R .123 -(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n)2.623 E F0 5.123(.I)C(f)315.07 225.6 Q F2(n) -2.623 E F0 .123(is omitted, the e)2.623 F .122 -(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 237.6 S 2.5 -(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 254.4 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255nf)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)166.183 254.4 Q F0([=)A F2(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 266.4 Q F0 .305(The supplied)144 -278.4 R F2(names)2.805 E F0 .305(are mark)2.805 F .305(ed for automatic e)-.1 F -.306(xport to the en)-.15 F .306(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E 2.694(commands. If)144 290.4 R(the)2.694 E F1<ad66>2.694 E F0 -.193(option is gi)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .193(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.693 E F0 -.193(refer to functions.)2.693 F .193(If no)5.193 F F2(names)2.693 E F0 .193 -(are gi)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .193(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 302.4 Q F0 -.659(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.159 F .66 -(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F1<ad6e>3.16 E F0(option) -3.16 E .538(causes the e)144 314.4 R .538(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.037(df).15 G .537(rom the named v)318.104 314.4 R 3.037 -(ariables. An)-.25 F(ar)3.037 E .537(gument of)-.18 F F1<adad>3.037 E F0 -(disables)3.037 E .665(option checking for the rest of the ar)144 326.4 R -(guments.)-.18 E F1(export)5.665 E F0 .665(returns an e)3.165 F .666 -(xit status of 0 unless an ille)-.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(l).05 E .32 -(option is encountered, one of the)144 338.4 R F2(names)2.82 E F0 .32 -(is not a le)2.82 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.82(ls).05 G .32(hell v)366.18 338.4 R .32 -(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.82 E F0 .32(is supplied with a)2.82 F F2 -(name)144 350.4 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.5 E F1(fc)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255nlr)169.5 367.2 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2 -<8c72>197.14 367.2 Q(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)221.76 367.2 Q F0(])A F1 -(fc \255s)108 379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(cmd)174.23 379.2 Q F0(])A .664(Fix Command.)144 391.2 R .664 -(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.664 F F2<8c72>3.165 E(st)-.1 E -F0(to)3.165 E F2(last)3.165 E F0 .665(is selected from the his-)3.165 F .968 -(tory list.)144 403.2 R F2 -.45(Fi)5.967 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.467 E -F2(last)3.467 E F0 .967 -(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)3.467 F .967 -(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 415.2 R -3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)300.753 415.2 R -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an).15 F(of)144 -427.2 Q .322(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.322 E F2(last) -2.822 E F0 .322(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)2.822 F -.019(for listing \(so that)144 439.2 R F1 .019(fc \255l \25510)2.519 F F0 .019 -(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.519 F F2<8c72>2.519 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.519 -(otherwise. If)2.519 F F2<8c72>2.519 E(st)-.1 E F0 .019(is not spec-)2.519 F -(i\214ed it is set to the pre)144 451.2 Q -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 475.2 Q F1 -<ad6e>2.921 E F0 .421(\215ag suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.921 -F(The)5.421 E F1<ad72>2.921 E F0 .42(\215ag re)2.92 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .42 -(rses the order of the).15 F 3.642(commands. If)144 487.2 R(the)3.642 E F1 -<ad6c>3.642 E F0 1.142(\215ag is gi)3.642 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.142 -(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F 1.142(Otherwise, the) -6.142 F .379(editor gi)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.879(nb).15 G(y)199.908 -499.2 Q F2(ename)2.879 E F0 .378(is in)2.879 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.878 -(do).1 G 2.878(na\214)285.712 499.2 S .378(le containing those commands.) -306.468 499.2 R(If)5.378 E F2(ename)2.878 E F0 .378(is not gi)2.878 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .378(n, the).15 F -.25(va)144 511.2 S .804(lue of the).25 F F3(FCEDIT) -3.304 E F0 -.25(va)3.054 G .804(riable is used, and the v).25 F .805(alue of) --.25 F F3(EDIT)3.305 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)3.055 E F3(FCEDIT)3.305 E F0 .805 -(is not set.)3.055 F .805(If neither)5.805 F -.25(va)144 523.2 S 2.218 -(riable is set,).25 F F2(vi)6.384 E F0 2.217(is used.)6.383 F 2.217 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)7.217 F -.15(exe) -144 535.2 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 559.2 R F2(command)2.539 -E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039(cuted after each instance of).15 -F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by)2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04 -(.A)C(useful)515.56 559.2 Q 1.009(alias to use with this is `)144 571.2 R 1.008 -(`r=fc \255s')-.74 F 1.008(', so that typing `)-.74 F 1.008(`r cc')-.74 F 3.508 -('r)-.74 G 1.008(uns the last command be)385.39 571.2 R 1.008(ginning with)-.15 -F -.74(``)144 583.2 S(cc').74 E 2.5('a)-.74 G(nd typing `)171.66 583.2 Q(`r') --.74 E 2.5('r)-.74 G(e-e)233.22 583.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.) -.15 E .426(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 607.2 R .427 -(alue is 0 unless an ille)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.927(lo).05 G .427 -(ption is encountered or)399.768 607.2 R F2<8c72>2.927 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.927 E -F2(last)2.927 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 619.2 R .454 -(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 -F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 -631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787(cuted or f).15 F .788 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F .788 -(If the)5.788 F 1.196 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 643.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.196(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.696 E F0 1.196(does not)3.696 -F(specify a v)144 655.2 Q(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E -F0(returns f)2.5 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A -(Place)144 684 Q F2(jobspec)3.041 E F0 .541(in the fore)3.041 F .542 -(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.042(ei)-.1 G 3.042(tt)323.06 684 S .542 -(he current job)331.662 684 R 5.542(.I)-.4 G(f)399.258 684 Q F2(jobspec)3.042 E -F0 .542(is not present, the shell')3.042 F(s)-.55 E .958(notion of the)144 696 -R F2(curr)3.458 E .958(ent job)-.37 F F0 .957(is used.)3.457 F .957 -(The return v)5.957 F .957(alue is that of the command placed into the fore-) --.25 F .194(ground, or f)144 708 R .194 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.695(,w)-.4 G .195 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)378.655 708 R F2(job-)2.695 E(spec)144 -720 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.5 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 -(speci\214es a job that w)2.5 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E 185.675 -(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(28)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 29 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optstring name) -2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0 .828 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.328 F F2 -(optstring)5.827 E F0 .827(contains the option)3.327 F .602 -(letters to be recognized; if a letter is follo)144 108 R .603 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .603(xpected to ha)-.15 F .903 -.15 -(ve a)-.2 H 3.103(na).15 G -.18(rg)523.52 108 S(u-).18 E .7 -(ment, which should be separated from it by white space.)144 120 R .7 -(Each time it is in)5.7 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts)3.2 E F0 -(places)3.2 E .008(the ne)144 132 R .008(xt option in the shell v)-.15 F -(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.508 E F0 2.508(,i).18 G(nitializing)316.884 132 Q F2 -(name)2.508 E F0 .009(if it does not e)2.508 F .009(xist, and the inde)-.15 F -2.509(xo)-.15 G 2.509(ft)521.941 132 S(he)530.56 132 Q(ne)144 144 Q .199(xt ar) --.15 F .199(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.699 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)4.699 E F0 -.198(is