summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/java/lang/Class.java
blob: 0aafe80f83ce31ccef4cf73bc4f6e22ceb659a52 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
/* Class.java -- Representation of a Java class.
   Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
   Free Software Foundation

This file is part of GNU Classpath.

GNU Classpath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.

GNU Classpath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GNU Classpath; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301 USA.

Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is
making a combined work based on this library.  Thus, the terms and
conditions of the GNU General Public License cover the whole
combination.

As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you
permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent
modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting executable under
terms of your choice, provided that you also meet, for each linked
independent module, the terms and conditions of the license of that
module.  An independent module is a module which is not derived from
or based on this library.  If you modify this library, you may extend
this exception to your version of the library, but you are not
obligated to do so.  If you do not wish to do so, delete this
exception statement from your version. */

package java.lang;

import gnu.classpath.VMStackWalker;
import gnu.java.lang.reflect.ClassSignatureParser;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.AllPermission;
import java.security.Permissions;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;


/**
 * A Class represents a Java type.  There will never be multiple Class
 * objects with identical names and ClassLoaders. Primitive types, array
 * types, and void also have a Class object.
 *
 * <p>Arrays with identical type and number of dimensions share the same class.
 * The array class ClassLoader is the same as the ClassLoader of the element
 * type of the array (which can be null to indicate the bootstrap classloader).
 * The name of an array class is <code>[&lt;signature format&gt;;</code>.
 * <p> For example,
 * String[]'s class is <code>[Ljava.lang.String;</code>. boolean, byte,
 * short, char, int, long, float and double have the "type name" of
 * Z,B,S,C,I,J,F,D for the purposes of array classes.  If it's a
 * multidimensioned array, the same principle applies:
 * <code>int[][][]</code> == <code>[[[I</code>.
 *
 * <p>There is no public constructor - Class objects are obtained only through
 * the virtual machine, as defined in ClassLoaders.
 *
 * @serialData Class objects serialize specially:
 * <code>TC_CLASS ClassDescriptor</code>. For more serialization information,
 * see {@link ObjectStreamClass}.
 *
 * @author John Keiser
 * @author Eric Blake (ebb9@email.byu.edu)
 * @author Tom Tromey (tromey@redhat.com)
 * @author Andrew John Hughes (gnu_andrew@member.fsf.org)
 * @since 1.0
 * @see ClassLoader
 */
public final class Class<T> 
  implements Serializable, Type, AnnotatedElement, GenericDeclaration
{
  /**
   * Compatible with JDK 1.0+.
   */
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 3206093459760846163L;

  /**
   * Flag indicating a synthetic member.
   * Note that this duplicates a constant in Modifier.
   */
  private static final int SYNTHETIC = 0x1000;

  /**
   * Flag indiciating an annotation class.
   */
  private static final int ANNOTATION = 0x2000;

  /**
   * Flag indicating an enum constant or an enum class.
   * Note that this duplicates a constant in Modifier.
   */
  private static final int ENUM = 0x4000;

  /** The class signers. */
  private Object[] signers = null;
  /** The class protection domain. */
  private final transient ProtectionDomain pd;

  /* We use an inner class, so that Class doesn't have a static initializer */
  private static final class StaticData
  {
    static final ProtectionDomain unknownProtectionDomain;

    static
    {
      Permissions permissions = new Permissions();
      permissions.add(new AllPermission());
      unknownProtectionDomain = new ProtectionDomain(null, permissions);
    }
  }

  final transient Object vmdata;

  /** newInstance() caches the default constructor */
  private transient Constructor<T> constructor;

  /**
   * Class is non-instantiable from Java code; only the VM can create
   * instances of this class.
   */
  Class(Object vmdata)
  {
    this(vmdata, null);
  }

  Class(Object vmdata, ProtectionDomain pd)
  {
    this.vmdata = vmdata;
    // If the VM didn't supply a protection domain and the class is an array,
    // we "inherit" the protection domain from the component type class. This
    // saves the VM from having to worry about protection domains for array
    // classes.
    if (pd == null && isArray())
      this.pd = getComponentType().pd;
    else
      this.pd = pd;
  }

  /**
   * Use the classloader of the current class to load, link, and initialize
   * a class. This is equivalent to your code calling
   * <code>Class.forName(name, true, getClass().getClassLoader())</code>.
   *
   * @param name the name of the class to find
   * @return the Class object representing the class
   * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class was not found by the
   *         classloader
   * @throws LinkageError if linking the class fails
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if the class loads, but an exception
   *         occurs during initialization
   */
  public static Class<?> forName(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException
  {
    return VMClass.forName(name, true, VMStackWalker.getCallingClassLoader());
  }

  /**
   * Use the specified classloader to load and link a class. If the loader
   * is null, this uses the bootstrap class loader (provide the security
   * check succeeds). Unfortunately, this method cannot be used to obtain
   * the Class objects for primitive types or for void, you have to use
   * the fields in the appropriate java.lang wrapper classes.
   *
   * <p>Calls <code>classloader.loadclass(name, initialize)</code>.
   *
   * @param name the name of the class to find
   * @param initialize whether or not to initialize the class at this time
   * @param classloader the classloader to use to find the class; null means
   *        to use the bootstrap class loader
   *
   * @return the class object for the given class
   *
   * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class was not found by the
   *         classloader
   * @throws LinkageError if linking the class fails
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if the class loads, but an exception
   *         occurs during initialization
   * @throws SecurityException if the <code>classloader</code> argument
   *         is <code>null</code> and the caller does not have the
   *         <code>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</code> permission
   * @see ClassLoader
   * @since 1.2
   */
  public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
				 ClassLoader classloader)
    throws ClassNotFoundException
  {
    if (classloader == null)
      {
        // Check if we may access the bootstrap classloader
        SecurityManager sm = SecurityManager.current;
        if (sm != null)
          {
            // Get the calling classloader
            ClassLoader cl = VMStackWalker.getCallingClassLoader();
            if (cl != null)
              sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getClassLoader"));
          }
      }
    return (Class<?>) VMClass.forName(name, initialize, classloader);
  }
  
