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+@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+@node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top
+@chapter Multiple Windows
+@cindex windows in Emacs
+@cindex multiple windows in Emacs
+
+  Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows.  Multiple windows
+can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one
+buffer.  Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each
+frame has its own set of windows.  Each window belongs to one and only
+one frame.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Window::        Introduction to Emacs windows.
+* Split Window::        New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
+* Other Window::        Moving to another window or doing something to it.
+* Pop Up Window::       Finding a file or buffer in another window.
+* Force Same Window::   Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
+                          window rather than in another window.
+* Change Window::       Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Window
+@section Concepts of Emacs Windows
+
+  Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time.  A single
+buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in
+its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears.  But the
+windows showing the same buffer can show different parts of it, because
+each window has its own value of point.
+
+@cindex selected window
+  At any time, one of the windows is the @dfn{selected window}; the
+buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer.  The terminal's
+cursor shows the location of point in this window.  Each other window
+has a location of point as well, but since the terminal has only one
+cursor there is no way to show where those locations are.  When multiple
+frames are visible in X Windows, each frame has a cursor which appears
+in the frame's selected window.  The cursor in the selected frame is
+solid; the cursor in other frames is a hollow box.
+
+  Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs
+window only.  They do not change the value of point in any other Emacs
+window, even one showing the same buffer.  The same is true for commands
+such as @kbd{C-x b} to change the selected buffer in the selected window;
+they do not affect other windows at all.  However, there are other commands
+such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in
+it.  Also, all commands that display information in a window, including
+(for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b}
+(@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected window
+without affecting the selected window.
+
+  When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different
+regions, because they can have different values of point.  However,
+they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has
+only one mark position.
+
+  Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
+modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
+displayed in the window.  @xref{Mode Line}, for full details on the mode
+line.
+
+@iftex
+@break
+@end iftex
+
+@node Split Window
+@section Splitting Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x 2
+Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
+(@code{split-window-vertically}).
+@item C-x 3
+Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
+(@code{split-window-horizontally}).
+@item C-Mouse-2
+In the mode line or scroll bar of a window, split that window.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 2
+@findex split-window-vertically
+  The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the
+selected window into two windows, one above the other.  Both windows start
+out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point.  By default
+the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split; a
+numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top window.
+
+@kindex C-x 3
+@findex split-window-horizontally
+  @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected
+window into two side-by-side windows.  A numeric argument specifies how
+many columns to give the one on the left.  A line of vertical bars
+separates the two windows.  Windows that are not the full width of the
+screen have mode lines, but they are truncated.  On terminals where
+Emacs does not support highlighting, truncated mode lines sometimes do
+not appear in inverse video.
+
+@kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)}
+  You can split a window horizontally or vertically by clicking
+@kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line or the scroll bar.  The line of
+splitting goes through the place where you click: if you click on the
+mode line, the new scroll bar goes above the spot; if you click in the
+scroll bar, the mode line of the split window is side by side with your
+click.
+
+@vindex truncate-partial-width-windows
+  When a window is less than the full width, text lines too long to fit are
+frequent.  Continuing all those lines might be confusing.  The variable
+@code{truncate-partial-width-windows} can be set non-@code{nil} to force
+truncation in all windows less than the full width of the screen,
+independent of the buffer being displayed and its value for
+@code{truncate-lines}.  @xref{Continuation Lines}.@refill
+
+  Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.
+@xref{Display}.
+
+@vindex split-window-keep-point
+  If @code{split-window-keep-point} is non-@code{nil}, the default, both
+of the windows resulting from @kbd{C-x 2} inherit the value of point
+from the window that was split.  This means that scrolling is
+inevitable.  If this variable is @code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x 2} tries to
+avoid shifting any text the screen, by putting point in each window at a
+position already visible in the window.  It also selects whichever
+window contain the screen line that the cursor was previously on.  Some
+users prefer the latter mode on slow terminals.
+
+@node Other Window
+@section Using Other Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x o
+Select another window (@code{other-window}).  That is @kbd{o}, not zero.
+@item C-M-v
+Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).
+@item M-x compare-windows
+Find next place where the text in the selected window does not match
+the text in the next window.
+@item Mouse-1
+@kbd{Mouse-1}, in a window's mode line, selects that window
+but does not move point in it (@code{mouse-select-window}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x o
+@findex other-window
+  To select a different window, click with @kbd{Mouse-1} on its mode
+line.  With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o}
+(@code{other-window}).  That is an @kbd{o}, for `other', not a zero.
+When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the
+windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right.
+After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at
+the upper left corner.  A numeric argument means to move several steps
+in the cyclic order of windows.  A negative argument moves around the
+cycle in the opposite order.  When the minibuffer is active, the
+minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the
+minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and
+finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.
+@xref{Minibuffer Edit}.
+
+@kindex C-M-v
+@findex scroll-other-window
+  The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected
+window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window.
+@kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that
+@kbd{C-x o} would select.  It takes arguments, positive and negative,
+like @kbd{C-v}.  (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the window
+that contains the minibuffer help display, if any, rather than the
+next window in the standard cyclic order.)