initialized to 1 each time the)2.449 F .497 -(shell or a shell script is in)144 156 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.997 -(d. When).1 F .498(an option requires an ar)2.997 F(gument,)-.18 E F1(getopts) -2.998 E F0 .498(places that ar)2.998 F(gu-)-.18 E .028(ment into the v)144 168 -R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)2.528 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 .028 -(The shell does not reset)4.528 F F3(OPTIND)2.528 E F0 .027 -(automatically; it must be manu-)2.278 F .161 -(ally reset between multiple calls to)144 180 R F1(getopts)2.661 E F0 .161 -(within the same shell in)2.661 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .161(cation if a ne).2 F 2.662 -(ws)-.25 G .162(et of param-)490.806 180 R(eters is to be used.)144 192 Q F1 -(getopts)144 216 Q F0 1.252(can report errors in tw)3.752 F 3.752(ow)-.1 G -3.752(ays. If)287.942 216 R 1.252(the \214rst character of)3.752 F F2 -(optstring)3.752 E F0 1.251(is a colon,)3.752 F F2(silent)3.751 E F0(error) -3.751 E 1.442(reporting is used.)144 228 R 1.442 -(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when ille)6.442 F -.05(ga) --.15 G 3.943(lo).05 G 1.443(ptions or)503.277 228 R .654(missing option ar)144 -240 R .653(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .653(If the v)5.653 F(ariable)-.25 E -F3(OPTERR)3.153 E F0 .653(is set to 0, no error message)2.903 F -(will be displayed, e)144 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)241.09 252 S -(he \214rst character of)249.7 252 Q F2(optstring)2.5 E F0(is not a colon.)2.5 -E .826(If an ille)144 276 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.326(lo).05 G .826(ption is seen,) -199.878 276 R F1(getopts)3.326 E F0 .826(places ? into)3.326 F F2(name)3.326 E -F0 .826(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.326 F .4(and unsets)144 -288 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 -(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG) --.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 300 Q 1.241 -(If a required ar)144 324 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts) -3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742 -(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)494.746 324 S 1.242(laced in)507.378 324 R F2(name)144 336 -Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)3.357 E(ARG)-.9 E F0 .856 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)3.357 F(If)5.856 E F1(getopts) -3.356 E F0 .856(is silent, then a colon)3.356 F(\()144 348 Q F1(:).833 E F0 2.5 -(\)i).833 G 2.5(sp)160.936 348 S(laced in)172.326 348 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(and) -2.5 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E -F1(getopts)144 372 Q F0 2.392(normally parses the positional parameters, b) -4.892 F 2.392(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -4.893(ni).15 G(n)509.927 372 Q F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts) -144 384 Q F0 .651(parses those instead.)3.151 F F1(getopts)5.651 E F0 .651 -(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)3.151 F -(It returns f)144 396 Q -(alse if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs.)-.1 E F1(hash) -108 412.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad72>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)153.14 412.8 Q F0(])A -.15 -(Fo)144 424.8 S 2.819(re).15 G(ach)164.999 424.8 Q F2(name)2.819 E F0 2.819(,t) -.18 G .319(he full pathname of the command is determined and remembered.) -211.637 424.8 R(The)5.32 E F1<ad72>2.82 E F0(option)2.82 E .508 -(causes the shell to for)144 436.8 R .508(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F -.508(If no ar)5.508 F .508(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .507 -(n, information about).15 F .193(remembered commands is printed.)144 448.8 R -.193(An ar)5.193 F .193(gument of)-.18 F F1<adad>2.693 E F0 .194 -(disables option checking for the rest of the)2.693 F(ar)144 460.8 Q 2.5 -(guments. The)-.18 F(return status is true unless a)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is not found or an ille)2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.5(lo).05 G(ption is supplied.) -453.86 460.8 Q F1(help)108 477.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pattern)A F0(])A .991 -(Display helpful information about b)144 489.6 R .991(uiltin commands.)-.2 F -(If)5.991 E F2(pattern)3.491 E F0 .991(is speci\214ed,)3.491 F F1(help)3.491 E -F0(gi)3.49 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.49(sd).15 G(etailed)513.34 489.6 Q .408 -(help on all commands matching)144 501.6 R F2(pattern)2.909 E F0 2.909(;o).24 G -.409(therwise a list of the b)316.13 501.6 R .409(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.409(The return sta-)5.409 F(tus is 0 unless no command matches)144 513.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history)108 530.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1 -(history \255rwan)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -554.4 S .752 -(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752 -(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 G .375 -(been modi\214ed.)144 566.4 R .375(An ar)5.375 F .375(gument of)-.18 F F2(n) -2.875 E F0 .375(lists only the last)2.875 F F2(n)2.875 E F0 2.875(lines. If) -2.875 F 2.876(an)2.876 G .376(on-option ar)411.832 566.4 R .376 -(gument is supplied,)-.18 F .811 -(it is used as the name of the history \214le; if not, the v)144 578.4 R .811 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.311 E F0 .811(is used.)3.061 F .811 -(Options, if sup-)5.811 F(plied, ha)144 590.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 -E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 602.4 Q F0 .598(Append the `)180 602.4 R -(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 -(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)266.424 602.4 R .599 -(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 614.4 Q F0 -(session\) to the history \214le)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 626.4 Q F0 .854(Read the hi\ -story lines not already read from the history \214le into the current history \ -list.)180 626.4 R .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 638.4 R .773 -(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E(sion.)180 650.4 -Q F1<ad72>144 662.4 Q F0 -(Read the contents of the history \214le and use them as the current history) -180 662.4 Q F1<ad77>144 674.4 Q F0 -(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)180 674.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.)474.4 674.4 Q .989 -(The return v)144 691.2 R .989(alue is 0 unless an ille)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -3.489(lo).05 G .989(ption is encountered or an error occurs while reading or) -308.662 691.2 R(writing the history \214le.)144 703.2 Q 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 -R(May 5)2.5 E(29)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(jobs)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnp)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 96 Q F2(command) -2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E .297 -(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 108 R .598 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.798 -(obs. The).15 F F1<ad6c>2.798 E F0 .298 -(option lists process IDs in addition to the normal infor)2.798 F(-)-.2 E .746 -(mation; the)144 120 R F1<ad70>3.246 E F0 .745 -(option lists only the process ID of the job')3.246 F 3.245(sp)-.55 G .745 -(rocess group leader)394.205 120 R 5.745(.T)-.55 G(he)487.25 120 Q F1<ad6e> -3.245 E F0(option)3.245 E 2.08(displays only jobs that ha)144 132 R 2.38 -.15 -(ve c)-.2 H 2.081(hanged status since last noti\214ed.).15 F(If)7.081 E F2 -(jobspec)4.581 E F0 2.081(is gi)4.581 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.081(n, output is).15 F -.727(restricted to information about that job)144 144 R 5.727(.T)-.4 G .727 -(he return status is 0 unless an ille)316.282 144 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.227(lo).05 -G .726(ption is encoun-)474.108 144 R(tered or an ille)144 156 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G -(l).05 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0(is supplied.)2.5 E .607(If the)144 180 R F1<ad78> -3.107 E F0 .607(option is supplied,)3.107 F F1(jobs)3.107 E F0 .607 -(replaces an)3.107 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)3.107 E F0 .607(found in)3.107 F F2 -(command)3.107 E F0(or)3.107 E F2(ar)3.107 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .607(with the corre-) -3.107 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E -F2(command)2.5 E F0(passing it)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G -(eturning its e)418.56 192 Q(xit status.)