path: root/Cython/Compiler/Nodes.py

#
#   Parse tree nodes
#

import cython
cython.declare(sys=object, os=object, time=object, copy=object,
               Builtin=object, error=object, warning=object, Naming=object, PyrexTypes=object,
               py_object_type=object, ModuleScope=object, LocalScope=object, ClosureScope=object, \
               StructOrUnionScope=object, PyClassScope=object, CClassScope=object,
               CppClassScope=object, UtilityCode=object, EncodedString=object,
               absolute_path_length=cython.Py_ssize_t)

import sys, os, time, copy

import Builtin
from Errors import error, warning, InternalError, CompileError
import Naming
import PyrexTypes
import TypeSlots
from PyrexTypes import py_object_type, error_type, CTypedefType, CFuncType, cython_memoryview_ptr_type
from Symtab import ModuleScope, LocalScope, ClosureScope, \
    StructOrUnionScope, PyClassScope, CClassScope, CppClassScope
from Cython.Utils import open_new_file, replace_suffix
from Code import UtilityCode, ClosureTempAllocator
from StringEncoding import EncodedString, escape_byte_string, split_string_literal
import Options
import DebugFlags
from itertools import chain

absolute_path_length = 0

def relative_position(pos):
    """
    We embed the relative filename in the generated C file, since we
    don't want to have to regnerate and compile all the source code
    whenever the Python install directory moves (which could happen,
    e.g,. when distributing binaries.)

    INPUT:
        a position tuple -- (absolute filename, line number column position)

    OUTPUT:
        relative filename
        line number

    AUTHOR: William Stein
    """
    global absolute_path_length
    if absolute_path_length==0:
        absolute_path_length = len(os.path.abspath(os.getcwd()))
    return (pos[0].get_filenametable_entry()[absolute_path_length+1:], pos[1])

def embed_position(pos, docstring):
    if not Options.embed_pos_in_docstring:
        return docstring
    pos_line = u'File: %s (starting at line %s)' % relative_position(pos)
    if docstring is None:
        # unicode string
        return EncodedString(pos_line)

    # make sure we can encode the filename in the docstring encoding
    # otherwise make the docstring a unicode string
    encoding = docstring.encoding
    if encoding is not None:
        try:
            encoded_bytes = pos_line.encode(encoding)
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
            encoding = None

    if not docstring:
        # reuse the string encoding of the original docstring
        doc = EncodedString(pos_line)
    else:
        doc = EncodedString(pos_line + u'\n' + docstring)
    doc.encoding = encoding
    return doc


from Code import CCodeWriter
from types import FunctionType

def write_func_call(func):
    def f(*args, **kwds):
        if len(args) > 1 and isinstance(args[1], CCodeWriter):
            # here we annotate the code with this function call
            # but only if new code is generated
            node, code = args[:2]
            marker = '                    /* %s -> %s.%s %s */' % (
                    ' ' * code.call_level,
                    node.__class__.__name__,
                    func.__name__,
                    node.pos[1:])
            pristine = code.buffer.stream.tell()
            code.putln(marker)
            start = code.buffer.stream.tell()
            code.call_level += 4
            res = func(*args, **kwds)
            code.call_level -= 4
            if start == code.buffer.stream.tell():
                code.buffer.stream.seek(pristine)
            else:
                marker = marker.replace('->', '<-')
                code.putln(marker)
            return res
        else:
            return func(*args, **kwds)
    return f

class VerboseCodeWriter(type):
    # Set this as a metaclass to trace function calls in code.
    # This slows down code generation and makes much larger files.
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs = dict(attrs)
        for mname, m in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(m, FunctionType):
                attrs[mname] = write_func_call(m)
        return super(VerboseCodeWriter, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)


class Node(object):
    #  pos         (string, int, int)   Source file position
    #  is_name     boolean              Is a NameNode
    #  is_literal  boolean              Is a ConstNode

    if DebugFlags.debug_trace_code_generation:
        __metaclass__ = VerboseCodeWriter

    is_name = 0
    is_literal = 0
    is_terminator = 0
    temps = None

    # All descandants should set child_attrs to a list of the attributes
    # containing nodes considered "children" in the tree. Each such attribute
    # can either contain a single node or a list of nodes. See Visitor.py.
    child_attrs = None

    cf_state = None


    def __init__(self, pos, **kw):
        self.pos = pos
        self.__dict__.update(kw)

    gil_message = "Operation"

    nogil_check = None

    def gil_error(self, env=None):
        error(self.pos, "%s not allowed without gil" % self.gil_message)

    cpp_message = "Operation"

    def cpp_check(self, env):
        if not env.is_cpp():
            self.cpp_error()

    def cpp_error(self):
        error(self.pos, "%s only allowed in c++" % self.cpp_message)

    def clone_node(self):
        """Clone the node. This is defined as a shallow copy, except for member lists
           amongst the child attributes (from get_child_accessors) which are also
           copied. Lists containing child nodes are thus seen as a way for the node
           to hold multiple children directly; the list is not treated as a seperate
           level in the tree."""
        result = copy.copy(self)
        for attrname in result.child_attrs:
            value = getattr(result, attrname)
            if isinstance(value, list):
                setattr(result, attrname, [x for x in value])
        return result


    #
    #  There are 3 phases of parse tree processing, applied in order to
    #  all the statements in a given scope-block:
    #
    #  (0) analyse_declarations
    #        Make symbol table entries for all declarations at the current
    #        level, both explicit (def, cdef, etc.) and implicit (assignment
    #        to an otherwise undeclared name).
    #
    #  (1) analyse_expressions
    #         Determine the result types of expressions and fill in the
    #         'type' attribute of each ExprNode. Insert coercion nodes into the
    #         tree where needed to convert to and from Python objects.
    #         Allocate temporary locals for intermediate results. Fill
    #         in the 'result_code' attribute of each ExprNode with a C code
    #         fragment.
    #
    #  (2) generate_code
    #         Emit C code for all declarations, statements and expressions.
    #         Recursively applies the 3 processing phases to the bodies of
    #         functions.
    #

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        pass

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        raise InternalError("analyse_expressions not implemented for %s" % \
            self.__class__.__name__)

    def generate_code(self, code):
        raise InternalError("generate_code not implemented for %s" % \
            self.__class__.__name__)

    def annotate(self, code):
        # mro does the wrong thing
        if isinstance(self, BlockNode):
            self.body.annotate(code)

    def end_pos(self):
        try:
            return self._end_pos
        except AttributeError:
            pos = self.pos
            if not self.child_attrs:
                self._end_pos = pos
                return pos
            for attr in self.child_attrs:
                child = getattr(self, attr)
                # Sometimes lists, sometimes nodes
                if child is None:
                    pass
                elif isinstance(child, list):
                    for c in child:
                        pos = max(pos, c.end_pos())
                else:
                    pos = max(pos, child.end_pos())
            self._end_pos = pos
            return pos

    def dump(self, level=0, filter_out=("pos",), cutoff=100, encountered=None):
        if cutoff == 0:
            return "<...nesting level cutoff...>"
        if encountered is None:
            encountered = set()
        if id(self) in encountered:
            return "<%s (0x%x) -- already output>" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
        encountered.add(id(self))

        def dump_child(x, level):
            if isinstance(x, Node):
                return x.dump(level, filter_out, cutoff-1, encountered)
            elif isinstance(x, list):
                return "[%s]" % ", ".join([dump_child(item, level) for item in x])
            else:
                return repr(x)


        attrs = [(key, value) for key, value in self.__dict__.items() if key not in filter_out]
        if len(attrs) == 0:
            return "<%s (0x%x)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
        else:
            indent = "  " * level
            res = "<%s (0x%x)\n" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
            for key, value in attrs:
                res += "%s  %s: %s\n" % (indent, key, dump_child(value, level + 1))
            res += "%s>" % indent
            return res

class CompilerDirectivesNode(Node):
    """
    Sets compiler directives for the children nodes
    """
    #  directives     {string:value}  A dictionary holding the right value for
    #                                 *all* possible directives.
    #  body           Node
    child_attrs = ["body"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        old = env.directives
        env.directives = self.directives
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        env.directives = old

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        old = env.directives
        env.directives = self.directives
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        env.directives = old

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        env_old = env.directives
        code_old = code.globalstate.directives
        code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        env.directives = env_old
        code.globalstate.directives = code_old

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old = code.globalstate.directives
        code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.globalstate.directives = old

    def annotate(self, code):
        old = code.globalstate.directives
        code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
        self.body.annotate(code)
        code.globalstate.directives = old

class BlockNode(object):
    #  Mixin class for nodes representing a declaration block.

    def generate_cached_builtins_decls(self, env, code):
        entries = env.global_scope().undeclared_cached_builtins
        for entry in entries:
            code.globalstate.add_cached_builtin_decl(entry)
        del entries[:]

    def generate_lambda_definitions(self, env, code):
        for node in env.lambda_defs:
            node.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

class StatListNode(Node):
    # stats     a list of StatNode

    child_attrs = ["stats"]

    def create_analysed(pos, env, *args, **kw):
        node = StatListNode(pos, *args, **kw)
        return node # No node-specific analysis necesarry
    create_analysed = staticmethod(create_analysed)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        #print "StatListNode.analyse_declarations" ###
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        #print "StatListNode.analyse_expressions" ###
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        #print "StatListNode.generate_function_definitions" ###
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        #print "StatListNode.generate_execution_code" ###
        for stat in self.stats:
            code.mark_pos(stat.pos)
            stat.generate_execution_code(code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.annotate(code)


class StatNode(Node):
    #
    #  Code generation for statements is split into the following subphases:
    #
    #  (1) generate_function_definitions
    #        Emit C code for the definitions of any structs,
    #        unions, enums and functions defined in the current
    #        scope-block.
    #
    #  (2) generate_execution_code
    #        Emit C code for executable statements.
    #

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        raise InternalError("generate_execution_code not implemented for %s" % \
            self.__class__.__name__)


class CDefExternNode(StatNode):
    #  include_file   string or None
    #  body           StatNode

    child_attrs = ["body"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if self.include_file:
            env.add_include_file(self.include_file)
        old_cinclude_flag = env.in_cinclude
        env.in_cinclude = 1
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        env.in_cinclude = old_cinclude_flag

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.body.annotate(code)


class CDeclaratorNode(Node):
    # Part of a C declaration.
    #
    # Processing during analyse_declarations phase:
    #
    #   analyse
    #      Returns (name, type) pair where name is the
    #      CNameDeclaratorNode of the name being declared
    #      and type is the type it is being declared as.
    #
    #  calling_convention  string   Calling convention of CFuncDeclaratorNode
    #                               for which this is a base

    child_attrs = []

    calling_convention = ""


class CNameDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
    #  name    string             The Cython name being declared
    #  cname   string or None     C name, if specified
    #  default ExprNode or None   the value assigned on declaration

    child_attrs = ['default']

    default = None

    def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
        if nonempty and self.name == '':
            # May have mistaken the name for the type.
            if base_type.is_ptr or base_type.is_array or base_type.is_buffer:
                error(self.pos, "Missing argument name")
            elif base_type.is_void:
                error(self.pos, "Use spam() rather than spam(void) to declare a function with no arguments.")
            else:
                self.name = base_type.declaration_code("", for_display=1, pyrex=1)
                base_type = py_object_type
        self.type = base_type
        return self, base_type

class CPtrDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
    # base     CDeclaratorNode

    child_attrs = ["base"]

    def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
        if base_type.is_pyobject:
            error(self.pos,
                "Pointer base type cannot be a Python object")
        ptr_type = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(base_type)
        return self.base.analyse(ptr_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)

class CReferenceDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
    # base     CDeclaratorNode

    child_attrs = ["base"]

    def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
        if base_type.is_pyobject:
            error(self.pos,
                  "Reference base type cannot be a Python object")
        ref_type = PyrexTypes.c_ref_type(base_type)
        return self.base.analyse(ref_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)

class CArrayDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
    # base        CDeclaratorNode
    # dimension   ExprNode

    child_attrs = ["base", "dimension"]

    def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
        if base_type.is_cpp_class:
            from ExprNodes import TupleNode
            if isinstance(self.dimension, TupleNode):
                args = self.dimension.args
            else:
                args = self.dimension,
            values = [v.analyse_as_type(env) for v in args]
            if None in values:
                ix = values.index(None)
                error(args[ix].pos, "Template parameter not a type.")
                return error_type
            base_type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, values)
            return self.base.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
        if self.dimension:
            self.dimension.analyse_const_expression(env)
            if not self.dimension.type.is_int:
                error(self.dimension.pos, "Array dimension not integer")
            size = self.dimension.get_constant_c_result_code()
            if size is not None:
                try:
                    size = int(size)
                except ValueError:
                    # runtime constant?
                    pass
        else:
            size = None
        if not base_type.is_complete():
            error(self.pos,
                "Array element type '%s' is incomplete" % base_type)
        if base_type.is_pyobject:
            error(self.pos,
                "Array element cannot be a Python object")
        if base_type.is_cfunction:
            error(self.pos,
                "Array element cannot be a function")
        array_type = PyrexTypes.c_array_type(base_type, size)
        return self.base.analyse(array_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)


class CFuncDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
    # base             CDeclaratorNode
    # args             [CArgDeclNode]
    # has_varargs      boolean
    # exception_value  ConstNode
    # exception_check  boolean    True if PyErr_Occurred check needed
    # nogil            boolean    Can be called without gil
    # with_gil         boolean    Acquire gil around function body

    child_attrs = ["base", "args", "exception_value"]

    overridable = 0
    optional_arg_count = 0

    def analyse(self, return_type, env, nonempty = 0, directive_locals = {}):
        if nonempty:
            nonempty -= 1
        func_type_args = []
        for i, arg_node in enumerate(self.args):
            name_declarator, type = arg_node.analyse(env, nonempty = nonempty,
                                                     is_self_arg = (i == 0 and env.is_c_class_scope))
            name = name_declarator.name
            if name in directive_locals:
                type_node = directive_locals[name]
                other_type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                if other_type is None:
                    error(type_node.pos, "Not a type")
                elif (type is not PyrexTypes.py_object_type
                      and not type.same_as(other_type)):
                    error(self.base.pos, "Signature does not agree with previous declaration")
                    error(type_node.pos, "Previous declaration here")
                else:
                    type = other_type
            if name_declarator.cname:
                error(self.pos,
                    "Function argument cannot have C name specification")
            if i==0 and env.is_c_class_scope and type.is_unspecified:
                # fix the type of self
                type = env.parent_type
            # Turn *[] argument into **
            if type.is_array:
                type = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(type.base_type)
            # Catch attempted C-style func(void) decl
            if type.is_void:
                error(arg_node.pos, "Use spam() rather than spam(void) to declare a function with no arguments.")
            func_type_args.append(
                PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg(name, type, arg_node.pos))
            if arg_node.default:
                self.optional_arg_count += 1
            elif self.optional_arg_count:
                error(self.pos, "Non-default argument follows default argument")

        if self.optional_arg_count:
            scope = StructOrUnionScope()
            arg_count_member = '%sn' % Naming.pyrex_prefix
            scope.declare_var(arg_count_member, PyrexTypes.c_int_type, self.pos)
            for arg in func_type_args[len(func_type_args)-self.optional_arg_count:]:
                scope.declare_var(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos, allow_pyobject = 1)
            struct_cname = env.mangle(Naming.opt_arg_prefix, self.base.name)
            self.op_args_struct = env.global_scope().declare_struct_or_union(name = struct_cname,
                                        kind = 'struct',
                                        scope = scope,
                                        typedef_flag = 0,
                                        pos = self.pos,
                                        cname = struct_cname)
            self.op_args_struct.defined_in_pxd = 1
            self.op_args_struct.used = 1

        exc_val = None
        exc_check = 0
        if self.exception_check == '+':
            env.add_include_file('ios')         # for std::ios_base::failure
            env.add_include_file('new')         # for std::bad_alloc
            env.add_include_file('stdexcept')
            env.add_include_file('typeinfo')    # for std::bad_cast
        if return_type.is_pyobject \
            and (self.exception_value or self.exception_check) \
            and self.exception_check != '+':
                error(self.pos,
                    "Exception clause not allowed for function returning Python object")
        else:
            if self.exception_value:
                self.exception_value.analyse_const_expression(env)
                if self.exception_check == '+':
                    self.exception_value.analyse_types(env)
                    exc_val_type = self.exception_value.type
                    if not exc_val_type.is_error and \
                          not exc_val_type.is_pyobject and \
                          not (exc_val_type.is_cfunction and not exc_val_type.return_type.is_pyobject and len(exc_val_type.args)==0):
                        error(self.exception_value.pos,
                            "Exception value must be a Python exception or cdef function with no arguments.")
                    exc_val = self.exception_value
                else:
                    self.exception_value = self.exception_value.coerce_to(return_type, env)
                    if self.exception_value.analyse_const_expression(env):
                        exc_val = self.exception_value.get_constant_c_result_code()
                        if exc_val is None:
                            raise InternalError("get_constant_c_result_code not implemented for %s" %
                                self.exception_value.__class__.__name__)
                        if not return_type.assignable_from(self.exception_value.type):
                            error(self.exception_value.pos,
                                  "Exception value incompatible with function return type")
            exc_check = self.exception_check
        if return_type.is_cfunction:
            error(self.pos,
                "Function cannot return a function")
        func_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
            return_type, func_type_args, self.has_varargs,
            optional_arg_count = self.optional_arg_count,
            exception_value = exc_val, exception_check = exc_check,
            calling_convention = self.base.calling_convention,
            nogil = self.nogil, with_gil = self.with_gil, is_overridable = self.overridable)
        if self.optional_arg_count:
            func_type.op_arg_struct = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(self.op_args_struct.type)
        callspec = env.directives['callspec']
        if callspec:
            current = func_type.calling_convention
            if current and current != callspec:
                error(self.pos, "cannot have both '%s' and '%s' "
                      "calling conventions" % (current, callspec))
            func_type.calling_convention = callspec
        return self.base.analyse(func_type, env)


class CArgDeclNode(Node):
    # Item in a function declaration argument list.
    #
    # base_type      CBaseTypeNode
    # declarator     CDeclaratorNode
    # not_none       boolean            Tagged with 'not None'
    # or_none        boolean            Tagged with 'or None'
    # accept_none    boolean            Resolved boolean for not_none/or_none
    # default        ExprNode or None
    # default_value  PyObjectConst      constant for default value
    # annotation     ExprNode or None   Py3 function arg annotation
    # is_self_arg    boolean            Is the "self" arg of an extension type method
    # is_type_arg    boolean            Is the "class" arg of an extension type classmethod
    # is_kw_only     boolean            Is a keyword-only argument

    child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator", "default"]

    is_self_arg = 0
    is_type_arg = 0
    is_generic = 1
    kw_only = 0
    not_none = 0
    or_none = 0
    type = None
    name_declarator = None
    default_value = None
    annotation = None

    def analyse(self, env, nonempty = 0, is_self_arg = False):
        if is_self_arg:
            self.base_type.is_self_arg = self.is_self_arg = True
        if self.type is None:
            # The parser may missinterpret names as types...
            # We fix that here.
            if isinstance(self.declarator, CNameDeclaratorNode) and self.declarator.name == '':
                if nonempty:
                    self.declarator.name = self.base_type.name
                    self.base_type.name = None
                    self.base_type.is_basic_c_type = False
                could_be_name = True
            else:
                could_be_name = False
            base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name = could_be_name)
            if hasattr(self.base_type, 'arg_name') and self.base_type.arg_name:
                self.declarator.name = self.base_type.arg_name
            # The parser is unable to resolve the ambiguity of [] as part of the
            # type (e.g. in buffers) or empty declarator (as with arrays).
            # This is only arises for empty multi-dimensional arrays.
            if (base_type.is_array
                    and isinstance(self.base_type, TemplatedTypeNode)
                    and isinstance(self.declarator, CArrayDeclaratorNode)):
                declarator = self.declarator
                while isinstance(declarator.base, CArrayDeclaratorNode):
                    declarator = declarator.base
                declarator.base = self.base_type.array_declarator
                base_type = base_type.base_type
            return self.declarator.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
        else:
            return self.name_declarator, self.type

    def calculate_default_value_code(self, code):
        if self.default_value is None:
            if self.default:
                if self.default.is_literal:
                    # will not output any code, just assign the result_code
                    self.default.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                    return self.type.cast_code(self.default.result())
                self.default_value = code.get_argument_default_const(self.type)
        return self.default_value

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.default:
            self.default.annotate(code)


class CBaseTypeNode(Node):
    # Abstract base class for C base type nodes.
    #
    # Processing during analyse_declarations phase:
    #
    #   analyse
    #     Returns the type.

    pass

    def analyse_as_type(self, env):
        return self.analyse(env)

class CAnalysedBaseTypeNode(Node):
    # type            type

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False):
        return self.type

class CSimpleBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
    # name             string
    # module_path      [string]     Qualifying name components
    # is_basic_c_type  boolean
    # signed           boolean
    # longness         integer
    # complex          boolean
    # is_self_arg      boolean      Is self argument of C method
    # ##is_type_arg      boolean      Is type argument of class method

    child_attrs = []
    arg_name = None   # in case the argument name was interpreted as a type
    module_path = []
    is_basic_c_type = False
    complex = False

    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False):
        # Return type descriptor.
        #print "CSimpleBaseTypeNode.analyse: is_self_arg =", self.is_self_arg ###
        type = None
        if self.is_basic_c_type:
            type = PyrexTypes.simple_c_type(self.signed, self.longness, self.name)
            if not type:
                error(self.pos, "Unrecognised type modifier combination")
        elif self.name == "object" and not self.module_path:
            type = py_object_type
        elif self.name is None:
            if self.is_self_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                #print "CSimpleBaseTypeNode.analyse: defaulting to parent type" ###
                type = env.parent_type
            ## elif self.is_type_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
            ##     type = Builtin.type_type
            else:
                type = py_object_type
        else:
            if self.module_path:
                scope = env.find_imported_module(self.module_path, self.pos)
            else:
                scope = env
            if scope:
                if scope.is_c_class_scope:
                    scope = scope.global_scope()
                entry = scope.lookup(self.name)
                if entry and entry.is_type:
                    type = entry.type
                elif could_be_name:
                    if self.is_self_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                        type = env.parent_type
                    ## elif self.is_type_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                    ##     type = Builtin.type_type
                    else:
                        type = py_object_type
                    self.arg_name = self.name
                else:
                    if self.templates:
                        if not self.name in self.templates:
                            error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
                        type = PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(self.name)
                    else:
                        error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
        if self.complex:
            if not type.is_numeric or type.is_complex:
                error(self.pos, "can only complexify c numeric types")
            type = PyrexTypes.CComplexType(type)
            type.create_declaration_utility_code(env)
        elif type is Builtin.complex_type:
            # Special case: optimise builtin complex type into C's
            # double complex.  The parser cannot do this (as for the
            # normal scalar types) as the user may have redeclared the
            # 'complex' type.  Testing for the exact type here works.
            type = PyrexTypes.c_double_complex_type
            type.create_declaration_utility_code(env)
            self.complex = True
        if type:
            return type
        else:
            return PyrexTypes.error_type

class MemoryViewSliceTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):

    child_attrs = ['base_type_node', 'axes']

    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False):

        base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
        if base_type.is_error: return base_type

        import MemoryView

        try:
            axes_specs = MemoryView.get_axes_specs(env, self.axes)
        except CompileError, e:
            error(e.position, e.message_only)
            self.type = PyrexTypes.ErrorType()
            return self.type

        self.type = PyrexTypes.MemoryViewSliceType(base_type, axes_specs)
        MemoryView.use_memview_util_code(env)
        MemoryView.use_cython_array(env)
        MemoryView.use_memview_util_code(env)
        env.use_utility_code(MemoryView.memviewslice_declare_code)
        return self.type

class CNestedBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
    # For C++ classes that live inside other C++ classes.

    # name             string
    # base_type        CBaseTypeNode
    child_attrs = ['base_type']
    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = None):
        base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
        if base_type is PyrexTypes.error_type:
            return PyrexTypes.error_type
        if not base_type.is_cpp_class:
            error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a valid type scope" % base_type)
            return PyrexTypes.error_type
        type_entry = base_type.scope.lookup_here(self.name)
        if not type_entry or not type_entry.is_type:
            error(self.pos, "'%s.%s' is not a type identifier" % (base_type, self.name))
            return PyrexTypes.error_type
        return type_entry.type


class TemplatedTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
    #  After parsing:
    #  positional_args  [ExprNode]        List of positional arguments
    #  keyword_args     DictNode          Keyword arguments
    #  base_type_node   CBaseTypeNode

    #  After analysis:
    #  type             PyrexTypes.BufferType or PyrexTypes.CppClassType  ...containing the right options


    child_attrs = ["base_type_node", "positional_args",
                   "keyword_args", "dtype_node"]

    dtype_node = None

    name = None

    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False, base_type = None):
        if base_type is None:
            base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
        if base_type.is_error: return base_type

        if base_type.is_cpp_class:
            # Templated class
            if self.keyword_args and self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
                error(self.pos, "c++ templates cannot take keyword arguments");
                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
            else:
                template_types = []
                for template_node in self.positional_args:
                    type = template_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                    if type is None:
                        error(template_node.pos, "unknown type in template argument")
                        return error_type
                    template_types.append(type)
                self.type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, template_types)

        elif base_type.is_pyobject:
            # Buffer
            import Buffer

            options = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
                self.pos,
                env,
                self.positional_args,
                self.keyword_args,
                base_type.buffer_defaults)

            if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
                # Py 2.x enforces byte strings as keyword arguments ...
                options = dict([ (name.encode('ASCII'), value)
                                 for name, value in options.items() ])

            self.type = PyrexTypes.BufferType(base_type, **options)

        else:
            # Array
            empty_declarator = CNameDeclaratorNode(self.pos, name="", cname=None)
            if len(self.positional_args) > 1 or self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
                error(self.pos, "invalid array declaration")
                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
            else:
                # It would be nice to merge this class with CArrayDeclaratorNode,
                # but arrays are part of the declaration, not the type...
                if not self.positional_args:
                    dimension = None
                else:
                    dimension = self.positional_args[0]
                self.array_declarator = CArrayDeclaratorNode(self.pos,
                    base = empty_declarator,
                    dimension = dimension)
                self.type = self.array_declarator.analyse(base_type, env)[1]

        return self.type

class CComplexBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
    # base_type   CBaseTypeNode
    # declarator  CDeclaratorNode

    child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator"]

    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False):
        base = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name)
        _, type = self.declarator.analyse(base, env)
        return type


class CVarDefNode(StatNode):
    #  C variable definition or forward/extern function declaration.
    #
    #  visibility    'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
    #  base_type     CBaseTypeNode
    #  declarators   [CDeclaratorNode]
    #  in_pxd        boolean
    #  api           boolean

    #  decorators    [cython.locals(...)] or None
    #  directive_locals { string : NameNode } locals defined by cython.locals(...)

    child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarators"]

    decorators = None
    directive_locals = None

    def analyse_declarations(self, env, dest_scope = None):
        if self.directive_locals is None:
            self.directive_locals = {}
        if not dest_scope:
            dest_scope = env
        self.dest_scope = dest_scope
        base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
        visibility = self.visibility

        for declarator in self.declarators:
            if isinstance(declarator, CFuncDeclaratorNode):
                name_declarator, type = declarator.analyse(base_type, env, directive_locals=self.directive_locals)
            else:
                name_declarator, type = declarator.analyse(base_type, env)
            if not type.is_complete():
                if not (self.visibility == 'extern' and type.is_array or type.is_memoryviewslice):
                    error(declarator.pos,
                        "Variable type '%s' is incomplete" % type)
            if self.visibility == 'extern' and type.is_pyobject:
                error(declarator.pos,
                    "Python object cannot be declared extern")
            name = name_declarator.name
            cname = name_declarator.cname
            if name == '':
                error(declarator.pos, "Missing name in declaration.")
                return
            if type.is_cfunction:
                entry = dest_scope.declare_cfunction(name, type, declarator.pos,
                    cname = cname, visibility = self.visibility,
                    in_pxd = self.in_pxd, api = self.api)
                if entry is not None:
                    entry.directive_locals = copy.copy(self.directive_locals)
            else:
                if self.directive_locals:
                    error(self.pos, "Decorators can only be followed by functions")
                entry = dest_scope.declare_var(name, type, declarator.pos,
                    cname = cname, visibility = visibility,
                    in_pxd = self.in_pxd, api = self.api, is_cdef = 1)


class CStructOrUnionDefNode(StatNode):
    #  name          string
    #  cname         string or None
    #  kind          "struct" or "union"
    #  typedef_flag  boolean
    #  visibility    "public" or "private"
    #  api           boolean
    #  in_pxd        boolean
    #  attributes    [CVarDefNode] or None
    #  entry         Entry
    #  packed        boolean

    child_attrs = ["attributes"]

    def declare(self, env, scope=None):
        if self.visibility == 'extern' and self.packed and not scope:
            error(self.pos, "Cannot declare extern struct as 'packed'")
        self.entry = env.declare_struct_or_union(
            self.name, self.kind, scope, self.typedef_flag, self.pos,
            self.cname, visibility = self.visibility, api = self.api,
            packed = self.packed)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        scope = None
        if self.attributes is not None:
            scope = StructOrUnionScope(self.name)
        self.declare(env, scope)
        if self.attributes is not None:
            if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
            for attr in self.attributes:
                attr.analyse_declarations(env, scope)
            if self.visibility != 'extern':
                for attr in scope.var_entries:
                    type = attr.type
                    while type.is_array:
                        type = type.base_type
                    if type == self.entry.type:
                        error(attr.pos, "Struct cannot contain itself as a member.")