  /**
   * Get all the public member classes and interfaces declared in this
   * class or inherited from superclasses. This returns an array of length
   * 0 if there are no member classes, including for primitive types. A
   * security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all public member classes in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Class<?>[] getClasses()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    return internalGetClasses();
  }

  /**
   * Like <code>getClasses()</code> but without the security checks.
   */
  private Class<?>[] internalGetClasses()
  {
    ArrayList<Class> list = new ArrayList<Class>();
    list.addAll(Arrays.asList(getDeclaredClasses(true)));
    Class superClass = getSuperclass();
    if (superClass != null)
      list.addAll(Arrays.asList(superClass.internalGetClasses()));
    return list.toArray(new Class<?>[list.size()]);
  }
  
  /**
   * Get the ClassLoader that loaded this class.  If the class was loaded
   * by the bootstrap classloader, this method will return null.
   * If there is a security manager, and the caller's class loader is not
   * an ancestor of the requested one, a security check of
   * <code>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</code>
   * must first succeed. Primitive types and void return null.
   *
   * @return the ClassLoader that loaded this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see ClassLoader
   * @see RuntimePermission
   */
  public ClassLoader getClassLoader()
  {
    if (isPrimitive())
      return null;

    ClassLoader loader = VMClass.getClassLoader(this);
    // Check if we may get the classloader
    SecurityManager sm = SecurityManager.current;
    if (loader != null && sm != null)
      {
        // Get the calling classloader
	ClassLoader cl = VMStackWalker.getCallingClassLoader();
        if (cl != null && !cl.isAncestorOf(loader))
          sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getClassLoader"));
      }
    return loader;
  }

  /**
   * If this is an array, get the Class representing the type of array.
   * Examples: "[[Ljava.lang.String;" would return "[Ljava.lang.String;", and
   * calling getComponentType on that would give "java.lang.String".  If
   * this is not an array, returns null.
   *
   * @return the array type of this class, or null
   * @see Array
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Class<?> getComponentType()
  {
    return VMClass.getComponentType (this);
  }

  /**
   * Get a public constructor declared in this class. If the constructor takes
   * no argument, an array of zero elements and null are equivalent for the
   * types argument. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param types the type of each parameter
   * @return the constructor
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the constructor does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getConstructors()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... types)
    throws NoSuchMethodException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    Constructor[] constructors = getDeclaredConstructors(true);
    for (int i = 0; i < constructors.length; i++)
      {
	Constructor constructor = constructors[i];
	if (matchParameters(types, constructor.getParameterTypes()))
	  return constructor;
      }
    throw new NoSuchMethodException();
  }

  /**
   * Get all the public constructors of this class. This returns an array of
   * length 0 if there are no constructors, including for primitive types,
   * arrays, and interfaces. It does, however, include the default
   * constructor if one was supplied by the compiler. A security check may
   * be performed, with <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code>
   * as well as <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all public constructors in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Constructor<?>[] getConstructors()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    return getDeclaredConstructors(true);
  }

  /**
   * Get a constructor declared in this class. If the constructor takes no
   * argument, an array of zero elements and null are equivalent for the
   * types argument. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param types the type of each parameter
   * @return the constructor
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the constructor does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getDeclaredConstructors()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... types)
    throws NoSuchMethodException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    Constructor[] constructors = getDeclaredConstructors(false);
    for (int i = 0; i < constructors.length; i++)
      {
	Constructor constructor = constructors[i];
	if (matchParameters(types, constructor.getParameterTypes()))
	  return constructor;
      }
    throw new NoSuchMethodException();
  }

  /**
   * Get all the declared member classes and interfaces in this class, but
   * not those inherited from superclasses. This returns an array of length
   * 0 if there are no member classes, including for primitive types. A
   * security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all declared member classes in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    return getDeclaredClasses(false);
  }

  Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses (boolean publicOnly)
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaredClasses (this, publicOnly);
  }

  /**
   * Get all the declared constructors of this class. This returns an array of
   * length 0 if there are no constructors, including for primitive types,
   * arrays, and interfaces. It does, however, include the default
   * constructor if one was supplied by the compiler. A security check may
   * be performed, with <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code>
   * as well as <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all constructors in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    return getDeclaredConstructors(false);
  }

  Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors (boolean publicOnly)
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaredConstructors (this, publicOnly);
  }
  
  /**
   * Get a field declared in this class, where name is its simple name. The
   * implicit length field of arrays is not available. A security check may
   * be performed, with <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code>
   * as well as <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param name the name of the field
   * @return the field
   * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getDeclaredFields()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Field getDeclaredField(String name) throws NoSuchFieldException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    Field[] fields = getDeclaredFields(false);
    for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
      {
	if (fields[i].getName().equals(name))
	  return fields[i];
      }
    throw new NoSuchFieldException();
  }

  /**
   * Get all the declared fields in this class, but not those inherited from
   * superclasses. This returns an array of length 0 if there are no fields,
   * including for primitive types. This does not return the implicit length
   * field of arrays. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all declared fields in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Field[] getDeclaredFields()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    return getDeclaredFields(false);
  }

  Field[] getDeclaredFields (boolean publicOnly)
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaredFields (this, publicOnly);
  }