-.15 E F1(kill)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1(-s sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F1(\255sigspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(pid)219.31 208.8 -Q F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)277.97 208.8 Q F1(kill \255l)108 -220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(signum)A F0(])A .943(Send the signal named by)144 232.8 R -F2(sigspec)3.443 E F0 .942(to the processes named by)3.443 F F2(pid)3.442 E F0 -(or)3.442 E F2(jobspec)3.442 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.942 E F0 .942 -(is either a)3.442 F .908(signal name such as)144 244.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIGKILL)3.408 E F0 .908(or a signal number)3.158 F 5.908(.I)-.55 G(f)359.638 -244.8 Q F2(sigspec)3.408 E F0 .908(is a signal name, the name is case)3.408 F -(insensiti)144 256.8 Q 2.43 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.13(nd may be gi).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 4.63(nw).15 G 2.13(ith or without the)279.67 256.8 R F3(SIG)4.63 E F0 -4.629(pre\214x. If)4.379 F F2(sigspec)4.629 E F0 2.129(is not present, then) -4.629 F F3(SIGTERM)144 268.8 Q F0 .813(is assumed.)3.063 F .813(An ar)5.813 F -.813(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad6c>3.313 E F0 .814(lists the signal names.)3.313 F -.814(If an)5.814 F 3.314(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)450.232 268.8 S .814 -(uments are supplied).18 F(when)144 280.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.827 E F0 .327(is gi)2.827 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .327(n, the names of the speci\214ed signals are listed, and \ -the return status is 0.).15 F .326(An ar)5.326 F(gu-)-.18 E .484(ment of)144 -292.8 R F1<adad>2.984 E F0 .484 -(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)2.984 F(guments.)-.18 E F1 -(kill)5.485 E F0 .485(returns true if at least one)2.985 F(signal w)144 304.8 Q -(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 E(alse if an error occurs or an ille)-.1 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G 2.5(lo).05 G(ption is encountered.)419.09 304.8 Q F1(let)108 321.6 Q -F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 333.6 Q -F2(ar)3.677 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.177(is an arithmetic e)3.677 F 1.177 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.177(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.176 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.677 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 1.176(If the)5.676 F(last)144 345.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])194.45 362.4 Q -.15(Fo)144 374.4 S -3.276(re).15 G .776(ach ar)165.456 374.4 R .776(gument, create a local v)-.18 F -.776(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)3.276 E F0 3.276(,a).18 G .776(nd assign it) -380.784 374.4 R F2(value)3.276 E F0 5.777(.W).18 G(hen)470.729 374.4 Q F1 -(local)3.277 E F0 .777(is used)3.277 F .131(within a function, it causes the v) -144 386.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.631 E F0 .131(to ha)2.631 F .431 -.15 -(ve a v)-.2 H .13(isible scope restricted to that function and).15 F .232 -(its children.)144 398.4 R -.4(Wi)5.232 G .232(th no operands,).4 F F1(local) -2.733 E F0 .233(writes a list of local v)2.733 F .233 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F .233(It is an)5.233 F .42 -(error to use)144 410.4 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(when not within a function.) -2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless)5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 -(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, or an ille)144 422.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(l).05 -E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is supplied.)2.5 E F1(logout)108 439.2 Q F0 -(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(popd)108 456 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+/\255n)A F0(])A -(Remo)144 468 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(se).15 G .299 -(ntries from the directory stack.)188.159 468 R -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4 -F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .3 -(he top directory from the)438.82 468 R(stack, and performs a)144 480 Q F1(cd) -2.5 E F0(to the ne)2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)291.22 480 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -(+n)144 492 Q F0(remo)180 492 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.849(st).15 G(he)219.209 492 Q -F2(n)2.849 E F0 .349(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .349 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)2.848 E F0 2.848(,s)C .348(tarting with zero.)470.704 492 -R -.15(Fo)180 504 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample: `)200.53 504 Q(`popd +0')-.74 E 2.5 -('r)-.74 G(emo)286.06 504 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory) -321.59 504 Q 2.5(,`)-.65 G(`popd +1')394.63 504 Q 2.5('t)-.74 G(he second.) -442.3 504 Q F1<ad6e>144 516 Q F0(remo)180 516 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.501(st).15 G -(he)218.861 516 Q F2(n)2.501 E F0 .001 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B .001(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs) -2.502 E F0 2.502(,s)C .002(tarting with zero.)471.396 516 R -.15(Fo)180 528 S -2.5(re).15 G(xample: `)200.53 528 Q(`popd -0')-.74 E 2.5('r)-.74 G(emo)283.75 -528 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)319.28 528 Q 2.5(,`)-.65 G -(`popd -1')390.65 528 Q 2.5('t)-.74 G(he ne)436.01 528 Q(xt to last.)-.15 E -.644(If the)144 544.8 R F1(popd)3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 -F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) -3.143 F F1(popd)5.643 E F0 .57(returns f)144 556.8 R .57(alse if an ille)-.1 F --.05(ga)-.15 G 3.07(lo).05 G .571 -(ption is encountered, the directory stack is empty)251.25 556.8 R 3.071(,an) --.65 G(on-e)469.319 556.8 Q .571(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 568.8 Q(ails.) --.1 E F1(pushd)108 585.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(dir)A F0(])A F1(pushd +/\255n)108 -597.6 Q F0 .64(Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates \ -the stack, making the ne)144 609.6 R 3.139(wt)-.25 G .639(op of the)503.172 -609.6 R 1.315(stack the current w)144 621.6 R 1.315(orking directory)-.1 F -6.315(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)306.885 621.6 R 1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.316 -(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.816(od)-.1 G 1.316(irectories and)484.534 621.6 R -(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 633.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(+n)144 -645.6 Q F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 645.6 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 -1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 657.6 Q F0 2.5(\)i)C 2.5(sa)205.28 657.6 S 2.5(tt)216.11 657.6 S -(he top.)224.17 657.6 Q F1<ad6e>144 669.6 Q F0(Rotates the stack so that the) -180 669.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 -(th directory \(counting from the right\) is at the top.)A F1(dir)144 681.6 Q -F0(adds)180 681.6 Q F2(dir)2.5 E F0 -(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)2.5 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G -(urrent w)422.5 681.6 Q(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 698.4 R -F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 -.488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1 -(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.103(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 710.4 R F2(dir)3.603 E -F0 -.1(fa)3.603 G 3.603(ils. W).1 F 1.103(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd) -3.603 E F0 1.103(returns 0 unless the directory)3.603 F .846(stack is empty)144 -722.4 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)220.894 722.4 Q .847(xistant directory stack ele\ -ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F 185.675(GNU 1995)72 -768 R(May 5)2.5 E(30)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 31 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(speci\214ed ne)144 84 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)205.4 84 Q(ails.)