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class CppClassNode(CStructOrUnionDefNode):

    #  name          string
    #  cname         string or None
    #  visibility    "extern"
    #  in_pxd        boolean
    #  attributes    [CVarDefNode] or None
    #  entry         Entry
    #  base_classes  [string]
    #  templates     [string] or None

    def declare(self, env):
        if self.templates is None:
            template_types = None
        else:
            template_types = [PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template_name) for template_name in self.templates]
        self.entry = env.declare_cpp_class(
            self.name, None, self.pos,
            self.cname, base_classes = [], visibility = self.visibility, templates = template_types)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        scope = None
        if self.attributes is not None:
            scope = CppClassScope(self.name, env)
        base_class_types = []
        for base_class_name in self.base_classes:
            base_class_entry = env.lookup(base_class_name)
            if base_class_entry is None:
                error(self.pos, "'%s' not found" % base_class_name)
            elif not base_class_entry.is_type or not base_class_entry.type.is_cpp_class:
                error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a cpp class type" % base_class_name)
            else:
                base_class_types.append(base_class_entry.type)
        if self.templates is None:
            template_types = None
        else:
            template_types = [PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template_name) for template_name in self.templates]
        self.entry = env.declare_cpp_class(
            self.name, scope, self.pos,
            self.cname, base_class_types, visibility = self.visibility, templates = template_types)
        if self.entry is None:
            return
        self.entry.is_cpp_class = 1
        if self.attributes is not None:
            if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
            for attr in self.attributes:
                attr.analyse_declarations(scope)

class CEnumDefNode(StatNode):
    #  name           string or None
    #  cname          string or None
    #  items          [CEnumDefItemNode]
    #  typedef_flag   boolean
    #  visibility     "public" or "private"
    #  api            boolean
    #  in_pxd         boolean
    #  entry          Entry

    child_attrs = ["items"]

    def declare(self, env):
         self.entry = env.declare_enum(self.name, self.pos,
             cname = self.cname, typedef_flag = self.typedef_flag,
             visibility = self.visibility, api = self.api)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if self.items is not None:
            if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
            for item in self.items:
                item.analyse_declarations(env, self.entry)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if self.visibility == 'public' or self.api:
            temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
            for item in self.entry.enum_values:
                code.putln("%s = PyInt_FromLong(%s); %s" % (
                        temp,
                        item.cname,
                        code.error_goto_if_null(temp, item.pos)))
                code.put_gotref(temp)
                code.putln('if (__Pyx_SetAttrString(%s, "%s", %s) < 0) %s' % (
                        Naming.module_cname,
                        item.name,
                        temp,
                        code.error_goto(item.pos)))
                code.put_decref_clear(temp, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
            code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)


class CEnumDefItemNode(StatNode):
    #  name     string
    #  cname    string or None
    #  value    ExprNode or None

    child_attrs = ["value"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env, enum_entry):
        if self.value:
            self.value.analyse_const_expression(env)
            if not self.value.type.is_int:
                self.value = self.value.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, env)
                self.value.analyse_const_expression(env)
        entry = env.declare_const(self.name, enum_entry.type,
            self.value, self.pos, cname = self.cname,
            visibility = enum_entry.visibility, api = enum_entry.api)
        enum_entry.enum_values.append(entry)


class CTypeDefNode(StatNode):
    #  base_type    CBaseTypeNode
    #  declarator   CDeclaratorNode
    #  visibility   "public" or "private"
    #  api          boolean
    #  in_pxd       boolean

    child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        base = self.base_type.analyse(env)
        name_declarator, type = self.declarator.analyse(base, env)
        name = name_declarator.name
        cname = name_declarator.cname
        entry = env.declare_typedef(name, type, self.pos,
            cname = cname, visibility = self.visibility, api = self.api)
        if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
            entry.defined_in_pxd = 1

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass
    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class FuncDefNode(StatNode, BlockNode):
    #  Base class for function definition nodes.
    #
    #  return_type     PyrexType
    #  #filename        string        C name of filename string const
    #  entry           Symtab.Entry
    #  needs_closure   boolean        Whether or not this function has inner functions/classes/yield
    #  needs_outer_scope boolean      Whether or not this function requires outer scope
    #  pymethdef_required boolean     Force Python method struct generation
    #  directive_locals { string : NameNode } locals defined by cython.locals(...)
    # star_arg      PyArgDeclNode or None  * argument
    # starstar_arg  PyArgDeclNode or None  ** argument

    py_func = None
    assmt = None
    needs_closure = False
    needs_outer_scope = False
    pymethdef_required = False
    is_generator = False
    is_generator_body = False
    modifiers = []
    star_arg = None
    starstar_arg = None

    def analyse_default_values(self, env):
        genv = env.global_scope()
        default_seen = 0
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.default:
                default_seen = 1
                if arg.is_generic:
                    arg.default.analyse_types(env)
                    arg.default = arg.default.coerce_to(arg.type, genv)
                else:
                    error(arg.pos,
                        "This argument cannot have a default value")
                    arg.default = None
            elif arg.kw_only:
                default_seen = 1
            elif default_seen:
                error(arg.pos, "Non-default argument following default argument")

    def align_argument_type(self, env, arg):
        directive_locals = self.directive_locals
        type = arg.type
        if arg.name in directive_locals:
            type_node = directive_locals[arg.name]
            other_type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
            if other_type is None:
                error(type_node.pos, "Not a type")
            elif (type is not PyrexTypes.py_object_type
                    and not type.same_as(other_type)):
                error(arg.base_type.pos, "Signature does not agree with previous declaration")
                error(type_node.pos, "Previous declaration here")
            else:
                arg.type = other_type
        return arg

    def need_gil_acquisition(self, lenv):
        return 0

    def create_local_scope(self, env):
        genv = env
        while genv.is_py_class_scope or genv.is_c_class_scope:
            genv = genv.outer_scope
        if self.needs_closure:
            lenv = ClosureScope(name=self.entry.name,
                                outer_scope = genv,
                                parent_scope = env,
                                scope_name=self.entry.cname)
        else:
            lenv = LocalScope(name=self.entry.name,
                              outer_scope=genv,
                              parent_scope=env)
        lenv.return_type = self.return_type
        type = self.entry.type
        if type.is_cfunction:
            lenv.nogil = type.nogil and not type.with_gil
        self.local_scope = lenv
        lenv.directives = env.directives
        return lenv

    def generate_function_body(self, env, code):
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        import Buffer, MemoryView

        lenv = self.local_scope
        if lenv.is_closure_scope and not lenv.is_passthrough:
            outer_scope_cname = "%s->%s" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname,
                                            Naming.outer_scope_cname)
        else:
            outer_scope_cname = Naming.outer_scope_cname
        lenv.mangle_closure_cnames(outer_scope_cname)
        # Generate closure function definitions
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(lenv, code)
        # generate lambda function definitions
        self.generate_lambda_definitions(lenv, code)

        is_getbuffer_slot = (self.entry.name == "__getbuffer__" and
                             self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope)
        is_releasebuffer_slot = (self.entry.name == "__releasebuffer__" and
                                 self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope)
        is_buffer_slot = is_getbuffer_slot or is_releasebuffer_slot
        if is_buffer_slot:
            if 'cython_unused' not in self.modifiers:
                self.modifiers = self.modifiers + ['cython_unused']

        preprocessor_guard = None
        if self.entry.is_special and not is_buffer_slot:
            slot = TypeSlots.method_name_to_slot.get(self.entry.name)
            if slot:
                preprocessor_guard = slot.preprocessor_guard_code()
                if (self.entry.name == '__long__' and
                    not self.entry.scope.lookup_here('__int__')):
                    preprocessor_guard = None

        profile = code.globalstate.directives['profile']
        if profile and lenv.nogil:
            warning(self.pos, "Cannot profile nogil function.", 1)
            profile = False
        if profile:
            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(profile_utility_code)

        # Generate C code for header and body of function
        code.enter_cfunc_scope()
        code.return_from_error_cleanup_label = code.new_label()

        # ----- Top-level constants used by this function
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        self.generate_cached_builtins_decls(lenv, code)
        # ----- Function header
        code.putln("")

        if preprocessor_guard:
            code.putln(preprocessor_guard)

        with_pymethdef = (self.needs_assignment_synthesis(env, code) or
                          self.pymethdef_required)
        if self.py_func:
            self.py_func.generate_function_header(code,
                with_pymethdef = with_pymethdef,
                proto_only=True)
        self.generate_function_header(code,
            with_pymethdef = with_pymethdef)
        # ----- Local variable declarations
        # Find function scope
        cenv = env
        while cenv.is_py_class_scope or cenv.is_c_class_scope:
            cenv = cenv.outer_scope
        if self.needs_closure:
            code.put(lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname))
            code.putln(";")
        elif self.needs_outer_scope:
            if lenv.is_passthrough:
                code.put(lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname))
                code.putln(";")
            code.put(cenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.outer_scope_cname))
            code.putln(";")
        self.generate_argument_declarations(lenv, code)

        for entry in lenv.var_entries:
            if not entry.in_closure:
                code.put_var_declaration(entry)

        # Initialize the return variable __pyx_r
        init = ""
        if not self.return_type.is_void:
            if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                init = " = NULL"
            elif self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                init = "= {0, 0}"

            code.putln(
                "%s%s;" %
                    (self.return_type.declaration_code(Naming.retval_cname),
                     init))

        tempvardecl_code = code.insertion_point()
        self.generate_keyword_list(code)

        if profile:
            code.put_trace_declarations()

        # ----- Extern library function declarations
        lenv.generate_library_function_declarations(code)

        # ----- GIL acquisition
        acquire_gil = self.acquire_gil

        # See if we need to acquire the GIL for variable declarations and
        acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only = (lenv.nogil and
                                          lenv.has_with_gil_block)

        use_refnanny = not lenv.nogil or acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only

        if acquire_gil or acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
            code.put_ensure_gil()

        # ----- set up refnanny
        if use_refnanny:
            tempvardecl_code.put_declare_refcount_context()
            code.put_setup_refcount_context(self.entry.name)

        # ----- Automatic lead-ins for certain special functions
        if is_getbuffer_slot:
            self.getbuffer_init(code)
        # ----- Create closure scope object
        if self.needs_closure:
            code.putln("%s = (%s)%s->tp_new(%s, %s, NULL);" % (
                Naming.cur_scope_cname,
                lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(''),
                lenv.scope_class.type.typeptr_cname,
                lenv.scope_class.type.typeptr_cname,
                Naming.empty_tuple))
            code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) {" % Naming.cur_scope_cname)
            if is_getbuffer_slot:
                self.getbuffer_error_cleanup(code)

            if use_refnanny:
                code.put_finish_refcount_context()
                if acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
                    code.put_release_ensured_gil()

            # FIXME: what if the error return value is a Python value?
            code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
            code.putln("}")
            code.put_gotref(Naming.cur_scope_cname)
            # Note that it is unsafe to decref the scope at this point.
        if self.needs_outer_scope:
            code.putln("%s = (%s)%s;" % (
                            outer_scope_cname,
                            cenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(''),
                            Naming.self_cname))
            if lenv.is_passthrough:
                code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, outer_scope_cname));
            elif self.needs_closure:
                # inner closures own a reference to their outer parent
                code.put_incref(outer_scope_cname, cenv.scope_class.type)
                code.put_giveref(outer_scope_cname)
        # ----- Trace function call
        if profile:
            # this looks a bit late, but if we don't get here due to a
            # fatal error before hand, it's not really worth tracing
            code.put_trace_call(self.entry.name, self.pos)
        # ----- Fetch arguments
        self.generate_argument_parsing_code(env, code)
        # If an argument is assigned to in the body, we must
        # incref it to properly keep track of refcounts.
        for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
            if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                if (acquire_gil or entry.assignments) and not entry.in_closure:
                    code.put_var_incref(entry)
            if entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                code.put_incref_memoryviewslice(entry.cname,
                                                have_gil=not lenv.nogil)
                #code.put_incref("%s.memview" % entry.cname, cython_memoryview_ptr_type)
        # ----- Initialise local buffer auxiliary variables
        for entry in lenv.var_entries + lenv.arg_entries:
            if entry.type.is_buffer and entry.buffer_aux.buflocal_nd_var.used:
                Buffer.put_init_vars(entry, code)
        # ----- Initialise local memoryviewslices
        for entry in lenv.var_entries:
            if entry.visibility == "private" and not entry.used:
                continue

        # ----- Check and convert arguments
        self.generate_argument_type_tests(code)
        # ----- Acquire buffer arguments
        for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
            if entry.type.is_buffer:
                Buffer.put_acquire_arg_buffer(entry, code, self.pos)

        if acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
            code.put_release_ensured_gil()

        # -------------------------
        # ----- Function body -----
        # -------------------------
        self.generate_function_body(env, code)

        # ----- Default return value
        code.putln("")
        if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
            #if self.return_type.is_extension_type:
            #    lhs = "(PyObject *)%s" % Naming.retval_cname
            #else:
            lhs = Naming.retval_cname
            code.put_init_to_py_none(lhs, self.return_type)
        else:
            val = self.return_type.default_value
            if val:
                code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, val))
        # ----- Error cleanup
        if code.error_label in code.labels_used:
            code.put_goto(code.return_label)
            code.put_label(code.error_label)
            for cname, type in code.funcstate.all_managed_temps():
                code.put_xdecref(cname, type)

            # Clean up buffers -- this calls a Python function
            # so need to save and restore error state
            buffers_present = len(lenv.buffer_entries) > 0
            if buffers_present:
                code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
                code.putln("{ PyObject *__pyx_type, *__pyx_value, *__pyx_tb;")
                code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetch(&__pyx_type, &__pyx_value, &__pyx_tb);")
                for entry in lenv.buffer_entries:
                    Buffer.put_release_buffer_code(code, entry)
                    #code.putln("%s = 0;" % entry.cname)
                code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(__pyx_type, __pyx_value, __pyx_tb);}")

            err_val = self.error_value()
            exc_check = self.caller_will_check_exceptions()
            if err_val is not None or exc_check:
                # TODO: Fix exception tracing (though currently unused by cProfile).
                # code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_exception_tuple_utility_code)
                # code.put_trace_exception()

                if lenv.nogil:
                    code.putln("{")
                    code.put_ensure_gil()

                code.put_add_traceback(self.entry.qualified_name)

                if lenv.nogil:
                    code.put_release_ensured_gil()
                    code.putln("}")
            else:
                warning(self.entry.pos, "Unraisable exception in function '%s'." \
                            % self.entry.qualified_name, 0)
                format_tuple = (
                    self.entry.qualified_name,
                    Naming.clineno_cname,
                    Naming.lineno_cname,
                    Naming.filename_cname,
                    )
                code.putln(
                    '__Pyx_WriteUnraisable("%s", %s, %s, %s);' % format_tuple)
                env.use_utility_code(unraisable_exception_utility_code)
                env.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
            default_retval = self.return_type.default_value
            if err_val is None and default_retval:
                err_val = default_retval
            if err_val is not None:
                code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, err_val))

            if is_getbuffer_slot:
                self.getbuffer_error_cleanup(code)

            # If we are using the non-error cleanup section we should
            # jump past it if we have an error. The if-test below determine
            # whether this section is used.
            if buffers_present or is_getbuffer_slot:
                code.put_goto(code.return_from_error_cleanup_label)

        # ----- Non-error return cleanup
        code.put_label(code.return_label)
        for entry in lenv.buffer_entries:
            if entry.used:
                Buffer.put_release_buffer_code(code, entry)
        if is_getbuffer_slot:
            self.getbuffer_normal_cleanup(code)
        # ----- Return cleanup for both error and no-error return
        code.put_label(code.return_from_error_cleanup_label)

        for entry in lenv.var_entries:
            if not entry.used or entry.in_closure:
                continue
            if entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                #code.put_xdecref("%s.memview" % entry.cname, cython_memoryview_ptr_type)
                code.put_xdecref_memoryviewslice(entry.cname)
            if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                code.put_var_decref(entry)

        # Decref any increfed args
        for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
            if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                if (acquire_gil or entry.assignments) and not entry.in_closure:
                    code.put_var_decref(entry)
            if entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                code.put_xdecref_memoryviewslice(entry.cname)
                #code.put_decref("%s.memview" % entry.cname, cython_memoryview_ptr_type)
        if self.needs_closure:
            code.put_decref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, lenv.scope_class.type)

        # ----- Return
        # This code is duplicated in ModuleNode.generate_module_init_func
        if not lenv.nogil:
            default_retval = self.return_type.default_value
            err_val = self.error_value()
            if err_val is None and default_retval:
                err_val = default_retval
            if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                code.put_xgiveref(self.return_type.as_pyobject(Naming.retval_cname))
            #elif self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
            #    code.put_xgiveref(code.as_pyobject("%s.memview" % Naming.retval_cname,cython_memoryview_ptr_type))
            #    code.put_xgiveref_memoryviewslice(Naming.retval_cname)

        if self.entry.is_special and self.entry.name == "__hash__":
            # Returning -1 for __hash__ is supposed to signal an error
            # We do as Python instances and coerce -1 into -2.
            code.putln("if (unlikely(%s == -1) && !PyErr_Occurred()) %s = -2;" % (
                    Naming.retval_cname, Naming.retval_cname))

        if profile:
            if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                code.put_trace_return(Naming.retval_cname)
            else:
                code.put_trace_return("Py_None")

        if not lenv.nogil:
            # GIL holding funcion
            code.put_finish_refcount_context()

        if acquire_gil or acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
            code.put_release_ensured_gil()

        if not self.return_type.is_void:
            code.putln("return %s;" % Naming.retval_cname)

        code.putln("}")

        if preprocessor_guard:
            code.putln("#endif /*!(%s)*/" % preprocessor_guard)

        # ----- Go back and insert temp variable declarations
        tempvardecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.funcstate)
        if code.funcstate.should_declare_error_indicator:
            # Initialize these variables to shut up compiler warnings
            tempvardecl_code.putln("int %s = 0;" % Naming.lineno_cname)
            tempvardecl_code.putln("const char *%s = NULL;" %
                                                    Naming.filename_cname)
            if code.c_line_in_traceback:
                tempvardecl_code.putln("int %s = 0;" % Naming.clineno_cname)

        # ----- Python version
        code.exit_cfunc_scope()
        if self.py_func:
            self.py_func.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.generate_wrapper_functions(code)

    def declare_argument(self, env, arg):
        if arg.type.is_void:
            error(arg.pos, "Invalid use of 'void'")
        elif not arg.type.is_complete() and not (arg.type.is_array or arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
            error(arg.pos,
                "Argument type '%s' is incomplete" % arg.type)
        return env.declare_arg(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos)

    def generate_arg_type_test(self, arg, code):
        # Generate type test for one argument.
        if arg.type.typeobj_is_available():
            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(arg_type_test_utility_code)
            typeptr_cname = arg.type.typeptr_cname
            arg_code = "((PyObject *)%s)" % arg.entry.cname
            code.putln(
                'if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(%s, %s, %d, "%s", %s))) %s' % (
                    arg_code,
                    typeptr_cname,
                    arg.accept_none,
                    arg.name,
                    arg.type.is_builtin_type,
                    code.error_goto(arg.pos)))
        else:
            error(arg.pos, "Cannot test type of extern C class "
                "without type object name specification")

    def generate_arg_none_check(self, arg, code):
        # Generate None check for one argument.
        code.putln('if (unlikely(((PyObject *)%s) == Py_None)) {' % arg.entry.cname)
        code.putln('''PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Argument '%s' must not be None"); %s''' % (
            arg.name,
            code.error_goto(arg.pos)))
        code.putln('}')

    def generate_wrapper_functions(self, code):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        # Evaluate and store argument default values
        for arg in self.args:
            default = arg.default
            if default:
                if not default.is_literal:
                    default.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                    default.make_owned_reference(code)
                    result = default.result_as(arg.type)
                    code.putln(
                        "%s = %s;" % (
                            arg.calculate_default_value_code(code),
                            result))
                    if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                        code.put_giveref(default.result())
                    default.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
                    default.free_temps(code)
        # For Python class methods, create and store function object
        if self.assmt:
            self.assmt.generate_execution_code(code)

    #
    # Special code for the __getbuffer__ function
    #
    def getbuffer_init(self, code):
        info = self.local_scope.arg_entries[1].cname
        # Python 3.0 betas have a bug in memoryview which makes it call
        # getbuffer with a NULL parameter. For now we work around this;
        # the following block should be removed when this bug is fixed.
        code.putln("if (%s != NULL) {" % info)
        code.putln("%s->obj = Py_None; __Pyx_INCREF(Py_None);" % info)
        code.put_giveref("%s->obj" % info) # Do not refnanny object within structs
        code.putln("}")

    def getbuffer_error_cleanup(self, code):
        info = self.local_scope.arg_entries[1].cname
        code.putln("if (%s != NULL && %s->obj != NULL) {"
                   % (info, info))
        code.put_gotref("%s->obj" % info)
        code.putln("__Pyx_DECREF(%s->obj); %s->obj = NULL;"
                   % (info, info))
        code.putln("}")

    def getbuffer_normal_cleanup(self, code):
        info = self.local_scope.arg_entries[1].cname
        code.putln("if (%s != NULL && %s->obj == Py_None) {" % (info, info))
        code.put_gotref("Py_None")
        code.putln("__Pyx_DECREF(Py_None); %s->obj = NULL;" % info)
        code.putln("}")

class CFuncDefNode(FuncDefNode):
    #  C function definition.
    #
    #  modifiers     ['inline']
    #  visibility    'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
    #  base_type     CBaseTypeNode
    #  declarator    CDeclaratorNode
    #  body          StatListNode
    #  api           boolean
    #  decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators
    #
    #  with_gil      boolean    Acquire GIL around body
    #  type          CFuncType
    #  py_func       wrapper for calling from Python
    #  overridable   whether or not this is a cpdef function
    #  inline_in_pxd whether this is an inline function in a pxd file

    child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator", "body", "py_func"]

    inline_in_pxd = False
    decorators = None
    directive_locals = None
    override = None

    def unqualified_name(self):
        return self.entry.name

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if self.directive_locals is None:
            self.directive_locals = {}
        self.directive_locals.update(env.directives['locals'])
        base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
        # The 2 here is because we need both function and argument names.
        if isinstance(self.declarator, CFuncDeclaratorNode):
            name_declarator, type = self.declarator.analyse(base_type, env,
                                                            nonempty = 2 * (self.body is not None),
                                                            directive_locals = self.directive_locals)
        else:
            name_declarator, type = self.declarator.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty = 2 * (self.body is not None))
        if not type.is_cfunction:
            error(self.pos,
                "Suite attached to non-function declaration")
        # Remember the actual type according to the function header
        # written here, because the type in the symbol table entry
        # may be different if we're overriding a C method inherited
        # from the base type of an extension type.
        self.type = type
        type.is_overridable = self.overridable
        declarator = self.declarator
        while not hasattr(declarator, 'args'):
            declarator = declarator.base
        self.args = declarator.args
        for formal_arg, type_arg in zip(self.args, type.args):
            self.align_argument_type(env, type_arg)
            formal_arg.type = type_arg.type
            formal_arg.name = type_arg.name
            formal_arg.cname = type_arg.cname
            if type_arg.type.is_buffer and 'inline' in self.modifiers:
                warning(formal_arg.pos, "Buffer unpacking not optimized away.", 1)
        name = name_declarator.name
        cname = name_declarator.cname
        self.entry = env.declare_cfunction(
            name, type, self.pos,
            cname = cname, visibility = self.visibility, api = self.api,
            defining = self.body is not None, modifiers = self.modifiers)
        self.entry.inline_func_in_pxd = self.inline_in_pxd
        self.return_type = type.return_type
        if self.return_type.is_array and self.visibility != 'extern':
            error(self.pos,
                "Function cannot return an array")

        if self.overridable and not env.is_module_scope:
            if len(self.args) < 1 or not self.args[0].type.is_pyobject:
                # An error will be produced in the cdef function
                self.overridable = False

        if self.overridable:
            import ExprNodes
            py_func_body = self.call_self_node(is_module_scope = env.is_module_scope)
            self.py_func = DefNode(pos = self.pos,
                                   name = self.entry.name,
                                   args = self.args,
                                   star_arg = None,
                                   starstar_arg = None,
                                   doc = self.doc,
                                   body = py_func_body,
                                   is_wrapper = 1)
            self.py_func.is_module_scope = env.is_module_scope
            self.py_func.analyse_declarations(env)
            self.entry.as_variable = self.py_func.entry
            # Reset scope entry the above cfunction
            env.entries[name] = self.entry
            if (not self.entry.is_final_cmethod and
                (not env.is_module_scope or Options.lookup_module_cpdef)):
                self.override = OverrideCheckNode(self.pos, py_func = self.py_func)
                self.body = StatListNode(self.pos, stats=[self.override, self.body])
        self.create_local_scope(env)

    def call_self_node(self, omit_optional_args=0, is_module_scope=0):
        import ExprNodes
        args = self.type.args
        if omit_optional_args:
            args = args[:len(args) - self.type.optional_arg_count]
        arg_names = [arg.name for arg in args]
        if is_module_scope:
            cfunc = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=self.entry.name)
        else:
            self_arg = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=arg_names[0])
            cfunc = ExprNodes.AttributeNode(self.pos, obj=self_arg, attribute=self.entry.name)
        skip_dispatch = not is_module_scope or Options.lookup_module_cpdef
        c_call = ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(self.pos, function=cfunc, args=[ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=n) for n in arg_names[1-is_module_scope:]], wrapper_call=skip_dispatch)
        return ReturnStatNode(pos=self.pos, return_type=PyrexTypes.py_object_type, value=c_call)

    def declare_arguments(self, env):
        for arg in self.type.args:
            if not arg.name:
                error(arg.pos, "Missing argument name")
            self.declare_argument(env, arg)

    def need_gil_acquisition(self, lenv):
        return self.type.with_gil

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        type = self.type
        with_gil = type.with_gil
        if type.nogil and not with_gil:
            if type.return_type.is_pyobject:
                error(self.pos,
                      "Function with Python return type cannot be declared nogil")
            for entry in self.local_scope.var_entries:
                if entry.type.is_pyobject and not entry.in_with_gil_block:
                    error(self.pos, "Function declared nogil has Python locals or temporaries")