  /**
   * Get a method declared in this class, where name is its simple name. The
   * implicit methods of Object are not available from arrays or interfaces.
   * Constructors (named "&lt;init&gt;" in the class file) and class initializers
   * (name "&lt;clinit&gt;") are not available.  The Virtual Machine allows
   * multiple methods with the same signature but differing return types; in
   * such a case the most specific return types are favored, then the final
   * choice is arbitrary. If the method takes no argument, an array of zero
   * elements and null are equivalent for the types argument. A security
   * check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param methodName the name of the method
   * @param types the type of each parameter
   * @return the method
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getDeclaredMethods()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Method getDeclaredMethod(String methodName, Class<?>... types)
    throws NoSuchMethodException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    Method match = matchMethod(getDeclaredMethods(false), methodName, types);
    if (match == null)
      throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodName);
    return match;
  }

  /**
   * Get all the declared methods in this class, but not those inherited from
   * superclasses. This returns an array of length 0 if there are no methods,
   * including for primitive types. This does include the implicit methods of
   * arrays and interfaces which mirror methods of Object, nor does it
   * include constructors or the class initialization methods. The Virtual
   * Machine allows multiple methods with the same signature but differing
   * return types; all such methods are in the returned array. A security
   * check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all declared methods in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Method[] getDeclaredMethods()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.DECLARED);
    return getDeclaredMethods(false);
  }

  Method[] getDeclaredMethods (boolean publicOnly)
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaredMethods (this, publicOnly);
  }
 
  /**
   * If this is a nested or inner class, return the class that declared it.
   * If not, return null.
   *
   * @return the declaring class of this class
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Class<?> getDeclaringClass()
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaringClass (this);
  }

  /**
   * Get a public field declared or inherited in this class, where name is
   * its simple name. If the class contains multiple accessible fields by
   * that name, an arbitrary one is returned. The implicit length field of
   * arrays is not available. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param fieldName the name of the field
   * @return the field
   * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getFields()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Field getField(String fieldName)
    throws NoSuchFieldException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    Field field = internalGetField(fieldName);
    if (field == null)
      throw new NoSuchFieldException(fieldName);
    return field;
  }

  /**
   * Get all the public fields declared in this class or inherited from
   * superclasses. This returns an array of length 0 if there are no fields,
   * including for primitive types. This does not return the implicit length
   * field of arrays. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all public fields in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Field[] getFields()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    return internalGetFields();
  }

  /**
   * Like <code>getFields()</code> but without the security checks.
   */
  private Field[] internalGetFields()
  {
    LinkedHashSet<Field> set = new LinkedHashSet<Field>();
    set.addAll(Arrays.asList(getDeclaredFields(true)));
    Class[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++)
      set.addAll(Arrays.asList(interfaces[i].internalGetFields()));
    Class superClass = getSuperclass();
    if (superClass != null)
      set.addAll(Arrays.asList(superClass.internalGetFields()));
    return set.toArray(new Field[set.size()]);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the <code>Package</code> in which this class is defined
   * Returns null when this information is not available from the
   * classloader of this class.
   *
   * @return the package for this class, if it is available
   * @since 1.2
   */
  public Package getPackage()
  {
    ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
    if (cl != null)
      return cl.getPackage(getPackagePortion(getName()));
    else
      return VMClassLoader.getPackage(getPackagePortion(getName()));
  }

  /**
   * Get the interfaces this class <em>directly</em> implements, in the
   * order that they were declared. This returns an empty array, not null,
   * for Object, primitives, void, and classes or interfaces with no direct
   * superinterface. Array types return Cloneable and Serializable.
   *
   * @return the interfaces this class directly implements
   */
  public Class<?>[] getInterfaces()
  {
    return VMClass.getInterfaces (this);
  }

  private static final class MethodKey
  {
    private String name;
    private Class[] params;
    private Class returnType;
    private int hash;
    
    MethodKey(Method m)
    {
      name = m.getName();
      params = m.getParameterTypes();
      returnType = m.getReturnType();
      hash = name.hashCode() ^ returnType.hashCode();
      for(int i = 0; i < params.length; i++)
	{
	  hash ^= params[i].hashCode();
	}
    }
    
    public boolean equals(Object o)
    {
      if (o instanceof MethodKey)
	{
	  MethodKey m = (MethodKey) o;
	  if (m.name.equals(name) && m.params.length == params.length
	      && m.returnType == returnType)
	    {
	      for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++)
		{
		  if (m.params[i] != params[i])
		    return false;
		}
	      return true;
	    }
	}
      return false;
    }
    
    public int hashCode()
    {
      return hash;
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Get a public method declared or inherited in this class, where name is
   * its simple name. The implicit methods of Object are not available from
   * interfaces.  Constructors (named "&lt;init&gt;" in the class file) and class
   * initializers (name "&lt;clinit&gt;") are not available.  The Virtual
   * Machine allows multiple methods with the same signature but differing
   * return types, and the class can inherit multiple methods of the same
   * return type; in such a case the most specific return types are favored,
   * then the final choice is arbitrary. If the method takes no argument, an
   * array of zero elements and null are equivalent for the types argument.
   * A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @param methodName the name of the method
   * @param types the type of each parameter
   * @return the method
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @see #getMethods()
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Method getMethod(String methodName, Class<?>... types)
    throws NoSuchMethodException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    Method method = internalGetMethod(methodName, types);
    if (method == null)
      throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodName);
    return method;
  }