-.1 -E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pwd)108 100.8 Q F0 .725 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 100.8 R .724 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.724(.T)-.65 G .724(he path printed contains no sym-) -405.56 100.8 R .521(bolic links if the)144 112.8 R F1<ad50>3.021 E F0 .521 -(option to the)3.021 F F1(set)3.021 E F0 -.2(bu)3.021 G .521 -(iltin command is set.).2 F .521(See also the description of)5.521 F F1 -(nolinks)3.022 E F0(under)144 124.8 Q F1 .074(Shell V)2.574 F(ariables)-.92 E -F0(abo)2.574 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.574(\). The).15 F .074 -(return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the path-)2.574 F -(name of the current directory)144 136.8 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -.18(re)108 153.6 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1<ad72>A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)152.39 -153.6 Q F0(...])2.5 E .036 -(One line is read from the standard input, and the \214rst w)144 165.6 R .037 -(ord is assigned to the \214rst)-.1 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 2.537(,t).18 G .037 -(he second)500.253 165.6 R -.1(wo)144 177.6 S .109(rd to the second).1 F F2 -(name)2.609 E F0 2.609(,a).18 G .109(nd so on, with lefto)254.045 177.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.609(rw).15 G .109(ords assigned to the last)354.18 177.6 R F2 -(name)2.609 E F0 5.109(.O).18 G .108(nly the char)489.444 177.6 R(-)-.2 E .143 -(acters in)144 189.6 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.643 E F0 .143 -(are recognized as w)2.393 F .143(ord delimiters.)-.1 F .143(If no)5.143 F F2 -(names)2.643 E F0 .144(are supplied, the line read is assigned)2.643 F .194 -(to the v)144 201.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)2.694 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .194 -(The return code is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered.)4.694 F .193 -(If the)5.193 F F1<ad72>2.693 E F0(option)2.693 E .444(is gi)144 213.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .444(n, a backslash-ne).15 F .444 -(wline pair is not ignored, and the backslash is considered to be part of the) --.25 F(line.)144 225.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 242.4 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -<ad66>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)169.62 242.4 Q F0(...])2.5 E F1 -.18(re)108 254.4 S -(adonly -p).18 E F0 .419(The gi)144 266.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names) -2.919 E F0 .419(are mark)2.919 F .419(ed readonly and the v)-.1 F .419 -(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)2.919 E F0 .418(may not be changed by sub-) -2.919 F .541(sequent assignment.)144 278.4 R .541(If the)5.541 F F1<ad66>3.041 -E F0 .541(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.041 F F2 -(names)3.042 E F0 .542(are so)3.042 F(mark)144 290.4 Q 3.037(ed. If)-.1 F .537 -(no ar)3.037 F .537(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .536(n, or if the).15 -F F1<ad70>3.036 E F0 .536(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is) -3.036 F 2.501(printed. An)144 302.4 R(ar)2.501 E .002(gument of)-.18 F F1<adad> -2.502 E F0 .002(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)2.502 F 2.502 -(guments. The)-.18 F .002(return sta-)2.502 F .192(tus is 0 unless an ille)144 -314.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.692(lo).05 G .192(ption is encountered, one of the) -247.732 314.4 R F2(names)2.691 E F0 .191(is not a le)2.691 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -2.691(ls).05 G .191(hell v)463.498 314.4 R .191(ariable name,)-.25 F(or)144 -326.4 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is supplied with a)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(that is not a function.)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)108 343.2 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .618(Causes a function to e)144 355.2 R .618 -(xit with the return v)-.15 F .618(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.118 E F0 -5.619(.I).24 G(f)404.557 355.2 Q F2(n)3.119 E F0 .619 -(is omitted, the return status is)3.119 F 1.335(that of the last command e)144 -367.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G -3.835(fu)387.48 367.2 S 1.335(sed outside a function, b)399.645 367.2 R 1.335 -(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)144 379.2 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1 -(.)3.294 E F0(\()5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 -(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)309.832 379.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .795 -(cuting that script).15 F .278(and return either)144 391.2 R F2(n)2.778 E F0 -.278(or the e)2.778 F .277(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .277(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .277(xit sta-)-.15 F .081 -(tus of the script.)144 403.2 R .082 -(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 -(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.582(,t).833 G .082 -(he return sta-)487.076 403.2 R(tus is f)144 415.2 Q(alse.)-.1 E F1(set)108 432 -Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxldCHP)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(-o)243.29 432 Q F2 -(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)288.84 432 Q(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1<ad61>144 -444 Q F0 1.036(Automatically mark v)184 444 R 1.036 -(ariables which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F 1.035(xport to the en) --.15 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment of subsequent commands.)184 456 Q F1<ad62>144 468 Q F0 -.721(Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported immediately) -184 468 R 3.221(,r)-.65 G .721(ather than)499.569 468 R(before the ne)184 480 Q -(xt primary prompt.)-.15 E(\(Also see)5 E F1(notify)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F1 -(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad65> -144 492 Q F0 1.772(Exit immediately if a)184 492 R F2(simple-command)4.272 E F0 -(\(see)4.272 E F3 1.772(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.272 F F0(abo)4.022 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -4.271(\)e).15 G 1.771(xits with a)494.788 492 R .642(non\255zero status.)184 -504 R .642(The shell does not e)5.642 F .642(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.643(ails is part of an)-.1 F F2(until)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F2(while)184 516 Q -F0 .728(loop, part of an)3.228 F F2(if)3.228 E F0 .728(statement, part of a) -3.228 F F1(&&)3.228 E F0(or)3.228 E/F5 10/Symbol SF 1.666<efef>3.228 G F0 .728 -(list, or if the command')1.562 F 3.228(sr)-.55 G(eturn)519.45 516 Q -.25(va) -184 528 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0(.)A -F1<ad66>144 540 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 540 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad68>144 -552 Q F0 .106 -(Locate and remember function commands as functions are de\214ned.)184 552 R -.106(Function commands)5.106 F(are normally look)184 564 Q -(ed up when the function is e)-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1<ad6b>144 576 -Q F0 .162(All k)184 576 R -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G .162(rd ar).1 F .162 -(guments are placed in the en)-.18 F .161 -(vironment for a command, not just those that)-.4 F(precede the command name.) -184 588 Q F1<ad6d>144 600 Q F0 .009(Monitor mode.)184 600 R .009 -(Job control is enabled.)5.009 F .009(This \215ag is on by def)5.009 F .01 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F .31 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .01(hells on).15 F .124 -(systems that support it \(see)184 612 R F3 .124(JOB CONTR)2.624 F(OL)-.27 E F0 -(abo)2.374 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.624(\). Background).15 F .124 -(processes run in a sep-)2.624 F .72 -(arate process group and a line containing their e)184 624 R .721 -(xit status is printed upon their comple-)-.15 F(tion.)184 636 Q F1<ad6e>144 -648 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)184 648 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.653(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F -(syntax errors.)184 660 Q(This is ignored for interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells.).15 E F1<ad6f>144 672 Q F2(option-name)2.5 E F0(The)184 684 Q F2 -(option-name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport) -184 696 Q F0(Same as)224 708 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R -(May 5)2.5 E(31)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(braceexpand)184 84 Q F0 .312(The shell performs brace e) -224 96 R .313(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 .313(Brace Expansion)2.813 F F0(abo) -2.813 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.813(\). This).15 F .313(is on)2.813 F(by def)224 108 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(emacs)184 120 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 120 R 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F -.089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .128(when the shell is interacti)224 -132 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.628(,u).15 G .128(nless the shell is started with the) -345.89 132 R F1(\255nolineediting)2.629 E F0(option.)224 144 Q F1(err)184 156 Q -(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(histexpand)184 168 Q -F0(Same as)224 180 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ignor)184 192 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 -1.024(The ef)224 204 R 1.024 -(fect is as if the shell command `IGNOREEOF=10' had been e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 216 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(interacti)184 228 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255comments).1 E -F0(Allo)224 240 Q 2.52(waw)-.25 G .02(ord be)265.35 240 R .021(ginning with) --.15 F F1(#)2.521 E F0 .021(to cause that w)2.521 F .021 -(ord and all remaining characters)-.1 F -(on that line to be ignored in an interacti)224 252 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hell \(see).