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.local_scope.directives = env.directives
        if self.py_func is not None:
            # this will also analyse the default values
            self.py_func.analyse_expressions(env)
        else:
            self.analyse_default_values(env)
        self.acquire_gil = self.need_gil_acquisition(self.local_scope)

    def needs_assignment_synthesis(self, env, code=None):
        return False

    def generate_function_header(self, code, with_pymethdef, with_opt_args = 1, with_dispatch = 1, cname = None):
        scope = self.local_scope
        arg_decls = []
        type = self.type
        for arg in type.args[:len(type.args)-type.optional_arg_count]:
            arg_decl = arg.declaration_code()
            entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
            if not entry.cf_used:
                arg_decl = 'CYTHON_UNUSED %s' % arg_decl
            arg_decls.append(arg_decl)
        if with_dispatch and self.overridable:
            dispatch_arg = PyrexTypes.c_int_type.declaration_code(
                Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
            if self.override:
                arg_decls.append(dispatch_arg)
            else:
                arg_decls.append('CYTHON_UNUSED %s' % dispatch_arg)
        if type.optional_arg_count and with_opt_args:
            arg_decls.append(type.op_arg_struct.declaration_code(Naming.optional_args_cname))
        if type.has_varargs:
            arg_decls.append("...")
        if not arg_decls:
            arg_decls = ["void"]
        if cname is None:
            cname = self.entry.func_cname
        entity = type.function_header_code(cname, ', '.join(arg_decls))
        if self.entry.visibility == 'private':
            storage_class = "static "
        else:
            storage_class = ""
        dll_linkage = None
        modifiers = ""
        if 'inline' in self.modifiers:
            self.modifiers[self.modifiers.index('inline')] = 'cython_inline'
        if self.modifiers:
            modifiers = "%s " % ' '.join(self.modifiers).upper()

        header = self.return_type.declaration_code(entity, dll_linkage=dll_linkage)
        #print (storage_class, modifiers, header)
        code.putln("%s%s%s {" % (storage_class, modifiers, header))

    def generate_argument_declarations(self, env, code):
        scope = self.local_scope
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.default:
                entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
                if self.override or entry.cf_used:
                    result = arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)
                    code.putln('%s = %s;' % (
                        arg.type.declaration_code(arg.cname), result))

    def generate_keyword_list(self, code):
        pass

    def generate_argument_parsing_code(self, env, code):
        i = 0
        used = 0
        if self.type.optional_arg_count:
            scope = self.local_scope
            code.putln('if (%s) {' % Naming.optional_args_cname)
            for arg in self.args:
                if arg.default:
                    entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
                    if self.override or entry.cf_used:
                        code.putln('if (%s->%sn > %s) {' %
                                   (Naming.optional_args_cname,
                                    Naming.pyrex_prefix, i))
                        declarator = arg.declarator
                        while not hasattr(declarator, 'name'):
                            declarator = declarator.base
                        code.putln('%s = %s->%s;' %
                                   (arg.cname, Naming.optional_args_cname,
                                    self.type.opt_arg_cname(declarator.name)))
                        used += 1
                    i += 1
            for _ in range(used):
                code.putln('}')
            code.putln('}')

    def generate_argument_conversion_code(self, code):
        pass

    def generate_argument_type_tests(self, code):
        # Generate type tests for args whose type in a parent
        # class is a supertype of the declared type.
        for arg in self.type.args:
            if arg.needs_type_test:
                self.generate_arg_type_test(arg, code)
            elif arg.type.is_pyobject and not arg.accept_none:
                self.generate_arg_none_check(arg, code)

    def error_value(self):
        if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
            return "0"
        else:
            #return None
            return self.entry.type.exception_value

    def caller_will_check_exceptions(self):
        return self.entry.type.exception_check

    def generate_wrapper_functions(self, code):
        # If the C signature of a function has changed, we need to generate
        # wrappers to put in the slots here.
        k = 0
        entry = self.entry
        func_type = entry.type
        while entry.prev_entry is not None:
            k += 1
            entry = entry.prev_entry
            entry.func_cname = "%s%swrap_%s" % (self.entry.func_cname, Naming.pyrex_prefix, k)
            code.putln()
            self.generate_function_header(code,
                                          0,
                                          with_dispatch = entry.type.is_overridable,
                                          with_opt_args = entry.type.optional_arg_count,
                                          cname = entry.func_cname)
            if not self.return_type.is_void:
                code.put('return ')
            args = self.type.args
            arglist = [arg.cname for arg in args[:len(args)-self.type.optional_arg_count]]
            if entry.type.is_overridable:
                arglist.append(Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
            elif func_type.is_overridable:
                arglist.append('0')
            if entry.type.optional_arg_count:
                arglist.append(Naming.optional_args_cname)
            elif func_type.optional_arg_count:
                arglist.append('NULL')
            code.putln('%s(%s);' % (self.entry.func_cname, ', '.join(arglist)))
            code.putln('}')


class PyArgDeclNode(Node):
    # Argument which must be a Python object (used
    # for * and ** arguments).
    #
    # name        string
    # entry       Symtab.Entry
    # annotation  ExprNode or None   Py3 argument annotation
    child_attrs = []

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.entry.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

class DecoratorNode(Node):
    # A decorator
    #
    # decorator    NameNode or CallNode or AttributeNode
    child_attrs = ['decorator']


class DefNode(FuncDefNode):
    # A Python function definition.
    #
    # name          string                 the Python name of the function
    # lambda_name   string                 the internal name of a lambda 'function'
    # decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators
    # args          [CArgDeclNode]         formal arguments
    # doc           EncodedString or None
    # body          StatListNode
    # return_type_annotation
    #               ExprNode or None       the Py3 return type annotation
    #
    #  The following subnode is constructed internally
    #  when the def statement is inside a Python class definition.
    #
    #  assmt   AssignmentNode   Function construction/assignment
    #  py_cfunc_node  PyCFunctionNode/InnerFunctionNode   The PyCFunction to create and assign

    child_attrs = ["args", "star_arg", "starstar_arg", "body", "decorators"]

    lambda_name = None
    assmt = None
    num_kwonly_args = 0
    num_required_kw_args = 0
    reqd_kw_flags_cname = "0"
    is_wrapper = 0
    no_assignment_synthesis = 0
    decorators = None
    return_type_annotation = None
    entry = None
    acquire_gil = 0
    self_in_stararg = 0
    py_cfunc_node = None
    doc = None

    def __init__(self, pos, **kwds):
        FuncDefNode.__init__(self, pos, **kwds)
        k = rk = r = 0
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.kw_only:
                k += 1
                if not arg.default:
                    rk += 1
            if not arg.default:
                r += 1
        self.num_kwonly_args = k
        self.num_required_kw_args = rk
        self.num_required_args = r

    def as_cfunction(self, cfunc=None, scope=None, overridable=True):
        if self.star_arg:
            error(self.star_arg.pos, "cdef function cannot have star argument")
        if self.starstar_arg:
            error(self.starstar_arg.pos, "cdef function cannot have starstar argument")
        if cfunc is None:
            cfunc_args = []
            for formal_arg in self.args:
                name_declarator, type = formal_arg.analyse(scope, nonempty=1)
                cfunc_args.append(PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg(name = name_declarator.name,
                                                          cname = None,
                                                          type = py_object_type,
                                                          pos = formal_arg.pos))
            cfunc_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(return_type = py_object_type,
                                              args = cfunc_args,
                                              has_varargs = False,
                                              exception_value = None,
                                              exception_check = False,
                                              nogil = False,
                                              with_gil = False,
                                              is_overridable = overridable)
            cfunc = CVarDefNode(self.pos, type=cfunc_type)
        else:
            if scope is None:
                scope = cfunc.scope
            cfunc_type = cfunc.type
            if len(self.args) != len(cfunc_type.args) or cfunc_type.has_varargs:
                error(self.pos, "wrong number of arguments")
                error(cfunc.pos, "previous declaration here")
            for i, (formal_arg, type_arg) in enumerate(zip(self.args, cfunc_type.args)):
                name_declarator, type = formal_arg.analyse(scope, nonempty=1,
                                                           is_self_arg = (i == 0 and scope.is_c_class_scope))
                if type is None or type is PyrexTypes.py_object_type:
                    formal_arg.type = type_arg.type
                    formal_arg.name_declarator = name_declarator
        import ExprNodes
        if cfunc_type.exception_value is None:
            exception_value = None
        else:
            exception_value = ExprNodes.ConstNode(self.pos, value=cfunc_type.exception_value, type=cfunc_type.return_type)
        declarator = CFuncDeclaratorNode(self.pos,
                                         base = CNameDeclaratorNode(self.pos, name=self.name, cname=None),
                                         args = self.args,
                                         has_varargs = False,
                                         exception_check = cfunc_type.exception_check,
                                         exception_value = exception_value,
                                         with_gil = cfunc_type.with_gil,
                                         nogil = cfunc_type.nogil)
        return CFuncDefNode(self.pos,
                            modifiers = [],
                            base_type = CAnalysedBaseTypeNode(self.pos, type=cfunc_type.return_type),
                            declarator = declarator,
                            body = self.body,
                            doc = self.doc,
                            overridable = cfunc_type.is_overridable,
                            type = cfunc_type,
                            with_gil = cfunc_type.with_gil,
                            nogil = cfunc_type.nogil,
                            visibility = 'private',
                            api = False,
                            directive_locals = getattr(cfunc, 'directive_locals', {}))

    def is_cdef_func_compatible(self):
        """Determines if the function's signature is compatible with a
        cdef function.  This can be used before calling
        .as_cfunction() to see if that will be successful.
        """
        if self.needs_closure:
            return False
        if self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg:
            return False
        return True

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.is_classmethod = self.is_staticmethod = False
        if self.decorators:
            for decorator in self.decorators:
                func = decorator.decorator
                if func.is_name:
                    self.is_classmethod |= func.name == 'classmethod'
                    self.is_staticmethod |= func.name == 'staticmethod'

        if self.is_classmethod and env.lookup_here('classmethod'):
            # classmethod() was overridden - not much we can do here ...
            self.is_classmethod = False
        if self.is_staticmethod and env.lookup_here('staticmethod'):
            # staticmethod() was overridden - not much we can do here ...
            self.is_staticmethod = False

        if self.name == '__new__' and env.is_py_class_scope:
            self.is_staticmethod = 1

        self.analyse_argument_types(env)
        if self.name == '<lambda>':
            self.declare_lambda_function(env)
        else:
            self.declare_pyfunction(env)
        self.analyse_signature(env)
        self.return_type = self.entry.signature.return_type()
        self.create_local_scope(env)

    def analyse_argument_types(self, env):
        directive_locals = self.directive_locals = env.directives['locals']
        allow_none_for_extension_args = env.directives['allow_none_for_extension_args']
        for arg in self.args:
            if hasattr(arg, 'name'):
                name_declarator = None
            else:
                base_type = arg.base_type.analyse(env)
                name_declarator, type = \
                    arg.declarator.analyse(base_type, env)
                arg.name = name_declarator.name
                arg.type = type
            self.align_argument_type(env, arg)
            if name_declarator and name_declarator.cname:
                error(self.pos,
                    "Python function argument cannot have C name specification")
            arg.type = arg.type.as_argument_type()
            arg.hdr_type = None
            arg.needs_conversion = 0
            arg.needs_type_test = 0
            arg.is_generic = 1
            if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                if arg.or_none:
                    arg.accept_none = True
                elif arg.not_none:
                    arg.accept_none = False
                elif arg.type.is_extension_type or arg.type.is_builtin_type:
                    if arg.default and arg.default.constant_result is None:
                        # special case: def func(MyType obj = None)
                        arg.accept_none = True
                    else:
                        # default depends on compiler directive
                        arg.accept_none = allow_none_for_extension_args
                else:
                    # probably just a plain 'object'
                    arg.accept_none = True
            else:
                arg.accept_none = True # won't be used, but must be there
                if arg.not_none:
                    error(arg.pos, "Only Python type arguments can have 'not None'")
                if arg.or_none:
                    error(arg.pos, "Only Python type arguments can have 'or None'")

    def analyse_signature(self, env):
        if self.entry.is_special:
            if self.decorators:
                error(self.pos, "special functions of cdef classes cannot have decorators")
            self.entry.trivial_signature = len(self.args) == 1 and not (self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg)
        elif not env.directives['always_allow_keywords'] and not (self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg):
            # Use the simpler calling signature for zero- and one-argument functions.
            if self.entry.signature is TypeSlots.pyfunction_signature:
                if len(self.args) == 0:
                    self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_noargs
                elif len(self.args) == 1:
                    if self.args[0].default is None and not self.args[0].kw_only:
                        self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_onearg
            elif self.entry.signature is TypeSlots.pymethod_signature:
                if len(self.args) == 1:
                    self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.unaryfunc
                elif len(self.args) == 2:
                    if self.args[1].default is None and not self.args[1].kw_only:
                        self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.ibinaryfunc

        sig = self.entry.signature
        nfixed = sig.num_fixed_args()
        if sig is TypeSlots.pymethod_signature and nfixed == 1 \
               and len(self.args) == 0 and self.star_arg:
            # this is the only case where a diverging number of
            # arguments is not an error - when we have no explicit
            # 'self' parameter as in method(*args)
            sig = self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_signature # self is not 'really' used
            self.self_in_stararg = 1
            nfixed = 0

        for i in range(min(nfixed, len(self.args))):
            arg = self.args[i]
            arg.is_generic = 0
            if sig.is_self_arg(i) and not self.is_staticmethod:
                if self.is_classmethod:
                    arg.is_type_arg = 1
                    arg.hdr_type = arg.type = Builtin.type_type
                else:
                    arg.is_self_arg = 1
                    arg.hdr_type = arg.type = env.parent_type
                arg.needs_conversion = 0
            else:
                arg.hdr_type = sig.fixed_arg_type(i)
                if not arg.type.same_as(arg.hdr_type):
                    if arg.hdr_type.is_pyobject and arg.type.is_pyobject:
                        arg.needs_type_test = 1
                    else:
                        arg.needs_conversion = 1
            if arg.needs_conversion:
                arg.hdr_cname = Naming.arg_prefix + arg.name
            else:
                arg.hdr_cname = Naming.var_prefix + arg.name

        if nfixed > len(self.args):
            self.bad_signature()
            return
        elif nfixed < len(self.args):
            if not sig.has_generic_args:
                self.bad_signature()
            for arg in self.args:
                if arg.is_generic and \
                        (arg.type.is_extension_type or arg.type.is_builtin_type):
                    arg.needs_type_test = 1

    def bad_signature(self):
        sig = self.entry.signature
        expected_str = "%d" % sig.num_fixed_args()
        if sig.has_generic_args:
            expected_str = expected_str + " or more"
        name = self.name
        if name.startswith("__") and name.endswith("__"):
            desc = "Special method"
        else:
            desc = "Method"
        error(self.pos,
            "%s %s has wrong number of arguments "
            "(%d declared, %s expected)" % (
                desc, self.name, len(self.args), expected_str))

    def signature_has_nongeneric_args(self):
        argcount = len(self.args)
        if argcount == 0 or (
                argcount == 1 and (self.args[0].is_self_arg or
                                   self.args[0].is_type_arg)):
            return 0
        return 1

    def signature_has_generic_args(self):
        return self.entry.signature.has_generic_args

    def declare_pyfunction(self, env):
        #print "DefNode.declare_pyfunction:", self.name, "in", env ###
        name = self.name
        entry = env.lookup_here(name)
        if entry:
            if entry.is_final_cmethod and not env.parent_type.is_final_type:
                error(self.pos, "Only final types can have final Python (def/cpdef) methods")
            if (entry.type.is_cfunction and not entry.is_builtin_cmethod
                and not self.is_wrapper):
                warning(self.pos, "Overriding cdef method with def method.", 5)
        entry = env.declare_pyfunction(name, self.pos, allow_redefine=not self.is_wrapper)
        self.entry = entry
        prefix = env.next_id(env.scope_prefix)
        entry.func_cname = Naming.pyfunc_prefix + prefix + name
        entry.pymethdef_cname = Naming.pymethdef_prefix + prefix + name
        if Options.docstrings:
            entry.doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
            entry.doc_cname = Naming.funcdoc_prefix + prefix + name
            if entry.is_special:
                if entry.name in TypeSlots.invisible or not entry.doc or (entry.name in '__getattr__' and env.directives['fast_getattr']):
                    entry.wrapperbase_cname = None
                else:
                    entry.wrapperbase_cname = Naming.wrapperbase_prefix + prefix + name
        else:
            entry.doc = None

    def declare_lambda_function(self, env):
        entry = env.declare_lambda_function(self.lambda_name, self.pos)
        entry.doc = None
        self.entry = entry

    def declare_arguments(self, env):
        for arg in self.args:
            if not arg.name:
                error(arg.pos, "Missing argument name")
            if arg.needs_conversion:
                arg.entry = env.declare_var(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos)
                if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                    arg.entry.init = "0"
            else:
                arg.entry = self.declare_argument(env, arg)
            arg.entry.is_arg = 1
            arg.entry.used = 1
            arg.entry.is_self_arg = arg.is_self_arg
            if arg.hdr_type:
                if arg.is_self_arg or arg.is_type_arg or \
                    (arg.type.is_extension_type and not arg.hdr_type.is_extension_type):
                        arg.entry.is_declared_generic = 1
        self.declare_python_arg(env, self.star_arg)
        self.declare_python_arg(env, self.starstar_arg)

    def declare_python_arg(self, env, arg):
        if arg:
            if env.directives['infer_types'] != False:
                type = PyrexTypes.unspecified_type
            else:
                type = py_object_type
            entry = env.declare_var(arg.name, type, arg.pos)
            entry.is_arg = 1
            entry.used = 1
            entry.init = "0"
            entry.xdecref_cleanup = 1
            arg.entry = entry

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.local_scope.directives = env.directives
        self.analyse_default_values(env)
        if self.needs_assignment_synthesis(env):
            # Shouldn't we be doing this at the module level too?
            self.synthesize_assignment_node(env)
        elif self.decorators:
            for decorator in self.decorators[::-1]:
                decorator.decorator.analyse_expressions(env)

    def needs_assignment_synthesis(self, env, code=None):
        if self.no_assignment_synthesis:
            return False
        # Should enable for module level as well, that will require more testing...
        if self.entry.is_anonymous:
            return True
        if env.is_module_scope:
            if code is None:
                return env.directives['binding']
            else:
                return code.globalstate.directives['binding']
        return env.is_py_class_scope or env.is_closure_scope

    def synthesize_assignment_node(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        genv = env
        while genv.is_py_class_scope or genv.is_c_class_scope:
            genv = genv.outer_scope

        if genv.is_closure_scope:
            rhs = self.py_cfunc_node = ExprNodes.InnerFunctionNode(
                self.pos, pymethdef_cname = self.entry.pymethdef_cname,
                code_object = ExprNodes.CodeObjectNode(self))
        else:
            rhs = self.py_cfunc_node = ExprNodes.PyCFunctionNode(
                self.pos, pymethdef_cname = self.entry.pymethdef_cname,
                binding = env.directives['binding'],
                code_object = ExprNodes.CodeObjectNode(self))

        if env.is_py_class_scope:
            if not self.is_staticmethod and not self.is_classmethod:
                rhs.binding = True
            else:
                rhs.binding = False

        if self.decorators:
            for decorator in self.decorators[::-1]:
                rhs = ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(
                    decorator.pos,
                    function = decorator.decorator,
                    args = [rhs])

        self.assmt = SingleAssignmentNode(self.pos,
            lhs = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name = self.name),
            rhs = rhs)
        self.assmt.analyse_declarations(env)
        self.assmt.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_function_header(self, code, with_pymethdef, proto_only=0):
        arg_code_list = []
        sig = self.entry.signature
        if sig.has_dummy_arg or self.self_in_stararg:
            arg_code_list.append(
                "PyObject *%s" % Naming.self_cname)
        for arg in self.args:
            if not arg.is_generic:
                if arg.is_self_arg or arg.is_type_arg:
                    arg_code_list.append("PyObject *%s" % arg.hdr_cname)
                else:
                    decl = arg.hdr_type.declaration_code(arg.hdr_cname)
                    entry = self.local_scope.lookup(arg.name)
                    if not entry.cf_used:
                        arg_code_list.append('CYTHON_UNUSED ' + decl)
                    else:
                        arg_code_list.append(decl)
        if not self.entry.is_special and sig.method_flags() == [TypeSlots.method_noargs]:
            arg_code_list.append("CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused")
        if (self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope and self.entry.name == "__ipow__"):
            arg_code_list.append("CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused")
        if sig.has_generic_args:
            arg_code_list.append(
                "PyObject *%s, PyObject *%s"
                    % (Naming.args_cname, Naming.kwds_cname))
        arg_code = ", ".join(arg_code_list)
        dc = self.return_type.declaration_code(self.entry.func_cname)
        mf = " ".join(self.modifiers).upper()
        if mf: mf += " "
        header = "static %s%s(%s)" % (mf, dc, arg_code)
        code.putln("%s; /*proto*/" % header)
        if proto_only:
            return
        if (Options.docstrings and self.entry.doc and
                not self.entry.scope.is_property_scope and
                (not self.entry.is_special or self.entry.wrapperbase_cname)):
            docstr = self.entry.doc
            if docstr.is_unicode:
                docstr = docstr.utf8encode()
            code.putln(
                'static char %s[] = "%s";' % (
                    self.entry.doc_cname,
                    split_string_literal(escape_byte_string(docstr))))
            if self.entry.is_special:
                code.putln(
                    "struct wrapperbase %s;" % self.entry.wrapperbase_cname)
        if with_pymethdef:
            code.put(
                "static PyMethodDef %s = " %
                    self.entry.pymethdef_cname)
            code.put_pymethoddef(self.entry, ";", allow_skip=False)
        code.putln("%s {" % header)

    def generate_argument_declarations(self, env, code):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.is_generic: # or arg.needs_conversion:
                if arg.needs_conversion:
                    code.putln("PyObject *%s = 0;" % arg.hdr_cname)
                elif not arg.entry.in_closure:
                    code.put_var_declaration(arg.entry)

    def generate_keyword_list(self, code):
        if self.signature_has_generic_args() and \
                self.signature_has_nongeneric_args():
            code.put(
                "static PyObject **%s[] = {" %
                    Naming.pykwdlist_cname)
            for arg in self.args:
                if arg.is_generic:
                    pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                    code.put('&%s,' % pystring_cname)
            code.putln("0};")

    def generate_argument_parsing_code(self, env, code):
        # Generate fast equivalent of PyArg_ParseTuple call for
        # generic arguments, if any, including args/kwargs
        if self.entry.signature.has_dummy_arg and not self.self_in_stararg:
            # get rid of unused argument warning
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.self_cname, Naming.self_cname))

        old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
        our_error_label = code.error_label
        end_label = code.new_label("argument_unpacking_done")

        has_kwonly_args = self.num_kwonly_args > 0
        has_star_or_kw_args = self.star_arg is not None \
            or self.starstar_arg is not None or has_kwonly_args

        for arg in self.args:
            if not arg.type.is_pyobject:
                if not arg.type.create_from_py_utility_code(env):
                    pass # will fail later
            elif arg.is_self_arg and arg.entry.in_closure:
                # must store 'self' in the closure explicitly for extension types
                self.generate_arg_assignment(arg, arg.hdr_cname, code)

        if not self.signature_has_generic_args():
            if has_star_or_kw_args:
                error(self.pos, "This method cannot have * or keyword arguments")
            self.generate_argument_conversion_code(code)

        elif not self.signature_has_nongeneric_args():
            # func(*args) or func(**kw) or func(*args, **kw)
            self.generate_stararg_copy_code(code)

        else:
            positional_args = []
            kw_only_args = []
            for arg in self.args:
                arg_entry = arg.entry
                if arg.is_generic:
                    if arg.default:
                        if not arg.is_self_arg and not arg.is_type_arg:
                            if arg.kw_only:
                                kw_only_args.append(arg)
                            else:
                                positional_args.append(arg)
                    elif arg.kw_only:
                        kw_only_args.append(arg)
                    elif not arg.is_self_arg and not arg.is_type_arg:
                        positional_args.append(arg)

            self.generate_tuple_and_keyword_parsing_code(
                positional_args, kw_only_args, end_label, code)

        code.error_label = old_error_label
        if code.label_used(our_error_label):
            if not code.label_used(end_label):
                code.put_goto(end_label)
            code.put_label(our_error_label)
            if has_star_or_kw_args:
                self.generate_arg_decref(self.star_arg, code)
                if self.starstar_arg:
                    if self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup:
                        code.put_var_xdecref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
                    else:
                        code.put_var_decref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
            code.put_add_traceback(self.entry.qualified_name)
            # The arguments are put into the closure one after the
            # other, so when type errors are found, all references in
            # the closure instance must be properly ref-counted to
            # facilitate generic closure instance deallocation.  In
            # the case of an argument type error, it's best to just
            # DECREF+clear the already handled references, as this
            # frees their references as early as possible.
            for arg in self.args:
                if arg.type.is_pyobject and arg.entry.in_closure:
                    code.put_var_xdecref_clear(arg.entry)
            if self.needs_closure:
                code.put_decref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, self.local_scope.scope_class.type)
            code.put_finish_refcount_context()
            code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
        if code.label_used(end_label):
            code.put_label(end_label)

        # fix refnanny view on closure variables here, instead of
        # doing it separately for each arg parsing special case
        if self.star_arg and self.star_arg.entry.in_closure:
            code.put_var_giveref(self.star_arg.entry)
        if self.starstar_arg and self.starstar_arg.entry.in_closure:
            code.put_var_giveref(self.starstar_arg.entry)
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.type.is_pyobject and arg.entry.in_closure:
                code.put_var_giveref(arg.entry)

    def generate_arg_assignment(self, arg, item, code):
        if arg.type.is_pyobject:
            if arg.is_generic:
                item = PyrexTypes.typecast(arg.type, PyrexTypes.py_object_type, item)
            entry = arg.entry
            if entry.in_closure:
                code.put_incref(item, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (entry.cname, item))
        else:
            func = arg.type.from_py_function
            if func:
                code.putln("%s = %s(%s); %s" % (
                    arg.entry.cname,
                    func,
                    item,
                    code.error_goto_if(arg.type.error_condition(arg.entry.cname), arg.pos)))
            else:
                error(arg.pos, "Cannot convert Python object argument to type '%s'" % arg.type)

    def generate_arg_xdecref(self, arg, code):
        if arg:
            code.put_var_xdecref_clear(arg.entry)

    def generate_arg_decref(self, arg, code):
        if arg:
            code.put_var_decref_clear(arg.entry)

    def generate_stararg_copy_code(self, code):
        if not self.star_arg:
            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_argtuple_invalid_utility_code)
            code.putln("if (unlikely(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s) > 0)) {" %
                       Naming.args_cname)
            code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("%s", 1, 0, 0, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s)); return %s;' % (
                    self.name, Naming.args_cname, self.error_value()))
            code.putln("}")

        if self.starstar_arg:
            if self.star_arg:
                kwarg_check = "unlikely(%s)" % Naming.kwds_cname
            else:
                kwarg_check = "%s" % Naming.kwds_cname
        else:
            kwarg_check = "unlikely(%s) && unlikely(PyDict_Size(%s) > 0)" % (
                Naming.kwds_cname, Naming.kwds_cname)
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(keyword_string_check_utility_code)
        code.putln(
            "if (%s && unlikely(!__Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(%s, \"%s\", %d))) return %s;" % (
                kwarg_check, Naming.kwds_cname, self.name,
                bool(self.starstar_arg), self.error_value()))

        if self.starstar_arg:
            code.putln("%s = (%s) ? PyDict_Copy(%s) : PyDict_New();" % (
                    self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                    Naming.kwds_cname,
                    Naming.kwds_cname))
            code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) return %s;" % (
                    self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, self.error_value()))
            self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
            code.put_gotref(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname)

        if self.self_in_stararg:
            # need to create a new tuple with 'self' inserted as first item
            code.put("%s = PyTuple_New(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s)+1); if (unlikely(!%s)) " % (
                    self.star_arg.entry.cname,
                    Naming.args_cname,
                    self.star_arg.entry.cname))
            if self.starstar_arg:
                code.putln("{")
                code.put_decref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, py_object_type)
                code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
                code.putln("}")
            else:
                code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
            code.put_gotref(self.star_arg.entry.cname)
            code.put_incref(Naming.self_cname, py_object_type)
            code.put_giveref(Naming.self_cname)
            code.putln("PyTuple_SET_ITEM(%s, 0, %s);" % (
                self.star_arg.entry.cname, Naming.self_cname))
            temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, manage_ref=False)
            code.putln("for (%s=0; %s < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s); %s++) {" % (
                temp, temp, Naming.args_cname, temp))
            code.putln("PyObject* item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, %s);" % (
                Naming.args_cname, temp))
            code.put_incref("item", py_object_type)
            code.put_giveref("item")
            code.putln("PyTuple_SET_ITEM(%s, %s+1, item);" % (
                self.star_arg.entry.cname, temp))
            code.putln("}")
            code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)
            self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
        elif self.star_arg:
            code.put_incref(Naming.args_cname, py_object_type)
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                    self.star_arg.entry.cname,
                    Naming.args_cname))
            self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0

    def generate_tuple_and_keyword_parsing_code(self, positional_args,
                                                kw_only_args, success_label, code):
        argtuple_error_label = code.new_label("argtuple_error")

        min_positional_args = self.num_required_args - self.num_required_kw_args
        if len(self.args) > 0 and (self.args[0].is_self_arg or self.args[0].is_type_arg):
            min_positional_args -= 1
        max_positional_args = len(positional_args)
        has_fixed_positional_count = not self.star_arg and \
            min_positional_args == max_positional_args
        has_kw_only_args = bool(kw_only_args)

        if self.num_required_kw_args:
            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_keyword_required_utility_code)

        if self.starstar_arg or self.star_arg:
            self.generate_stararg_init_code(max_positional_args, code)

