import ast import dis import os import sys import unittest import weakref from test import support def to_tuple(t): if t is None or isinstance(t, (str, int, complex)): return t elif isinstance(t, list): return [to_tuple(e) for e in t] result = [t.__class__.__name__] if hasattr(t, 'lineno') and hasattr(t, 'col_offset'): result.append((t.lineno, t.col_offset)) if t._fields is None: return tuple(result) for f in t._fields: result.append(to_tuple(getattr(t, f))) return tuple(result) # These tests are compiled through "exec" # There should be at least one test per statement exec_tests = [ # None "None", # FunctionDef "def f(): pass", # FunctionDef with arg "def f(a): pass", # FunctionDef with arg and default value "def f(a=0): pass", # FunctionDef with varargs "def f(*args): pass", # FunctionDef with kwargs "def f(**kwargs): pass", # FunctionDef with all kind of args "def f(a, b=1, c=None, d=[], e={}, *args, f=42, **kwargs): pass", # ClassDef "class C:pass", # ClassDef, new style class "class C(object): pass", # Return "def f():return 1", # Delete "del v", # Assign "v = 1", # AugAssign "v += 1", # For "for v in v:pass", # While "while v:pass", # If "if v:pass", # With "with x as y: pass", "with x as y, z as q: pass", # Raise "raise Exception('string')", # TryExcept "try:\n pass\nexcept Exception:\n pass", # TryFinally "try:\n pass\nfinally:\n pass", # Assert "assert v", # Import "import sys", # ImportFrom "from sys import v", # Global "global v", # Expr "1", # Pass, "pass", # Break "for v in v:break", # Continue "for v in v:continue", # for statements with naked tuples (see http://bugs.python.org/issue6704) "for a,b in c: pass", "[(a,b) for a,b in c]", "((a,b) for a,b in c)", "((a,b) for (a,b) in c)", # Multiline generator expression (test for .lineno & .col_offset) """( ( Aa , Bb ) for Aa , Bb in Cc )""", # dictcomp "{a : b for w in x for m in p if g}", # dictcomp with naked tuple "{a : b for v,w in x}", # setcomp "{r for l in x if g}", # setcomp with naked tuple "{r for l,m in x}", # AsyncFunctionDef "async def f():\n await something()", # AsyncFor "async def f():\n async for e in i: 1\n else: 2", # AsyncWith "async def f():\n async with a as b: 1", # PEP 448: Additional Unpacking Generalizations "{**{1:2}, 2:3}", "{*{1, 2}, 3}", # Asynchronous comprehensions "async def f():\n [i async for b in c]", ] # These are compiled through "single" # because of overlap with "eval", it just tests what # can't be tested with "eval" single_tests = [ "1+2" ] # These are compiled through "eval" # It should test all expressions eval_tests = [ # None "None", # BoolOp "a and b", # BinOp "a + b", # UnaryOp "not v", # Lambda "lambda:None", # Dict "{ 1:2 }", # Empty dict "{}", # Set "{None,}", # Multiline dict (test for .lineno & .col_offset) """{ 1 : 2 }""", # ListComp "[a for b in c if d]", # GeneratorExp "(a for b in c if d)", # Yield - yield expressions can't work outside a function # # Compare "1 < 2 < 3", # Call "f(1,2,c=3,*d,**e)", # Num "10", # Str "'string'", # Attribute "a.b", # Subscript "a[b:c]", # Name "v", # List "[1,2,3]", # Empty list "[]", # Tuple "1,2,3", # Tuple "(1,2,3)", # Empty tuple "()", # Combination "a.b.c.d(a.b[1:2])", ] # TODO: expr_context, slice, boolop, operator, unaryop, cmpop, comprehension # excepthandler, arguments, keywords, alias class AST_Tests(unittest.TestCase): def _assertTrueorder(self, ast_node, parent_pos): if not isinstance(ast_node, ast.AST) or ast_node._fields is None: return if isinstance(ast_node, (ast.expr, ast.stmt, ast.excepthandler)): node_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset) self.assertTrue(node_pos >= parent_pos) parent_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset) for name in ast_node._fields: value = getattr(ast_node, name) if isinstance(value, list): for child in value: self._assertTrueorder(child, parent_pos) elif value is not None: self._assertTrueorder(value, parent_pos) def test_AST_objects(self): x = ast.AST() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ()) x.foobar = 42 self.assertEqual(x.foobar, 42) self.assertEqual(x.__dict__["foobar"], 42) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.vararg with self.assertRaises(TypeError): # "_ast.AST constructor takes 0 positional arguments" ast.AST(2) def test_AST_garbage_collection(self): class X: pass a = ast.AST() a.x = X() a.x.a = a ref = weakref.ref(a.x) del a support.gc_collect() self.assertIsNone(ref()) def test_snippets(self): for input, output, kind in ((exec_tests, exec_results, "exec"), (single_tests, single_results, "single"), (eval_tests, eval_results, "eval")): for i, o in zip(input, output): with self.subTest(action="parsing", input=i): ast_tree = compile(i, "?", kind, ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST) self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast_tree), o) self._assertTrueorder(ast_tree, (0, 0)) with self.subTest(action="compiling", input=i, kind=kind): compile(ast_tree, "?", kind) def test_slice(self): slc = ast.parse("x[::]").body[0].value.slice self.assertIsNone(slc.upper) self.assertIsNone(slc.lower) self.assertIsNone(slc.step) def test_from_import(self): im = ast.parse("from . import y").body[0] self.assertIsNone(im.module) def test_non_interned_future_from_ast(self): mod = ast.parse("from __future__ import division") self.assertIsInstance(mod.body[0], ast.ImportFrom) mod.body[0].module = " __future__ ".strip() compile(mod, "", "exec") def test_base_classes(self): self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.For, ast.stmt)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Name, ast.expr)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.stmt, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.expr, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.comprehension, ast.AST)) self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Gt, ast.AST)) def test_field_attr_existence(self): for name, item in ast.