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)2.5 E F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E F1(monitor)184 264 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(noclob)184 276 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 288 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(noexec)184 300 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noglob)184 312 Q -F0(Same as)224 312 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nohash)184 324 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E -F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(notify)184 336 Q F0(Same as)224 336 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(nounset)184 348 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 360 -Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(posix)184 372 Q F0 -2.244(Change the beha)224 372 R 2.244(vior of bash where the def)-.2 F 2.243 -(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.243(fers from the)-.25 F -(Posix 1003.2 standard to match the standard.)224 384 Q F1(pri)184 396 Q -(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 408 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 420 S -(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 432 Q F0 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 432 Q(ace.)-.1 E F1(xtrace)184 -444 Q F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If no)184 456 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(option-name)2.5 E F0(is supplied, the v)2.5 E -(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 468 Q F0 -.45(Tu) -184 468 S .521(rn on).45 F F3(privile)3.021 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.021 -(mode. In)3.021 F .521(this mode, the)3.021 F F1($ENV)3.021 E F0 .522 -(\214le is not processed, and shell func-)3.021 F .26 -(tions are not inherited from the en)184 480 R 2.76(vironment. This)-.4 F .26 -(is enabled automatically on startup if)2.76 F .481(the ef)184 492 R(fecti)-.25 -E .781 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .482 -(ser \(group\) id is not equal to the real user \(group\) id.).15 F -.45(Tu) -5.482 G .482(rning this option).45 F(of)184 504 Q 2.5(fc)-.25 G(auses the ef) -202.35 504 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H -(ser and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.).15 E F1<ad74>144 -516 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)184 516 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) -.15 E F1<ad75>144 528 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 528 S .445(eat unset v).35 F .444 -(ariables as an error when performing parameter e)-.25 F 2.944(xpansion. If) --.15 F -.15(ex)2.944 G .444(pansion is).15 F .519(attempted on an unset v)184 -540 R .519(ariable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti) --.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E -.15(ex)184 552 S(its with a non\255zero status.) -.15 E F1<ad76>144 564 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 564 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 -G(re read.)306.63 564 Q F1<ad78>144 576 Q F0 1.057(After e)184 576 R 1.056 -(xpanding each)-.15 F F3(simple-command)3.556 E F0(,).77 E F1(bash)3.556 E F0 -1.056(displays the e)3.556 F 1.056(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.056(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(PS4)3.556 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(fol-)3.306 E(lo)184 588 Q -(wed by the command and its e)-.25 E(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments.)-.18 E F1<ad6c> -144 600 Q F0(Sa)184 600 Q 1.398 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.098 -(nd restore the binding of).15 F F3(name)3.598 E F0 1.098(in a)3.598 F F1 -.25 -(fo)3.598 G(r).25 E F3(name)3.598 E F0([in)3.599 E F1 -.1(wo)3.599 G(rd).1 E F0 -3.599(]c)C 1.099(ommand \(see)451.687 600 R F2(SHELL)3.599 E(GRAMMAR)184 612 Q -F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad64>144 624 Q F0 1.68 -(Disable the hashing of commands that are look)184 624 R 1.68(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 4.18(cution. Normally).15 F 4.18(,c)-.65 G(om-)523.89 624 Q -1.275(mands are remembered in a hash table, and once found, do not ha)184 636 R -1.576 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 3.776(ob).15 G 3.776(el)490.888 636 S(ook)501.884 636 Q -1.276(ed up)-.1 F(ag)184 648 Q(ain.)-.05 E F1<ad43>144 660 Q F0 .812(The ef)184 -660 R .812(fect is as if the shell command `noclobber=' had been e)-.25 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .811(cuted \(see).15 F F1 .811(Shell V)3.311 F(ari-)-.92 E(ables)184 -672 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad48>144 684 Q F0(Enable)184 684 -Q F1(!)3.13 E F0 .63(style history substitution.)5.63 F .63 -(This \215ag is on by def)5.63 F .63(ault when the shell is interac-)-.1 F(ti) -184 696 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 708 Q F0 2.107 -(If set, do not follo)184 708 R 4.607(ws)-.25 G 2.107 -(ymbolic links when performing commands such as)279.835 708 R F1(cd)4.607 E F0 -(which)4.606 E(change the current directory)184 720 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he ph)309.42 -720 Q(ysical directory is used instead.)-.05 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5) -2.5 E(32)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<adad>144 84 Q F0 .05(If no ar)184 84 R .05 -(guments follo)-.18 F 2.55(wt)-.25 G .05 -(his \215ag, then the positional parameters are unset.)280.98 84 R .05 -(Otherwise, the)5.05 F(positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5 -(fs)371.81 96 S(ome of them be)381.53 96 Q(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A -F1<ad>144 108 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 108 -R F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)409.45 108 S 4.444(ea)423.894 -108 S 1.944(ssigned to the positional)437.218 108 R 3.445(parameters. The)184 -120 R F1<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945 -(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)3.445 F F2 -(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B(parameters remain unchanged.) -184 132 Q .317(The \215ags are of)144 148.8 R 2.817(fb)-.25 G 2.817(yd)218.328 -148.8 S(ef)231.145 148.8 Q .317(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .316 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these \215ags to be)5.317 F .198(turned of)144 -160.8 R 2.698(f. The)-.25 F .199 -(\215ags can also be speci\214ed as options to an in)2.699 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .199 -(cation of the shell.).2 F .199(The current set)5.199 F .643 -(of \215ags may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>3.143 E F0 5.642(.A)C .642 -(fter the option ar)273.91 172.8 R .642(guments are processed, the remaining) --.18 F F2 3.142(na)3.142 G -.37(rg)512.238 172.8 S F0 3.142(sa).37 G(re)532.23 -172.8 Q .775(treated as v)144 184.8 R .775 -(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F 3.275 -(,t)-.4 G(o)448.69 184.8 Q F1($1)3.275 E F0(,)A F1($2)3.275 E F0(,)A F1 3.275 -(... $)3.275 F F2(n)A F0 5.775(.I)C 3.275(fn)523.395 184.8 S(o)535 184.8 Q .309 -(options or)144 196.8 R F2(ar)2.809 E(g)-.37 E F0 2.808(sa)C .308 -(re supplied, all shell v)212.056 196.8 R .308(ariables are printed.)-.25 F -.308(The return status is al)5.308 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .308(ys true unless).1 F -(an ille)144 208.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.5(lo).05 G(ption is encountered.)188.24 -208.8 Q F1(shift)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .428 -(The positional parameters from)144 237.