        # Before being converted and assigned to the target variables,
        # borrowed references to all unpacked argument values are
        # collected into a local PyObject* array, regardless if they
        # were taken from default arguments, positional arguments or
        # keyword arguments.
        code.putln('{')
        all_args = tuple(positional_args) + tuple(kw_only_args)
        self.generate_argument_values_setup_code(
            all_args, max_positional_args, argtuple_error_label, code)

        # --- optimised code when we receive keyword arguments
        code.putln("if (%s(%s)) {" % (
            (self.num_required_kw_args > 0) and "likely" or "unlikely",
            Naming.kwds_cname))
        self.generate_keyword_unpacking_code(
            min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
            has_fixed_positional_count, has_kw_only_args,
            all_args, argtuple_error_label, code)

        # --- optimised code when we do not receive any keyword arguments
        if (self.num_required_kw_args and min_positional_args > 0) or min_positional_args == max_positional_args:
            # Python raises arg tuple related errors first, so we must
            # check the length here
            if min_positional_args == max_positional_args and not self.star_arg:
                compare = '!='
            else:
                compare = '<'
            code.putln('} else if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s) %s %d) {' % (
                    Naming.args_cname, compare, min_positional_args))
            code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)

        if self.num_required_kw_args:
            # pure error case: keywords required but not passed
            if max_positional_args > min_positional_args and not self.star_arg:
                code.putln('} else if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s) > %d) {' % (
                        Naming.args_cname, max_positional_args))
                code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
            code.putln('} else {')
            for i, arg in enumerate(kw_only_args):
                if not arg.default:
                    pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                    # required keyword-only argument missing
                    code.put('__Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired("%s", %s); ' % (
                            self.name,
                            pystring_cname))
                    code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                    break

        else:
            # optimised tuple unpacking code
            code.putln('} else {')
            if min_positional_args == max_positional_args:
                # parse the exact number of positional arguments from
                # the args tuple
                for i, arg in enumerate(positional_args):
                    code.putln("values[%d] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, %d);" % (i, Naming.args_cname, i))
            else:
                # parse the positional arguments from the variable length
                # args tuple and reject illegal argument tuple sizes
                code.putln('switch (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s)) {' % Naming.args_cname)
                if self.star_arg:
                    code.putln('default:')
                reversed_args = list(enumerate(positional_args))[::-1]
                for i, arg in reversed_args:
                    if i >= min_positional_args-1:
                        code.put('case %2d: ' % (i+1))
                    code.putln("values[%d] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, %d);" % (i, Naming.args_cname, i))
                if min_positional_args == 0:
                    code.put('case  0: ')
                code.putln('break;')
                if self.star_arg:
                    if min_positional_args:
                        for i in range(min_positional_args-1, -1, -1):
                            code.putln('case %2d:' % i)
                        code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                else:
                    code.put('default: ')
                    code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                code.putln('}')

        code.putln('}')

        # convert arg values to their final type and assign them
        for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
            if arg.default and not arg.type.is_pyobject:
                code.putln("if (values[%d]) {" % i)
            self.generate_arg_assignment(arg, "values[%d]" % i, code)
            if arg.default and not arg.type.is_pyobject:
                code.putln('} else {')
                code.putln(
                    "%s = %s;" % (
                        arg.entry.cname,
                        arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)))
                code.putln('}')

        code.putln('}')

        if code.label_used(argtuple_error_label):
            code.put_goto(success_label)
            code.put_label(argtuple_error_label)
            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_argtuple_invalid_utility_code)
            code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("%s", %d, %d, %d, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s)); ' % (
                    self.name, has_fixed_positional_count,
                    min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
                    Naming.args_cname))
            code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))

    def generate_arg_default_assignments(self, code):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.is_generic and arg.default:
                code.putln(
                    "%s = %s;" % (
                        arg.entry.cname,
                        arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)))

    def generate_stararg_init_code(self, max_positional_args, code):
        if self.starstar_arg:
            self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
            code.putln('%s = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!%s)) return %s;' % (
                    self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                    self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                    self.error_value()))
            code.put_gotref(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname)
        if self.star_arg:
            self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
            code.putln('if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s) > %d) {' % (
                    Naming.args_cname,
                    max_positional_args))
            code.putln('%s = PyTuple_GetSlice(%s, %d, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s));' % (
                    self.star_arg.entry.cname, Naming.args_cname,
                    max_positional_args, Naming.args_cname))
            code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) {" % self.star_arg.entry.cname)
            if self.starstar_arg:
                code.put_decref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, py_object_type)
            if self.needs_closure:
                code.put_decref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, self.local_scope.scope_class.type)
            code.put_finish_refcount_context()
            code.putln('return %s;' % self.error_value())
            code.putln('}')
            code.put_gotref(self.star_arg.entry.cname)
            code.putln('} else {')
            code.put("%s = %s; " % (self.star_arg.entry.cname, Naming.empty_tuple))
            code.put_incref(Naming.empty_tuple, py_object_type)
            code.putln('}')

    def generate_argument_values_setup_code(self, args, max_positional_args, argtuple_error_label, code):
        max_args = len(args)
        # the 'values' array collects borrowed references to arguments
        # before doing any type coercion etc.
        code.putln("PyObject* values[%d] = {%s};" % (
            max_args, ','.join('0'*max_args)))

        # assign borrowed Python default values to the values array,
        # so that they can be overwritten by received arguments below
        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
            if arg.default and arg.type.is_pyobject:
                default_value = arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)
                code.putln('values[%d] = %s;' % (i, arg.type.as_pyobject(default_value)))

    def generate_keyword_unpacking_code(self, min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
                                        has_fixed_positional_count, has_kw_only_args,
                                        all_args, argtuple_error_label, code):
        code.putln('Py_ssize_t kw_args;')
        code.putln('const Py_ssize_t pos_args = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s);' % Naming.args_cname)
        # copy the values from the args tuple and check that it's not too long
        code.putln('switch (pos_args) {')
        if self.star_arg:
            code.putln('default:')
        for i in range(max_positional_args-1, -1, -1):
            code.put('case %2d: ' % (i+1))
            code.putln("values[%d] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, %d);" % (
                    i, Naming.args_cname, i))
        code.putln('case  0: break;')
        if not self.star_arg:
            code.put('default: ') # more arguments than allowed
            code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
        code.putln('}')

        # The code above is very often (but not always) the same as
        # the optimised non-kwargs tuple unpacking code, so we keep
        # the code block above at the very top, before the following
        # 'external' PyDict_Size() call, to make it easy for the C
        # compiler to merge the two separate tuple unpacking
        # implementations into one when they turn out to be identical.

        # If we received kwargs, fill up the positional/required
        # arguments with values from the kw dict
        code.putln('kw_args = PyDict_Size(%s);' % Naming.kwds_cname)
        if self.num_required_args or max_positional_args > 0:
            last_required_arg = -1
            for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
                if not arg.default:
                    last_required_arg = i
            if last_required_arg < max_positional_args:
                last_required_arg = max_positional_args-1
            if max_positional_args > 0:
                code.putln('switch (pos_args) {')
            for i, arg in enumerate(all_args[:last_required_arg+1]):
                if max_positional_args > 0 and i <= max_positional_args:
                    if self.star_arg and i == max_positional_args:
                        code.putln('default:')
                    else:
                        code.putln('case %2d:' % i)
                pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                if arg.default:
                    if arg.kw_only:
                        # handled separately below
                        continue
                    code.putln('if (kw_args > 0) {')
                    code.putln('PyObject* value = PyDict_GetItem(%s, %s);' % (
                        Naming.kwds_cname, pystring_cname))
                    code.putln('if (value) { values[%d] = value; kw_args--; }' % i)
                    code.putln('}')
                else:
                    code.putln('values[%d] = PyDict_GetItem(%s, %s);' % (
                        i, Naming.kwds_cname, pystring_cname))
                    code.putln('if (likely(values[%d])) kw_args--;' % i);
                    if i < min_positional_args:
                        if i == 0:
                            # special case: we know arg 0 is missing
                            code.put('else ')
                            code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                        else:
                            # print the correct number of values (args or
                            # kwargs) that were passed into positional
                            # arguments up to this point
                            code.putln('else {')
                            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_argtuple_invalid_utility_code)
                            code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("%s", %d, %d, %d, %d); ' % (
                                    self.name, has_fixed_positional_count,
                                    min_positional_args, max_positional_args, i))
                            code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                            code.putln('}')
                    elif arg.kw_only:
                        code.putln('else {')
                        code.put('__Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired("%s", %s); ' %(
                                self.name, pystring_cname))
                        code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                        code.putln('}')
            if max_positional_args > 0:
                code.putln('}')

        if has_kw_only_args and not self.starstar_arg:
            # unpack optional keyword-only arguments
            # checking for interned strings in a dict is faster than iterating
            # but it's too likely that we must iterate if we expect **kwargs
            optional_args = []
            for i, arg in enumerate(all_args[max_positional_args:]):
                if not arg.kw_only or not arg.default:
                    continue
                optional_args.append((i+max_positional_args, arg))
            if optional_args:
                # this mimics an unrolled loop so that we can "break" out of it
                code.putln('while (kw_args > 0) {')
                code.putln('PyObject* value;')
                for i, arg in optional_args:
                    pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                    code.putln(
                        'value = PyDict_GetItem(%s, %s);' % (
                        Naming.kwds_cname, pystring_cname))
                    code.putln(
                        'if (value) { values[%d] = value; if (!(--kw_args)) break; }' % i)
                code.putln('break;')
                code.putln('}')

        code.putln('if (unlikely(kw_args > 0)) {')
        # non-positional/-required kw args left in dict: default args,
        # kw-only args, **kwargs or error
        #
        # This is sort of a catch-all: except for checking required
        # arguments, this will always do the right thing for unpacking
        # keyword arguments, so that we can concentrate on optimising
        # common cases above.
        if max_positional_args == 0:
            pos_arg_count = "0"
        elif self.star_arg:
            code.putln("const Py_ssize_t used_pos_args = (pos_args < %d) ? pos_args : %d;" % (
                    max_positional_args, max_positional_args))
            pos_arg_count = "used_pos_args"
        else:
            pos_arg_count = "pos_args"
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(parse_keywords_utility_code)
        code.putln(
            'if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(%s, %s, %s, values, %s, "%s") < 0)) %s' % (
                Naming.kwds_cname,
                Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
                self.starstar_arg and self.starstar_arg.entry.cname or '0',
                pos_arg_count,
                self.name,
                code.error_goto(self.pos)))
        code.putln('}')

    def generate_argument_conversion_code(self, code):
        # Generate code to convert arguments from signature type to
        # declared type, if needed.  Also copies signature arguments
        # into closure fields.
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.needs_conversion:
                self.generate_arg_conversion(arg, code)
            elif not arg.is_self_arg and arg.entry.in_closure:
                if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                    code.put_incref(arg.hdr_cname, py_object_type)
                code.putln('%s = %s;' % (arg.entry.cname, arg.hdr_cname))

    def generate_arg_conversion(self, arg, code):
        # Generate conversion code for one argument.
        old_type = arg.hdr_type
        new_type = arg.type
        if old_type.is_pyobject:
            if arg.default:
                code.putln("if (%s) {" % arg.hdr_cname)
            else:
                code.putln("assert(%s); {" % arg.hdr_cname)
            self.generate_arg_conversion_from_pyobject(arg, code)
            code.putln("}")
        elif new_type.is_pyobject:
            self.generate_arg_conversion_to_pyobject(arg, code)
        else:
            if new_type.assignable_from(old_type):
                code.putln(
                    "%s = %s;" % (arg.entry.cname, arg.hdr_cname))
            else:
                error(arg.pos,
                    "Cannot convert 1 argument from '%s' to '%s'" %
                        (old_type, new_type))

    def generate_arg_conversion_from_pyobject(self, arg, code):
        new_type = arg.type
        func = new_type.from_py_function
        # copied from CoerceFromPyTypeNode
        if func:
            lhs = arg.entry.cname
            rhs = "%s(%s)" % (func, arg.hdr_cname)
            if new_type.is_enum:
                rhs = PyrexTypes.typecast(new_type, PyrexTypes.c_long_type, rhs)
            code.putln("%s = %s; %s" % (
                lhs,
                rhs,
                code.error_goto_if(new_type.error_condition(arg.entry.cname), arg.pos)))
        else:
            error(arg.pos,
                "Cannot convert Python object argument to type '%s'"
                    % new_type)

    def generate_arg_conversion_to_pyobject(self, arg, code):
        old_type = arg.hdr_type
        func = old_type.to_py_function
        if func:
            code.putln("%s = %s(%s); %s" % (
                arg.entry.cname,
                func,
                arg.hdr_cname,
                code.error_goto_if_null(arg.entry.cname, arg.pos)))
            code.put_var_gotref(arg.entry)
        else:
            error(arg.pos,
                "Cannot convert argument of type '%s' to Python object"
                    % old_type)

    def generate_argument_type_tests(self, code):
        # Generate type tests for args whose signature
        # type is PyObject * and whose declared type is
        # a subtype thereof.
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.needs_type_test:
                self.generate_arg_type_test(arg, code)
            elif not arg.accept_none and arg.type.is_pyobject:
                self.generate_arg_none_check(arg, code)

    def error_value(self):
        return self.entry.signature.error_value

    def caller_will_check_exceptions(self):
        return 1


class GeneratorDefNode(DefNode):
    # Generator DefNode.
    #
    # gbody          GeneratorBodyDefNode
    #

    is_generator = True
    needs_closure = True

    child_attrs = DefNode.child_attrs + ["gbody"]

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        # XXX: don't actually needs a body
        kwargs['body'] = StatListNode(kwargs['pos'], stats=[])
        super(GeneratorDefNode, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        super(GeneratorDefNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
        self.gbody.local_scope = self.local_scope
        self.gbody.analyse_declarations(env)

    def generate_function_body(self, env, code):
        body_cname = self.gbody.entry.func_cname
        generator_cname = '%s->%s' % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, Naming.obj_base_cname)

        code.putln('%s.resume_label = 0;' % generator_cname)
        code.putln('%s.body = (__pyx_generator_body_t) %s;' % (generator_cname, body_cname))
        code.put_giveref(Naming.cur_scope_cname)
        code.put_finish_refcount_context()
        code.putln("return (PyObject *) %s;" % Naming.cur_scope_cname);

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        from ExprNodes import generator_utility_code
        env.use_utility_code(generator_utility_code)

        self.gbody.generate_function_header(code, proto=True)
        super(GeneratorDefNode, self).generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.gbody.generate_function_definitions(env, code)


class GeneratorBodyDefNode(DefNode):
    # Generator body DefNode.
    #

    is_generator_body = True

    def __init__(self, pos=None, name=None, body=None):
        super(GeneratorBodyDefNode, self).__init__(pos=pos, body=body, name=name, doc=None,
                                                   args=[],
                                                   star_arg=None, starstar_arg=None)

    def declare_generator_body(self, env):
        prefix = env.next_id(env.scope_prefix)
        name = env.next_id('generator')
        cname = Naming.genbody_prefix + prefix + name
        entry = env.declare_var(None, py_object_type, self.pos,
                                cname=cname, visibility='private')
        entry.func_cname = cname
        entry.qualified_name = EncodedString(self.name)
        self.entry = entry

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.analyse_argument_types(env)
        self.declare_generator_body(env)

    def generate_function_header(self, code, proto=False):
        header = "static PyObject *%s(%s, PyObject *%s)" % (
            self.entry.func_cname,
            self.local_scope.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname),
            Naming.sent_value_cname)
        if proto:
            code.putln('%s; /* proto */' % header)
        else:
            code.putln('%s /* generator body */\n{' % header);

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        lenv = self.local_scope

        # Generate closure function definitions
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(lenv, code)

        # Generate C code for header and body of function
        code.enter_cfunc_scope()
        code.return_from_error_cleanup_label = code.new_label()

        # ----- Top-level constants used by this function
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        self.generate_cached_builtins_decls(lenv, code)
        # ----- Function header
        code.putln("")
        self.generate_function_header(code)
        # ----- Local variables
        code.putln("PyObject *%s = NULL;" % Naming.retval_cname)
        tempvardecl_code = code.insertion_point()
        code.put_declare_refcount_context()
        code.put_setup_refcount_context(self.entry.name)

        # ----- Resume switch point.
        code.funcstate.init_closure_temps(lenv.scope_class.type.scope)
        resume_code = code.insertion_point()
        first_run_label = code.new_label('first_run')
        code.use_label(first_run_label)
        code.put_label(first_run_label)
        code.putln('%s' %
                   (code.error_goto_if_null(Naming.sent_value_cname, self.pos)))

        # ----- Function body
        self.generate_function_body(env, code)
        code.putln('PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration); %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
        # ----- Error cleanup
        if code.error_label in code.labels_used:
            code.put_goto(code.return_label)
            code.put_label(code.error_label)
            for cname, type in code.funcstate.all_managed_temps():
                code.put_xdecref(cname, type)
            code.put_add_traceback(self.entry.qualified_name)

        # ----- Non-error return cleanup
        code.put_label(code.return_label)
        code.put_xdecref(Naming.retval_cname, py_object_type)
        code.putln('%s->%s.resume_label = -1;' % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, Naming.obj_base_cname))
        code.put_finish_refcount_context()
        code.putln('return NULL;');
        code.putln("}")

        # ----- Go back and insert temp variable declarations
        tempvardecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.funcstate)
        # ----- Generator resume code
        resume_code.putln("switch (%s->%s.resume_label) {" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, Naming.obj_base_cname));
        resume_code.putln("case 0: goto %s;" % first_run_label)

        from ParseTreeTransforms import YieldNodeCollector
        collector = YieldNodeCollector()
        collector.visitchildren(self)
        for yield_expr in collector.yields:
            resume_code.putln("case %d: goto %s;" % (yield_expr.label_num, yield_expr.label_name));
        resume_code.putln("default: /* CPython raises the right error here */");
        resume_code.put_finish_refcount_context()
        resume_code.putln("return NULL;");
        resume_code.putln("}");

        code.exit_cfunc_scope()


class OverrideCheckNode(StatNode):
    # A Node for dispatching to the def method if it
    # is overriden.
    #
    #  py_func
    #
    #  args
    #  func_temp
    #  body

    child_attrs = ['body']

    body = None

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.args = env.arg_entries
        if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
            first_arg = 0
        else:
            first_arg = 1
        import ExprNodes
        self.func_node = ExprNodes.RawCNameExprNode(self.pos, py_object_type)
        call_tuple = ExprNodes.TupleNode(self.pos, args=[ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=arg.name) for arg in self.args[first_arg:]])
        call_node = ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(self.pos,
                                             function=self.func_node,
                                             args=[ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=arg.name) for arg in self.args[first_arg:]])
        self.body = ReturnStatNode(self.pos, value=call_node)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        interned_attr_cname = code.intern_identifier(self.py_func.entry.name)
        # Check to see if we are an extension type
        if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
            self_arg = "((PyObject *)%s)" % Naming.module_cname
        else:
            self_arg = "((PyObject *)%s)" % self.args[0].cname
        code.putln("/* Check if called by wrapper */")
        code.putln("if (unlikely(%s)) ;" % Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
        code.putln("/* Check if overriden in Python */")
        if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
            code.putln("else {")
        else:
            code.putln("else if (unlikely(Py_TYPE(%s)->tp_dictoffset != 0)) {" % self_arg)
        func_node_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
        self.func_node.set_cname(func_node_temp)
        # need to get attribute manually--scope would return cdef method
        err = code.error_goto_if_null(func_node_temp, self.pos)
        code.putln("%s = PyObject_GetAttr(%s, %s); %s" % (
            func_node_temp, self_arg, interned_attr_cname, err))
        code.put_gotref(func_node_temp)
        is_builtin_function_or_method = "PyCFunction_Check(%s)" % func_node_temp
        is_overridden = "(PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(%s) != (void *)&%s)" % (
            func_node_temp, self.py_func.entry.func_cname)
        code.putln("if (!%s || %s) {" % (is_builtin_function_or_method, is_overridden))
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.putln("}")
        code.put_decref_clear(func_node_temp, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
        code.funcstate.release_temp(func_node_temp)
        code.putln("}")

class ClassDefNode(StatNode, BlockNode):
    pass

class PyClassDefNode(ClassDefNode):
    #  A Python class definition.
    #
    #  name     EncodedString   Name of the class
    #  doc      string or None
    #  body     StatNode        Attribute definition code
    #  entry    Symtab.Entry
    #  scope    PyClassScope
    #  decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators or None
    #
    #  The following subnodes are constructed internally:
    #
    #  dict     DictNode   Class dictionary or Py3 namespace
    #  classobj ClassNode  Class object
    #  target   NameNode   Variable to assign class object to

    child_attrs = ["body", "dict", "metaclass", "mkw", "bases", "class_result", "target"]
    decorators = None
    class_result = None
    py3_style_class = False # Python3 style class (bases+kwargs)

    def __init__(self, pos, name, bases, doc, body, decorators = None,
                 keyword_args = None, starstar_arg = None):
        StatNode.__init__(self, pos)
        self.name = name
        self.doc = doc
        self.body = body
        self.decorators = decorators
        import ExprNodes
        if self.doc and Options.docstrings:
            doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
            doc_node = ExprNodes.StringNode(pos, value = doc)
        else:
            doc_node = None
        if keyword_args or starstar_arg:
            self.py3_style_class = True
            self.bases = bases
            self.metaclass = None
            if keyword_args and not starstar_arg:
                for i, item in list(enumerate(keyword_args.key_value_pairs))[::-1]:
                    if item.key.value == 'metaclass':
                        if self.metaclass is not None:
                            error(item.pos, "keyword argument 'metaclass' passed multiple times")
                        # special case: we already know the metaclass,
                        # so we don't need to do the "build kwargs,
                        # find metaclass" dance at runtime
                        self.metaclass = item.value
                        del keyword_args.key_value_pairs[i]
            if starstar_arg or (keyword_args and keyword_args.key_value_pairs):
                self.mkw = ExprNodes.KeywordArgsNode(
                    pos, keyword_args = keyword_args, starstar_arg = starstar_arg)
            else:
                self.mkw = ExprNodes.NullNode(pos)
            if self.metaclass is None:
                self.metaclass = ExprNodes.PyClassMetaclassNode(
                    pos, mkw = self.mkw, bases = self.bases)
            self.dict = ExprNodes.PyClassNamespaceNode(pos, name = name,
                        doc = doc_node, metaclass = self.metaclass, bases = self.bases,
                        mkw = self.mkw)
            self.classobj = ExprNodes.Py3ClassNode(pos, name = name,
                    bases = self.bases, dict = self.dict, doc = doc_node,
                    metaclass = self.metaclass, mkw = self.mkw)
        else:
            self.dict = ExprNodes.DictNode(pos, key_value_pairs = [])
            self.metaclass = None
            self.mkw = None
            self.bases = None
            self.classobj = ExprNodes.ClassNode(pos, name = name,
                    bases = bases, dict = self.dict, doc = doc_node)
        self.target = ExprNodes.NameNode(pos, name = name)

    def as_cclass(self):
        """
        Return this node as if it were declared as an extension class
        """
        if self.py3_style_class:
            error(self.classobj.pos, "Python3 style class could not be represented as C class")
            return
        bases = self.classobj.bases.args
        if len(bases) == 0:
            base_class_name = None
            base_class_module = None
        elif len(bases) == 1:
            base = bases[0]
            path = []
            from ExprNodes import AttributeNode, NameNode
            while isinstance(base, AttributeNode):
                path.insert(0, base.attribute)
                base = base.obj
            if isinstance(base, NameNode):
                path.insert(0, base.name)
                base_class_name = path[-1]
                if len(path) > 1:
                    base_class_module = u'.'.join(path[:-1])
                else:
                    base_class_module = None
            else:
                error(self.classobj.bases.args.pos, "Invalid base class")
        else:
            error(self.classobj.bases.args.pos, "C class may only have one base class")
            return None

        return CClassDefNode(self.pos,
                             visibility = 'private',
                             module_name = None,
                             class_name = self.name,
                             base_class_module = base_class_module,
                             base_class_name = base_class_name,
                             decorators = self.decorators,
                             body = self.body,
                             in_pxd = False,
                             doc = self.doc)

    def create_scope(self, env):
        genv = env
        while genv.is_py_class_scope or genv.is_c_class_scope:
            genv = genv.outer_scope
        cenv = self.scope = PyClassScope(name = self.name, outer_scope = genv)
        return cenv