__dict__.items(): if isinstance(item, type) and name != 'AST' and name[0].isupper(): x = item() if isinstance(x, ast.AST): self.assertEqual(type(x._fields), tuple) def test_arguments(self): x = ast.arguments() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('args', 'vararg', 'kwonlyargs', 'kw_defaults', 'kwarg', 'defaults')) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.vararg x = ast.arguments(*range(1, 7)) self.assertEqual(x.vararg, 2) def test_field_attr_writable(self): x = ast.Num() # We can assign to _fields x._fields = 666 self.assertEqual(x._fields, 666) def test_classattrs(self): x = ast.Num() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('n',)) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.n x = ast.Num(42) self.assertEqual(x.n, 42) with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.lineno with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): x.foobar x = ast.Num(lineno=2) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 2) x = ast.Num(42, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('n',)) self.assertEqual(x.n, 42) self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, 2) self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, 2, lineno=0) def test_module(self): body = [ast.Num(42)] x = ast.Module(body) self.assertEqual(x.body, body) def test_nodeclasses(self): # Zero arguments constructor explicitly allowed x = ast.BinOp() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('left', 'op', 'right')) # Random attribute allowed too x.foobarbaz = 5 self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 5) n1 = ast.Num(1) n3 = ast.Num(3) addop = ast.Add() x = ast.BinOp(n1, addop, n3) self.assertEqual(x.left, n1) self.assertEqual(x.op, addop) self.assertEqual(x.right, n3) x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) # node raises exception when not given enough arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2) # node raises exception when given too many arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4) # node raises exception when not given enough arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, lineno=0) # node raises exception when given too many arguments self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4, lineno=0) # can set attributes through kwargs too x = ast.BinOp(left=1, op=2, right=3, lineno=0) self.assertEqual(x.left, 1) self.assertEqual(x.op, 2) self.assertEqual(x.right, 3) self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0) # Random kwargs also allowed x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, foobarbaz=42) self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 42) def test_no_fields(self): # this used to fail because Sub._fields was None x = ast.Sub() self.assertEqual(x._fields, ()) def test_pickling(self): import pickle mods = [pickle] try: import cPickle mods.append(cPickle) except ImportError: pass protocols = [0, 1, 2] for mod in mods: for protocol in protocols: for ast in (compile(i, "?", "exec", 0x400) for i in exec_tests): ast2 = mod.loads(mod.dumps(ast, protocol)) self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast2), to_tuple(ast)) def test_invalid_sum(self): pos = dict(lineno=2, col_offset=3) m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.expr(**pos), **pos)]) with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: compile(m, "", "exec") self.assertIn("but got <_ast.expr", str(cm.exception)) def test_invalid_identitifer(self): m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Name(42, ast.Load()))]) ast.fix_missing_locations(m) with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: compile(m, "", "exec") self.assertIn("identifier must be of type str", str(cm.exception)) def test_invalid_string(self): m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Str(42))]) ast.fix_missing_locations(m) with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: compile(m, "", "exec") self.assertIn("string must be of type str", str(cm.exception)) def test_empty_yield_from(self): # Issue 16546: yield from value is not optional. empty_yield_from = ast.parse("def f():\n yield from g()") empty_yield_from.body[0].body[0].value.value = None with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(empty_yield_from, "", "exec") self.assertIn("field value is required", str(cm.exception)) class ASTHelpers_Test(unittest.TestCase): def test_parse(self): a = ast.parse('foo(1 + 1)') b = compile('foo(1 + 1)', '', 'exec', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(a), ast.dump(b)) def test_parse_in_error(self): try: 1/0 except Exception: with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as e: ast.literal_eval(r"'\U'") self.assertIsNotNone(e.exception.