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429 -(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429 -(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 249.6 Q F1($#)3.434 E F0(do) -3.434 E .934(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)3.434 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .934(+1 are unset.)B -(If)5.934 E F2(n)3.433 E F0 .933(is 0, no parameters are changed.)3.433 F(If) -5.933 E F2(n)3.433 E F0 .933(is not gi)3.433 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .933(n, it is).15 -F .026(assumed to be 1.)144 261.6 R F2(n)5.026 E F0 .026(must be a non-ne)2.526 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .326 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .026 -(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.526 E F0 5.026(.I)C(f)454.886 261.6 -Q F2(n)2.526 E F0 .027(is greater than)2.527 F F1($#)2.527 E F0(,)A .03 -(the positional parameters are not changed.)144 273.6 R .029 -(The return status is greater than 0 if)5.03 F F2(n)2.529 E F0 .029 -(is greater than)2.529 F F1($#)2.529 E F0(or less than 0; otherwise 0.)144 -285.6 Q F1(suspend)108 302.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A .492(Suspend the e) -144 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.992(sa).15 G/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCONT).001 E F0 2.993 -(signal. The)2.743 F F1<ad66>2.993 E F0 .493(option says not to)2.993 F .759 -(complain if this is a login shell; just suspend an)144 326.4 R(yw)-.15 E(ay) --.1 E 5.758(.T)-.65 G .758(he return status is 0 unless the shell is a)375.688 -326.4 R(login shell and)144 338.4 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0 -(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E F1(test)108 355.2 Q -F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 367.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 -.877(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)6.77 F .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)144 379.2 S(pr) -.2 E F0 5.008(.E).73 G .008(xpressions may be unary or binary)175.918 379.2 R -5.007(.U)-.65 G .007(nary e)328.064 379.2 R .007 -(xpressions are often used to e)-.15 F .007(xamine the status)-.15 F .203 -(of a \214le.)144 391.2 R .203 -(There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.)5.203 F -.204(Each operator and)5.204 F 1.592(operand must be a separate ar)144 403.2 R -4.091(gument. If)-.18 F F2(\214le)4.091 E F0 1.591(is of the form /de)4.091 F -(v/fd/)-.25 E F2(n)A F0 4.091(,t)C 1.591(hen \214le descriptor)444.756 403.2 R -F2(n)4.091 E F0(is)4.091 E(check)144 415.2 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1<ad62>144 427.2 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 427.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is block special.).15 E F1<ad63>144 439.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 439.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is character special.).15 E F1<ad64>144 451.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 451.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad65>144 463.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 463.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -<ad66>144 475.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 475.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1<ad67>144 -487.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 487.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad6b>144 499.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.35(Tr)180 499.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0(has its `)2.5 E(`stick) --.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it set.)295.22 499.2 Q F1<ad4c>144 511.2 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad70>144 523.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 523.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a named pipe.).15 E F1<ad72>144 535.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 535.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is readable.).15 E F1<ad73>144 547.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -547.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1<ad53>144 559.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.35(Tr)180 559.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1<ad74>144 571.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) -180 571.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is opened on a terminal.)2.5 E F1<ad75> -144 583.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 583.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1<ad77>144 -595.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>144 607.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 607.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1<ad4f>144 619.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E -(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1<ad47> -144 631.2 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 -(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2(\214le1)144 643.2 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(nt)A F2 -(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 655.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is ne)2.5 -E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(.)A -F2(\214le1)144 667.2 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -679.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than \214le2.)2.5 E F2 -(\214le1)144 691.2 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 703.2 S -(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H(he same de).15 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 -768 R(May 5)2.5 E(33)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad7a>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 96 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F1 -<ad6e>144 108 Q F2(string)2.5 E(string)144 120 Q F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S -(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is non\255zero.)2.5 E F2(string1) -144 132 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 144 S -(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F2(string1)144 156 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2 -(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 168 S(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1 -(!)144 180 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 180 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)2.5 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 192 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad> -2.5 E F1(a)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 204 S(ue if both).35 E F2 --.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(AND)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.5 E -F2 -.2(ex)144 216 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 228 S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(OR)2.5 E F2 --.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.5 E F2(ar)144 240 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E -F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)180 252 Q F0 .035(is one of)2.284 -F F1(\255eq)2.535 E F0(,)A F1(\255ne)2.535 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.535 E F0(,)A F1 -(\255le)2.535 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.535 E F0 2.535(,o)C(r)332.165 252 Q F1 -(\255ge)2.535 E F0 5.035(.T)C .035 -(hese arithmetic binary operators return true)366.815 252 R(if)180 264 Q F2(ar) -3.32 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .82(is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or)3.32 F .82 -(-equal, greater)-.2 F .82(-than, or greater)-.2 F(-than-or)-.2 E(-)-.2 E .5 -(equal than)180 276 R F2(ar)3 E(g2)-.37 E F0 3.001(,r)C(especti)252.231 276 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)5.501 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.001 E F2(ar) -3.001 E(g2)-.37 E F0 .501(may be positi)3.001 F .801 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E -.501(gers, ne)-.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .801 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E -(gers,)-.15 E(or the special e)180 288 Q(xpression)-.15 E F1<ad6c>2.5 E F2 -(string)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich e)327.48 288 Q -.25(va)-.25 G -(luates to the length of).25 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 E F1(times)108 304.8 Q -F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for pro\ -cesses run from the shell.)144 304.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 316.8 Q F1 -(trap)108 333.