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# Grammar for Python
# Note: Changing the grammar specified in this file will most likely
# require corresponding changes in the parser module
# (../Modules/parsermodule.c). If you can't make the changes to
# that module yourself, please co-ordinate the required changes
# with someone who can; ask around on python-dev for help. Fred
# Drake <fdrake@acm.org> will probably be listening there.
# NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed in PEP 306,
# "How to Change Python's Grammar"
# Start symbols for the grammar:
# single_input is a single interactive statement;
# file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
# eval_input is the input for the eval() functions.
# NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
decorator: '@' dotted_PY_NAME [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
decorators: decorator+
decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef | cdef_stmt)
funcdef: 'def' PY_NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
typedargslist: (tfpdef ['=' (test | '*')] (',' tfpdef ['=' (test | '*')])* [','
['*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' '**' tfpdef] | '**' tfpdef]]
| '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' '**' tfpdef] | '**' tfpdef) [',' ellipsis]
tfpdef: maybe_typed_name [('not' | 'or') 'None'] [':' test]
varargslist: (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [','
['*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' '**' vfpdef] | '**' vfpdef]]
| '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' '**' vfpdef] | '**' vfpdef)
vfpdef: maybe_typed_name ['not' 'None']
stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt | cdef_stmt | ctypedef_stmt | DEF_stmt | IF_stmt
simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
small_stmt: (expr_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
import_stmt | global_stmt | nonlocal_stmt | assert_stmt | print_stmt)
expr_stmt: testlist_star_expr (augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
('=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr))*)
testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
'<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
print_stmt: 'print' ( [ test (',' test)* [','] ] |
'>>' test [ (',' test)+ [','] ] )
# For normal assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
del_stmt: 'del' exprlist
pass_stmt: 'pass'
flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
break_stmt: 'break'
continue_stmt: 'continue'
return_stmt: 'return' [testlist]
yield_stmt: yield_expr
raise_stmt: 'raise' [test ['from' test]]
# raise_stmt: 'raise' [test [',' test [',' test]]]
import_stmt: import_PY_NAME | import_from
import_PY_NAME: ('import' | 'cimport') dotted_as_PY_NAMEs
# note below: the ('.' | '...') is necessary because '...' is tokenized as ELLIPSIS
import_from: ('from' (('.' | '...')* dotted_PY_NAME | ('.' | '...')+)
('import' | 'cimport') ('*' | '(' import_as_PY_NAMEs ')' | import_as_PY_NAMEs))
import_as_PY_NAME: PY_NAME ['as' PY_NAME]
dotted_as_PY_NAME: dotted_PY_NAME ['as' PY_NAME]
import_as_PY_NAMEs: import_as_PY_NAME (',' import_as_PY_NAME)* [',']
dotted_as_PY_NAMEs: dotted_as_PY_NAME (',' dotted_as_PY_NAME)*
dotted_PY_NAME: PY_NAME ('.' PY_NAME)*
global_stmt: 'global' PY_NAME (',' PY_NAME)*
nonlocal_stmt: 'nonlocal' PY_NAME (',' PY_NAME)*
exec_stmt: 'exec' expr ['in' test [',' test]]
assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated
if_stmt: 'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
while_stmt: 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
for_stmt: 'for' exprlist ('in' testlist | for_from_clause)':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
for_from_clause: 'from' expr comp_op PY_NAME comp_op expr ['by' expr]
try_stmt: ('try' ':' suite
((except_clause ':' suite)+
['else' ':' suite]
['finally' ':' suite] |
'finally' ':' suite))
with_stmt: 'with' with_item (',' with_item)* ':' suite
with_item: test ['as' expr]
# NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
except_clause: 'except' [test [('as' | ',') test]]
suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
test: or_test ['if' or_test 'else' test] | lambdef
test_nocond: or_test | lambdef_nocond
lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
lambdef_nocond: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test_nocond
or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*
and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
# <> isn't actually a valid comparison operator in Python. It's here for the
# sake of a __future__ import described in PEP 401
comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
star_expr: '*' expr
expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*
xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*
and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*
shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*
arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
term: factor (('*'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power | address | size_of | cast
power: atom trailer* ['**' factor]
atom: ('(' [yield_expr|testlist_comp] ')' |
'[' [testlist_comp] ']' |
'{' [dictorsetmaker] '}' |
new_expr |
PY_NAME | NUMBER | STRING+ | ellipsis | 'None' | 'True' | 'False')
testlist_comp: (test|star_expr) ( comp_for | (',' (test|star_expr))* [','] )
trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' (PY_NAME | 'sizeof')
subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
subscript: test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
sliceop: ':' [test]
exprlist: (expr|star_expr) (',' (expr|star_expr))* [',']
testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
dictorsetmaker: ( (test ':' test (comp_for | (',' test ':' test)* [','])) |
(test (comp_for | (',' test)* [','])) )
classdef: 'class' PY_NAME ['(' [arglist] ')'] ':' suite
arglist: (argument ',')* (argument [',']
|'*' test (',' argument)* [',' '**' test]
|'**' test)