  /**
   * Like <code>getMethod(String,Class[])</code> but without the security
   * checks and returns null instead of throwing NoSuchMethodException.
   */
  private Method internalGetMethod(String methodName, Class[] args)
  {
    Method match = matchMethod(getDeclaredMethods(true), methodName, args);
    if (match != null)
      return match;
    Class superClass = getSuperclass();
    if (superClass != null)
      {
	match = superClass.internalGetMethod(methodName, args);
	if(match != null)
	  return match;
      }
    Class[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++)
      {
	match = interfaces[i].internalGetMethod(methodName, args);
	if (match != null)
	  return match;
      }
    return null;
  }

  /** 
   * Find the best matching method in <code>list</code> according to
   * the definition of ``best matching'' used by <code>getMethod()</code>
   *
   * <p>
   * Returns the method if any, otherwise <code>null</code>.
   *
   * @param list List of methods to search
   * @param name Name of method
   * @param args Method parameter types
   * @see #getMethod(String, Class[])
   */
  private static Method matchMethod(Method[] list, String name, Class[] args)
  {
    Method match = null;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
      {
	Method method = list[i];
	if (!method.getName().equals(name))
	  continue;
	if (!matchParameters(args, method.getParameterTypes()))
	  continue;
	if (match == null
	    || match.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(method.getReturnType()))
	  match = method;
      }
    return match;
  }

  /**
   * Check for an exact match between parameter type lists.
   * Either list may be <code>null</code> to mean a list of
   * length zero.
   */
  private static boolean matchParameters(Class[] types1, Class[] types2)
  {
    if (types1 == null)
      return types2 == null || types2.length == 0;
    if (types2 == null)
      return types1 == null || types1.length == 0;
    if (types1.length != types2.length)
      return false;
    for (int i = 0; i < types1.length; i++)
      {
	if (types1[i] != types2[i])
	  return false;
      }
    return true;
  }
  
  /**
   * Get all the public methods declared in this class or inherited from
   * superclasses. This returns an array of length 0 if there are no methods,
   * including for primitive types. This does not include the implicit
   * methods of interfaces which mirror methods of Object, nor does it
   * include constructors or the class initialization methods. The Virtual
   * Machine allows multiple methods with the same signature but differing
   * return types; all such methods are in the returned array. A security
   * check may be performed, with
   * <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code> as well as
   * <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return all public methods in this class
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Method[] getMethods()
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    // NOTE the API docs claim that no methods are returned for arrays,
    // but Sun's implementation *does* return the public methods of Object
    // (as would be expected), so we follow their implementation instead
    // of their documentation.
    return internalGetMethods();
  }

  /**
   * Like <code>getMethods()</code> but without the security checks.
   */
  private Method[] internalGetMethods()
  {
    HashMap<MethodKey,Method> map = new HashMap<MethodKey,Method>();
    Method[] methods;
    Class[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for(int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++)
      {
	methods = interfaces[i].internalGetMethods();
	for(int j = 0; j < methods.length; j++)
	  {
	    map.put(new MethodKey(methods[j]), methods[j]);
	  }
      }
    Class superClass = getSuperclass();
    if(superClass != null)
      {
	methods = superClass.internalGetMethods();
	for(int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++)
	  {
	    map.put(new MethodKey(methods[i]), methods[i]);
	  }
      }
    methods = getDeclaredMethods(true);
    for(int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++)
      {
	map.put(new MethodKey(methods[i]), methods[i]);
      }
    return map.values().toArray(new Method[map.size()]);
  }

  /**
   * Get the modifiers of this class.  These can be decoded using Modifier,
   * and is limited to one of public, protected, or private, and any of
   * final, static, abstract, or interface. An array class has the same
   * public, protected, or private modifier as its component type, and is
   * marked final but not an interface. Primitive types and void are marked
   * public and final, but not an interface.
   *
   * @return the modifiers of this class
   * @see Modifier
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public int getModifiers()
  {
    int mod = VMClass.getModifiers (this, false);
    return (mod & (Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.PROTECTED | Modifier.PRIVATE |
          Modifier.FINAL | Modifier.STATIC | Modifier.ABSTRACT |
          Modifier.INTERFACE));
  }
  
  /**
   * Get the name of this class, separated by dots for package separators.
   * If the class represents a primitive type, or void, then the
   * name of the type as it appears in the Java programming language
   * is returned.  For instance, <code>Byte.TYPE.getName()</code>
   * returns "byte".
   *
   * Arrays are specially encoded as shown on this table.
   * <pre>
   * array type          [<em>element type</em>
   *                     (note that the element type is encoded per
   *                      this table)
   * boolean             Z
   * byte                B
   * char                C
   * short               S
   * int                 I
   * long                J
   * float               F
   * double              D
   * void                V
   * class or interface, alone: &lt;dotted name&gt;
   * class or interface, as element type: L&lt;dotted name&gt;;
   * </pre>
   *
   * @return the name of this class
   */
  public String getName()
  { 
    return VMClass.getName (this);
  }

  /**
   * Get a resource URL using this class's package using the
   * getClassLoader().getResource() method.  If this class was loaded using
   * the system classloader, ClassLoader.getSystemResource() is used instead.
   *
   * <p>If the name you supply is absolute (it starts with a <code>/</code>),
   * then the leading <code>/</code> is removed and it is passed on to
   * getResource(). If it is relative, the package name is prepended, and
   * <code>.</code>'s are replaced with <code>/</code>.
   *
   * <p>The URL returned is system- and classloader-dependent, and could
   * change across implementations.
   *
   * @param resourceName the name of the resource, generally a path
   * @return the URL to the resource
   * @throws NullPointerException if name is null
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public URL getResource(String resourceName)
  {
    String name = resourcePath(resourceName);
    ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader();
    if (loader == null)
      return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(name);
    return loader.getResource(name);
  }