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6c>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)149.8 333.6 Q(g)-.37 E -F0 2.5(][)C F2(sigspec)172.48 333.6 Q F0(])A .767(The command)144 345.6 R F2 -(ar)3.267 E(g)-.37 E F0 .767(is to be read and e)3.267 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .767 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.267(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\)) -434.781 345.6 Q F2(sigspec)3.267 E F0 5.767(.I).31 G(f)509.945 345.6 Q F2(ar) -3.267 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.268 E 2.164(absent or)144 357.6 R F1<ad>4.664 E F0 -4.664(,a)C 2.164(ll speci\214ed signals are reset to their original v)204.512 -357.6 R 2.164(alues \(the v)-.25 F 2.163(alues the)-.25 F 4.663(yh)-.15 G 2.163 -(ad upon)505.897 357.6 R .681(entrance to the shell\).)144 369.6 R(If)5.681 E -F2(ar)3.181 E(g)-.37 E F0 .681 -(is the null string this signal is ignored by the shell and by the com-)3.181 F -1.174(mands it in)144 381.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E F2(sigspec)6.174 -E F0 1.174(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.674 F F2(signal.h)A F0 -1.173(>, or a signal number)B 6.173(.I)-.55 G(f)536.67 381.6 Q F2(sigspec)144 -393.6 Q F0(is)2.769 E F3(EXIT)2.769 E F0 .269(\(0\) the command)2.519 F F2(ar) -2.769 E(g)-.37 E F0 .269(is e)2.769 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .269(cuted on e).15 F .269 -(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -.4(Wi)5.269 G .269(th no ar).4 F(guments,)-.18 E -F1(trap)2.77 E F0 .403 -(prints the list of commands associated with each signal number)144 405.6 R -5.402(.T)-.55 G(he)414.118 405.6 Q F1<ad6c>2.902 E F0 .402 -(option causes the shell to)2.902 F .562 -(print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.)144 417.6 R .562 -(An ar)5.562 F .562(gument of)-.18 F F1<adad>3.062 E F0 .562(disables option) -3.062 F .564(checking for the rest of the ar)144 429.6 R 3.064 -(guments. Signals)-.18 F .564 -(ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped)3.064 F 1.144(or reset.)144 -441.6 R -.35(Tr)6.144 G 1.145(apped signals are reset to their original v).35 F -1.145(alues in a child process when it is created.)-.25 F -(The return status is f)144 453.6 Q -(alse if either the trap name or number is in)-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 470.4 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1(\255all)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255type)157.58 470.4 Q F0(|)2.5 E F1 -(\255path)2.5 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi) -144 482.4 S .206(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.706(we)-.25 G(ach)272.15 -482.4 Q F2(name)2.705 E F0 -.1(wo)2.705 G .205 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .205(If the)5.205 F F1 -(\255type)144 494.4 Q F0 .527(\215ag is used,)3.027 F F1(type)3.027 E F0 .528 -(prints a phrase which is one of)3.028 F F2(alias)3.028 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke) -3.028 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.028 E F0(,).24 E F2 -.2 -(bu)3.028 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.028(,o).24 G(r)512.284 494.4 Q F2(\214le)3.028 E F0 -(if)3.028 E F2(name)144 506.4 Q F0 .297(is an alias, shell reserv)2.798 F .297 -(ed w)-.15 F .297(ord, function, b)-.1 F .297(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti) --.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.797(.I)-.65 G 2.797(ft)472.152 506.4 S .297 -(he name is not)481.059 506.4 R 1.097(found, then nothing is printed, and an e) -144 518.4 R 1.097(xit status of f)-.15 F 1.097(alse is returned.)-.1 F 1.097 -(If the)6.097 F F1(\255path)3.598 E F0 1.098(\215ag is used,)3.598 F F1(type) -144 530.4 Q F0 1.009(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)3.509 F -1.008(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.508 E F0 -1.008(were speci\214ed as a)3.508 F .562(command name, or nothing if)144 542.4 -R F1(\255type)3.062 E F0 -.1(wo)3.062 G .562(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le) -3.063 E F0 5.563(.I).18 G 3.063(fac)389.542 542.4 S .563(ommand is hashed,) -407.878 542.4 R F1(\255path)3.063 E F0(prints)3.063 E .684(the hashed v)144 -554.4 R .684(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3 --.666(PA)3.184 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .684(If the)5.184 F F1 -(\255all)3.184 E F0 .683(\215ag is used,)3.184 F F1(type)3.183 E F0 1.135 -(prints all of the places that contain an e)144 566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135 -(cutable named).15 F F2(name)3.635 E F0 6.136(.T).18 G 1.136 -(his includes aliases and func-)418.256 566.4 R 1.011 -(tions, if and only if the)144 578.4 R F1(\255path)3.511 E F0 1.011 -(\215ag is not also used.)3.511 F 1.011 -(The table of hashed commands is not con-)6.011 F .786(sulted when using)144 -590.4 R F1(\255all)3.286 E F0(.)A F1(type)5.786 E F0(accepts)3.286 E F1<ad61> -3.286 E F0(,)A F1<ad74>3.286 E F0 3.286(,a)C(nd)335.698 590.4 Q F1<ad70>3.286 E -F0 .787(in place of)3.287 F F1(\255all)3.287 E F0(,)A F1(\255type)3.287 E F0 -3.287(,a)C(nd)466.906 590.4 Q F1(\255path)3.287 E F0 3.287(,r)C(espec-)514.46 -590.4 Q(ti)144 602.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.127(.A)-.65 G 3.627(na)181.577 -602.4 S -.18(rg)194.644 602.4 S 1.127(ument of).18 F F1<adad>3.627 E F0 1.127 -(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)3.627 F(guments.)-.18 E F1 -(type)6.126 E F0(returns)3.626 E(true if an)144 614.4 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft) -192.45 614.4 S(he ar)201.06 614.4 Q(guments are found, f)-.18 E -(alse if none are found.)-.1 E F1(ulimit)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255SHacdfmstpnuv)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A F1(Ulimit)144 643.2 Q F0 -(pro)3.056 E .556(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.057(rt).15 G .557 -(he resources a)266.316 643.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .557 -(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on).25 F .765 -(systems that allo)144 655.2 R 3.265(ws)-.25 G .765(uch control.)226.325 655.2 -R .765(The v)5.765 F .765(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)3.265 E F0 .765 -(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the)3.265 F .301 -(resource, or the v)144 667.2 R(alue)-.25 E F1(unlimited)2.801 E F0 5.301(.T)C -(he)288.565 667.2 Q F1(H)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(S)2.801 E F0 .302 -(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for)2.802 F .005(the gi)144 -679.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.505(nr).15 G 2.505(esource. A)186.38 679.2 R .004(har\ -d limit cannot be increased once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up) -2.505 F .008(to the v)144 691.2 R .008(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .008 -(If neither)5.008 F F1(H)2.508 E F0(nor)2.508 E F1(S)2.508 E F0 .008 -(is speci\214ed, the command applies to the soft limit.)2.508 F(If)144 703.2 Q -F2(limit)2.758 E F0 .258(is omitted, the current v)2.758 F .257 -(alue of the soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the)-.25 F F1(H) -2.757 E F0(option)2.757 E .575(is gi)144 715.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(n. When) -.15 F .576(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the limit name and unit is p\ -rinted before the)3.076 F -.25(va)144 727.2 S 2.5(lue. Other).25 F -(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R -(May 5)2.5 E(34)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0(all current limits are reported)180 84 -Q F1<ad63>144 96 Q F0(the maximum size of core \214les created)180 96 Q F1 -<ad64>144 108 Q F0(the maximum size of a process')180 108 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G -(ata se)317.76 108 Q(gment)-.15 E F1<ad66>144 120 Q F0 -(the maximum size of \214les created by the shell)180 120 Q F1<ad6d>144 132 Q -F0(the maximum resident set size)180 132 Q F1<ad73>144 144 Q F0 -(the maximum stack size)180 144 Q F1<ad74>144 156 Q F0 -(the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 156 Q F1<ad70>144 168 Q F0 -(the pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 168 Q F1<ad6e>144 -180 Q F0 .164 -(the maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)180 -180 R 2.664(wt)-.25 G .164(his v)481.708 180 R .164(alue to be)-.25 F -(set, only displayed\))180 192 Q F1<ad75>144 204 Q F0 -(the maximum number of processes a)180 204 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 216 Q F0 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 216 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to the shell).25 E .778(An ar)144 232.8 R .778(gument of)-.18 F F1 -<adad>3.278 E F0 .778(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)3.278 F -3.279(guments. If)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.279 E F0 .779(is gi) -3.279 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .779(n, it is).15 F .394(the ne)144 244.8 R 2.894(wv) --.25 G .394(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)183.168 244.8 R F1<ad61> -2.893 E F0 .393(option is display only\).)2.893 F .393(If no option is gi)5.393 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .393(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>144 256.8 Q F0 .43(is assumed.)2.93 -F -1.11(Va)5.43 G .43(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .431 -(xcept for)-.15 F F1<ad74>2.931 E F0 2.931(,w)C .431(hich is in seconds,) -421.315 256.8 R F1<ad70>2.931 E F0 2.931(,w)C(hich)522.78 256.8 Q .828 -(is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)144 268.8 R F1<ad6e>3.327 E F0(and)3.327 E -F1<ad75>3.327 E F0 3.327(,w)C .827(hich are unscaled v)344.784 268.8 R 3.327 -(alues. The)-.25 F .827(return status is 0)3.327 F .621(unless an ille)144 -280.