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        class_result = self.classobj
        if self.decorators:
            from ExprNodes import SimpleCallNode
            for decorator in self.decorators[::-1]:
                class_result = SimpleCallNode(
                    decorator.pos,
                    function = decorator.decorator,
                    args = [class_result])
        self.class_result = class_result
        self.class_result.analyse_declarations(env)
        self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
        cenv = self.create_scope(env)
        cenv.directives = env.directives
        cenv.class_obj_cname = self.target.entry.cname
        self.body.analyse_declarations(cenv)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.py3_style_class:
            self.bases.analyse_expressions(env)
            self.metaclass.analyse_expressions(env)
            self.mkw.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.dict.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.class_result.analyse_expressions(env)
        genv = env.global_scope()
        cenv = self.scope
        self.body.analyse_expressions(cenv)
        self.target.analyse_target_expression(env, self.classobj)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.generate_lambda_definitions(self.scope, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(self.scope, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.pyclass_stack.append(self)
        cenv = self.scope
        if self.py3_style_class:
            self.bases.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.mkw.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.metaclass.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.dict.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        cenv.namespace_cname = cenv.class_obj_cname = self.dict.result()
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        self.class_result.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        cenv.namespace_cname = cenv.class_obj_cname = self.classobj.result()
        self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.class_result, code)
        self.dict.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.dict.free_temps(code)
        if self.py3_style_class:
            self.mkw.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.mkw.free_temps(code)
            self.metaclass.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.metaclass.free_temps(code)
            self.bases.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.bases.free_temps(code)
        code.pyclass_stack.pop()

class CClassDefNode(ClassDefNode):
    #  An extension type definition.
    #
    #  visibility         'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
    #  typedef_flag       boolean
    #  api                boolean
    #  module_name        string or None    For import of extern type objects
    #  class_name         string            Unqualified name of class
    #  as_name            string or None    Name to declare as in this scope
    #  base_class_module  string or None    Module containing the base class
    #  base_class_name    string or None    Name of the base class
    #  objstruct_name     string or None    Specified C name of object struct
    #  typeobj_name       string or None    Specified C name of type object
    #  in_pxd             boolean           Is in a .pxd file
    #  decorators         [DecoratorNode]   list of decorators or None
    #  doc                string or None
    #  body               StatNode or None
    #  entry              Symtab.Entry
    #  base_type          PyExtensionType or None
    #  buffer_defaults_node DictNode or None Declares defaults for a buffer
    #  buffer_defaults_pos

    child_attrs = ["body"]
    buffer_defaults_node = None
    buffer_defaults_pos = None
    typedef_flag = False
    api = False
    objstruct_name = None
    typeobj_name = None
    decorators = None
    shadow = False

    def buffer_defaults(self, env):
        if not hasattr(self, '_buffer_defaults'):
            import Buffer
            if self.buffer_defaults_node:
                self._buffer_defaults = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
                    self.buffer_defaults_pos,
                    env, [], self.buffer_defaults_node,
                    need_complete=False)
            else:
                self._buffer_defaults = None
        return self._buffer_defaults

    def declare(self, env):
        if self.module_name and self.visibility != 'extern':
            module_path = self.module_name.split(".")
            home_scope = env.find_imported_module(module_path, self.pos)
            if not home_scope:
                return None
        else:
            home_scope = env

        self.entry = home_scope.declare_c_class(
            name = self.class_name,
            pos = self.pos,
            defining = 0,
            implementing = 0,
            module_name = self.module_name,
            base_type = None,
            objstruct_cname = self.objstruct_name,
            typeobj_cname = self.typeobj_name,
            visibility = self.visibility,
            typedef_flag = self.typedef_flag,
            api = self.api,
            buffer_defaults = self.buffer_defaults(env),
            shadow = self.shadow)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        #print "CClassDefNode.analyse_declarations:", self.class_name
        #print "...visibility =", self.visibility
        #print "...module_name =", self.module_name

        if env.in_cinclude and not self.objstruct_name:
            error(self.pos, "Object struct name specification required for "
                "C class defined in 'extern from' block")
        if self.decorators:
            error(self.pos,
                  "Decorators not allowed on cdef classes (used on type '%s')" % self.class_name)
        self.base_type = None
        # Now that module imports are cached, we need to
        # import the modules for extern classes.
        if self.module_name:
            self.module = None
            for module in env.cimported_modules:
                if module.name == self.module_name:
                    self.module = module
            if self.module is None:
                self.module = ModuleScope(self.module_name, None, env.context)
                self.module.has_extern_class = 1
                env.add_imported_module(self.module)

        if self.base_class_name:
            if self.base_class_module:
                base_class_scope = env.find_module(self.base_class_module, self.pos)
            else:
                base_class_scope = env
            if self.base_class_name == 'object':
                # extension classes are special and don't need to inherit from object
                if base_class_scope is None or base_class_scope.lookup('object') is None:
                    self.base_class_name = None
                    self.base_class_module = None
                    base_class_scope = None
            if base_class_scope:
                base_class_entry = base_class_scope.find(self.base_class_name, self.pos)
                if base_class_entry:
                    if not base_class_entry.is_type:
                        error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type name" % self.base_class_name)
                    elif not base_class_entry.type.is_extension_type and \
                             not (base_class_entry.type.is_builtin_type and \
                                  base_class_entry.type.objstruct_cname):
                        error(self.pos, "'%s' is not an extension type" % self.base_class_name)
                    elif not base_class_entry.type.is_complete():
                        error(self.pos, "Base class '%s' of type '%s' is incomplete" % (
                            self.base_class_name, self.class_name))
                    elif base_class_entry.type.scope and base_class_entry.type.scope.directives and \
                             base_class_entry.type.is_final_type:
                        error(self.pos, "Base class '%s' of type '%s' is final" % (
                            self.base_class_name, self.class_name))
                    elif base_class_entry.type.is_builtin_type and \
                             base_class_entry.type.name in ('tuple', 'str', 'bytes'):
                        error(self.pos, "inheritance from PyVarObject types like '%s' is not currently supported"
                              % base_class_entry.type.name)
                    else:
                        self.base_type = base_class_entry.type
        has_body = self.body is not None
        if self.module_name and self.visibility != 'extern':
            module_path = self.module_name.split(".")
            home_scope = env.find_imported_module(module_path, self.pos)
            if not home_scope:
                return
        else:
            home_scope = env

        if self.visibility == 'extern':
            if (self.module_name == '__builtin__' and
                self.class_name in Builtin.builtin_types and
                env.qualified_name[:8] != 'cpython.'): # allow overloaded names for cimporting from cpython
                warning(self.pos, "%s already a builtin Cython type" % self.class_name, 1)

        self.entry = home_scope.declare_c_class(
            name = self.class_name,
            pos = self.pos,
            defining = has_body and self.in_pxd,
            implementing = has_body and not self.in_pxd,
            module_name = self.module_name,
            base_type = self.base_type,
            objstruct_cname = self.objstruct_name,
            typeobj_cname = self.typeobj_name,
            visibility = self.visibility,
            typedef_flag = self.typedef_flag,
            api = self.api,
            buffer_defaults = self.buffer_defaults(env),
            shadow = self.shadow)

        if self.shadow:
            home_scope.lookup(self.class_name).as_variable = self.entry
        if home_scope is not env and self.visibility == 'extern':
            env.add_imported_entry(self.class_name, self.entry, self.pos)
        self.scope = scope = self.entry.type.scope
        if scope is not None:
            scope.directives = env.directives

        if self.doc and Options.docstrings:
            scope.doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)

        if has_body:
            self.body.analyse_declarations(scope)
            if self.in_pxd:
                scope.defined = 1
            else:
                scope.implemented = 1
        env.allocate_vtable_names(self.entry)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.body:
            scope = self.entry.type.scope
            self.body.analyse_expressions(scope)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.body:
            self.generate_lambda_definitions(self.scope, code)
            self.body.generate_function_definitions(self.scope, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        # This is needed to generate evaluation code for
        # default values of method arguments.
        if self.body:
            self.body.generate_execution_code(code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.body:
            self.body.annotate(code)


class PropertyNode(StatNode):
    #  Definition of a property in an extension type.
    #
    #  name   string
    #  doc    EncodedString or None    Doc string
    #  body   StatListNode

    child_attrs = ["body"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        entry = env.declare_property(self.name, self.doc, self.pos)
        if entry:
            entry.scope.directives = env.directives
            self.body.analyse_declarations(entry.scope)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.body.annotate(code)


class GlobalNode(StatNode):
    # Global variable declaration.
    #
    # names    [string]

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for name in self.names:
            env.declare_global(name, self.pos)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class NonlocalNode(StatNode):
    # Nonlocal variable declaration via the 'nonlocal' keyword.
    #
    # names    [string]

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for name in self.names:
            env.declare_nonlocal(name, self.pos)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class ExprStatNode(StatNode):
    #  Expression used as a statement.
    #
    #  expr   ExprNode

    child_attrs = ["expr"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        if isinstance(self.expr, ExprNodes.GeneralCallNode):
            func = self.expr.function.as_cython_attribute()
            if func == u'declare':
                args, kwds = self.expr.explicit_args_kwds()
                if len(args):
                    error(self.expr.pos, "Variable names must be specified.")
                for var, type_node in kwds.key_value_pairs:
                    type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                    if type is None:
                        error(type_node.pos, "Unknown type")
                    else:
                        env.declare_var(var.value, type, var.pos, is_cdef = True)
                self.__class__ = PassStatNode

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.expr.result_is_used = False # hint that .result() may safely be left empty
        self.expr.analyse_expressions(env)

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        if self.expr.type.is_pyobject and self.expr.is_temp:
            self.gil_error()

    gil_message = "Discarding owned Python object"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.expr.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        if not self.expr.is_temp and self.expr.result():
            code.putln("%s;" % self.expr.result())
        self.expr.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.expr.free_temps(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.expr.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.expr.annotate(code)


class AssignmentNode(StatNode):
    #  Abstract base class for assignment nodes.
    #
    #  The analyse_expressions and generate_execution_code
    #  phases of assignments are split into two sub-phases
    #  each, to enable all the right hand sides of a
    #  parallel assignment to be evaluated before assigning
    #  to any of the left hand sides.

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.analyse_types(env)

#       def analyse_expressions(self, env):
#           self.analyse_expressions_1(env)
#           self.analyse_expressions_2(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.generate_rhs_evaluation_code(code)
        self.generate_assignment_code(code)


class SingleAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
    #  The simplest case:
    #
    #    a = b
    #
    #  lhs      ExprNode      Left hand side
    #  rhs      ExprNode      Right hand side
    #  first    bool          Is this guaranteed the first assignment to lhs?

    child_attrs = ["lhs", "rhs"]
    first = False
    declaration_only = False

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        import ExprNodes

        # handle declarations of the form x = cython.foo()
        if isinstance(self.rhs, ExprNodes.CallNode):
            func_name = self.rhs.function.as_cython_attribute()
            if func_name:
                args, kwds = self.rhs.explicit_args_kwds()

                if func_name in ['declare', 'typedef']:
                    if len(args) > 2 or kwds is not None:
                        error(self.rhs.pos, "Can only declare one type at a time.")
                        return
                    type = args[0].analyse_as_type(env)
                    if type is None:
                        error(args[0].pos, "Unknown type")
                        return
                    lhs = self.lhs
                    if func_name == 'declare':
                        if isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                            vars = [(lhs.name, lhs.pos)]
                        elif isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.TupleNode):
                            vars = [(var.name, var.pos) for var in lhs.args]
                        else:
                            error(lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration")
                            return
                        for var, pos in vars:
                            env.declare_var(var, type, pos, is_cdef = True)
                        if len(args) == 2:
                            # we have a value
                            self.rhs = args[1]
                        else:
                            self.declaration_only = True
                    else:
                        self.declaration_only = True
                        if not isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                            error(lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration.")
                        env.declare_typedef(lhs.name, type, self.pos, visibility='private')

                elif func_name in ['struct', 'union']:
                    self.declaration_only = True
                    if len(args) > 0 or kwds is None:
                        error(self.rhs.pos, "Struct or union members must be given by name.")
                        return
                    members = []
                    for member, type_node in kwds.key_value_pairs:
                        type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                        if type is None:
                            error(type_node.pos, "Unknown type")
                        else:
                            members.append((member.value, type, member.pos))
                    if len(members) < len(kwds.key_value_pairs):
                        return
                    if not isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                        error(self.lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration.")
                    name = self.lhs.name
                    scope = StructOrUnionScope(name)
                    env.declare_struct_or_union(name, func_name, scope, False, self.rhs.pos)
                    for member, type, pos in members:
                        scope.declare_var(member, type, pos)

        if self.declaration_only:
            return
        else:
            self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_types(self, env, use_temp = 0):
        self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
        self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
        self.lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
        self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)
        if use_temp:
            self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to_temp(env)

    def generate_rhs_evaluation_code(self, code):
        self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)

    def generate_assignment_code(self, code):
        self.lhs.generate_assignment_code(self.rhs, code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.rhs.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.lhs.annotate(code)
        self.rhs.annotate(code)


class CascadedAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
    #  An assignment with multiple left hand sides:
    #
    #    a = b = c
    #
    #  lhs_list   [ExprNode]   Left hand sides
    #  rhs        ExprNode     Right hand sides
    #
    #  Used internally:
    #
    #  coerced_rhs_list   [ExprNode]   RHS coerced to type of each LHS

    child_attrs = ["lhs_list", "rhs", "coerced_rhs_list"]
    coerced_rhs_list = None

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for lhs in self.lhs_list:
            lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_types(self, env, use_temp = 0):
        self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
        if not self.rhs.is_simple():
            if use_temp:
                self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to_temp(env)
            else:
                self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to_simple(env)
        from ExprNodes import CloneNode
        self.coerced_rhs_list = []
        for lhs in self.lhs_list:
            lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
            lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
            rhs = CloneNode(self.rhs)
            rhs = rhs.coerce_to(lhs.type, env)
            self.coerced_rhs_list.append(rhs)

    def generate_rhs_evaluation_code(self, code):
        self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)

    def generate_assignment_code(self, code):
        for i in range(len(self.lhs_list)):
            lhs = self.lhs_list[i]
            rhs = self.coerced_rhs_list[i]
            rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            lhs.generate_assignment_code(rhs, code)
            # Assignment has disposed of the cloned RHS
        self.rhs.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.rhs.free_temps(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.rhs.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for i in range(len(self.lhs_list)):
            lhs = self.lhs_list[i].annotate(code)
            rhs = self.coerced_rhs_list[i].annotate(code)
        self.rhs.annotate(code)


class ParallelAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
    #  A combined packing/unpacking assignment:
    #
    #    a, b, c =  d, e, f
    #
    #  This has been rearranged by the parser into
    #
    #    a = d ; b = e ; c = f
    #
    #  but we must evaluate all the right hand sides
    #  before assigning to any of the left hand sides.
    #
    #  stats     [AssignmentNode]   The constituent assignments

    child_attrs = ["stats"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.analyse_types(env, use_temp = 1)

#    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
#        for stat in self.stats:
#            stat.analyse_expressions_1(env, use_temp = 1)
#        for stat in self.stats:
#            stat.analyse_expressions_2(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.generate_rhs_evaluation_code(code)
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.generate_assignment_code(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for stat in self.stats:
            stat.annotate(code)


class InPlaceAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
    #  An in place arithmetic operand:
    #
    #    a += b
    #    a -= b
    #    ...
    #
    #  lhs      ExprNode      Left hand side
    #  rhs      ExprNode      Right hand side
    #  operator char          one of "+-*/%^&|"
    #
    #  This code is a bit tricky because in order to obey Python
    #  semantics the sub-expressions (e.g. indices) of the lhs must
    #  not be evaluated twice. So we must re-use the values calculated
    #  in evaluation phase for the assignment phase as well.
    #  Fortunately, the type of the lhs node is fairly constrained
    #  (it must be a NameNode, AttributeNode, or IndexNode).

    child_attrs = ["lhs", "rhs"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_types(self, env):
        self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
        self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        import ExprNodes
        self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.lhs.generate_subexpr_evaluation_code(code)
        c_op = self.operator
        if c_op == "//":
            c_op = "/"
        elif c_op == "**":
            error(self.pos, "No C inplace power operator")
        if isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.IndexNode) and self.lhs.is_buffer_access:
            if self.lhs.type.is_pyobject:
                error(self.pos, "In-place operators not allowed on object buffers in this release.")
            if c_op in ('/', '%') and self.lhs.type.is_int and not code.directives['cdivision']:
                error(self.pos, "In-place non-c divide operators not allowed on int buffers.")
            self.lhs.generate_buffer_setitem_code(self.rhs, code, c_op)
        else:
            # C++
            # TODO: make sure overload is declared
            code.putln("%s %s= %s;" % (self.lhs.result(), c_op, self.rhs.result()))
        self.lhs.generate_subexpr_disposal_code(code)
        self.lhs.free_subexpr_temps(code)
        self.rhs.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.rhs.free_temps(code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.lhs.annotate(code)
        self.rhs.annotate(code)

    def create_binop_node(self):
        import ExprNodes
        return ExprNodes.binop_node(self.pos, self.operator, self.lhs, self.rhs)


class PrintStatNode(StatNode):
    #  print statement
    #
    #  arg_tuple         TupleNode
    #  stream            ExprNode or None (stdout)
    #  append_newline    boolean

    child_attrs = ["arg_tuple", "stream"]

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.stream:
            self.stream.analyse_expressions(env)
            self.stream = self.stream.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        self.arg_tuple.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.arg_tuple = self.arg_tuple.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        env.use_utility_code(printing_utility_code)
        if len(self.arg_tuple.args) == 1 and self.append_newline:
            env.use_utility_code(printing_one_utility_code)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Python print statement"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if self.stream:
            self.stream.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            stream_result = self.stream.py_result()
        else:
            stream_result = '0'
        if len(self.arg_tuple.args) == 1 and self.append_newline:
            arg = self.arg_tuple.args[0]
            arg.generate_evaluation_code(code)

            code.putln(
                "if (__Pyx_PrintOne(%s, %s) < 0) %s" % (
                    stream_result,
                    arg.py_result(),
                    code.error_goto(self.pos)))
            arg.generate_disposal_code(code)
            arg.free_temps(code)
        else:
            self.arg_tuple.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            code.putln(
                "if (__Pyx_Print(%s, %s, %d) < 0) %s" % (
                    stream_result,
                    self.arg_tuple.py_result(),
                    self.append_newline,
                    code.error_goto(self.pos)))
            self.arg_tuple.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.arg_tuple.free_temps(code)

        if self.stream:
            self.stream.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.stream.free_temps(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.stream:
            self.stream.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.arg_tuple.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.stream:
            self.stream.annotate(code)
        self.arg_tuple.annotate(code)


class ExecStatNode(StatNode):
    #  exec statement
    #
    #  args     [ExprNode]

    child_attrs = ["args"]

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
            arg.analyse_expressions(env)
            arg = arg.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
            self.args[i] = arg
        env.use_utility_code(Builtin.pyexec_utility_code)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Python exec statement"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        args = []
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            args.append( arg.py_result() )
        args = tuple(args + ['0', '0'][:3-len(args)])
        temp_result = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
        code.putln("%s = __Pyx_PyRun(%s, %s, %s);" % (
                (temp_result,) + args))
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.generate_disposal_code(code)
            arg.free_temps(code)
        code.putln(
            code.error_goto_if_null(temp_result, self.pos))
        code.put_gotref(temp_result)
        code.put_decref_clear(temp_result, py_object_type)
        code.funcstate.release_temp(temp_result)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.annotate(code)


class DelStatNode(StatNode):
    #  del statement
    #
    #  args     [ExprNode]

    child_attrs = ["args"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.analyse_target_expression(env, None)
            if arg.type.is_pyobject or (arg.is_name and
                                        arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
                pass
            elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
                self.cpp_check(env)
            elif arg.type.is_cpp_class:
                error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-heap C++ object")
            else:
                error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object")
            #arg.release_target_temp(env)

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                self.gil_error()

    gil_message = "Deleting Python object"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.type.is_pyobject or arg.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                arg.generate_deletion_code(code)
            elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
                arg.generate_result_code(code)
                code.putln("delete %s;" % arg.result())
            # else error reported earlier

    def annotate(self, code):
        for arg in self.args:
            arg.annotate(code)


class PassStatNode(StatNode):
    #  pass statement

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class BreakStatNode(StatNode):

    child_attrs = []
    is_terminator = True

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if not code.break_label:
            error(self.pos, "break statement not inside loop")
        else:
            code.put_goto(code.break_label)


class ContinueStatNode(StatNode):

    child_attrs = []
    is_terminator = True

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if code.funcstate.in_try_finally:
            error(self.pos, "continue statement inside try of try...finally")
        elif not code.continue_label:
            error(self.pos, "continue statement not inside loop")
        else:
            code.put_goto(code.continue_label)


class ReturnStatNode(StatNode):
    #  return statement
    #
    #  value         ExprNode or None
    #  return_type   PyrexType

    child_attrs = ["value"]
    is_terminator = True

    # Whether we are in a parallel section
    in_parallel = False

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        return_type = env.return_type
        self.return_type = return_type
        if not return_type:
            error(self.pos, "Return not inside a function body")
            return
        if self.value:
            self.value.analyse_types(env)
            if return_type.is_void or return_type.is_returncode:
                error(self.value.pos,
                    "Return with value in void function")
            else:
                self.value = self.value.coerce_to(env.return_type, env)
        else:
            if (not return_type.is_void
                and not return_type.is_pyobject
                and not return_type.is_returncode):
                    error(self.pos, "Return value required")

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
            self.gil_error()

    gil_message = "Returning Python object"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        if not self.return_type:
            # error reported earlier
            return
        if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
            code.put_xdecref(Naming.retval_cname,
                             self.return_type)
        elif self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
            code.put_xdecref_memoryviewslice(Naming.retval_cname)
            #code.put_xdecref("%s.memview" % Naming.retval_cname,
            #        self.return_type)

        if self.value:
            self.value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            if self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                import MemoryView
                MemoryView.put_acquire_memoryviewslice(self.value, self.return_type,
                        False, Naming.retval_cname, None, code)
            else:
                self.value.make_owned_reference(code)
                code.putln(
                    "%s = %s;" % (
                        Naming.retval_cname,
                        self.value.result_as(self.return_type)))
                self.value.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
            self.value.free_temps(code)
        else:
            if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                code.put_init_to_py_none(Naming.retval_cname, self.return_type)
            elif self.return_type.is_returncode:
                self.put_return(code, self.return_type.default_value)

        for cname, type in code.funcstate.temps_holding_reference():
            code.put_decref_clear(cname, type)

        code.put_goto(code.return_label)

    def put_return(self, code, value):
        if self.in_parallel:
            code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp critical(__pyx_returning)")
        code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, value))

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.value is not None:
            self.value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.value:
            self.value.annotate(code)


class RaiseStatNode(StatNode):
    #  raise statement
    #
    #  exc_type    ExprNode or None
    #  exc_value   ExprNode or None
    #  exc_tb      ExprNode or None
    #  cause       ExprNode or None

    child_attrs = ["exc_type", "exc_value", "exc_tb", "cause"]
    is_terminator = True

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.exc_type:
            self.exc_type.analyse_types(env)
            self.exc_type = self.exc_type.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        if self.exc_value:
            self.exc_value.analyse_types(env)
            self.exc_value = self.exc_value.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        if self.exc_tb:
            self.exc_tb.analyse_types(env)
            self.exc_tb = self.exc_tb.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        if self.cause:
            self.cause.analyse_types(env)
            self.cause = self.cause.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        # special cases for builtin exceptions
        self.builtin_exc_name = None
        if self.exc_type and not self.exc_value and not self.exc_tb:
            exc = self.exc_type
            import ExprNodes
            if (isinstance(exc, ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode) and
                not (exc.args or (exc.arg_tuple is not None and
                                  exc.arg_tuple.args))):
                exc = exc.function # extract the exception type
            if exc.is_name and exc.entry.is_builtin:
                self.builtin_exc_name = exc.name
                if self.builtin_exc_name == 'MemoryError':
                    self.exc_type = None # has a separate implementation

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Raising exception"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if self.builtin_exc_name == 'MemoryError':
            code.putln('PyErr_NoMemory(); %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
            return

        if self.exc_type:
            self.exc_type.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            type_code = self.exc_type.py_result()
        else:
            type_code = "0"
        if self.exc_value:
            self.exc_value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            value_code = self.exc_value.py_result()
        else:
            value_code = "0"
        if self.exc_tb:
            self.exc_tb.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            tb_code = self.exc_tb.py_result()
        else:
            tb_code = "0"
        if self.cause:
            self.cause.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            cause_code = self.cause.py_result()
        else:
            cause_code = "0"
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_utility_code)
        code.putln(
            "__Pyx_Raise(%s, %s, %s, %s);" % (
                type_code,
                value_code,
                tb_code,
                cause_code))
        for obj in (self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.exc_tb, self.cause):
            if obj:
                obj.generate_disposal_code(code)
                obj.free_temps(code)
        code.putln(
            code.error_goto(self.pos))

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.exc_type is not None:
            self.exc_type.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.exc_value is not None:
            self.exc_value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.exc_tb is not None:
            self.exc_tb.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.cause is not None:
            self.cause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.exc_type:
            self.exc_type.annotate(code)
        if self.exc_value:
            self.exc_value.annotate(code)
        if self.exc_tb:
            self.exc_tb.annotate(code)
        if self.cause:
            self.cause.annotate(code)


class ReraiseStatNode(StatNode):

    child_attrs = []
    is_terminator = True

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        env.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Raising exception"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        vars = code.funcstate.exc_vars
        if vars:
            for varname in vars:
                code.put_giveref(varname)
            code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(%s, %s, %s);" % tuple(vars))
            for varname in vars:
                code.put("%s = 0; " % varname)
            code.putln()
            code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
        else:
            error(self.pos, "Reraise not inside except clause")


class AssertStatNode(StatNode):
    #  assert statement
    #
    #  cond    ExprNode
    #  value   ExprNode or None

    child_attrs = ["cond", "value"]

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.cond = self.cond.analyse_boolean_expression(env)
        if self.value:
            self.value.analyse_types(env)
            self.value = self.value.coerce_to_pyobject(env)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Raising exception"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.putln("#ifndef CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS")
        self.cond.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        code.putln(
            "if (unlikely(!%s)) {" %
                self.cond.result())
        if self.value:
            self.value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            code.putln(
                "PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AssertionError, %s);" %
                    self.value.py_result())
            self.value.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.value.free_temps(code)
        else:
            code.putln(
                "PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_AssertionError);")
        code.putln(
                code.error_goto(self.pos))
        code.putln(
            "}")
        self.cond.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.cond.free_temps(code)
        code.putln("#endif")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.cond.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.value is not None:
            self.value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.cond.annotate(code)
        if self.value:
            self.value.annotate(code)


class IfStatNode(StatNode):
    #  if statement
    #
    #  if_clauses   [IfClauseNode]
    #  else_clause  StatNode or None

    child_attrs = ["if_clauses", "else_clause"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
            if_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
            if_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        end_label = code.new_label()
        for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
            if_clause.generate_execution_code(code, end_label)
        if self.else_clause:
            code.putln("/*else*/ {")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln("}")
        code.put_label(end_label)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        for clause in self.if_clauses:
            clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
            if_clause.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)


class IfClauseNode(Node):
    #  if or elif clause in an if statement
    #
    #  condition   ExprNode
    #  body        StatNode

    child_attrs = ["condition", "body"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.condition = \
            self.condition.analyse_temp_boolean_expression(env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)

    def get_constant_condition_result(self):
        if self.condition.has_constant_result():
            return bool(self.condition.constant_result)
        else:
            return None

    def generate_execution_code(self, code, end_label):
        self.condition.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        code.putln(
            "if (%s) {" %
                self.condition.result())
        self.condition.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.condition.free_temps(code)
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.put_goto(end_label)
        code.putln("}")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.condition.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.condition.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)


class SwitchCaseNode(StatNode):
    # Generated in the optimization of an if-elif-else node
    #
    # conditions    [ExprNode]
    # body          StatNode

    child_attrs = ['conditions', 'body']

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        for cond in self.conditions:
            code.mark_pos(cond.pos)
            cond.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            code.putln("case %s:" % cond.result())
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.putln("break;")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        for cond in self.conditions:
            cond.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        for cond in self.conditions:
            cond.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)

class SwitchStatNode(StatNode):
    # Generated in the optimization of an if-elif-else node
    #
    # test          ExprNode
    # cases         [SwitchCaseNode]
    # else_clause   StatNode or None

    child_attrs = ['test', 'cases', 'else_clause']

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.test.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        code.putln("switch (%s) {" % self.test.result())
        for case in self.cases:
            case.generate_execution_code(code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            code.putln("default:")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln("break;")
        code.putln("}")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.test.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        for case in self.cases:
            case.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.test.annotate(code)
        for case in self.cases:
            case.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)

class LoopNode(object):
    pass


class WhileStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
    #  while statement
    #
    #  condition    ExprNode
    #  body         StatNode
    #  else_clause  StatNode

    child_attrs = ["condition", "body", "else_clause"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.condition:
            self.condition = self.condition.analyse_temp_boolean_expression(env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
        code.putln(
            "while (1) {")
        if self.condition:
            self.condition.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.condition.generate_disposal_code(code)
            code.putln(
                "if (!%s) break;" %
                    self.condition.result())
            self.condition.free_temps(code)
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.put_label(code.continue_label)
        code.putln("}")
        break_label = code.break_label
        code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
        if self.else_clause:
            code.putln("/*else*/ {")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln("}")
        code.put_label(break_label)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.condition:
            self.condition.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.condition:
            self.condition.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)


class DictIterationNextNode(Node):
    # Helper node for calling PyDict_Next() inside of a WhileStatNode
    # and checking the dictionary size for changes.  Created in
    # Optimize.py.
    child_attrs = ['dict_obj', 'expected_size', 'pos_index_addr', 'key_addr', 'value_addr']

    def __init__(self, dict_obj, expected_size, pos_index_addr, key_addr, value_addr):
        Node.__init__(
            self, dict_obj.pos,
            dict_obj = dict_obj,
            expected_size = expected_size,
            pos_index_addr = pos_index_addr,
            key_addr = key_addr,
            value_addr = value_addr,
            type = PyrexTypes.c_bint_type)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.dict_obj.analyse_types(env)
        self.expected_size.analyse_types(env)
        self.pos_index_addr.analyse_types(env)
        self.key_addr.analyse_types(env)
        self.value_addr.analyse_types(env)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.dict_obj.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.dict_obj.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        code.putln("if (unlikely(%s != PyDict_Size(%s))) {" % (
            self.expected_size.result(),
            self.dict_obj.py_result(),
            ))
        code.putln('PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "dictionary changed size during iteration"); %s' % (
            code.error_goto(self.pos)))
        code.putln("}")
        self.pos_index_addr.generate_evaluation_code(code)

        code.putln("if (!PyDict_Next(%s, %s, %s, %s)) break;" % (
            self.dict_obj.py_result(),
            self.pos_index_addr.result(),
            self.key_addr.result(),
            self.value_addr.result()))


def ForStatNode(pos, **kw):
    if 'iterator' in kw:
        return ForInStatNode(pos, **kw)
    else:
        return ForFromStatNode(pos, **kw)

class ForInStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
    #  for statement
    #
    #  target        ExprNode
    #  iterator      IteratorNode
    #  body          StatNode
    #  else_clause   StatNode
    #  item          NextNode       used internally

    child_attrs = ["target", "iterator", "body", "else_clause"]
    item = None

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        self.target.analyse_target_types(env)
        self.iterator.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.item = ExprNodes.NextNode(self.iterator)
        if (self.iterator.type.is_ptr or self.iterator.type.is_array) and \
            self.target.type.assignable_from(self.iterator.type):
            # C array slice optimization.
            pass
        else:
            self.item = self.item.coerce_to(self.target.type, env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
        self.iterator.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        code.putln("for (;;) {")
        self.item.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.item, code)
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.put_label(code.continue_label)
        code.putln("}")
        break_label = code.break_label
        code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)

        if self.else_clause:
            # in nested loops, the 'else' block can contain a
            # 'continue' statement for the outer loop, but we may need
            # to generate cleanup code before taking that path, so we
            # intercept it here
            orig_continue_label = code.continue_label
            code.continue_label = code.new_label('outer_continue')

            code.putln("/*else*/ {")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln("}")

            if code.label_used(code.continue_label):
                code.put_goto(break_label)
                code.put_label(code.continue_label)
                self.iterator.generate_disposal_code(code)
                code.put_goto(orig_continue_label)
            code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)

        if code.label_used(break_label):
            code.put_label(break_label)
        self.iterator.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.iterator.free_temps(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.iterator.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.target.annotate(code)
        self.iterator.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)
        self.item.annotate(code)


class ForFromStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
    #  for name from expr rel name rel expr
    #
    #  target        NameNode
    #  bound1        ExprNode
    #  relation1     string
    #  relation2     string
    #  bound2        ExprNode
    #  step          ExprNode or None
    #  body          StatNode
    #  else_clause   StatNode or None
    #
    #  Used internally:
    #
    #  from_range         bool
    #  is_py_target       bool
    #  loopvar_node       ExprNode (usually a NameNode or temp node)
    #  py_loopvar_node    PyTempNode or None
    child_attrs = ["target", "bound1", "bound2", "step", "body", "else_clause"]

    is_py_target = False
    loopvar_node = None
    py_loopvar_node = None
    from_range = False

    gil_message = "For-loop using object bounds or target"