# The reason that keywords are test nodes instead of NAME is that using NAME
# results in an ambiguity. ast.c makes sure it's a NAME.
argument: test [comp_for] | test '=' test # Really [keyword '='] test
comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
comp_for: 'for' exprlist ('in' or_test | for_from_clause) [comp_iter]
comp_if: 'if' test_nocond [comp_iter]
# not used in grammar, but may appear in "node" passed from Parser to Compiler
encoding_decl: NAME
yield_expr: 'yield' [yield_arg]
yield_arg: 'from' test | testlist
# Cython extensions
# Accommodate to Py2 tokenizer.
ellipsis: '...' | '.' '.' '.'
signedness: 'unsigned' | 'signed'
longness: 'char' | 'short' | 'long' | 'long' 'long'
# TODO: [unsigned] double doesn't make sens, but we need long double
int_type: signedness [longness] | longness | [signedness] [longness] ('int' | 'double') | 'complex'
type: ['const'] (NAME ('.' PY_NAME)* | int_type | '(' type ')') ['complex'] [type_qualifiers]
maybe_typed_name: ['const'] (NAME [('.' PY_NAME)* ['complex'] [type_qualifiers] NAME] | (int_type | '(' type ')') ['complex'] [type_qualifiers] NAME)
teplate_params: '[' NAME (',' NAME)* ']'
type_qualifiers: type_qualifier+
type_qualifier: '*' | '**' | '&' | type_index ('.' NAME [type_index])*
# TODO: old buffer syntax
type_index: '[' [(NUMBER | type (',' type)* | (memory_view_index (',' memory_view_index)*))] ']'
memory_view_index: ':' [':'] [NUMBER]
address: '&' factor
cast: '<' type ['?'] '>' factor
size_of: 'sizeof' '(' (type) ')'
new_expr: 'new' type '(' [arglist] ')'
# TODO: Restrict cdef_stmt to "top-level" statements.
cdef_stmt: ('cdef' | 'cpdef') (cvar_def | cdef_type_decl | extern_block)
cdef_type_decl: ctype_decl | fused | cclass
ctype_decl: struct | enum | cppclass
# TODO: Does the cdef/ctypedef distinction even make sense for fused?
ctypedef_stmt: 'ctypedef' (cvar_decl | struct | enum | fused)
# Note: these two are similar but can't be used in an or clause
# as it would cause ambiguity in the LL(1) parser.
# Requires a type
cvar_decl: [visibility] type cname (NEWLINE | cfunc)
# Allows an assignment
cvar_def: [visibility] maybe_typed_name (['=' test] (',' PY_NAME ['=' test])* NEWLINE | cfunc)
visibility: 'public' | 'api' | 'readonly'
# TODO: Standardize gil_spec first or last.
cfunc: [teplate_params] parameters [gil_spec] [exception_value] [gil_spec] (':' suite | NEWLINE)
exception_value: 'except' (['?'] expr | '*' | '+' [PY_NAME])
gil_spec: 'with' ('gil' | 'nogil') | 'nogil'
cname: NAME [STRING]
cclass: classdef
fused: 'fused' PY_NAME ':' NEWLINE INDENT ( type NEWLINE)+ DEDENT
enum: 'enum' [cname] (NEWLINE | ':' enum_suite)
enum_suite: NEWLINE INDENT (cname ['=' NUMBER] NEWLINE | pass_stmt NEWLINE)+ DEDENT
struct: ('struct' | 'union') cname (NEWLINE | (':' struct_suite))
struct_suite: NEWLINE INDENT (cvar_decl | pass_stmt NEWLINE)+ DEDENT
cppclass: 'cppclass' cname [teplate_params] [cppclass_bases] (NEWLINE | ':' cppclass_suite)
cppclass_bases: '(' dotted_PY_NAME (',' dotted_PY_NAME [teplate_params])*')'
cppclass_suite: NEWLINE INDENT (cvar_decl | ctype_decl | pass_stmt NEWLINE)+ DEDENT
# TODO: C++ constructors, operators
extern_block: 'extern' (cvar_decl | 'from' ('*' | STRING) ['namespace' STRING] [gil_spec] ':' (pass_stmt | extern_suite))
extern_suite: NEWLINE INDENT (['cdef' | 'cpdef'] (cvar_decl | cdef_type_decl) | ctypedef_stmt)+ DEDENT
cy_type_kwd: 'struct' | 'union' | 'fused' | 'cppclass' | 'int' | 'double' | 'complex'
cy_kwd: cy_type_kwd | signedness | longness | visibility | 'gil' | 'nogil' | 'namespace' | 'const' | 'by' | 'extern'
PY_NAME: NAME | cy_kwd
# TODO: Do we really want these? Don't play well with include...
DEF_stmt: 'DEF' NAME '=' testlist
IF_stmt: 'IF' test ':' suite ('ELIF' test ':' suite)* ['ELSE' ':' suite]
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