__context__) def test_dump(self): node = ast.parse('spam(eggs, "and cheese")') self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load()), " "args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load()), Str(s='and cheese')], " "keywords=[]))])" ) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False), "Module([Expr(Call(Name('spam', Load()), [Name('eggs', Load()), " "Str('and cheese')], []))])" ) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0), args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=5), Str(s='and cheese', lineno=1, " "col_offset=11)], keywords=[], " "lineno=1, col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0)])" ) def test_copy_location(self): src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') src.body.right = ast.copy_location(ast.Num(2), src.body.right) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=1, col_offset=0), ' 'op=Add(), right=Num(n=2, lineno=1, col_offset=4), lineno=1, ' 'col_offset=0))' ) def test_fix_missing_locations(self): src = ast.parse('write("spam")') src.body.append(ast.Expr(ast.Call(ast.Name('spam', ast.Load()), [ast.Str('eggs')], []))) self.assertEqual(src, ast.fix_missing_locations(src)) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='write', ctx=Load(), " "lineno=1, col_offset=0), args=[Str(s='spam', lineno=1, " "col_offset=6)], keywords=[], " "lineno=1, col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0), " "Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), lineno=1, " "col_offset=0), args=[Str(s='eggs', lineno=1, col_offset=0)], " "keywords=[], lineno=1, " "col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0)])" ) def test_increment_lineno(self): src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src, n=3), src) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0), ' 'op=Add(), right=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=4), lineno=4, ' 'col_offset=0))' ) # issue10869: do not increment lineno of root twice src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval') self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src.body, n=3), src.body) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True), 'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0), ' 'op=Add(), right=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=4), lineno=4, ' 'col_offset=0))' ) def test_iter_fields(self): node = ast.parse('foo()', mode='eval') d = dict(ast.iter_fields(node.body)) self.assertEqual(d.pop('func').id, 'foo') self.assertEqual(d, {'keywords': [], 'args': []}) def test_iter_child_nodes(self): node = ast.parse("spam(23, 42, eggs='leek')", mode='eval') self.assertEqual(len(list(ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body))), 4) iterator = ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body) self.assertEqual(next(iterator).id, 'spam') self.assertEqual(next(iterator).n, 23) self.assertEqual(next(iterator).n, 42) self.assertEqual(ast.dump(next(iterator)), "keyword(arg='eggs', value=Str(s='leek'))" ) def test_get_docstring(self): node = ast.parse('def foo():\n """line one\n line two"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'line one\nline two') node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n """spam\n ham"""') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'spam\nham') def test_literal_eval(self): self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('[1, 2, 3]'), [1, 2, 3]) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{"foo": 42}'), {"foo": 42}) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(True, False, None)'), (True, False, None)) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{1, 2, 3}'), {1, 2, 3}) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('b"hi"'), b"hi") self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, 'foo()') self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6'), -6) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6j+3'), 3-6j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25'), 3.25) def test_literal_eval_issue4907(self): self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('2j'), 2j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('10 + 2j'), 10 + 2j) self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('1.5 - 2j'), 1.5 - 2j) def test_bad_integer(self): # issue13436: Bad error message with invalid numeric values body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time', names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')], level=None, lineno=None, col_offset=None)] mod = ast.Module(body) with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(mod, 'test', 'exec') self.assertIn("invalid integer value: None", str(cm.exception)) def test_level_as_none(self): body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time', names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')], level=None, lineno=0, col_offset=0)] mod = ast.Module(body) code = compile(mod, 'test', 'exec') ns = {} exec(code, ns) self.assertIn('sleep', ns) class ASTValidatorTests(unittest.TestCase): def mod(self, mod, msg=None, mode="exec", *, exc=ValueError): mod.lineno = mod.col_offset = 0 ast.fix_missing_locations(mod) with self.assertRaises(exc) as