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        for x in (self.target, self.bound1, self.bound2):
            if x.type.is_pyobject:
                self.gil_error()

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        self.target.analyse_target_types(env)
        self.bound1.analyse_types(env)
        self.bound2.analyse_types(env)
        if self.step is not None:
            if isinstance(self.step, ExprNodes.UnaryMinusNode):
                warning(self.step.pos, "Probable infinite loop in for-from-by statment. Consider switching the directions of the relations.", 2)
            self.step.analyse_types(env)

        target_type = self.target.type
        if self.target.type.is_numeric:
            loop_type = self.target.type
        else:
            loop_type = PyrexTypes.c_int_type
            if not self.bound1.type.is_pyobject:
                loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.bound1.type)
            if not self.bound2.type.is_pyobject:
                loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.bound2.type)
            if self.step is not None and not self.step.type.is_pyobject:
                loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.step.type)
        self.bound1 = self.bound1.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
        self.bound2 = self.bound2.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
        if not self.bound2.is_literal:
            self.bound2 = self.bound2.coerce_to_temp(env)
        if self.step is not None:
            self.step = self.step.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
            if not self.step.is_literal:
                self.step = self.step.coerce_to_temp(env)

        target_type = self.target.type
        if not (target_type.is_pyobject or target_type.is_numeric):
            error(self.target.pos,
                "for-from loop variable must be c numeric type or Python object")
        if target_type.is_numeric:
            self.is_py_target = False
            if isinstance(self.target, ExprNodes.IndexNode) and self.target.is_buffer_access:
                raise error(self.pos, "Buffer indexing not allowed as for loop target.")
            self.loopvar_node = self.target
            self.py_loopvar_node = None
        else:
            self.is_py_target = True
            c_loopvar_node = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.pos, loop_type, env)
            self.loopvar_node = c_loopvar_node
            self.py_loopvar_node = \
                ExprNodes.CloneNode(c_loopvar_node).coerce_to_pyobject(env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
        from_range = self.from_range
        self.bound1.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.bound2.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        offset, incop = self.relation_table[self.relation1]
        if self.step is not None:
            self.step.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            step = self.step.result()
            incop = "%s=%s" % (incop[0], step)
        import ExprNodes
        if isinstance(self.loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
            self.loopvar_node.allocate(code)
        if isinstance(self.py_loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
            self.py_loopvar_node.allocate(code)
        if from_range:
            loopvar_name = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(self.target.type, False)
        else:
            loopvar_name = self.loopvar_node.result()
        code.putln(
            "for (%s = %s%s; %s %s %s; %s%s) {" % (
                loopvar_name,
                self.bound1.result(), offset,
                loopvar_name, self.relation2, self.bound2.result(),
                loopvar_name, incop))
        if self.py_loopvar_node:
            self.py_loopvar_node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.py_loopvar_node, code)
        elif from_range:
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                            self.target.result(), loopvar_name))
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.put_label(code.continue_label)
        if self.py_loopvar_node:
            # This mess is to make for..from loops with python targets behave
            # exactly like those with C targets with regards to re-assignment
            # of the loop variable.
            import ExprNodes
            if self.target.entry.is_pyglobal:
                # We know target is a NameNode, this is the only ugly case.
                target_node = ExprNodes.PyTempNode(self.target.pos, None)
                target_node.allocate(code)
                interned_cname = code.intern_identifier(self.target.entry.name)
                code.globalstate.use_utility_code(ExprNodes.get_name_interned_utility_code)
                code.putln("%s = __Pyx_GetName(%s, %s); %s" % (
                                target_node.result(),
                                Naming.module_cname,
                                interned_cname,
                                code.error_goto_if_null(target_node.result(), self.target.pos)))
                code.put_gotref(target_node.result())
            else:
                target_node = self.target
            from_py_node = ExprNodes.CoerceFromPyTypeNode(self.loopvar_node.type, target_node, None)
            from_py_node.temp_code = loopvar_name
            from_py_node.generate_result_code(code)
            if self.target.entry.is_pyglobal:
                code.put_decref(target_node.result(), target_node.type)
                target_node.release(code)
        code.putln("}")
        if self.py_loopvar_node:
            # This is potentially wasteful, but we don't want the semantics to
            # depend on whether or not the loop is a python type.
            self.py_loopvar_node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.py_loopvar_node, code)
        if from_range:
            code.funcstate.release_temp(loopvar_name)
        break_label = code.break_label
        code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
        if self.else_clause:
            code.putln("/*else*/ {")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln("}")
        code.put_label(break_label)
        self.bound1.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.bound1.free_temps(code)
        self.bound2.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.bound2.free_temps(code)
        if isinstance(self.loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
            self.loopvar_node.release(code)
        if isinstance(self.py_loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
            self.py_loopvar_node.release(code)
        if self.step is not None:
            self.step.generate_disposal_code(code)
            self.step.free_temps(code)

    relation_table = {
        # {relop : (initial offset, increment op)}
        '<=': ("",   "++"),
        '<' : ("+1", "++"),
        '>=': ("",   "--"),
        '>' : ("-1", "--")
    }

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.bound1.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.bound2.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.step is not None:
            self.step.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.target.annotate(code)
        self.bound1.annotate(code)
        self.bound2.annotate(code)
        if self.step:
            self.step.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)


class WithStatNode(StatNode):
    """
    Represents a Python with statement.

    Implemented by the WithTransform as follows:

        MGR = EXPR
        EXIT = MGR.__exit__
        VALUE = MGR.__enter__()
        EXC = True
        try:
            try:
                TARGET = VALUE  # optional
                BODY
            except:
                EXC = False
                if not EXIT(*EXCINFO):
                    raise
        finally:
            if EXC:
                EXIT(None, None, None)
            MGR = EXIT = VALUE = None
    """
    #  manager          The with statement manager object
    #  target           ExprNode  the target lhs of the __enter__() call
    #  body             StatNode

    child_attrs = ["manager", "target", "body"]

    has_target = False

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.manager.analyse_declarations(env)
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.manager.analyse_types(env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.manager.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.putln("/*with:*/ {")
        self.manager.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.exit_var = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=False)
        code.putln("%s = PyObject_GetAttr(%s, %s); %s" % (
            self.exit_var,
            self.manager.py_result(),
            code.get_py_string_const(EncodedString('__exit__'), identifier=True),
            code.error_goto_if_null(self.exit_var, self.pos),
            ))
        code.put_gotref(self.exit_var)

        # need to free exit_var in the face of exceptions during setup
        old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
        intermediate_error_label = code.error_label

        enter_func = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
        code.putln("%s = PyObject_GetAttr(%s, %s); %s" % (
            enter_func,
            self.manager.py_result(),
            code.get_py_string_const(EncodedString('__enter__'), identifier=True),
            code.error_goto_if_null(enter_func, self.pos),
            ))
        code.put_gotref(enter_func)
        self.manager.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.manager.free_temps(code)
        self.target_temp.allocate(code)
        code.putln('%s = PyObject_Call(%s, ((PyObject *)%s), NULL); %s' % (
            self.target_temp.result(),
            enter_func,
            Naming.empty_tuple,
            code.error_goto_if_null(self.target_temp.result(), self.pos),
            ))
        code.put_gotref(self.target_temp.result())
        code.put_decref_clear(enter_func, py_object_type)
        code.funcstate.release_temp(enter_func)
        if not self.has_target:
            code.put_decref_clear(self.target_temp.result(), type=py_object_type)
            self.target_temp.release(code)
            # otherwise, WithTargetAssignmentStatNode will do it for us

        code.error_label = old_error_label
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)

        step_over_label = code.new_label()
        code.put_goto(step_over_label)
        code.put_label(intermediate_error_label)
        code.put_decref_clear(self.exit_var, py_object_type)
        code.put_goto(old_error_label)
        code.put_label(step_over_label)

        code.funcstate.release_temp(self.exit_var)
        code.putln('}')

class WithTargetAssignmentStatNode(AssignmentNode):
    # The target assignment of the 'with' statement value (return
    # value of the __enter__() call).
    #
    # This is a special cased assignment that steals the RHS reference
    # and frees its temp.
    #
    # lhs  ExprNode  the assignment target
    # rhs  TempNode  the return value of the __enter__() call

    child_attrs = ["lhs", "rhs"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_types(self, env):
        self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
        self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
        self.lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
        self.orig_rhs = self.rhs
        self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        self.lhs.generate_assignment_code(self.rhs, code)
        self.orig_rhs.release(code)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.rhs.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.lhs.annotate(code)
        self.rhs.annotate(code)


class TryExceptStatNode(StatNode):
    #  try .. except statement
    #
    #  body             StatNode
    #  except_clauses   [ExceptClauseNode]
    #  else_clause      StatNode or None

    child_attrs = ["body", "except_clauses", "else_clause"]

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
            except_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
        env.use_utility_code(reset_exception_utility_code)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        default_clause_seen = 0
        for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
            except_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
            if default_clause_seen:
                error(except_clause.pos, "default 'except:' must be last")
            if not except_clause.pattern:
                default_clause_seen = 1
        self.has_default_clause = default_clause_seen
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Try-except statement"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old_return_label = code.return_label
        old_break_label = code.break_label
        old_continue_label = code.continue_label
        old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
        our_error_label = code.error_label
        except_end_label = code.new_label('exception_handled')
        except_error_label = code.new_label('except_error')
        except_return_label = code.new_label('except_return')
        try_return_label = code.new_label('try_return')
        try_break_label = code.new_label('try_break')
        try_continue_label = code.new_label('try_continue')
        try_end_label = code.new_label('try_end')

        exc_save_vars = [code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, False)
                         for i in xrange(3)]
        code.putln("{")
        code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionSave(%s);" %
                   ', '.join(['&%s' % var for var in exc_save_vars]))
        for var in exc_save_vars:
            code.put_xgotref(var)
        code.putln(
            "/*try:*/ {")
        code.return_label = try_return_label
        code.break_label = try_break_label
        code.continue_label = try_continue_label
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.putln(
            "}")
        temps_to_clean_up = code.funcstate.all_free_managed_temps()
        code.error_label = except_error_label
        code.return_label = except_return_label
        if self.else_clause:
            code.putln(
                "/*else:*/ {")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.putln(
                "}")
        for var in exc_save_vars:
            code.put_xdecref_clear(var, py_object_type)
        code.put_goto(try_end_label)
        if code.label_used(try_return_label):
            code.put_label(try_return_label)
            for var in exc_save_vars:
                code.put_xgiveref(var)
            code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s);" %
                       ', '.join(exc_save_vars))
            code.put_goto(old_return_label)
        code.put_label(our_error_label)
        for temp_name, type in temps_to_clean_up:
            code.put_xdecref_clear(temp_name, type)
        for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
            except_clause.generate_handling_code(code, except_end_label)

        error_label_used = code.label_used(except_error_label)
        if error_label_used or not self.has_default_clause:
            if error_label_used:
                code.put_label(except_error_label)
            for var in exc_save_vars:
                code.put_xgiveref(var)
            code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s);" %
                       ', '.join(exc_save_vars))
            code.put_goto(old_error_label)

        for exit_label, old_label in zip(
            [try_break_label, try_continue_label, except_return_label],
            [old_break_label, old_continue_label, old_return_label]):

            if code.label_used(exit_label):
                code.put_label(exit_label)
                for var in exc_save_vars:
                    code.put_xgiveref(var)
                code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s);" %
                           ', '.join(exc_save_vars))
                code.put_goto(old_label)

        if code.label_used(except_end_label):
            code.put_label(except_end_label)
            for var in exc_save_vars:
                code.put_xgiveref(var)
            code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s);" %
                       ', '.join(exc_save_vars))
        code.put_label(try_end_label)
        code.putln("}")

        for cname in exc_save_vars:
            code.funcstate.release_temp(cname)

        code.return_label = old_return_label
        code.break_label = old_break_label
        code.continue_label = old_continue_label
        code.error_label = old_error_label

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
            except_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.body.annotate(code)
        for except_node in self.except_clauses:
            except_node.annotate(code)
        if self.else_clause:
            self.else_clause.annotate(code)


class ExceptClauseNode(Node):
    #  Part of try ... except statement.
    #
    #  pattern        [ExprNode]
    #  target         ExprNode or None
    #  body           StatNode
    #  excinfo_target ResultRefNode or None   optional target for exception info
    #  match_flag     string             result of exception match
    #  exc_value      ExcValueNode       used internally
    #  function_name  string             qualified name of enclosing function
    #  exc_vars       (string * 3)       local exception variables

    # excinfo_target is never set by the parser, but can be set by a transform
    # in order to extract more extensive information about the exception as a
    # sys.exc_info()-style tuple into a target variable

    child_attrs = ["pattern", "target", "body", "exc_value", "excinfo_target"]

    exc_value = None
    excinfo_target = None

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if self.target:
            self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        genv = env.global_scope()
        self.function_name = env.qualified_name
        if self.pattern:
            # normalise/unpack self.pattern into a list
            for i, pattern in enumerate(self.pattern):
                pattern.analyse_expressions(env)
                self.pattern[i] = pattern.coerce_to_pyobject(env)

        if self.target:
            self.exc_value = ExprNodes.ExcValueNode(self.pos, env)
            self.target.analyse_target_expression(env, self.exc_value)
        if self.excinfo_target is not None:
            import ExprNodes
            self.excinfo_tuple = ExprNodes.TupleNode(pos=self.pos, args=[
                ExprNodes.ExcValueNode(pos=self.pos, env=env) for x in range(3)])
            self.excinfo_tuple.analyse_expressions(env)

        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_handling_code(self, code, end_label):
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        if self.pattern:
            exc_tests = []
            for pattern in self.pattern:
                pattern.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                exc_tests.append("PyErr_ExceptionMatches(%s)" % pattern.py_result())

            match_flag = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, False)
            code.putln(
                "%s = %s;" % (match_flag, ' || '.join(exc_tests)))
            for pattern in self.pattern:
                pattern.generate_disposal_code(code)
                pattern.free_temps(code)
            code.putln(
                "if (%s) {" %
                    match_flag)
            code.funcstate.release_temp(match_flag)
        else:
            code.putln("/*except:*/ {")

        if not getattr(self.body, 'stats', True) and \
                self.excinfo_target is None and self.target is None:
            # most simple case: no exception variable, empty body (pass)
            # => reset the exception state, done
            code.putln("PyErr_Restore(0,0,0);")
            code.put_goto(end_label)
            code.putln("}")
            return

        exc_vars = [code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type,
                                                 manage_ref=True)
                    for i in xrange(3)]
        code.put_add_traceback(self.function_name)
        # We always have to fetch the exception value even if
        # there is no target, because this also normalises the
        # exception and stores it in the thread state.
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_exception_utility_code)
        exc_args = "&%s, &%s, &%s" % tuple(exc_vars)
        code.putln("if (__Pyx_GetException(%s) < 0) %s" % (exc_args,
            code.error_goto(self.pos)))
        for x in exc_vars:
            code.put_gotref(x)
        if self.target:
            self.exc_value.set_var(exc_vars[1])
            self.exc_value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.exc_value, code)
        if self.excinfo_target is not None:
            for tempvar, node in zip(exc_vars, self.excinfo_tuple.args):
                node.set_var(tempvar)
            self.excinfo_tuple.generate_evaluation_code(code)
            self.excinfo_target.result_code = self.excinfo_tuple.result()

        old_break_label, old_continue_label = code.break_label, code.continue_label
        code.break_label = code.new_label('except_break')
        code.continue_label = code.new_label('except_continue')

        old_exc_vars = code.funcstate.exc_vars
        code.funcstate.exc_vars = exc_vars
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        code.funcstate.exc_vars = old_exc_vars
        if self.excinfo_target is not None:
            self.excinfo_tuple.generate_disposal_code(code)
        for var in exc_vars:
            code.put_decref_clear(var, py_object_type)
        code.put_goto(end_label)

        if code.label_used(code.break_label):
            code.put_label(code.break_label)
            if self.excinfo_target is not None:
                self.excinfo_tuple.generate_disposal_code(code)
            for var in exc_vars:
                code.put_decref_clear(var, py_object_type)
            code.put_goto(old_break_label)
        code.break_label = old_break_label

        if code.label_used(code.continue_label):
            code.put_label(code.continue_label)
            if self.excinfo_target is not None:
                self.excinfo_tuple.generate_disposal_code(code)
            for var in exc_vars:
                code.put_decref_clear(var, py_object_type)
            code.put_goto(old_continue_label)
        code.continue_label = old_continue_label

        if self.excinfo_target is not None:
            self.excinfo_tuple.free_temps(code)
        for temp in exc_vars:
            code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)

        code.putln(
            "}")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        if self.target is not None:
            self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def annotate(self, code):
        if self.pattern:
            for pattern in self.pattern:
                pattern.annotate(code)
        if self.target:
            self.target.annotate(code)
        self.body.annotate(code)


class TryFinallyStatNode(StatNode):
    #  try ... finally statement
    #
    #  body             StatNode
    #  finally_clause   StatNode
    #
    #  The plan is that we funnel all continue, break
    #  return and error gotos into the beginning of the
    #  finally block, setting a variable to remember which
    #  one we're doing. At the end of the finally block, we
    #  switch on the variable to figure out where to go.
    #  In addition, if we're doing an error, we save the
    #  exception on entry to the finally block and restore
    #  it on exit.

    child_attrs = ["body", "finally_clause"]

    preserve_exception = 1

    # handle exception case, in addition to return/break/continue
    handle_error_case = True

    disallow_continue_in_try_finally = 0
    # There doesn't seem to be any point in disallowing
    # continue in the try block, since we have no problem
    # handling it.

    is_try_finally_in_nogil = False

    def create_analysed(pos, env, body, finally_clause):
        node = TryFinallyStatNode(pos, body=body, finally_clause=finally_clause)
        return node
    create_analysed = staticmethod(create_analysed)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
        self.finally_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.finally_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

    nogil_check = Node.gil_error
    gil_message = "Try-finally statement"

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        old_error_label = code.error_label
        old_labels = code.all_new_labels()
        new_labels = code.get_all_labels()
        new_error_label = code.error_label
        if not self.handle_error_case:
            code.error_label = old_error_label
        catch_label = code.new_label()

        code.putln("/*try:*/ {")

        if self.disallow_continue_in_try_finally:
            was_in_try_finally = code.funcstate.in_try_finally
            code.funcstate.in_try_finally = 1

        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)

        if self.disallow_continue_in_try_finally:
            code.funcstate.in_try_finally = was_in_try_finally

        code.putln("}")

        temps_to_clean_up = code.funcstate.all_free_managed_temps()
        code.mark_pos(self.finally_clause.pos)
        code.putln("/*finally:*/ {")

        cases_used = []
        error_label_used = 0
        for i, new_label in enumerate(new_labels):
            if new_label in code.labels_used:
                cases_used.append(i)
                if new_label == new_error_label:
                    error_label_used = 1
                    error_label_case = i

        if cases_used:
            code.putln("int __pyx_why;")

            if error_label_used and self.preserve_exception:
                if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
                    code.declare_gilstate()

                code.putln("PyObject *%s, *%s, *%s;" % Naming.exc_vars)
                code.putln("int %s;" % Naming.exc_lineno_name)
                exc_var_init_zero = ''.join(
                                ["%s = 0; " % var for var in Naming.exc_vars])
                exc_var_init_zero += '%s = 0;' % Naming.exc_lineno_name
                code.putln(exc_var_init_zero)
            else:
                exc_var_init_zero = None

            code.use_label(catch_label)
            code.putln("__pyx_why = 0; goto %s;" % catch_label)
            for i in cases_used:
                new_label = new_labels[i]
                #if new_label and new_label != "<try>":
                if new_label == new_error_label and self.preserve_exception:
                    self.put_error_catcher(code,
                        new_error_label, i+1, catch_label, temps_to_clean_up)
                else:
                    code.put('%s: ' % new_label)
                    if exc_var_init_zero:
                        code.putln(exc_var_init_zero)
                    code.putln("__pyx_why = %s; goto %s;" % (i+1, catch_label))
            code.put_label(catch_label)

        code.set_all_labels(old_labels)
        if error_label_used:
            code.new_error_label()
            finally_error_label = code.error_label

        self.finally_clause.generate_execution_code(code)

        if error_label_used:
            if finally_error_label in code.labels_used and self.preserve_exception:
                over_label = code.new_label()
                code.put_goto(over_label)
                code.put_label(finally_error_label)

                code.putln("if (__pyx_why == %d) {" % (error_label_case + 1))
                if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
                    code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)
                for var in Naming.exc_vars:
                    code.putln("Py_XDECREF(%s);" % var)
                if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
                    code.put_release_ensured_gil()
                code.putln("}")

                code.put_goto(old_error_label)
                code.put_label(over_label)

            code.error_label = old_error_label

        if cases_used:
            code.putln(
                "switch (__pyx_why) {")
            for i in cases_used:
                old_label = old_labels[i]
                if old_label == old_error_label and self.preserve_exception:
                    self.put_error_uncatcher(code, i+1, old_error_label)
                else:
                    code.use_label(old_label)
                    code.putln("case %s: goto %s;" % (i+1, old_label))

            # End the switch
            code.putln(
                "}")

        # End finally
        code.putln(
            "}")

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
        self.finally_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def put_error_catcher(self, code, error_label, i, catch_label,
                          temps_to_clean_up):
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
        code.putln("%s: {" % error_label)
        code.putln("__pyx_why = %s;" % i)

        if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
            code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)

        for temp_name, type in temps_to_clean_up:
            code.put_xdecref_clear(temp_name, type)

        code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetch(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % Naming.exc_vars)
        code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.exc_lineno_name, Naming.lineno_cname))

        if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
            code.put_release_ensured_gil()

        code.put_goto(catch_label)
        code.putln("}")

    def put_error_uncatcher(self, code, i, error_label):
        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
        code.putln(
            "case %s: {" % i)

        if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
            code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)

        code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(%s, %s, %s);" % Naming.exc_vars)
        code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.lineno_cname, Naming.exc_lineno_name))

        if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
            code.put_release_ensured_gil()

        for var in Naming.exc_vars:
            code.putln(
                   "%s = 0;" % var)

        code.put_goto(error_label)
        code.putln(
            "}")

    def annotate(self, code):
        self.body.annotate(code)
        self.finally_clause.annotate(code)


class NogilTryFinallyStatNode(TryFinallyStatNode):
    """
    A try/finally statement that may be used in nogil code sections.
    """

    preserve_exception = False
    nogil_check = None


class GILStatNode(NogilTryFinallyStatNode):
    #  'with gil' or 'with nogil' statement
    #
    #   state   string   'gil' or 'nogil'

    def __init__(self, pos, state, body):
        self.state = state
        TryFinallyStatNode.__init__(self, pos,
            body = body,
            finally_clause = GILExitNode(pos, state = state))

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        env._in_with_gil_block = (self.state == 'gil')
        if self.state == 'gil':
            env.has_with_gil_block = True

        return super(GILStatNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        env.use_utility_code(force_init_threads_utility_code)
        was_nogil = env.nogil
        env.nogil = self.state == 'nogil'
        TryFinallyStatNode.analyse_expressions(self, env)
        env.nogil = was_nogil

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.mark_pos(self.pos)
        code.begin_block()

        if self.state == 'gil':
            code.put_ensure_gil()
        else:
            code.put_release_gil()

        TryFinallyStatNode.generate_execution_code(self, code)
        code.end_block()


class GILExitNode(StatNode):
    """
    Used as the 'finally' block in a GILStatNode

    state   string   'gil' or 'nogil'
    """

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        if self.state == 'gil':
            code.put_release_ensured_gil()
        else:
            code.put_acquire_gil()


class EnsureGILNode(GILExitNode):
    """
    Ensure the GIL in nogil functions for cleanup before returning.
    """

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)


class CImportStatNode(StatNode):
    #  cimport statement
    #
    #  module_name   string           Qualified name of module being imported
    #  as_name       string or None   Name specified in "as" clause, if any

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if not env.is_module_scope:
            error(self.pos, "cimport only allowed at module level")
            return
        module_scope = env.find_module(self.module_name, self.pos)
        if "." in self.module_name:
            names = [EncodedString(name) for name in self.module_name.split(".")]
            top_name = names[0]
            top_module_scope = env.context.find_submodule(top_name)
            module_scope = top_module_scope
            for name in names[1:]:
                submodule_scope = module_scope.find_submodule(name)
                module_scope.declare_module(name, submodule_scope, self.pos)
                module_scope = submodule_scope
            if self.as_name:
                env.declare_module(self.as_name, module_scope, self.pos)
            else:
                env.add_imported_module(module_scope)
                env.declare_module(top_name, top_module_scope, self.pos)
        else:
            name = self.as_name or self.module_name
            env.declare_module(name, module_scope, self.pos)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class FromCImportStatNode(StatNode):
    #  from ... cimport statement
    #
    #  module_name     string                        Qualified name of module
    #  imported_names  [(pos, name, as_name, kind)]  Names to be imported

    child_attrs = []

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        if not env.is_module_scope:
            error(self.pos, "cimport only allowed at module level")
            return
        module_scope = env.find_module(self.module_name, self.pos)
        env.add_imported_module(module_scope)
        for pos, name, as_name, kind in self.imported_names:
            if name == "*":
                for local_name, entry in module_scope.entries.items():
                    env.add_imported_entry(local_name, entry, pos)
            else:
                entry = module_scope.lookup(name)
                if entry:
                    if kind and not self.declaration_matches(entry, kind):
                        entry.redeclared(pos)
                    entry.used = 1
                else:
                    if kind == 'struct' or kind == 'union':
                        entry = module_scope.declare_struct_or_union(name,
                            kind = kind, scope = None, typedef_flag = 0, pos = pos)
                    elif kind == 'class':
                        entry = module_scope.declare_c_class(name, pos = pos,
                            module_name = self.module_name)
                    else:
                        submodule_scope = env.context.find_module(name, relative_to = module_scope, pos = self.pos)
                        if submodule_scope.parent_module is module_scope:
                            env.declare_module(as_name or name, submodule_scope, self.pos)
                        else:
                            error(pos, "Name '%s' not declared in module '%s'"
                                % (name, self.module_name))

                if entry:
                    local_name = as_name or name
                    env.add_imported_entry(local_name, entry, pos)

    def declaration_matches(self, entry, kind):
        if not entry.is_type:
            return 0
        type = entry.type
        if kind == 'class':
            if not type.is_extension_type:
                return 0
        else:
            if not type.is_struct_or_union:
                return 0
            if kind != type.kind:
                return 0
        return 1