  /**
   * Get a resource using this class's package using the
   * getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream() method.  If this class was loaded
   * using the system classloader, ClassLoader.getSystemResource() is used
   * instead.
   *
   * <p>If the name you supply is absolute (it starts with a <code>/</code>),
   * then the leading <code>/</code> is removed and it is passed on to
   * getResource(). If it is relative, the package name is prepended, and
   * <code>.</code>'s are replaced with <code>/</code>.
   *
   * <p>The URL returned is system- and classloader-dependent, and could
   * change across implementations.
   *
   * @param resourceName the name of the resource, generally a path
   * @return an InputStream with the contents of the resource in it, or null
   * @throws NullPointerException if name is null
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String resourceName)
  {
    String name = resourcePath(resourceName);
    ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader();
    if (loader == null)
      return ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name);
    return loader.getResourceAsStream(name);
  }

  private String resourcePath(String resourceName)
  {
    if (resourceName.length() > 0)
      {
	if (resourceName.charAt(0) != '/')
	  {
	    String pkg = getPackagePortion(getName());
	    if (pkg.length() > 0)
	      resourceName = pkg.replace('.','/') + '/' + resourceName;
	  }
	else
	  {
	    resourceName = resourceName.substring(1);
	  }
      }
    return resourceName;
  }

  /**
   * Get the signers of this class. This returns null if there are no signers,
   * such as for primitive types or void.
   *
   * @return the signers of this class
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public Object[] getSigners()
  {
    return signers == null ? null : (Object[]) signers.clone ();
  }
  
  /**
   * Set the signers of this class.
   *
   * @param signers the signers of this class
   */
  void setSigners(Object[] signers)
  {
    this.signers = signers;
  }

  /**
   * Get the direct superclass of this class.  If this is an interface,
   * Object, a primitive type, or void, it will return null. If this is an
   * array type, it will return Object.
   *
   * @return the direct superclass of this class
   */
  public Class<? super T> getSuperclass()
  {
    return VMClass.getSuperclass (this);
  }
  
  /**
   * Return whether this class is an array type.
   *
   * @return whether this class is an array type
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public boolean isArray()
  {
    return VMClass.isArray (this);
  }
  
  /**
   * Discover whether an instance of the Class parameter would be an
   * instance of this Class as well.  Think of doing
   * <code>isInstance(c.newInstance())</code> or even
   * <code>c.newInstance() instanceof (this class)</code>. While this
   * checks widening conversions for objects, it must be exact for primitive
   * types.
   *
   * @param c the class to check
   * @return whether an instance of c would be an instance of this class
   *         as well
   * @throws NullPointerException if c is null
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> c)
  {
    return VMClass.isAssignableFrom (this, c);
  }
 
  /**
   * Discover whether an Object is an instance of this Class.  Think of it
   * as almost like <code>o instanceof (this class)</code>.
   *
   * @param o the Object to check
   * @return whether o is an instance of this class
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public boolean isInstance(Object o)
  {
    return VMClass.isInstance (this, o);
  }
  
  /**
   * Check whether this class is an interface or not.  Array types are not
   * interfaces.
   *
   * @return whether this class is an interface or not
   */
  public boolean isInterface()
  {
    return VMClass.isInterface (this);
  }
  
  /**
   * Return whether this class is a primitive type.  A primitive type class
   * is a class representing a kind of "placeholder" for the various
   * primitive types, or void.  You can access the various primitive type
   * classes through java.lang.Boolean.TYPE, java.lang.Integer.TYPE, etc.,
   * or through boolean.class, int.class, etc.
   *
   * @return whether this class is a primitive type
   * @see Boolean#TYPE
   * @see Byte#TYPE
   * @see Character#TYPE
   * @see Short#TYPE
   * @see Integer#TYPE
   * @see Long#TYPE
   * @see Float#TYPE
   * @see Double#TYPE
   * @see Void#TYPE
   * @since 1.1
   */
  public boolean isPrimitive()
  {
    return VMClass.isPrimitive (this);
  }
  
  /**
   * Get a new instance of this class by calling the no-argument constructor.
   * The class is initialized if it has not been already. A security check
   * may be performed, with <code>checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)</code>
   * as well as <code>checkPackageAccess</code> both having to succeed.
   *
   * @return a new instance of this class
   * @throws InstantiationException if there is not a no-arg constructor
   *         for this class, including interfaces, abstract classes, arrays,
   *         primitive types, and void; or if an exception occurred during
   *         the constructor
   * @throws IllegalAccessException if you are not allowed to access the
   *         no-arg constructor because of scoping reasons
   * @throws SecurityException if the security check fails
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if class initialization caused by
   *         this call fails with an exception
   */
  public T newInstance()
    throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
  {
    memberAccessCheck(Member.PUBLIC);
    Constructor<T> constructor;
    synchronized(this)
      {
	constructor = this.constructor;
      }
    if (constructor == null)
      {
	Constructor[] constructors = getDeclaredConstructors(false);
	for (int i = 0; i < constructors.length; i++)
	  {
	    if (constructors[i].getParameterTypes().length == 0)
	      {
		constructor = constructors[i];
		break;
	      }
	  }
	if (constructor == null)
	  throw new InstantiationException(getName());
	if (!Modifier.isPublic(constructor.getModifiers())
            || !Modifier.isPublic(VMClass.getModifiers(this, true)))
	  {
	    setAccessible(constructor);
	  }
	synchronized(this)
	  {
	    if (this.constructor == null)
	      this.constructor = constructor;
	  }	    
      }
    int modifiers = constructor.getModifiers();
    if (!Modifier.isPublic(modifiers)
        || !Modifier.isPublic(VMClass.getModifiers(this, true)))
      {
	Class caller = VMStackWalker.getCallingClass();
	if (caller != null &&
	    caller != this &&
	    (Modifier.isPrivate(modifiers)
	     || getClassLoader() != caller.getClassLoader()
	     || !getPackagePortion(getName())
	     .equals(getPackagePortion(caller.getName()))))
	  throw new IllegalAccessException(getName()
					   + " has an inaccessible constructor");
      }
    try
      {
        return constructor.newInstance();
      }
    catch (InvocationTargetException e)
      {
	VMClass.throwException(e.getTargetException());
	throw (InternalError) new InternalError
	  ("VMClass.throwException returned").initCause(e);
      }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the protection domain of this class. If the classloader did not
   * record the protection domain when creating this class the unknown
   * protection domain is returned which has a <code>null</code> code source
   * and all permissions. A security check may be performed, with
   * <code>RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")</code>.
   *
   * @return the protection domain
   * @throws SecurityException if the security manager exists and the caller
   * does not have <code>RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")</code>.
   * @see RuntimePermission
   * @since 1.2
   */
  public ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain()
  {
    SecurityManager sm = SecurityManager.current;
    if (sm != null)
      sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain"));