cm: compile(mod, "", mode) if msg is not None: self.assertIn(msg, str(cm.exception)) def expr(self, node, msg=None, *, exc=ValueError): mod = ast.Module([ast.Expr(node)]) self.mod(mod, msg, exc=exc) def stmt(self, stmt, msg=None): mod = ast.Module([stmt]) self.mod(mod, msg) def test_module(self): m = ast.Interactive([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "single") m = ast.Expression(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "eval") def _check_arguments(self, fac, check): def arguments(args=None, vararg=None, kwonlyargs=None, kwarg=None, defaults=None, kw_defaults=None): if args is None: args = [] if kwonlyargs is None: kwonlyargs = [] if defaults is None: defaults = [] if kw_defaults is None: kw_defaults = [] args = ast.arguments(args, vararg, kwonlyargs, kw_defaults, kwarg, defaults) return fac(args) args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))] check(arguments(args=args), "must have Load context") check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args), "must have Load context") check(arguments(defaults=[ast.Num(3)]), "more positional defaults than args") check(arguments(kw_defaults=[ast.Num(4)]), "length of kwonlyargs is not the same as kw_defaults") args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))] check(arguments(args=args, defaults=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") args = [ast.arg("a", ast.Name("x", ast.Load())), ast.arg("b", ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))] check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args, kw_defaults=[None, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") def test_funcdef(self): a = ast.arguments([], None, [], [], None, []) f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [], [], None) self.stmt(f, "empty body on FunctionDef") f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], None) self.stmt(f, "must have Load context") f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [], ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(f, "must have Load context") def fac(args): return ast.FunctionDef("x", args, [ast.Pass()], [], None) self._check_arguments(fac, self.stmt) def test_classdef(self): def cls(bases=None, keywords=None, body=None, decorator_list=None): if bases is None: bases = [] if keywords is None: keywords = [] if body is None: body = [ast.Pass()] if decorator_list is None: decorator_list = [] return ast.ClassDef("myclass", bases, keywords, body, decorator_list) self.stmt(cls(bases=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") self.stmt(cls(keywords=[ast.keyword("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]), "must have Load context") self.stmt(cls(body=[]), "empty body on ClassDef") self.stmt(cls(body=[None]), "None disallowed") self.stmt(cls(decorator_list=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]), "must have Load context") def test_delete(self): self.stmt(ast.Delete([]), "empty targets on Delete") self.stmt(ast.Delete([None]), "None disallowed") self.stmt(ast.Delete([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]), "must have Del context") def test_assign(self): self.stmt(ast.Assign([], ast.Num(3)), "empty targets on Assign") self.stmt(ast.Assign([None], ast.Num(3)), "None disallowed") self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], ast.Num(3)), "must have Store context") self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Name("y", ast.Store())), "must have Load context") def test_augassign(self): aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Add(), ast.Name("y", ast.Load())) self.stmt(aug, "must have Store context") aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Add(), ast.Name("y", ast.Store())) self.stmt(aug, "must have Load context") def test_for(self): x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) p = ast.Pass() self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [], []), "empty body on For") self.stmt(ast.For(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), y, [p], []), "must have Store context") self.stmt(ast.For(x, ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [p], []), "must have Load context") e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [e], []), "must have Load context") self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [p], [e]), "must have Load context") def test_while(self): self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on While") self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []), "must have Load context") self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]), "must have Load context") def test_if(self): self.stmt(ast.If(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on If") i = ast.If(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], []) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.stmt(i, "must have Load context") def test_with(self): p = ast.Pass() self.stmt(ast.With([], [p]), "empty items on With") i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), None) self.stmt(ast.With([i], []), "empty body on With") i = ast.withitem(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None) self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Load