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        pass

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        pass


class FromImportStatNode(StatNode):
    #  from ... import statement
    #
    #  module           ImportNode
    #  items            [(string, NameNode)]
    #  interned_items   [(string, NameNode, ExprNode)]
    #  item             PyTempNode            used internally
    #  import_star      boolean               used internally

    child_attrs = ["module"]
    import_star = 0

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        for name, target in self.items:
            if name == "*":
                if not env.is_module_scope:
                    error(self.pos, "import * only allowed at module level")
                    return
                env.has_import_star = 1
                self.import_star = 1
            else:
                target.analyse_target_declaration(env)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        import ExprNodes
        self.module.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.item = ExprNodes.RawCNameExprNode(self.pos, py_object_type)
        self.interned_items = []
        for name, target in self.items:
            if name == '*':
                for _, entry in env.entries.items():
                    if not entry.is_type and entry.type.is_extension_type:
                        env.use_utility_code(ExprNodes.type_test_utility_code)
                        break
            else:
                entry =  env.lookup(target.name)
                # check whether or not entry is already cimported
                if (entry.is_type and entry.type.name == name
                    and hasattr(entry.type, 'module_name')):
                    if entry.type.module_name == self.module.module_name.value:
                        # cimported with absolute name
                        continue
                    try:
                        # cimported with relative name
                        module = env.find_module(self.module.module_name.value,
                                                 pos=None)
                        if entry.type.module_name == module.qualified_name:
                            continue
                    except AttributeError:
                        pass
                target.analyse_target_expression(env, None)
                if target.type is py_object_type:
                    coerced_item = None
                else:
                    coerced_item = self.item.coerce_to(target.type, env)
                self.interned_items.append((name, target, coerced_item))

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.module.generate_evaluation_code(code)
        if self.import_star:
            code.putln(
                'if (%s(%s) < 0) %s;' % (
                    Naming.import_star,
                    self.module.py_result(),
                    code.error_goto(self.pos)))
        item_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
        self.item.set_cname(item_temp)
        for name, target, coerced_item in self.interned_items:
            cname = code.intern_identifier(name)
            code.putln(
                '%s = PyObject_GetAttr(%s, %s); %s' % (
                    item_temp,
                    self.module.py_result(),
                    cname,
                    code.error_goto_if_null(item_temp, self.pos)))
            code.put_gotref(item_temp)
            if coerced_item is None:
                target.generate_assignment_code(self.item, code)
            else:
                coerced_item.allocate_temp_result(code)
                coerced_item.generate_result_code(code)
                target.generate_assignment_code(coerced_item, code)
            code.put_decref_clear(item_temp, py_object_type)
        code.funcstate.release_temp(item_temp)
        self.module.generate_disposal_code(code)
        self.module.free_temps(code)


class ParallelNode(Node):
    """
    Base class for cython.parallel constructs.
    """

    nogil_check = None


class ParallelStatNode(StatNode, ParallelNode):
    """
    Base class for 'with cython.parallel.parallel():' and 'for i in prange():'.

    assignments     { Entry(var) : (var.pos, inplace_operator_or_None) }
                    assignments to variables in this parallel section

    parent          parent ParallelStatNode or None
    is_parallel     indicates whether this node is OpenMP parallel
                    (true for #pragma omp parallel for and
                              #pragma omp parallel)

    is_parallel is true for:

        #pragma omp parallel
        #pragma omp parallel for

    sections, but NOT for

        #pragma omp for

    We need this to determine the sharing attributes.

    privatization_insertion_point   a code insertion point used to make temps
                                    private (esp. the "nsteps" temp)

    args         tuple          the arguments passed to the parallel construct
    kwargs       DictNode       the keyword arguments passed to the parallel
                                construct (replaced by its compile time value)
    """

    child_attrs = ['body', 'num_threads']

    body = None

    is_prange = False

    error_label_used = False

    num_threads = None

    parallel_exc = (
        Naming.parallel_exc_type,
        Naming.parallel_exc_value,
        Naming.parallel_exc_tb,
    )

    parallel_pos_info = (
        Naming.parallel_filename,
        Naming.parallel_lineno,
        Naming.parallel_clineno,
    )

    pos_info = (
        Naming.filename_cname,
        Naming.lineno_cname,
        Naming.clineno_cname,
    )

    critical_section_counter = 0

    def __init__(self, pos, **kwargs):
        super(ParallelStatNode, self).__init__(pos, **kwargs)

        # All assignments in this scope
        self.assignments = kwargs.get('assignments') or {}

        # All seen closure cnames and their temporary cnames
        self.seen_closure_vars = set()

        # Dict of variables that should be declared (first|last|)private or
        # reduction { Entry: (op, lastprivate) }.
        # If op is not None, it's a reduction.
        self.privates = {}

        # [NameNode]
        self.assigned_nodes = []

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.body.analyse_declarations(env)

        self.num_threads = None

        if self.kwargs:
            for idx, dictitem in enumerate(self.kwargs.key_value_pairs[:]):
                if dictitem.key.value == 'num_threads':
                    self.num_threads = dictitem.value
                    del self.kwargs.key_value_pairs[idx]
                    break

            try:
                self.kwargs = self.kwargs.compile_time_value(env)
            except Exception, e:
                error(self.kwargs.pos, "Only compile-time values may be "
                                       "supplied as keyword arguments")
        else:
            self.kwargs = {}

        for kw, val in self.kwargs.iteritems():
            if kw not in self.valid_keyword_arguments:
                error(self.pos, "Invalid keyword argument: %s" % kw)
            else:
                setattr(self, kw, val)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.num_threads:
            self.num_threads.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
        self.analyse_sharing_attributes(env)

        if self.num_threads is not None:
            if self.parent and self.parent.num_threads is not None:
                error(self.pos,
                      "num_threads already declared in outer section")
            elif self.parent:
                error(self.pos,
                      "num_threads must be declared in the parent parallel section")
            elif (self.num_threads.type.is_int and
                  self.num_threads.is_literal and
                  self.num_threads.compile_time_value(env) <= 0):
                error(self.pos,
                      "argument to num_threads must be greater than 0")

            self.num_threads = self.num_threads.coerce_to(
                                PyrexTypes.c_int_type, env).coerce_to_temp(env)

    def analyse_sharing_attributes(self, env):
        """
        Analyse the privates for this block and set them in self.privates.
        This should be called in a post-order fashion during the
        analyse_expressions phase
        """
        for entry, (pos, op) in self.assignments.iteritems():

            if self.is_prange and not self.is_parallel:
                # closely nested prange in a with parallel block, disallow
                # assigning to privates in the with parallel block (we
                # consider it too implicit and magicky for users)
                if entry in self.parent.assignments:
                    error(pos,
                          "Cannot assign to private of outer parallel block")
                    continue

            if not self.is_prange and op:
                # Again possible, but considered to magicky
                error(pos, "Reductions not allowed for parallel blocks")
                continue

            # By default all variables should have the same values as if
            # executed sequentially
            lastprivate = True
            self.propagate_var_privatization(entry, op, lastprivate)

    def propagate_var_privatization(self, entry, op, lastprivate):
        """
        Propagate the sharing attributes of a variable. If the privatization is
        determined by a parent scope, done propagate further.

        If we are a prange, we propagate our sharing attributes outwards to
        other pranges. If we are a prange in parallel block and the parallel
        block does not determine the variable private, we propagate to the
        parent of the parent. Recursion stops at parallel blocks, as they have
        no concept of lastprivate or reduction.

        So the following cases propagate:

            sum is a reduction for all loops:

                for i in prange(n):
                    for j in prange(n):
                        for k in prange(n):
                            sum += i * j * k

            sum is a reduction for both loops, local_var is private to the
            parallel with block:

                for i in prange(n):
                    with parallel:
                        local_var = ... # private to the parallel
                        for j in prange(n):
                            sum += i * j

        Nested with parallel blocks are disallowed, because they wouldn't
        allow you to propagate lastprivates or reductions:

            #pragma omp parallel for lastprivate(i)
            for i in prange(n):

                sum = 0

                #pragma omp parallel private(j, sum)
                with parallel:

                    #pragma omp parallel
                    with parallel:

                        #pragma omp for lastprivate(j) reduction(+:sum)
                        for j in prange(n):
                            sum += i

                    # sum and j are well-defined here

                # sum and j are undefined here

            # sum and j are undefined here
        """
        self.privates[entry] = (op, lastprivate)
        if self.is_prange:
            if not self.is_parallel and entry not in self.parent.assignments:
                # Parent is a parallel with block
                parent = self.parent.parent
            else:
                parent = self.parent

            # We don't need to propagate privates, only reductions and
            # lastprivates
            if parent and (op or lastprivate):
                parent.propagate_var_privatization(entry, op, lastprivate)

    def _allocate_closure_temp(self, code, entry):
        """
        Helper function that allocate a temporary for a closure variable that
        is assigned to.
        """
        if self.parent:
            return self.parent._allocate_closure_temp(code, entry)

        if entry.cname in self.seen_closure_vars:
            return entry.cname

        cname = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(entry.type, True)

        # Add both the actual cname and the temp cname, as the actual cname
        # will be replaced with the temp cname on the entry
        self.seen_closure_vars.add(entry.cname)
        self.seen_closure_vars.add(cname)

        self.modified_entries.append((entry, entry.cname))
        code.putln("%s = %s;" % (cname, entry.cname))
        entry.cname = cname

    def initialize_privates_to_nan(self, code, exclude=None):
        first = True

        for entry, (op, lastprivate) in self.privates.iteritems():
            if not op and (not exclude or entry != exclude):
                invalid_value = entry.type.invalid_value()

                if invalid_value:
                    if first:
                        code.putln("/* Initialize private variables to "
                                   "invalid values */")
                        code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                                invalid_values_utility_code)
                        first = False

                    have_invalid_values = True
                    code.putln("%s = %s;" % (entry.cname,
                                             entry.type.cast_code(invalid_value)))

    def put_num_threads(self, code):
        """
        Write self.num_threads if set as the num_threads OpenMP directive
        """
        if self.num_threads is not None:
            c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point
            # we need to set the owner to ourselves temporarily, as
            # allocate_temp may generate a comment in the middle of our pragma
            # otherwise when DebugFlags.debug_temp_code_comments is in effect
            owner = c.funcstate.owner
            c.funcstate.owner = c
            self.num_threads.generate_evaluation_code(c)
            c.funcstate.owner = owner

            code.put(" num_threads(%s)" % (self.num_threads.result(),))


    def declare_closure_privates(self, code):
        """
        If a variable is in a scope object, we need to allocate a temp and
        assign the value from the temp to the variable in the scope object
        after the parallel section. This kind of copying should be done only
        in the outermost parallel section.
        """
        self.modified_entries = []

        for entry, (pos, op) in self.assignments.iteritems():
            if entry.from_closure or entry.in_closure:
                self._allocate_closure_temp(code, entry)

    def release_closure_privates(self, code):
        """
        Release any temps used for variables in scope objects. As this is the
        outermost parallel block, we don't need to delete the cnames from
        self.seen_closure_vars.
        """
        for entry, original_cname in self.modified_entries:
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (original_cname, entry.cname))
            code.funcstate.release_temp(entry.cname)
            entry.cname = original_cname

    def privatize_temps(self, code, exclude_temps=()):
        """
        Make any used temporaries private. Before the relevant code block
        code.start_collecting_temps() should have been called.
        """
        if self.is_parallel:
            c = self.privatization_insertion_point

            temps = code.funcstate.stop_collecting_temps()
            privates, firstprivates = [], []
            for temp, type in temps:
                if type.is_pyobject:
                    firstprivates.append(temp)
                else:
                    privates.append(temp)

            if privates:
                c.put(" private(%s)" % ", ".join(privates))
            if firstprivates:
                c.put(" firstprivate(%s)" % ", ".join(firstprivates))

            if self.breaking_label_used:
                shared_vars = [Naming.parallel_why]
                if self.error_label_used:
                    shared_vars.extend(self.parallel_exc)
                    c.put(" private(%s, %s, %s)" % self.pos_info)

                c.put(" shared(%s)" % ', '.join(shared_vars))

    def setup_parallel_control_flow_block(self, code):
        """
        Sets up a block that surrounds the parallel block to determine
        how the parallel section was exited. Any kind of return is
        trapped (break, continue, return, exceptions). This is the idea:

        {
            int why = 0;

            #pragma omp parallel
            {
                return # -> goto new_return_label;
                goto end_parallel;

            new_return_label:
                why = 3;
                goto end_parallel;

            end_parallel:;
                #pragma omp flush(why) # we need to flush for every iteration
            }

            if (why == 3)
                goto old_return_label;
        }
        """
        self.old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
        self.old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
        self.old_return_label = code.return_label
        code.return_label = code.new_label(name="return")

        code.begin_block() # parallel control flow block
        self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point = code.insertion_point()

    def begin_parallel_block(self, code):
        """
        Each OpenMP thread in a parallel section that contains a with gil block
        must have the thread-state initialized. The call to
        PyGILState_Release() then deallocates our threadstate. If we wouldn't
        do this, each with gil block would allocate and deallocate one, thereby
        losing exception information before it can be saved before leaving the
        parallel section.
        """
        self.begin_of_parallel_block = code.insertion_point()

    def end_parallel_block(self, code):
        "Acquire the GIL, deallocate threadstate, release"
        if self.error_label_used:
            begin_code = self.begin_of_parallel_block
            end_code = code

            begin_code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)
            begin_code.putln("Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS")

            end_code.putln("Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS")
            end_code.put_release_ensured_gil()

    def trap_parallel_exit(self, code, should_flush=False):
        """
        Trap any kind of return inside a parallel construct. 'should_flush'
        indicates whether the variable should be flushed, which is needed by
        prange to skip the loop. It also indicates whether we need to register
        a continue (we need this for parallel blocks, but not for prange
        loops, as it is a direct jump there).

        It uses the same mechanism as try/finally:
            1 continue
            2 break
            3 return
            4 error
        """
        save_lastprivates_label = code.new_label()
        dont_return_label = code.new_label()
        insertion_point = code.insertion_point()

        self.any_label_used = False
        self.breaking_label_used = False
        self.error_label_used = False

        self.parallel_private_temps = []

        all_labels = code.get_all_labels()

        # Figure this out before starting to generate any code
        for label in all_labels:
            if code.label_used(label):
                self.breaking_label_used = (self.breaking_label_used or
                                            label != code.continue_label)
                self.any_label_used = True

        if self.any_label_used:
            code.put_goto(dont_return_label)

        for i, label in enumerate(all_labels):
            if not code.label_used(label):
                continue

            is_continue_label = label == code.continue_label

            code.put_label(label)

            if not (should_flush and is_continue_label):
                if label == code.error_label:
                    self.error_label_used = True
                    self.fetch_parallel_exception(code)

                code.putln("%s = %d;" % (Naming.parallel_why, i + 1))

            if (self.breaking_label_used and self.is_prange and not
                    is_continue_label):
                code.put_goto(save_lastprivates_label)
            else:
                code.put_goto(dont_return_label)

        if self.any_label_used:
            if self.is_prange and self.breaking_label_used:
                # Don't rely on lastprivate, save our lastprivates
                code.put_label(save_lastprivates_label)
                self.save_parallel_vars(code)

            code.put_label(dont_return_label)

            if should_flush and self.breaking_label_used:
                code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp flush(%s)" % Naming.parallel_why)

    def save_parallel_vars(self, code):
        """
        The following shenanigans are instated when we break, return or
        propagate errors from a prange. In this case we cannot rely on
        lastprivate() to do its job, as no iterations may have executed yet
        in the last thread, leaving the values undefined. It is most likely
        that the breaking thread has well-defined values of the lastprivate
        variables, so we keep those values.
        """
        section_name = ("__pyx_parallel_lastprivates%d" %
                                            self.critical_section_counter)
        code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp critical(%s)" % section_name)
        ParallelStatNode.critical_section_counter += 1

        code.begin_block() # begin critical section

        c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point

        temp_count = 0
        for entry, (op, lastprivate) in self.privates.iteritems():
            if not lastprivate or entry.type.is_pyobject:
                continue

            type_decl = entry.type.declaration_code("")
            temp_cname = "__pyx_parallel_temp%d" % temp_count
            private_cname = entry.cname

            temp_count += 1

            # Declare the parallel private in the outer block
            c.putln("%s %s;" % (type_decl, temp_cname))

            # Initialize before escaping
            code.putln("%s = %s;" % (temp_cname, private_cname))

            self.parallel_private_temps.append((temp_cname, private_cname))

        code.end_block() # end critical section

    def fetch_parallel_exception(self, code):
        """
        As each OpenMP thread may raise an exception, we need to fetch that
        exception from the threadstate and save it for after the parallel
        section where it can be re-raised in the master thread.

        Although it would seem that __pyx_filename, __pyx_lineno and
        __pyx_clineno are only assigned to under exception conditions (i.e.,
        when we have the GIL), and thus should be allowed to be shared without
        any race condition, they are in fact subject to the same race
        conditions that they were previously when they were global variables
        and functions were allowed to release the GIL:

            thread A                thread B
                acquire
                set lineno
                release
                                        acquire
                                        set lineno
                                        release
                acquire
                fetch exception
                release
                                        skip the fetch

                deallocate threadstate  deallocate threadstate
        """
        code.begin_block()
        code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)

        code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp flush(%s)" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)
        code.putln(
            "if (!%s) {" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)

        code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetch(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % self.parallel_exc)
        pos_info = chain(*zip(self.parallel_pos_info, self.pos_info))
        code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % tuple(pos_info))
        code.putln('__Pyx_GOTREF(%s);' % Naming.parallel_exc_type)

        code.putln(
            "}")

        code.put_release_ensured_gil()
        code.end_block()

    def restore_parallel_exception(self, code):
        "Re-raise a parallel exception"
        code.begin_block()
        code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)

        code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(%s, %s, %s);" % self.parallel_exc)
        pos_info = chain(*zip(self.pos_info, self.parallel_pos_info))
        code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % tuple(pos_info))
        code.putln("__Pyx_GIVEREF(%s);" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)

        code.put_release_ensured_gil()
        code.end_block()

    def restore_labels(self, code):
        """
        Restore all old labels. Call this before the 'else' clause to for
        loops and always before ending the parallel control flow block.
        """
        code.set_all_labels(self.old_loop_labels + (self.old_return_label,
                                                    self.old_error_label))

    def end_parallel_control_flow_block(self, code,
                                        break_=False, continue_=False):
        """
        This ends the parallel control flow block and based on how the parallel
        section was exited, takes the corresponding action. The break_ and
        continue_ parameters indicate whether these should be propagated
        outwards:

            for i in prange(...):
                with cython.parallel.parallel():
                    continue

        Here break should be trapped in the parallel block, and propagated to
        the for loop.
        """
        c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point

        # Firstly, always prefer errors over returning, continue or break
        if self.error_label_used:
            c.putln("const char *%s; int %s, %s;" % self.parallel_pos_info)
            c.putln("%s = NULL; %s = %s = 0;" % self.parallel_pos_info)

            c.putln("PyObject *%s = NULL, *%s = NULL, *%s = NULL;" %
                                                self.parallel_exc)

            code.putln(
                "if (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)
            code.putln("/* This may have been overridden by a continue, "
                       "break or return in another thread. Prefer the error. */")
            code.putln("%s = 4;" % Naming.parallel_why)
            code.putln(
                "}")

        if continue_:
            any_label_used = self.any_label_used
        else:
            any_label_used = self.breaking_label_used

        if any_label_used:
            # __pyx_parallel_why is used, declare and initialize
            c.putln("int %s;" % Naming.parallel_why)
            c.putln("%s = 0;" % Naming.parallel_why)

            code.putln(
                "if (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_why)

            for temp_cname, private_cname in self.parallel_private_temps:
                code.putln("%s = %s;" % (private_cname, temp_cname))

            code.putln("switch (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_why)
            if continue_:
                code.put("    case 1: ")
                code.put_goto(code.continue_label)

            if break_:
                code.put("    case 2: ")
                code.put_goto(code.break_label)

            code.put("    case 3: ")
            code.put_goto(code.return_label)

            if self.error_label_used:
                code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
                code.putln("    case 4:")
                self.restore_parallel_exception(code)
                code.put_goto(code.error_label)

            code.putln("}") # end switch
            code.putln(
                "}") # end if

        code.end_block() # end parallel control flow block


class ParallelWithBlockNode(ParallelStatNode):
    """
    This node represents a 'with cython.parallel.parallel():' block
    """

    valid_keyword_arguments = ['num_threads']

    num_threads = None

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        super(ParallelWithBlockNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
        if self.args:
            error(self.pos, "cython.parallel.parallel() does not take "
                            "positional arguments")

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.declare_closure_privates(code)
        self.setup_parallel_control_flow_block(code)

        code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
        code.put("#pragma omp parallel ")

        if self.privates:
            privates = [e.cname for e in self.privates
                                    if not e.type.is_pyobject]
            code.put('private(%s)' % ', '.join(privates))

        self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
        self.put_num_threads(code)
        code.putln("")

        code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")

        code.begin_block() # parallel block
        self.begin_parallel_block(code)
        self.initialize_privates_to_nan(code)
        code.funcstate.start_collecting_temps()
        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        self.trap_parallel_exit(code)
        self.privatize_temps(code)
        self.end_parallel_block(code)
        code.end_block() # end parallel block

        continue_ = code.label_used(code.continue_label)
        break_ = code.label_used(code.break_label)

        self.restore_labels(code)
        self.end_parallel_control_flow_block(code, break_=break_,
                                             continue_=continue_)
        self.release_closure_privates(code)


class ParallelRangeNode(ParallelStatNode):
    """
    This node represents a 'for i in cython.parallel.prange():' construct.

    target       NameNode       the target iteration variable
    else_clause  Node or None   the else clause of this loop
    """

    child_attrs = ['body', 'target', 'else_clause', 'args']

    body = target = else_clause = args = None

    start = stop = step = None

    is_prange = True

    nogil = None
    schedule = None
    num_threads = None

    valid_keyword_arguments = ['schedule', 'nogil', 'num_threads']

    def __init__(self, pos, **kwds):
        super(ParallelRangeNode, self).__init__(pos, **kwds)
        # Pretend to be a ForInStatNode for control flow analysis
        self.iterator = PassStatNode(pos)

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        super(ParallelRangeNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
        self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)

        if not self.args or len(self.args) > 3:
            error(self.pos, "Invalid number of positional arguments to prange")
            return

        if len(self.args) == 1:
            self.stop, = self.args
        elif len(self.args) == 2:
            self.start, self.stop = self.args
        else:
            self.start, self.stop, self.step = self.args

        if hasattr(self.schedule, 'decode'):
            self.schedule = self.schedule.decode('ascii')

        if self.schedule not in (None, 'static', 'dynamic', 'guided',
                                 'runtime'):
            error(self.pos, "Invalid schedule argument to prange: %s" %
                                                        (self.schedule,))

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        if self.nogil:
            was_nogil = env.nogil
            env.nogil = True

        if self.target is None:
            error(self.pos, "prange() can only be used as part of a for loop")
            return

        self.target.analyse_target_types(env)

        if not self.target.type.is_numeric:
            # Not a valid type, assume one for now anyway

            if not self.target.type.is_pyobject:
                # nogil_check will catch the is_pyobject case
                error(self.target.pos,
                      "Must be of numeric type, not %s" % self.target.type)

            self.index_type = PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type
        else:
            self.index_type = self.target.type

        # Setup start, stop and step, allocating temps if needed
        self.names = 'start', 'stop', 'step'
        start_stop_step = self.start, self.stop, self.step

        for node, name in zip(start_stop_step, self.names):
            if node is not None:
                node.analyse_types(env)
                if not node.type.is_numeric:
                    error(node.pos, "%s argument must be numeric" % name)
                    continue

                if not node.is_literal:
                    node = node.coerce_to_temp(env)
                    setattr(self, name, node)

                # As we range from 0 to nsteps, computing the index along the
                # way, we need a fitting type for 'i' and 'nsteps'
                self.index_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(
                                        self.index_type, node.type)

        if self.else_clause is not None:
            self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)

        # Although not actually an assignment in this scope, it should be
        # treated as such to ensure it is unpacked if a closure temp, and to
        # ensure lastprivate behaviour and propagation. If the target index is
        # not a NameNode, it won't have an entry, and an error was issued by
        # ParallelRangeTransform
        if hasattr(self.target, 'entry'):
            self.assignments[self.target.entry] = self.target.pos, None

        super(ParallelRangeNode, self).analyse_expressions(env)

        if self.nogil:
            env.nogil = was_nogil

    def nogil_check(self, env):
        names = 'start', 'stop', 'step', 'target'
        nodes = self.start, self.stop, self.step, self.target
        for name, node in zip(names, nodes):
            if node is not None and node.type.is_pyobject:
                error(node.pos, "%s may not be a Python object "
                                "as we don't have the GIL" % name)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        """
        Generate code in the following steps

            1)  copy any closure variables determined thread-private
                into temporaries

            2)  allocate temps for start, stop and step

            3)  generate a loop that calculates the total number of steps,
                which then computes the target iteration variable for every step:

                    for i in prange(start, stop, step):
                        ...

                becomes

                    nsteps = (stop - start) / step;
                    i = start;

                    #pragma omp parallel for lastprivate(i)
                    for (temp = 0; temp < nsteps; temp++) {
                        i = start + step * temp;
                        ...
                    }

                Note that accumulation of 'i' would have a data dependency
                between iterations.

                Also, you can't do this

                    for (i = start; i < stop; i += step)
                        ...

                as the '<' operator should become '>' for descending loops.
                'for i from x < i < y:' does not suffer from this problem
                as the relational operator is known at compile time!

            4) release our temps and write back any private closure variables
        """
        self.declare_closure_privates(code)

        # This can only be a NameNode
        target_index_cname = self.target.entry.cname

        # This will be used as the dict to format our code strings, holding
        # the start, stop , step, temps and target cnames
        fmt_dict = {
            'target': target_index_cname,
        }

        # Setup start, stop and step, allocating temps if needed
        start_stop_step = self.start, self.stop, self.step
        defaults = '0', '0', '1'
        for node, name, default in zip(start_stop_step, self.names, defaults):
            if node is None:
                result = default
            elif node.is_literal:
                result = node.get_constant_c_result_code()
            else:
                node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                result = node.result()

            fmt_dict[name] = result

        fmt_dict['i'] = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(self.index_type, False)
        fmt_dict['nsteps'] = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(self.index_type, False)

        # TODO: check if the step is 0 and if so, raise an exception in a
        # 'with gil' block. For now, just abort
        code.putln("if (%(step)s == 0) abort();" % fmt_dict)

        self.setup_parallel_control_flow_block(code) # parallel control flow block

        self.control_flow_var_code_point = code.insertion_point()

        # Note: nsteps is private in an outer scope if present
        code.putln("%(nsteps)s = (%(stop)s - %(start)s) / %(step)s;" % fmt_dict)

        # The target iteration variable might not be initialized, do it only if
        # we are executing at least 1 iteration, otherwise we should leave the
        # target unaffected. The target iteration variable is firstprivate to
        # shut up compiler warnings caused by lastprivate, as the compiler
        # erroneously believes that nsteps may be <= 0, leaving the private
        # target index uninitialized
        code.putln("if (%(nsteps)s > 0)" % fmt_dict)
        code.begin_block() # if block
        code.putln("%(target)s = 0;" % fmt_dict)
        self.generate_loop(code, fmt_dict)
        code.end_block() # end if block

        self.restore_labels(code)

        if self.else_clause:
            if self.breaking_label_used:
                code.put("if (%s < 2)" % Naming.parallel_why)

            code.begin_block() # else block
            code.putln("/* else */")
            self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
            code.end_block() # end else block

        # ------ cleanup ------
        self.end_parallel_control_flow_block(code) # end parallel control flow block

        # And finally, release our privates and write back any closure
        # variables
        for temp in start_stop_step:
            if temp is not None:
                temp.generate_disposal_code(code)
                temp.free_temps(code)

        code.funcstate.release_temp(fmt_dict['i'])
        code.funcstate.release_temp(fmt_dict['nsteps'])

        self.release_closure_privates(code)

    def generate_loop(self, code, fmt_dict):
        code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")

        if not self.is_parallel:
            code.put("#pragma omp for")
            self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
            reduction_codepoint = self.parent.privatization_insertion_point
        else:
            code.put("#pragma omp parallel")
            self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
            reduction_codepoint = self.privatization_insertion_point
            code.putln("")
            code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")

            code.begin_block() # pragma omp parallel begin block

            # Initialize the GIL if needed for this thread
            self.begin_parallel_block(code)

            code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
            code.put("#pragma omp for")

        for entry, (op, lastprivate) in self.privates.iteritems():
            # Don't declare the index variable as a reduction
            if op and op in "+*-&^|" and entry != self.target.entry:
                if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                    error(self.pos, "Python objects cannot be reductions")
                else:
                    #code.put(" reduction(%s:%s)" % (op, entry.cname))
                    # This is the only way reductions + nesting works in gcc4.5
                    reduction_codepoint.put(
                                " reduction(%s:%s)" % (op, entry.cname))
            else:
                if entry == self.target.entry:
                    code.put(" firstprivate(%s)" % entry.cname)
                    code.put(" lastprivate(%s)" % entry.cname)
                    continue

                if not entry.type.is_pyobject:
                    if lastprivate:
                        private = 'lastprivate'
                    else:
                        private = 'private'

                    code.put(" %s(%s)" % (private, entry.cname))

        if self.schedule:
            code.put(" schedule(%s)" % self.schedule)

        self.put_num_threads(reduction_codepoint)

        code.putln("")
        code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")

        code.put("for (%(i)s = 0; %(i)s < %(nsteps)s; %(i)s++)" % fmt_dict)
        code.begin_block() # for loop block

        guard_around_body_codepoint = code.insertion_point()

        # Start if guard block around the body. This may be unnecessary, but
        # at least it doesn't spoil indentation
        code.begin_block()

        code.putln("%(target)s = %(start)s + %(step)s * %(i)s;" % fmt_dict)
        self.initialize_privates_to_nan(code, exclude=self.target.entry)

        if self.is_parallel:
            code.funcstate.start_collecting_temps()

        self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
        self.trap_parallel_exit(code, should_flush=True)
        self.privatize_temps(code)

        if self.breaking_label_used:
            # Put a guard around the loop body in case return, break or
            # exceptions might be used
            guard_around_body_codepoint.putln("if (%s < 2)" % Naming.parallel_why)

        code.end_block() # end guard around loop body
        code.end_block() # end for loop block

        if self.is_parallel:
            # Release the GIL and deallocate the thread state
            self.end_parallel_block(code)
            code.end_block() # pragma omp parallel end block


class CnameDecoratorNode(StatNode):
    """
    This node is for the cname decorator in CythonUtilityCode:

        @cname('the_cname')
        cdef func(...):
            ...