    return pd == null ? StaticData.unknownProtectionDomain : pd;
  }

  /**
   * Return the human-readable form of this Object.  For an object, this
   * is either "interface " or "class " followed by <code>getName()</code>,
   * for primitive types and void it is just <code>getName()</code>.
   *
   * @return the human-readable form of this Object
   */
  public String toString()
  {
    if (isPrimitive())
      return getName();
    return (isInterface() ? "interface " : "class ") + getName();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the desired assertion status of this class, if it were to be
   * initialized at this moment. The class assertion status, if set, is
   * returned; the backup is the default package status; then if there is
   * a class loader, that default is returned; and finally the system default
   * is returned. This method seldom needs calling in user code, but exists
   * for compilers to implement the assert statement. Note that there is no
   * guarantee that the result of this method matches the class's actual
   * assertion status.
   *
   * @return the desired assertion status
   * @see ClassLoader#setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
   * @see ClassLoader#setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
   * @see ClassLoader#setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean)
   * @since 1.4
   */
  public boolean desiredAssertionStatus()
  {
    ClassLoader c = getClassLoader();
    Object status;
    if (c == null)
      return VMClassLoader.defaultAssertionStatus();
    if (c.classAssertionStatus != null)
      synchronized (c)
        {
          status = c.classAssertionStatus.get(getName());
          if (status != null)
            return status.equals(Boolean.TRUE);
        }
    else
      {
        status = ClassLoader.StaticData.
                    systemClassAssertionStatus.get(getName());
        if (status != null)
          return status.equals(Boolean.TRUE);
      }
    if (c.packageAssertionStatus != null)
      synchronized (c)
        {
          String name = getPackagePortion(getName());
          if ("".equals(name))
            status = c.packageAssertionStatus.get(null);
          else
            do
              {
                status = c.packageAssertionStatus.get(name);
                name = getPackagePortion(name);
              }
            while (! "".equals(name) && status == null);
          if (status != null)
            return status.equals(Boolean.TRUE);
        }
    else
      {
        String name = getPackagePortion(getName());
        if ("".equals(name))
          status = ClassLoader.StaticData.
                    systemPackageAssertionStatus.get(null);
        else
          do
            {
              status = ClassLoader.StaticData.
                        systemPackageAssertionStatus.get(name);
              name = getPackagePortion(name);
            }
          while (! "".equals(name) && status == null);
        if (status != null)
          return status.equals(Boolean.TRUE);
      }
    return c.defaultAssertionStatus;
  }

  /**
   * <p>
   * Casts this class to represent a subclass of the specified class.
   * This method is useful for `narrowing' the type of a class so that
   * the class object, and instances of that class, can match the contract
   * of a more restrictive method.  For example, if this class has the
   * static type of <code>Class&lt;Object&gt;</code>, and a dynamic type of
   * <code>Class&lt;Rectangle&gt;</code>, then, assuming <code>Shape</code> is
   * a superclass of <code>Rectangle</code>, this method can be used on
   * this class with the parameter, <code>Class&lt;Shape&gt;</code>, to retain
   * the same instance but with the type
   * <code>Class&lt;? extends Shape&gt;</code>.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * If this class can be converted to an instance which is parameterised
   * over a subtype of the supplied type, <code>U</code>, then this method
   * returns an appropriately cast reference to this object.  Otherwise,
   * a <code>ClassCastException</code> is thrown.
   * </p>
   * 
   * @param klass the class object, the parameterized type (<code>U</code>) of
   *              which should be a superclass of the parameterized type of
   *              this instance.
   * @return a reference to this object, appropriately cast.
   * @throws ClassCastException if this class can not be converted to one
   *                            which represents a subclass of the specified
   *                            type, <code>U</code>. 
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public <U> Class<? extends U> asSubclass(Class<U> klass)
  {
    if (! klass.isAssignableFrom(this))
      throw new ClassCastException();
    return (Class<? extends U>) this;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the specified object, cast to this <code>Class</code>' type.
   *
   * @param obj the object to cast
   * @throws ClassCastException  if obj is not an instance of this class
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public T cast(Object obj)
  {
    if (obj != null && ! isInstance(obj))
      throw new ClassCastException();
    return (T) obj;
  }