context") i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), ast.Name("x", ast.Load())) self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Store context") def test_raise(self): r = ast.Raise(None, ast.Num(3)) self.stmt(r, "Raise with cause but no exception") r = ast.Raise(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None) self.stmt(r, "must have Load context") r = ast.Raise(ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(r, "must have Load context") def test_try(self): p = ast.Pass() t = ast.Try([], [], [], [p]) self.stmt(t, "empty body on Try") t = ast.Try([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [], [], [p]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") t = ast.Try([p], [], [], []) self.stmt(t, "Try has neither except handlers nor finalbody") t = ast.Try([p], [], [p], [p]) self.stmt(t, "Try has orelse but no except handlers") t = ast.Try([p], [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [])], [], []) self.stmt(t, "empty body on ExceptHandler") e = [ast.ExceptHandler(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", [p])] self.stmt(ast.Try([p], e, [], []), "must have Load context") e = [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [p])] t = ast.Try([p], e, [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [p]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") t = ast.Try([p], e, [p], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]) self.stmt(t, "must have Load context") def test_assert(self): self.stmt(ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None), "must have Load context") assrt = ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("y", ast.Store())) self.stmt(assrt, "must have Load context") def test_import(self): self.stmt(ast.Import([]), "empty names on Import") def test_importfrom(self): imp = ast.ImportFrom(None, [ast.alias("x", None)], -42) self.stmt(imp, "Negative ImportFrom level") self.stmt(ast.ImportFrom(None, [], 0), "empty names on ImportFrom") def test_global(self): self.stmt(ast.Global([]), "empty names on Global") def test_nonlocal(self): self.stmt(ast.Nonlocal([]), "empty names on Nonlocal") def test_expr(self): e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.stmt(e, "must have Load context") def test_boolop(self): b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), []) self.expr(b, "less than 2 values") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(3)]) self.expr(b, "less than 2 values") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), None]) self.expr(b, "None disallowed") b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]) self.expr(b, "must have Load context") def test_unaryop(self): u = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())) self.expr(u, "must have Load context") def test_lambda(self): a = ast.arguments([], None, [], [], None, []) self.expr(ast.Lambda(a, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load context") def fac(args): return ast.Lambda(args, ast.Name("x", ast.Load())) self._check_arguments(fac, self.expr) def test_ifexp(self): l = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) s = ast.Name("y", ast.Store()) for args in (s, l, l), (l, s, l), (l, l, s): self.expr(ast.IfExp(*args), "must have Load context") def test_dict(self): d = ast.Dict([], [ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]) self.expr(d, "same number of keys as values") d = ast.Dict([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], [None]) self.expr(d, "None disallowed") def test_set(self): self.expr(ast.Set([None]), "None disallowed") s = ast.Set([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]) self.expr(s, "must have Load context") def _check_comprehension(self, fac): self.expr(fac([]), "comprehension with no generators") g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Store context") g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context") x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [None], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "None disallowed") g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], 0) self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context") def _simple_comp(self, fac): g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0) self.expr(fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [g]), "must have Load context") def wrap(gens): return fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), gens) self._check_comprehension(wrap) def test_listcomp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.ListComp) def test_setcomp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.SetComp) def test_generatorexp(self): self._simple_comp(ast.GeneratorExp) def test_dictcomp(self): g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), ast.Name("p", ast.Load()), [], 0) c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Name("y", ast.Load()), [g]) self.expr(c, "must have Load context") c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [g]) self.expr(c, "must have Load context") def factory(comps): k = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) v = ast.Name("y", ast.Load()) return ast.DictComp(k, v, comps) self._check_comprehension(factory) def test_yield(self): self.expr(ast.Yield(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load") self.expr(ast.YieldFrom(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load") def