    In case of a cdef class the cname specifies the objstruct_cname.

    node        the node to which the cname decorator is applied
    cname       the cname the node should get
    """

    child_attrs = ['node']

    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
        self.node.analyse_declarations(env)

        self.is_function = isinstance(self.node, FuncDefNode)
        is_struct_or_enum = isinstance(self.node, (CStructOrUnionDefNode,
                                                   CEnumDefNode))
        e = self.node.entry

        if self.is_function:
            e.cname = self.cname
            e.func_cname = self.cname
        elif is_struct_or_enum:
            e.cname = e.type.cname = self.cname
        else:
            scope = self.node.scope

            e.cname = self.cname
            e.type.objstruct_cname = self.cname + '_obj'
            e.type.typeobj_cname = Naming.typeobj_prefix + self.cname
            e.type.typeptr_cname = self.cname + '_type'

            e.as_variable.cname = py_object_type.cast_code(e.type.typeptr_cname)

            scope.scope_prefix = self.cname + "_"

            for name, entry in scope.entries.iteritems():
                if entry.func_cname:
                    entry.func_cname = '%s_%s' % (self.cname, entry.cname)

    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
        self.node.analyse_expressions(env)

    def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
        "Ensure a prototype for every @cname method in the right place"
        if self.is_function and env.is_c_class_scope:
            # method in cdef class, generate a prototype in the header
            h_code = code.globalstate['utility_code_proto']

            if isinstance(self.node, DefNode):
                self.node.generate_function_header(
                            h_code, with_pymethdef=False, proto_only=True)
            else:
                import ModuleNode
                entry = self.node.entry
                cname = entry.cname
                entry.cname = entry.func_cname

                ModuleNode.generate_cfunction_declaration(
                        entry,
                        env.global_scope(),
                        h_code,
                        definition=True)

                entry.cname = cname

        self.node.generate_function_definitions(env, code)

    def generate_execution_code(self, code):
        self.node.generate_execution_code(code)


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Runtime support code
#
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

utility_function_predeclarations = \
"""
/* inline attribute */
#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE
  #if defined(__GNUC__)
    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__
  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline
  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
    #define CYTHON_INLINE inline
  #else
    #define CYTHON_INLINE
  #endif
#endif

/* unused attribute */
#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED
# if defined(__GNUC__)
#   if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4))
#     define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
#   else
#     define CYTHON_UNUSED
#   endif
# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
#   define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
# else
#   define CYTHON_UNUSED
# endif
#endif

typedef struct {PyObject **p; char *s; const long n; const char* encoding; const char is_unicode; const char is_str; const char intern; } __Pyx_StringTabEntry; /*proto*/

"""

if Options.gcc_branch_hints:
    branch_prediction_macros = \
    """
#ifdef __GNUC__
  /* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
  #if __GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95))
    #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
    #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
  #else /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
    #define likely(x)   (x)
    #define unlikely(x) (x)
  #endif /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
#else /* __GNUC__ */
  #define likely(x)   (x)
  #define unlikely(x) (x)
#endif /* __GNUC__ */
    """
else:
    branch_prediction_macros = \
    """
#define likely(x)   (x)
#define unlikely(x) (x)
    """

#get_name_predeclaration = \
#"static PyObject *__Pyx_GetName(PyObject *dict, char *name); /*proto*/"

#get_name_interned_predeclaration = \
#"static PyObject *__Pyx_GetName(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name); /*proto*/"

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

printing_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_Print(PyObject*, PyObject *, int); /*proto*/
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
static PyObject* %s = 0;
static PyObject* %s = 0;
#endif
""" % (Naming.print_function, Naming.print_function_kwargs),
cleanup = """
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
Py_CLEAR(%s);
Py_CLEAR(%s);
#endif
""" % (Naming.print_function, Naming.print_function_kwargs),
impl = r"""
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
static PyObject *__Pyx_GetStdout(void) {
    PyObject *f = PySys_GetObject((char *)"stdout");
    if (!f) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout");
    }
    return f;
}

static int __Pyx_Print(PyObject* f, PyObject *arg_tuple, int newline) {
    PyObject* v;
    int i;

    if (!f) {
        if (!(f = __Pyx_GetStdout()))
            return -1;
    }
    for (i=0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg_tuple); i++) {
        if (PyFile_SoftSpace(f, 1)) {
            if (PyFile_WriteString(" ", f) < 0)
                return -1;
        }
        v = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg_tuple, i);
        if (PyFile_WriteObject(v, f, Py_PRINT_RAW) < 0)
            return -1;
        if (PyString_Check(v)) {
            char *s = PyString_AsString(v);
            Py_ssize_t len = PyString_Size(v);
            if (len > 0 &&
                isspace(Py_CHARMASK(s[len-1])) &&
                s[len-1] != ' ')
                    PyFile_SoftSpace(f, 0);
        }
    }
    if (newline) {
        if (PyFile_WriteString("\n", f) < 0)
            return -1;
        PyFile_SoftSpace(f, 0);
    }
    return 0;
}

#else /* Python 3 has a print function */

static int __Pyx_Print(PyObject* stream, PyObject *arg_tuple, int newline) {
    PyObject* kwargs = 0;
    PyObject* result = 0;
    PyObject* end_string;
    if (unlikely(!%(PRINT_FUNCTION)s)) {
        %(PRINT_FUNCTION)s = __Pyx_GetAttrString(%(BUILTINS)s, "print");
        if (!%(PRINT_FUNCTION)s)
            return -1;
    }
    if (stream) {
        kwargs = PyDict_New();
        if (unlikely(!kwargs))
            return -1;
        if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "file", stream) < 0))
            goto bad;
        if (!newline) {
            end_string = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(" ", 1);
            if (unlikely(!end_string))
                goto bad;
            if (PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "end", end_string) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(end_string);
                goto bad;
            }
            Py_DECREF(end_string);
        }
    } else if (!newline) {
        if (unlikely(!%(PRINT_KWARGS)s)) {
            %(PRINT_KWARGS)s = PyDict_New();
            if (unlikely(!%(PRINT_KWARGS)s))
                return -1;
            end_string = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(" ", 1);
            if (unlikely(!end_string))
                return -1;
            if (PyDict_SetItemString(%(PRINT_KWARGS)s, "end", end_string) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(end_string);
                return -1;
            }
            Py_DECREF(end_string);
        }
        kwargs = %(PRINT_KWARGS)s;
    }
    result = PyObject_Call(%(PRINT_FUNCTION)s, arg_tuple, kwargs);
    if (unlikely(kwargs) && (kwargs != %(PRINT_KWARGS)s))
        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
    if (!result)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(result);
    return 0;
bad:
    if (kwargs != %(PRINT_KWARGS)s)
        Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
    return -1;
}

#endif
""" % {'BUILTINS'       : Naming.builtins_cname,
       'PRINT_FUNCTION' : Naming.print_function,
       'PRINT_KWARGS'   : Naming.print_function_kwargs}
)


printing_one_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_PrintOne(PyObject* stream, PyObject *o); /*proto*/
""",
impl = r"""
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3

static int __Pyx_PrintOne(PyObject* f, PyObject *o) {
    if (!f) {
        if (!(f = __Pyx_GetStdout()))
            return -1;
    }
    if (PyFile_SoftSpace(f, 0)) {
        if (PyFile_WriteString(" ", f) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    if (PyFile_WriteObject(o, f, Py_PRINT_RAW) < 0)
        return -1;
    if (PyFile_WriteString("\n", f) < 0)
        return -1;
    return 0;
    /* the line below is just to avoid compiler
     * compiler warnings about unused functions */
    return __Pyx_Print(f, NULL, 0);
}

#else /* Python 3 has a print function */

static int __Pyx_PrintOne(PyObject* stream, PyObject *o) {
    int res;
    PyObject* arg_tuple = PyTuple_New(1);
    if (unlikely(!arg_tuple))
        return -1;
    Py_INCREF(o);
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(arg_tuple, 0, o);
    res = __Pyx_Print(stream, arg_tuple, 1);
    Py_DECREF(arg_tuple);
    return res;
}

#endif
""",
requires=[printing_utility_code])



#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Exception raising code
#
# Exceptions are raised by __Pyx_Raise() and stored as plain
# type/value/tb in PyThreadState->curexc_*.  When being caught by an
# 'except' statement, curexc_* is moved over to exc_* by
# __Pyx_GetException()

restore_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();

    tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type;
    tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value;
    tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
    tstate->curexc_type = type;
    tstate->curexc_value = value;
    tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
}

static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
    *type = tstate->curexc_type;
    *value = tstate->curexc_value;
    *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;

    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
}

""")

# The following function is based on do_raise() from ceval.c. There
# are separate versions for Python2 and Python3 as exception handling
# has changed quite a lot between the two versions.

raise_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
    /* cause is unused */
    Py_XINCREF(type);
    Py_XINCREF(value);
    Py_XINCREF(tb);
    /* First, check the traceback argument, replacing None with NULL. */
    if (tb == Py_None) {
        Py_DECREF(tb);
        tb = 0;
    }
    else if (tb != NULL && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
        goto raise_error;
    }
    /* Next, replace a missing value with None */
    if (value == NULL) {
        value = Py_None;
        Py_INCREF(value);
    }
    #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
    if (!PyClass_Check(type))
    #else
    if (!PyType_Check(type))
    #endif
    {
        /* Raising an instance.  The value should be a dummy. */
        if (value != Py_None) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
            goto raise_error;
        }
        /* Normalize to raise <class>, <instance> */
        Py_DECREF(value);
        value = type;
        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
            if (PyInstance_Check(type)) {
                type = (PyObject*) ((PyInstanceObject*)type)->in_class;
                Py_INCREF(type);
            }
            else {
                type = 0;
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                    "raise: exception must be an old-style class or instance");
                goto raise_error;
            }
        #else
            type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
            Py_INCREF(type);
            if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                    "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
                goto raise_error;
            }
        #endif
    }

    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
    return;
raise_error:
    Py_XDECREF(value);
    Py_XDECREF(type);
    Py_XDECREF(tb);
    return;
}

#else /* Python 3+ */

static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
    if (tb == Py_None) {
        tb = 0;
    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
        goto bad;
    }
    if (value == Py_None)
        value = 0;

    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
        if (value) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
            goto bad;
        }
        value = type;
        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
    } else if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
        goto bad;
    }

    if (cause) {
        PyObject *fixed_cause;
        if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
            fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
            if (fixed_cause == NULL)
                goto bad;
        }
        else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
            fixed_cause = cause;
            Py_INCREF(fixed_cause);
        }
        else {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                            "exception causes must derive from "
                            "BaseException");
            goto bad;
        }
        if (!value) {
            value = PyObject_CallObject(type, NULL);
        }
        PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
    }

    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);

    if (tb) {
        PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
            Py_INCREF(tb);
            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
        }
    }

bad:
    return;
}
#endif
""",
requires=[restore_exception_utility_code])

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

get_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
        goto bad;
    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
    if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
        goto bad;
    #endif
    *type = local_type;
    *value = local_value;
    *tb = local_tb;
    Py_INCREF(local_type);
    Py_INCREF(local_value);
    Py_INCREF(local_tb);
    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
    /* Make sure tstate is in a consistent state when we XDECREF
       these objects (XDECREF may run arbitrary code). */
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
    return 0;
bad:
    *type = 0;
    *value = 0;
    *tb = 0;
    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
    return -1;
}

""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

get_exception_tuple_utility_code = UtilityCode(proto="""
static PyObject *__Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(void); /*proto*/
""",
# I doubt that calling __Pyx_GetException() here is correct as it moves
# the exception from tstate->curexc_* to tstate->exc_*, which prevents
# exception handlers later on from receiving it.
impl = """
static PyObject *__Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(void) {
    PyObject *type = NULL, *value = NULL, *tb = NULL;
    if (__Pyx_GetException(&type, &value, &tb) == 0) {
        PyObject* exc_info = PyTuple_New(3);
        if (exc_info) {
            Py_INCREF(type);
            Py_INCREF(value);
            Py_INCREF(tb);
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 0, type);
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 1, value);
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 2, tb);
            return exc_info;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}
""",
requires=[get_exception_utility_code])

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

reset_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSave(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
static void __Pyx_ExceptionReset(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSave(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
    *type = tstate->exc_type;
    *value = tstate->exc_value;
    *tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
    Py_XINCREF(*type);
    Py_XINCREF(*value);
    Py_XINCREF(*tb);
}

static void __Pyx_ExceptionReset(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
    tstate->exc_type = type;
    tstate->exc_value = value;
    tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

swap_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();

    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;

    tstate->exc_type = *type;
    tstate->exc_value = *value;
    tstate->exc_traceback = *tb;

    *type = tmp_type;
    *value = tmp_value;
    *tb = tmp_tb;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

arg_type_test_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, int none_allowed,
    const char *name, int exact); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static int __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, int none_allowed,
    const char *name, int exact)
{
    if (!type) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object");
        return 0;
    }
    if (none_allowed && obj == Py_None) return 1;
    else if (exact) {
        if (Py_TYPE(obj) == type) return 1;
    }
    else {
        if (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, type)) return 1;
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
        "Argument '%s' has incorrect type (expected %s, got %s)",
        name, type->tp_name, Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
    return 0;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid raises the correct exception when too
#  many or too few positional arguments were found.  This handles
#  Py_ssize_t formatting correctly.

raise_argtuple_invalid_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact,
    Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(
    const char* func_name,
    int exact,
    Py_ssize_t num_min,
    Py_ssize_t num_max,
    Py_ssize_t num_found)
{
    Py_ssize_t num_expected;
    const char *more_or_less;

    if (num_found < num_min) {
        num_expected = num_min;
        more_or_less = "at least";
    } else {
        num_expected = num_max;
        more_or_less = "at most";
    }
    if (exact) {
        more_or_less = "exactly";
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "%s() takes %s %"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d positional argument%s (%"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d given)",
                 func_name, more_or_less, num_expected,
                 (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found);
}
""")

raise_keyword_required_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired(
    const char* func_name,
    PyObject* kw_name)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        "%s() needs keyword-only argument %U", func_name, kw_name);
        #else
        "%s() needs keyword-only argument %s", func_name,
        PyString_AS_STRING(kw_name));
        #endif
}
""")

raise_double_keywords_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
    const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
    const char* func_name,
    PyObject* kw_name)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name);
        #else
        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%s'", func_name,
        PyString_AS_STRING(kw_name));
        #endif
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  __Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings raises an error if non-string keywords
#  were passed to a function, or if any keywords were passed to a
#  function that does not accept them.

keyword_string_check_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(PyObject *kwdict,
    const char* function_name, int kw_allowed); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(
    PyObject *kwdict,
    const char* function_name,
    int kw_allowed)
{
    PyObject* key = 0;
    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
    while (PyDict_Next(kwdict, &pos, &key, 0)) {
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        if (unlikely(!PyString_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyString_Check(key)))
        #else
        if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key)))
        #endif
            goto invalid_keyword_type;
    }
    if ((!kw_allowed) && unlikely(key))
        goto invalid_keyword;
    return 1;
invalid_keyword_type:
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
        "%s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
    return 0;
invalid_keyword:
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'",
        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
    #else
        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
        function_name, key);
    #endif
    return 0;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords copies the optional/unknown keyword
#  arguments from the kwds dict into kwds2.  If kwds2 is NULL, unknown
#  keywords will raise an invalid keyword error.
#
#  Three kinds of errors are checked: 1) non-string keywords, 2)
#  unexpected keywords and 3) overlap with positional arguments.
#
#  If num_posargs is greater 0, it denotes the number of positional
#  arguments that were passed and that must therefore not appear
#  amongst the keywords as well.
#
#  This method does not check for required keyword arguments.
#

parse_keywords_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[], \
    PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, \
    const char* function_name); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(
    PyObject *kwds,
    PyObject **argnames[],
    PyObject *kwds2,
    PyObject *values[],
    Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,
    const char* function_name)
{
    PyObject *key = 0, *value = 0;
    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
    PyObject*** name;
    PyObject*** first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args;

    while (PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, &value)) {
        name = first_kw_arg;
        while (*name && (**name != key)) name++;
        if (*name) {
            values[name-argnames] = value;
        } else {
            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
            if (unlikely(!PyString_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyString_Check(key))) {
            #else
            if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) {
            #endif
                goto invalid_keyword_type;
            } else {
                for (name = first_kw_arg; *name; name++) {
                    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
                    if (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key) &&
                        PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key) == 0) break;
                    #else
                    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key) &&
                        _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) break;
                    #endif
                }
                if (*name) {
                    values[name-argnames] = value;
                } else {
                    /* unexpected keyword found */
                    for (name=argnames; name != first_kw_arg; name++) {
                        if (**name == key) goto arg_passed_twice;
                        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
                        if (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key) &&
                            PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key) == 0) goto arg_passed_twice;
                        #else
                        if (PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key) &&
                            _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) goto arg_passed_twice;
                        #endif
                    }
                    if (kwds2) {
                        if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad;
                    } else {
                        goto invalid_keyword;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
arg_passed_twice:
    __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, **name);
    goto bad;
invalid_keyword_type:
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
        "%s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
    goto bad;
invalid_keyword:
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'",
        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
    #else
        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
        function_name, key);
    #endif
bad:
    return -1;
}
""",
requires=[raise_double_keywords_utility_code])

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

traceback_utility_code = UtilityCode(
    proto = """
static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int %(CLINENO)s,
                               int %(LINENO)s, const char *%(FILENAME)s); /*proto*/
""" % {
    'FILENAME': Naming.filename_cname,
    'LINENO':  Naming.lineno_cname,
    'CLINENO':  Naming.clineno_cname,
},

    impl = """
#include "compile.h"
#include "frameobject.h"
#include "traceback.h"

static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int %(CLINENO)s,
                               int %(LINENO)s, const char *%(FILENAME)s) {
    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
    PyObject *py_globals = 0;
    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;

    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(%(FILENAME)s);
    #else
    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(%(FILENAME)s);
    #endif
    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
    if (%(CLINENO)s) {
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%%s (%%s:%%d)", funcname, %(CFILENAME)s, %(CLINENO)s);
        #else
        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%%s (%%s:%%d)", funcname, %(CFILENAME)s, %(CLINENO)s);
        #endif
    }
    else {
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
        #else
        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
        #endif
    }
    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
    py_globals = PyModule_GetDict(%(GLOBALS)s);
    if (!py_globals) goto bad;
    py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
        0,            /*int argcount,*/
        0,            /*int kwonlyargcount,*/
        0,            /*int nlocals,*/
        0,            /*int stacksize,*/
        0,            /*int flags,*/
        %(EMPTY_BYTES)s, /*PyObject *code,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *consts,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *names,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *varnames,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *freevars,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
        %(LINENO)s,   /*int firstlineno,*/
        %(EMPTY_BYTES)s  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
    );
    if (!py_code) goto bad;
    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
        PyThreadState_GET(), /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
        py_code,             /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
        py_globals,          /*PyObject *globals,*/
        0                    /*PyObject *locals*/
    );
    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
    py_frame->f_lineno = %(LINENO)s;
    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
bad:
    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
}
""" % {
    'FILENAME': Naming.filename_cname,
    'LINENO':  Naming.lineno_cname,
    'CFILENAME': Naming.cfilenm_cname,
    'CLINENO':  Naming.clineno_cname,
    'GLOBALS': Naming.module_cname,
    'EMPTY_TUPLE' : Naming.empty_tuple,
    'EMPTY_BYTES' : Naming.empty_bytes,
})

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

unraisable_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, int clineno,
                                  int lineno, const char *filename); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, int clineno,
                                  int lineno, const char *filename) {
    PyObject *old_exc, *old_val, *old_tb;
    PyObject *ctx;
    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&old_exc, &old_val, &old_tb);
    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
    ctx = PyString_FromString(name);
    #else
    ctx = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
    #endif
    __Pyx_ErrRestore(old_exc, old_val, old_tb);
    if (!ctx) {
        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(Py_None);
    } else {
        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(ctx);
        Py_DECREF(ctx);
    }
}
""",
requires=[restore_exception_utility_code])

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

set_vtable_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable) {
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000 && !(PY_MAJOR_VERSION==3&&PY_MINOR_VERSION==0)
    PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0);
#else
    PyObject *ob = PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(vtable, 0);
#endif
    if (!ob)
        goto bad;
    if (PyDict_SetItemString(dict, "__pyx_vtable__", ob) < 0)
        goto bad;
    Py_DECREF(ob);
    return 0;
bad:
    Py_XDECREF(ob);
    return -1;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

get_vtable_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyObject *dict); /*proto*/
""",
impl = r"""
static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyObject *dict) {
    void* ptr;
    PyObject *ob = PyMapping_GetItemString(dict, (char *)"__pyx_vtable__");
    if (!ob)
        goto bad;
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000 && !(PY_MAJOR_VERSION==3&&PY_MINOR_VERSION==0)
    ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(ob, 0);
#else
    ptr = PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(ob);
#endif
    if (!ptr && !PyErr_Occurred())
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "invalid vtable found for imported type");
    Py_DECREF(ob);
    return ptr;
bad:
    Py_XDECREF(ob);
    return NULL;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

init_string_tab_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto = """
static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t); /*proto*/
""",
impl = """
static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
    while (t->p) {
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
        if (t->is_unicode) {
            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
        } else if (t->intern) {
            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
        } else {
            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
        }
        #else  /* Python 3+ has unicode identifiers */
        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
            if (t->intern) {
                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
            } else if (t->encoding) {
                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
            } else {
                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
            }
        } else {
            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
        }
        #endif
        if (!*t->p)
            return -1;
        ++t;
    }
    return 0;
}
""")

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

force_init_threads_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto="""
#ifndef __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS
  #define __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS 0
#endif
""")

init_threads = UtilityCode(
    init="PyEval_InitThreads();\n",
)

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Note that cPython ignores PyTrace_EXCEPTION,
# but maybe some other profilers don't.

profile_utility_code = UtilityCode(proto="""
#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE
  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 1
#endif

#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
  #define CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME 0
#endif

#if CYTHON_PROFILE

  #include "compile.h"
  #include "frameobject.h"
  #include "traceback.h"

  #if CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER static
    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL
  #else
    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER
    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL Py_DECREF(%(FRAME)s)
  #endif

  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations                                  \\
  static PyCodeObject *%(FRAME_CODE)s = NULL;                      \\
  CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER PyFrameObject *%(FRAME)s = NULL;           \\
  int __Pyx_use_tracing = 0;

  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno)                            \\
  if (unlikely(PyThreadState_GET()->use_tracing && PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc)) {      \\
      __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&%(FRAME_CODE)s, &%(FRAME)s, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);  \\
  }

  #define __Pyx_TraceException()                                                           \\
  if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing( && PyThreadState_GET()->use_tracing && PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc) {  \\
      PyObject *exc_info = __Pyx_GetExceptionTuple();                                      \\
      if (exc_info) {                                                                      \\
          PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc(                                              \\
              PyThreadState_GET()->c_profileobj, %(FRAME)s, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);  \\
          Py_DECREF(exc_info);                                                             \\
      }                                                                                    \\
  }

  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result)                                                  \\
  if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing) && PyThreadState_GET()->use_tracing && PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc) {  \\
      PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc(                                            \\
          PyThreadState_GET()->c_profileobj, %(FRAME)s, PyTrace_RETURN, (PyObject*)result);     \\
      CYTHON_FRAME_DEL;                                                               \\
  }

  static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno); /*proto*/
  static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code, PyFrameObject** frame, const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno); /*proto*/

#else

  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations
  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno)
  #define __Pyx_TraceException()
  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result)

#endif /* CYTHON_PROFILE */
"""
% {
    "FRAME": Naming.frame_cname,
    "FRAME_CODE": Naming.frame_code_cname,
},
impl = """

#if CYTHON_PROFILE

static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code,
                                   PyFrameObject** frame,
                                   const char *funcname,
                                   const char *srcfile,
                                   int firstlineno) {
    if (*frame == NULL || !CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME) {
        if (*code == NULL) {
            *code = __Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);
            if (*code == NULL) return 0;
        }
        *frame = PyFrame_New(
            PyThreadState_GET(),            /*PyThreadState *tstate*/
            *code,                          /*PyCodeObject *code*/
            PyModule_GetDict(%(MODULE)s),      /*PyObject *globals*/
            0                               /*PyObject *locals*/
        );
        if (*frame == NULL) return 0;
    }
    else {
        (*frame)->f_tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
    }
    return PyThreadState_GET()->c_profilefunc(PyThreadState_GET()->c_profileobj, *frame, PyTrace_CALL, NULL) == 0;
}

static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno) {
    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;

    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
    py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(srcfile);
    #else
    py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(srcfile);
    #endif
    if (!py_funcname | !py_srcfile) goto bad;

    py_code = PyCode_New(
        0,                /*int argcount,*/
        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        0,                /*int kwonlyargcount,*/
        #endif
        0,                /*int nlocals,*/
        0,                /*int stacksize,*/
        0,                /*int flags,*/
        %(EMPTY_BYTES)s,  /*PyObject *code,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *consts,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *names,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *varnames,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *freevars,*/
        %(EMPTY_TUPLE)s,  /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
        py_srcfile,       /*PyObject *filename,*/
        py_funcname,      /*PyObject *name,*/
        firstlineno,      /*int firstlineno,*/
        %(EMPTY_BYTES)s   /*PyObject *lnotab*/
    );

bad:
    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);

    return py_code;
}

#endif /* CYTHON_PROFILE */
""" % {
    'EMPTY_TUPLE' : Naming.empty_tuple,
    'EMPTY_BYTES' : Naming.empty_bytes,
    "MODULE": Naming.module_cname,
})

################ Utility code for cython.parallel stuff ################

invalid_values_utility_code = UtilityCode(
proto="""\
#include <string.h>

void __pyx_init_nan(void);

static float %(PYX_NAN)s;
"""  % vars(Naming),

init="""
/* Initialize NaN. The sign is irrelevant, an exponent with all bits 1 and
   a nonzero mantissa means NaN. If the first bit in the mantissa is 1, it is
   a quiet NaN. */
    memset(&%(PYX_NAN)s, 0xFF, sizeof(%(PYX_NAN)s));
""" % vars(Naming))