  /**
   * Like <code>getField(String)</code> but without the security checks and
   * returns null instead of throwing NoSuchFieldException.
   */
  private Field internalGetField(String name)
  {
    Field[] fields = getDeclaredFields(true);
    for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
      {
	Field field = fields[i];
	if (field.getName().equals(name))
	  return field;
      }
    Class[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++)
      {
	Field field = interfaces[i].internalGetField(name);
	if(field != null)
	  return field;
      }
    Class superClass = getSuperclass();
    if (superClass != null)
      return superClass.internalGetField(name);
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Strip the last portion of the name (after the last dot).
   *
   * @param name the name to get package of
   * @return the package name, or "" if no package
   */
  private static String getPackagePortion(String name)
  {
    int lastInd = name.lastIndexOf('.');
    if (lastInd == -1)
      return "";
    return name.substring(0, lastInd);
  }

  /**
   * Perform security checks common to all of the methods that
   * get members of this Class.
   */
  private void memberAccessCheck(int which)
  {
    SecurityManager sm = SecurityManager.current;
    if (sm != null)
      {
	sm.checkMemberAccess(this, which);
	Package pkg = getPackage();
	if (pkg != null)
	  sm.checkPackageAccess(pkg.getName());
      }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the enumeration constants of this class, or
   * null if this class is not an <code>Enum</code>.
   *
   * @return an array of <code>Enum</code> constants
   *         associated with this class, or null if this
   *         class is not an <code>enum</code>.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public T[] getEnumConstants()
  {
    if (isEnum())
      {
	try
	  {
            Method m = getMethod("values");
            setAccessible(m);
	    return (T[]) m.invoke(null);
	  }
	catch (NoSuchMethodException exception)
	  {
	    throw new Error("Enum lacks values() method");
	  }
	catch (IllegalAccessException exception)
	  {
	    throw new Error("Unable to access Enum class");
	  }
	catch (InvocationTargetException exception)
	  {
	    throw new
	      RuntimeException("The values method threw an exception",
			       exception);
	  }
      }
    else
      {
	return null;
      }
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this class is an <code>Enum</code>.
   *
   * @return true if this is an enumeration class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isEnum()
  {
    int mod = VMClass.getModifiers (this, true);
    return (mod & ENUM) != 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this class is a synthetic class, generated by
   * the compiler.
   *
   * @return true if this is a synthetic class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isSynthetic()
  {
    int mod = VMClass.getModifiers (this, true);
    return (mod & SYNTHETIC) != 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this class is an <code>Annotation</code>.
   *
   * @return true if this is an annotation class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isAnnotation()
  {
    int mod = VMClass.getModifiers (this, true);
    return (mod & ANNOTATION) != 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the simple name for this class, as used in the source
   * code.  For normal classes, this is the content returned by
   * <code>getName()</code> which follows the last ".".  Anonymous
   * classes have no name, and so the result of calling this method is
   * "".  The simple name of an array consists of the simple name of
   * its component type, followed by "[]".  Thus, an array with the 
   * component type of an anonymous class has a simple name of simply
   * "[]".
   *
   * @return the simple name for this class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public String getSimpleName()
  {
    return VMClass.getSimpleName(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns this class' annotation for the specified annotation type,
   * or <code>null</code> if no such annotation exists.
   *
   * @param annotationClass the type of annotation to look for.
   * @return this class' annotation for the specified type, or
   *         <code>null</code> if no such annotation exists.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass)
  {
    A foundAnnotation = null;
    Annotation[] annotations = getAnnotations();
    for (Annotation annotation : annotations)
      if (annotation.annotationType() == annotationClass)
	foundAnnotation = (A) annotation;
    return foundAnnotation;
  }

  /**
   * Returns all annotations associated with this class.  If there are
   * no annotations associated with this class, then a zero-length array
   * will be returned.  The returned array may be modified by the client
   * code, but this will have no effect on the annotation content of this
   * class, and hence no effect on the return value of this method for
   * future callers.
   *
   * @return this class' annotations.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Annotation[] getAnnotations()
  {
    HashMap<Class, Annotation> map = new HashMap<Class, Annotation>();
    for (Annotation a : getDeclaredAnnotations())
      map.put((Class) a.annotationType(), a);
    for (Class<? super T> s = getSuperclass();
	 s != null;
	 s = s.getSuperclass())
      {
	for (Annotation a : s.getDeclaredAnnotations())
	  {
	    Class k = (Class) a.annotationType();
	    if (! map.containsKey(k) && k.isAnnotationPresent(Inherited.class))
	      map.put(k, a);
	  }
      }
    Collection<Annotation> v = map.values();
    return v.toArray(new Annotation[v.size()]);
  }

  /**
   * <p>
   * Returns the canonical name of this class, as defined by section
   * 6.7 of the Java language specification.  Each package, top-level class,
   * top-level interface and primitive type has a canonical name.  A member
   * class has a canonical name, if its parent class has one.  Likewise,
   * an array type has a canonical name, if its component type does.
   * Local or anonymous classes do not have canonical names.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The canonical name for top-level classes, top-level interfaces and
   * primitive types is always the same as the fully-qualified name.
   * For array types, the canonical name is the canonical name of its
   * component type with `[]' appended.  
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The canonical name of a member class always refers to the place where
   * the class was defined, and is composed of the canonical name of the
   * defining class and the simple name of the member class, joined by `.'.
   *  For example, if a <code>Person</code> class has an inner class,
   * <code>M</code>, then both its fully-qualified name and canonical name
   * is <code>Person.M</code>.  A subclass, <code>Staff</code>, of
   * <code>Person</code> refers to the same inner class by the fully-qualified
   * name of <code>Staff.M</code>, but its canonical name is still
   * <code>Person.M</code>.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Where no canonical name is present, <code>null</code> is returned.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the canonical name of the class, or <code>null</code> if the
   *         class doesn't have a canonical name.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public String getCanonicalName()
  {
    return VMClass.getCanonicalName(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns all annotations directly defined by this class.  If there are
   * no annotations associated with this class, then a zero-length array
   * will be returned.  The returned array may be modified by the client
   * code, but this will have no effect on the annotation content of this
   * class, and hence no effect on the return value of this method for
   * future callers.
   *
   * @return the annotations directly defined by this class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()
  {
    return VMClass.getDeclaredAnnotations(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the class which immediately encloses this class.  If this class
   * is a top-level class, this method returns <code>null</code>.
   *
   * @return the immediate enclosing class, or <code>null</code> if this is
   *         a top-level class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Class<?> getEnclosingClass()
  {
    return VMClass.getEnclosingClass(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the constructor which immediately encloses this class.  If
   * this class is a top-level class, or a local or anonymous class 
   * immediately enclosed by a type definition, instance initializer
   * or static initializer, then <code>null</code> is returned.
   *
   * @return the immediate enclosing constructor if this class is
   *         declared within a constructor.  Otherwise, <code>null</code>
   *         is returned.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructor()
  {
    return VMClass.getEnclosingConstructor(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the method which immediately encloses this class.  If
   * this class is a top-level class, or a local or anonymous class 
   * immediately enclosed by a type definition, instance initializer
   * or static initializer, then <code>null</code> is returned.
   *
   * @return the immediate enclosing method if this class is
   *         declared within a method.  Otherwise, <code>null</code>
   *         is returned.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Method getEnclosingMethod()
  {
    return VMClass.getEnclosingMethod(this);
  }