test_compare(self): left = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], []) self.expr(comp, "no comparators") comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num(4), ast.Num(5)]) self.expr(comp, "different number of comparators and operands") comp = ast.Compare(ast.Num("blah"), [ast.In()], [left]) self.expr(comp, "non-numeric", exc=TypeError) comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num("blah")]) self.expr(comp, "non-numeric", exc=TypeError) def test_call(self): func = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) args = [ast.Name("y", ast.Load())] keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Load()))] call = ast.Call(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), args, keywords) self.expr(call, "must have Load context") call = ast.Call(func, [None], keywords) self.expr(call, "None disallowed") bad_keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Store()))] call = ast.Call(func, args, bad_keywords) self.expr(call, "must have Load context") def test_num(self): class subint(int): pass class subfloat(float): pass class subcomplex(complex): pass for obj in "0", "hello", subint(), subfloat(), subcomplex(): self.expr(ast.Num(obj), "non-numeric", exc=TypeError) def test_attribute(self): attr = ast.Attribute(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", ast.Load()) self.expr(attr, "must have Load context") def test_subscript(self): sub = ast.Subscript(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Index(ast.Num(3)), ast.Load()) self.expr(sub, "must have Load context") x = ast.Name("x", ast.Load()) sub = ast.Subscript(x, ast.Index(ast.Name("y", ast.Store())), ast.Load()) self.expr(sub, "must have Load context") s = ast.Name("x", ast.Store()) for args in (s, None, None), (None, s, None), (None, None, s): sl = ast.Slice(*args) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context") sl = ast.ExtSlice([]) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "empty dims on ExtSlice") sl = ast.ExtSlice([ast.Index(s)]) self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context") def test_starred(self): left = ast.List([ast.Starred(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Store())], ast.Store()) assign = ast.Assign([left], ast.Num(4)) self.stmt(assign, "must have Store context") def _sequence(self, fac): self.expr(fac([None], ast.Load()), "None disallowed") self.expr(fac([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Load()), "must have Load context") def test_list(self): self._sequence(ast.List) def test_tuple(self): self._sequence(ast.Tuple) def test_nameconstant(self): self.expr(ast.NameConstant(4), "singleton must be True, False, or None") def test_stdlib_validates(self): stdlib = os.path.dirname(ast.__file__) tests = [fn for fn in os.listdir(stdlib) if fn.endswith(".py")] tests.extend(["test/test_grammar.py", "test/test_unpack_ex.py"]) for module in tests: fn = os.path.join(stdlib, module) with open(fn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fp: source = fp.read() mod = ast.parse(source, fn) compile(mod, fn, "exec") class ConstantTests(unittest.TestCase): """Tests on the ast.Constant node type.""" def compile_constant(self, value): tree = ast.parse("x = 123") node = tree.body[0].value new_node = ast.Constant(value=value) ast.copy_location(new_node, node) tree.body[0].value = new_node code = compile(tree, "", "exec") ns = {} exec(code, ns) return ns['x'] def test_validation(self): with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm: self.compile_constant([1, 2, 3]) self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "got an invalid type in Constant: list") def test_singletons(self): for const in (None, False, True, Ellipsis, b'', frozenset()): with self.subTest(const=const): value = self.compile_constant(const) self.assertIs(value, const) def test_values(self): nested_tuple = (1,) nested_frozenset = frozenset({1}) for level in range(3): nested_tuple = (nested_tuple, 2) nested_frozenset = frozenset({nested_frozenset, 2}) values = (123, 123.0, 123j, "unicode", b'bytes', tuple("tuple"), frozenset("frozenset"), nested_tuple, nested_frozenset) for value in values: with self.subTest(value=value): result = self.compile_constant(value) self.assertEqual(result, value) def test_assign_to_constant(self): tree = ast.parse("x = 1") target = tree.body[0].targets[0] new_target = ast.Constant(value=1) ast.copy_location(new_target, target) tree.body[0].targets[0] = new_target with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: compile(tree, "string", "exec") self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "expression which can't be assigned " "to in Store context") def test_get_docstring(self): tree = ast.parse("'docstring'\nx = 1") self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(tree), 'docstring') tree.body[0].value = ast.Constant(value='constant docstring') self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(tree), 'constant docstring') def get_load_const(self, tree): # Compile to bytecode, disassemble and get parameter of LOAD_CONST # instructions co = compile(tree, '', 'exec') consts = [] for instr in dis.get_instructions(co): if instr.opname == 'LOAD_CONST': consts.append(instr.argval) return