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# EC Acronyms and Technologies
## Glossary
* **8042 Interface**{#8042}
Interface for sending keyboard events to the [AP](#ap) and for receiving
commands from the AP. Only supported by x86 based APs.
* **ACCEL - Accelerometer**{#accel}
A sensor that measures acceleration, typically over 3-axis. Nominally
provides information about the orientation of a device. On Chromebook 2-in-1
devices, there is an accelerometer in the base and one in the lid. Combining
the measurements from both accelerometers allows for a precise calculation
of the lid angle, used to switch between tablet and laptop mode.
* **ACCELGYRO - Accelerometer/Gyroscope**{#accelgyro}
A combination [accelerometer](#accel) and [gyroscope](#gyro) sensor that
provides more precise orientation information by measuring both linear and
rotational motion.
* **ADC - Analog to Digital Converter**{#adc}
A sensor that converts an analog voltage to a digital reading.
* **ALS - Ambient Light Sensor**{#als}
A sensor that measures the ambient light present. Used to automatically
control the screen and keyboard backlight level.
* **AP - Application Processor**{#ap}
The processor on the board that boots and runs ChromeOS.
* **BAR - Barometer**{#bar}
A sensor that measures atmospheric pressure.
* **BC12 - Battery Charging**{#bc12}
A device that implements the USB Battery Charging specification, version
1.2. The complete [BC 1.2 Specification] is available from the USB
Implementers Forum.
* **CBI - CROS Board Information**{#cbi}
A collection of properties describing the board. This includes board
version, SKU, model name, and other fields. More details are found in the
[CrOS Board Info] documentation.
* **CEC - Consumer Electronics Control**{#cec}
A one-wire bidirectional bus. More details are on the [CEC Wikipedia page].
* **DPTF - Dynamic Power and Thermal Framework (Intel)**{#dptf}
Intel's platform based power and thermal management. See the [DPTF Readme]
for details on the implementation used in ChromeOS.
* **EC - Embedded Controller**{#ec}
The [MCU](#mcu) used to control the keyboard, battery charging, USB port
switching, sensor management, and other functions, offloading these tasks
from the [AP](#ap).
* **eSPI - Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (Intel)**{#espi}
Intel's synchronous communication interface between the [AP](#ap) and the
[EC](#ec). Supports quad I/O mode and clock speeds up to 66 Mhz, providing
bandwidth up to 264 Mbps. The full [eSPI Specification] is available from
Intel.
* **GMR - Giant Magnetoresistance Sensor** {#gmr}
A sensor device that detects a magnetic field. These sensors differ from
[MAG](#mag) sensors, in that they only detect magnetic fields in close
proximity to the sensor. On Chromebooks, GMR sensors are used to detect when
the lid is opened. On convertible Chromebooks, the GMR sensor also detects tablet mode when lid the is opened a full 360 degrees.
* **GPIO - General Purpose Input/Output**{#gpio}
An individual signal that can independently controlled and read. GPIOs are
used to enable/disable power rails, drive reset signals, and receive
interrupts from devices connected to the EC. GPIOs may also be connected
to [I/O expanders](#ioexpander).
* **GYRO - Gyroscope**{#gyro}
A sensor that measures angular momentum, providing information about
rotational motion of the device.
* **I/O Expander**{#ioexpander}
An [I2C](#i2c) periph device that provides additional GPIO signals (anywhere
from 8 - 32 signals). GPIOs behind an I/O expander are written and read
using I2C register accesses from the I2C controller.
* **I2C - Inter-Integrated Circuit**{#i2c}
A 2-wire synchronous communication bus, consisting of a clock signal and a
bidirectional data signal. An I2C bus typically contains one controller
device and one more periph devices. The I2C standard defines supported
clock speeds of 100 KHz and 400 KHz. The full [I2C Specification] is
available from NXP (formerly Phillips).
* **LED - Light Emitting Diode**{#led}
A Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor that emits light when current flows through it.
* **LPC - Low Pin Count bus**{#lpc}
Legacy communication bus between the [AP](#ap) and [EC](#ec). Runs at 33
MHz, providing a 133 Mbps bandwidth connection. Replaced by the
[eSPI](#espi) interface.
* **MAG - Magnetometer**{#mag}
A digital compass sensor, providing orientation for navigation.
* **MCU - Microcontroller Unit**{#mcu}
A small integrated chip containing a CPU core, on-chip ROM, on-chip RAM.
Also contains multiple peripheral interfaces, including GPIO, I2C buses, SPI
buses, ADC, PWM, etc.
* **MKBP - Matrix Keyboard Protocol**{#mkbp}
Message based protocol for communicating asynchronous events from the
[EC](#ec) to the [AP](#ap). Events are not limited to keyboard events with
the sensor subsystem as one of the main users. An EC board implementation
can be configured to send keyboard events through MKBP or using the [8042
interface](#8042). This is the [EC MKBP driver] implementation.
* **MST - Multi Stream Transport**{#mst}
Part of the Display Port 1.2 standard, used to drive multiple independent
video streams from a single display port. The EC code is typically
responsible for enabling and disabling the MST hub chipset.
* **PMIC - Power Management IC**{#pmic}
An integrated circuit used to turn power rails on and off.
* **PWM - Pulse Width Modulation**{#pwm}
Method of varying the duty cycle of a signal to control another device. A
typical application is to control fan speeds or the brightness of a
backlight.
* **SPI - Serial Peripheral Interconnect**{#spi}
A 4-wire synchronous communication bus consisting of the signals CLK
(clock), MOSI (master-out-slave-in), MISO (master-in-slave-out), and CS
(chip-select, one per SPI slave). Clock speeds over 100 MHz are supported.
Communication involves a SPI frame, consisting of the assertion of chip
select, transmitting one or more bytes on the MOSI signal, receiving zero or
more bytes on the MISO signal, and de-assertion of the chip select. The
contents of a SPI frame varies based on the SPI peripheral type.
* **UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver**{#uart}
Also known as a serial port. An asynchronous communication channel between
two devices with a dedicated receive pin, transmit pin, and ground. Optional
hardware flow control signals require additional connections between the
devices. Standard transmission rates are slow (up to 115200 bits per
second). Typical use is to provide a debug console to the EC. [RS-232] is
the protocol standard used by UARTs.
[BC 1.2 Specification]: <https://www.usb.org/document-library/battery-charging-v12-spec-and-adopters-agreement>
[CrOS Board Info]: <https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/main/design_docs/cros_board_info.md>
[CEC Wikipedia page]: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control>
[DPTF Readme]: <https://github.com/intel/dptf/blob/master/README.txt>
[eSPI Specification]: <https://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/us/en/documents/software/chipset-software/327432-004_espi_base_specification_rev1.0.pdf>
[I2C Specification]: <https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/user-guide/UM10204.pdf>
[RS-232]: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232>
[EC MKBP driver]: <https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/platform/ec/+/refs/heads/main/common/keyboard_mkbp.c>
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