  /**
   * <p>
   * Returns an array of <code>Type</code> objects which represent the
   * interfaces directly implemented by this class or extended by this
   * interface.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * If one of the superinterfaces is a parameterized type, then the
   * object returned for this interface reflects the actual type
   * parameters used in the source code.  Type parameters are created
   * using the semantics specified by the <code>ParameterizedType</code>
   * interface, and only if an instance has not already been created.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The order of the interfaces in the array matches the order in which
   * the interfaces are declared.  For classes which represent an array,
   * an array of two interfaces, <code>Cloneable</code> and
   * <code>Serializable</code>, is always returned, with the objects in
   * that order.  A class representing a primitive type or void always
   * returns an array of zero size.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return an array of interfaces implemented or extended by this class.
   * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic signature of one
   *         of the interfaces does not comply with that specified by the Java
   *         Virtual Machine specification, 3rd edition.
   * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the superinterfaces refers
   *         to a non-existant type.
   * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the interfaces
   *         refer to a parameterized type that can not be instantiated for
   *         some reason.
   * @since 1.5
   * @see java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType
   */
  public Type[] getGenericInterfaces()
  {
    if (isPrimitive())
      return new Type[0];

    String sig = VMClass.getClassSignature(this);
    if (sig == null)
      return getInterfaces();

    ClassSignatureParser p = new ClassSignatureParser(this, sig);
    return p.getInterfaceTypes();
  }

  /**
   * <p>
   * Returns a <code>Type</code> object representing the direct superclass,
   * whether class, interface, primitive type or void, of this class.
   * If this class is an array class, then a class instance representing
   * the <code>Object</code> class is returned.  If this class is primitive,
   * an interface, or a representation of either the <code>Object</code>
   * class or void, then <code>null</code> is returned.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * If the superclass is a parameterized type, then the
   * object returned for this interface reflects the actual type
   * parameters used in the source code.  Type parameters are created
   * using the semantics specified by the <code>ParameterizedType</code>
   * interface, and only if an instance has not already been created.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the superclass of this class.
   * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic signature of the
   *         class does not comply with that specified by the Java
   *         Virtual Machine specification, 3rd edition.
   * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the superclass refers
   *         to a non-existant type.
   * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the superclass
   *         refers to a parameterized type that can not be instantiated for
   *         some reason.
   * @since 1.5
   * @see java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType
   */
  public Type getGenericSuperclass()
  {
    if (isArray())
      return Object.class;

    if (isPrimitive() || isInterface() || this == Object.class)
      return null;

    String sig = VMClass.getClassSignature(this);
    if (sig == null)
      return getSuperclass();

    ClassSignatureParser p = new ClassSignatureParser(this, sig);
    return p.getSuperclassType();
  }

  /**
   * Returns an array of <code>TypeVariable</code> objects that represents
   * the type variables declared by this class, in declaration order.
   * An array of size zero is returned if this class has no type
   * variables.
   *
   * @return the type variables associated with this class. 
   * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic signature does
   *         not conform to the format specified in the Virtual Machine
   *         specification, version 3.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public TypeVariable<Class<T>>[] getTypeParameters()
  {
    String sig = VMClass.getClassSignature(this);
    if (sig == null)
      return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[])new TypeVariable[0];

    ClassSignatureParser p = new ClassSignatureParser(this, sig);
    return p.getTypeParameters();
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if an annotation for the specified type is associated
   * with this class.  This is primarily a short-hand for using marker
   * annotations.
   *
   * @param annotationClass the type of annotation to look for.
   * @return true if an annotation exists for the specified type.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> 
				     annotationClass)
  {
    return getAnnotation(annotationClass) != null;
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this object represents an anonymous class.
   *
   * @return true if this object represents an anonymous class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isAnonymousClass()
  {
    return VMClass.isAnonymousClass(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this object represents an local class.
   *
   * @return true if this object represents an local class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isLocalClass()
  {
    return VMClass.isLocalClass(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if this object represents an member class.
   *
   * @return true if this object represents an member class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isMemberClass()
  {
    return VMClass.isMemberClass(this);
  }

  /**
   * Utility method for use by classes in this package.
   */
  static void setAccessible(final AccessibleObject obj)
  {
    AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction()
      {
        public Object run()
          {
            obj.setAccessible(true);
            return null;
          }
      });
  }
}