consts @support.cpython_only def test_load_const(self): consts = [None, True, False, 124, 2.0, 3j, "unicode", b'bytes', (1, 2, 3)] code = '\n'.join(['x={!r}'.format(const) for const in consts]) code += '\nx = ...' consts.extend((Ellipsis, None)) tree = ast.parse(code) self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree), consts) # Replace expression nodes with constants for assign, const in zip(tree.body, consts): assert isinstance(assign, ast.Assign), ast.dump(assign) new_node = ast.Constant(value=const) ast.copy_location(new_node, assign.value) assign.value = new_node self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree), consts) def test_literal_eval(self): tree = ast.parse("1 + 2") binop = tree.body[0].value new_left = ast.Constant(value=10) ast.copy_location(new_left, binop.left) binop.left = new_left new_right = ast.Constant(value=20) ast.copy_location(new_right, binop.right) binop.right = new_right self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval(binop), 30) def main(): if __name__ != '__main__': return if sys.argv[1:] == ['-g']: for statements, kind in ((exec_tests, "exec"), (single_tests, "single"), (eval_tests, "eval")): print(kind+"_results = [") for statement in statements: tree = ast.parse(statement, "?", kind) print("%r," % (to_tuple(tree),)) print("]") print("main()") raise SystemExit unittest.main() #### EVERYTHING BELOW IS GENERATED ##### exec_results = [ ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('NameConstant', (1, 0), None))]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 9))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None)], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 10))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None)], None, [], [], None, [('Num', (1, 8), 0)]), [('Pass', (1, 12))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], ('arg', (1, 7), 'args', None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], ('arg', (1, 8), 'kwargs', None), []), [('Pass', (1, 17))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None), ('arg', (1, 9), 'b', None), ('arg', (1, 14), 'c', None), ('arg', (1, 22), 'd', None), ('arg', (1, 28), 'e', None)], ('arg', (1, 35), 'args', None), [('arg', (1, 41), 'f', None)], [('Num', (1, 43), 42)], ('arg', (1, 49), 'kwargs', None), [('Num', (1, 11), 1), ('NameConstant', (1, 16), None), ('List', (1, 24), [], ('Load',)), ('Dict', (1, 30), [], [])]), [('Pass', (1, 58))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [], [], [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])]), ('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [('Name', (1, 8), 'object', ('Load',))], [], [('Pass', (1, 17))], [])]), ('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Return', (1, 8), ('Num', (1, 15), 1))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('Delete', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Del',))])]), ('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',))], ('Num', (1, 4), 1))]), ('Module', [('AugAssign', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Add',), ('Num', (1, 5), 1))]), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 11))], [])]), ('Module', [('While', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 6), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])]), ('Module', [('If', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 3), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 5))], [])]), ('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 13))])]), ('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',))), ('withitem', ('Name', (1, 13), 'z', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'q', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 21))])]), ('Module', [('Raise', (1, 0), ('Call', (1, 6), ('Name', (1, 6), 'Exception', ('Load',)), [('Str', (1, 16), 'string')], []), None)]), ('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [('ExceptHandler', (3, 0), ('Name', (3, 7), 'Exception', ('Load',)), None, [('Pass', (4, 2))])], [], [])]), ('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [], [], [('Pass', (4, 2))])]), ('Module', [('Assert', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 7), 'v', ('Load',)), None)]), ('Module', [('Import', (1, 0), [('alias', 'sys', None)])]), ('Module', [('ImportFrom', (1, 0), 'sys', [('alias', 'v', None)], 0)]), ('Module', [('Global', (1, 0), ['v'])]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1))]), ('Module', [('Pass', (1, 0))]), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Break', (1, 11))], [])]), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Continue', (1, 11))], [])]), ('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 4), [('Name', (1, 4), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 11), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [])]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('ListComp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 12), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (2, 4), ('Tuple', (3, 4), [('Name', (3, 4), 'Aa', ('Load',)), ('Name', (5, 7), 'Bb', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (8, 4), [('Name', (8, 4), 'Aa', ('Store',)), ('Name', (10, 4), 'Bb', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (10, 