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.121(lo).05 G .621 -(ption is encountered, a non-numeric ar)217.603 280.8 R .622(gument other than) --.18 F F1(unlimited)3.122 E F0 .622(is supplied)3.122 F(as)144 292.8 Q F2 -(limit)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ra)183.17 292.8 S 2.5(ne)193.44 292.8 S -(rror occurs while setting a ne)205.38 292.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)333.99 292.8 -Q F1(umask)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad53>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)162.59 309.6 Q -F0(])A .23(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 321.6 R F2(mode)2.73 E -F0 5.23(.I).18 G(f)323.21 321.6 Q F2(mode)2.73 E F0(be)2.729 E .229 -(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; otherwis\ -e it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by)144 -333.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 345.6 Q F2(mode) -2.55 E F0 .05(is omitted, or if the)2.55 F F1<ad53>2.55 E F0 .049 -(option is supplied, the current v)2.55 F .049(alue of the mask is printed.) --.25 F(The)5.049 E F1<ad53>2.549 E F0 .475 -(option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the def)144 357.6 R -.475(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.475(.A)-.55 G(n)535 357.6 Q(ar)144 -369.6 Q .125(gument of)-.18 F F1<adad>2.625 E F0 .125 -(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)2.625 F 2.624(guments. The) --.18 F .124(return status is 0 if the)2.624 F(mode w)144 381.6 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument w)-.18 -E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(unalias)108 398.4 Q F0 -<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)164.2 398.4 Q F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 -410.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G F2(name)2.882 E F0 2.732(sf)C .232 -(rom the list of de\214ned aliases.)211.374 410.4 R(If)5.232 E F1<ad61>2.733 E -F0 .233(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are remo)2.733 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -(d.).15 E(The return v)144 422.4 Q(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2 -(name)2.5 E F0(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.5 E F1(unset)108 439.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 -E F1(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)159.74 439.2 Q F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 451.2 S -2.773(re).15 G(ach)164.953 451.2 Q F2(name)2.773 E F0 2.773(,r).18 G(emo) -212.049 451.2 Q .573 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .273(he corresponding v).15 F .273 -(ariable or)-.25 F 2.773(,g)-.4 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)369.094 451.2 T 2.773(nt).25 -G(he)391.467 451.2 Q F1<ad66>2.773 E F0 .273(option, function.)2.773 F .272 -(An ar)5.272 F(gument)-.18 E(of)144 463.2 Q F1<adad>2.58 E F0 .08 -(disables option checking for the rest of the ar)2.58 F 2.58(guments. Note)-.18 -F(that)2.58 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.58 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(IFS)2.33 E F4(,)A F3(PPID)2.33 E F4(,)A F3(PS1)2.331 E -F4(,)A F3(PS2)2.331 E F4(,)A F3(UID)144 475.2 Q F4(,)A F0(and)4.074 E F3(EUID) -4.324 E F0 1.824(cannot be unset.)4.074 F 1.824(If an)6.824 F 4.323(yo)-.15 G -(f)321.938 475.2 Q F3(RANDOM)4.323 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.073 E F4(,)A F3 -(LINENO)4.073 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.073 E F3(HISTCMD)4.323 E F0(are)4.073 E .328 -(unset, the)144 487.2 R 2.828(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e) -193.116 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.828(ni).15 G 2.828(ft)330.436 487.2 S(he) -339.374 487.2 Q 2.828(ya)-.15 G .328(re subsequently reset.)360.932 487.2 R -.328(The e)5.328 F .329(xit status is true)-.15 F(unless a)144 499.2 Q F2(name) -2.5 E F0(does not e)2.5 E(xist or is non-unsettable.)-.15 E F1(wait)108 516 Q -F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 528 S 1.061 -(it for the speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F F2(n) -6.061 E F0 1.06(may be a process ID or a job)3.56 F .753 -(speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 540 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .754 -(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.254(sp)-.55 G .754(ipeline are w)404.012 -540 R .754(aited for)-.1 F 5.754(.I)-.55 G(f)502.458 540 Q F2(n)3.254 E F0 .754 -(is not)3.254 F(gi)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .027(n, all currently acti).15 F -.327 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .027(hild processes are w).15 F .027(aited for)-.1 F -2.526(,a)-.4 G .026(nd the return status is zero.)375.932 552 R(If)5.026 E F2 -(n)2.526 E F0(speci\214es)2.526 E 2.595(an)144 564 S(on-e)156.035 564 Q .095 -(xistant process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .096 -(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .096(xit status)-.15 F -(of the last process or job w)144 576 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F3(INV)72 -592.8 Q(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(A)108 604.8 Q F2(lo)2.5 E(gin shell)-.1 E -F0(is one whose \214rst character of ar)2.5 E(gument zero is a)-.18 E F1<ad>2.5 -E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ro)375.87 604.8 S(ne started with the)386.7 604.8 Q F1 -(\255login)2.5 E F0(\215ag.)2.5 E(An)108 621.6 Q F2(inter)2.812 E(active)-.15 E -F0 .312(shell is one whose standard input and output are both connected to ter\ -minals \(as determined)2.812 F(by)108 633.6 Q F2(isatty)2.57 E F0 .07 -(\(3\)\), or one started with the).32 F F1<ad69>2.57 E F0(option.)2.57 E F3 -(PS1)5.07 E F0 .07(is set and)2.32 F F1<24ad>2.57 E F0(includes)2.57 E F1(i) -2.571 E F0(if)2.571 E F1(bash)2.571 E F0 .071(is interacti)2.571 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 2.571(,a).15 G(llo)502.679 633.6 Q .071(wing a)-.25 F -(shell script or a startup \214le to test this state.)108 645.6 Q -(Login shells:)108 662.4 Q(On login \(subject to the)113 674.4 Q F1(\255nopr) -2.5 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0(option\):)2.5 E(if)128 686.4 Q F2(/etc/pr)2.5 E -(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists, source it.).15 E(if)128 710.4 Q F2 -(~/.bash_pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists, source it,).15 E -(else if)133 722.4 Q F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gin)-.1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists, source it,).15 E 185.675(GNU 1995)72 768 R(May 5)2.5 E(35)530 768 Q EP -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -(else if)138 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists, source it.).15 E(On e)113 108 Q(xit:)-.15 E(if)128 120 Q F1 -(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists, source it.).15 E -(Non-login interacti)108 144 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells:).15 E -(On startup \(subject to the)113 156 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255nor)2.5 E(c) --.18 E F0(and)2.5 E F2<ad72>2.5 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0(options\):)2.5 E(if)128 168 -Q F1(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists, source it.).15 E -(Non-interacti)108 192 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells:).15 E(On startup:)113 204 Q -(if the en)128 216 Q(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(ENV)2.5 E F0 -(is non-null, e)2.5 E(xpand)-.15 E -(it and source the \214le it names, as if the command)128 228 Q -(if [ "$ENV" ]; 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