10), 'Cc', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('DictComp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 5), 'b', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 11), 'w', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 16), 'x', ('Load',)), [], 0), ('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 22), 'm', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 27), 'p', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 32), 'g', ('Load',))], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('DictComp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 5), 'b', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'w', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'x', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('SetComp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'r', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'l', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'x', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'g', ('Load',))], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('SetComp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 1), 'r', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 7), [('Name', (1, 7), 'l', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'm', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'x', ('Load',)), [], 0)]))]), ('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Expr', (2, 1), ('Await', (2, 1), ('Call', (2, 7), ('Name', (2, 7), 'something', ('Load',)), [], [])))], [], None)]), ('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('AsyncFor', (2, 7), ('Name', (2, 11), 'e', ('Store',)), ('Name', (2, 16), 'i', ('Load',)), [('Expr', (2, 19), ('Num', (2, 19), 1))], [('Expr', (3, 7), ('Num', (3, 7), 2))])], [], None)]), ('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('AsyncWith', (2, 7), [('withitem', ('Name', (2, 12), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (2, 17), 'b', ('Store',)))], [('Expr', (2, 20), ('Num', (2, 20), 1))])], [], None)]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Dict', (1, 0), [None, ('Num', (1, 10), 2)], [('Dict', (1, 3), [('Num', (1, 4), 1)], [('Num', (1, 6), 2)]), ('Num', (1, 12), 3)]))]), ('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Set', (1, 0), [('Starred', (1, 1), ('Set', (1, 2), [('Num', (1, 3), 1), ('Num', (1, 6), 2)]), ('Load',)), ('Num', (1, 10), 3)]))]), ('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Expr', (2, 1), ('ListComp', (2, 2), ('Name', (2, 2), 'i', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (2, 14), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (2, 19), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 1)]))], [], None)]), ] single_results = [ ('Interactive', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1), ('Add',), ('Num', (1, 2), 2)))]), ] eval_results = [ ('Expression', ('NameConstant', (1, 0), None)), ('Expression', ('BoolOp', (1, 0), ('And',), [('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Load',))])), ('Expression', ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Add',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',)))), ('Expression', ('UnaryOp', (1, 0), ('Not',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Load',)))), ('Expression', ('Lambda', (1, 0), ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), ('NameConstant', (1, 7), None))), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [('Num', (1, 2), 1)], [('Num', (1, 4), 2)])), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [], [])), ('Expression', ('Set', (1, 0), [('NameConstant', (1, 1), None)])), ('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [('Num', (2, 6), 1)], [('Num', (4, 10), 2)])), ('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])), ('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])), ('Expression', ('Compare', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1), [('Lt',), ('Lt',)], [('Num', (1, 4), 2), ('Num', (1, 8), 3)])), ('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'f', ('Load',)), [('Num', (1, 2), 1), ('Num', (1, 4), 2), ('Starred', (1, 10), ('Name', (1, 11), 'd', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], [('keyword', 'c', ('Num', (1, 8), 3)), ('keyword', None, ('Name', (1, 15), 'e', ('Load',)))])), ('Expression', ('Num', (1, 0), 10)), ('Expression', ('Str', (1, 0), 'string')), ('Expression', ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Subscript', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Name', (1, 2), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'c', ('Load',)), None), ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [('Num', (1, 1), 1), ('Num', (1, 3), 2), ('Num', (1, 5), 3)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Num', (1, 0), 1), ('Num', (1, 2), 2), ('Num', (1, 4), 3)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Num', (1, 1), 1), ('Num', (1, 3), 2), ('Num', (1, 5), 3)], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))), ('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), 'c', ('Load',)), 'd', ('Load',)), [('Subscript', (1, 8), ('Attribute', (1, 8), ('Name', (1, 8), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Num', (1, 12), 1), ('Num', (1, 14), 2), None), ('Load',))], [])), ] main()