+
+  The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare two files or
+buffers visible in two windows, by moving through them to the next
+mismatch.  @xref{Comparing Files}, for details.
+
+@node Pop Up Window
+@section Displaying in Another Window
+
+@cindex selecting buffers in other windows
+@kindex C-x 4
+  @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window
+(splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
+window.  Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the
+buffer to select.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
+Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window.  This runs
+@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}.
+@item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET}
+Display buffer @var{bufname} in another window, but
+don't select that buffer or that window.  This runs
+@code{display-buffer}.
+@item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
+Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window.  This
+runs @code{find-file-other-window}.  @xref{Visiting}.
+@item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
+Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window.
+This runs @code{dired-other-window}.  @xref{Dired}.
+@item C-x 4 m
+Start composing a mail message in another window.  This runs
+@code{mail-other-window}; its same-window analogue is @kbd{C-x m}
+(@pxref{Sending Mail}).
+@item C-x 4 .
+Find a tag in the current tags table, in another window.  This runs
+@code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.}
+(@pxref{Tags}).
+@item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET}
+Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another
+window.  This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}.
+@xref{Visiting}.
+@end table
+
+@node Force Same Window
+@section Forcing Display in the Same Window
+
+  Certain Emacs commands switch to a specific buffer with special
+contents.  For example, @kbd{M-x shell} switches to a buffer named
+@samp{*Shell*}.  By convention, all these commands are written to pop up
+the buffer in a separate window.  But you can specify that certain of
+these buffers should appear in the selected window.
+
+@vindex same-window-buffer-names
+  If you add a buffer name to the list @code{same-window-buffer-names},
+the effect is that such commands display that particular buffer by
+switching to it in the selected window.  For example, if you add the
+element @code{"*grep*"} to the list, the @code{grep} command will
+display its output buffer in the selected window.
+
+  The default value of @code{same-window-buffer-names} is not
+@code{nil}: it specifies buffer names @samp{*info*}, @samp{*mail*} and
+@samp{*shell*} (as well as others used by more obscure Emacs packages).
+This is why @kbd{M-x shell} normally switches to the @samp{*shell*}
+buffer in the selected window.  If you delete this element from the
+value of @code{same-window-buffer-names}, the behavior of @kbd{M-x
+shell} will change---it will pop up the buffer in another window
+instead.
+
+@vindex same-window-regexps
+  You can specify these buffers more generally with the variable
+@code{same-window-regexps}.  Set it to a list of regular expressions;
+then any buffer whose name matches one of those regular expressions is
+displayed by switching to it in the selected window.  (Once again, this
+applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a
+separate window.)  The default value of this variable specifies Telnet
+and rlogin buffers.
+
+  An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be
+displayed in their own individual frames.  @xref{Special Buffer Frames}.
+
+@node Change Window
+@section Deleting and Rearranging Windows
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x 0
+Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}).  The last character
+in this key sequence is a zero.
+@item C-x 1
+Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window
+(@code{delete-other-windows}).
+@item C-x 4 0
+Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it
+(@code{kill-buffer-and-window}).  The last character in this key
+sequence is a zero.
+@item C-x ^
+Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}).
+@item C-x @}
+Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}).
+@item C-x @{
+Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}).
+@item C-x -
+Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines
+(@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}).
+@item C-x +
+Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}).
+@item Drag-Mouse-1
+Dragging a window's mode line up or down with @kbd{Mouse-1} changes
+window heights.
+@item Mouse-2
+@kbd{Mouse-2} in a window's mode line deletes all other windows in the frame
+(@code{mouse-delete-other-windows}).
+@item Mouse-3
+@kbd{Mouse-3} in a window's mode line deletes that window
+(@code{mouse-delete-window}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 0
+@findex delete-window
+  To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}).  (That is
+a zero.)  The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an
+adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active
+at the time).  Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten;
+only restoring a window configuration can bring it back.  Deleting the
+window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer
+continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with @kbd{C-x
+b}.
+
+@findex kill-buffer-and-window
+@kindex C-x 4 0
+  @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command
+than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the
+selected window.
+
+@kindex C-x 1
+@findex delete-other-windows
+  @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful in a
+different way; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and
+the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame
+except for the echo area.
+
+  You can also delete a window by clicking on its mode line with
+@kbd{Mouse-2}, and delete all the windows in a frame except one window
+by clicking on that window's mode line with @kbd{Mouse-3}.
+
+  The easiest way to adjust window heights is with a mouse.  If you
+press @kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line, you can drag that mode line up or
+down, changing the heights of the windows above and below it.
+
+@kindex C-x ^
+@findex enlarge-window
+@kindex C-x @}
+@findex enlarge-window-horizontally
+@vindex window-min-height
+@vindex window-min-width
+  To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows,
+use @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}).  It makes the currently
+selected window get one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified
+with a numeric argument.  With a negative argument, it makes the
+selected window smaller.  @kbd{C-x @}}
+(@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window wider by
+the specified number of columns.  @kbd{C-x @{}
+(@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window narrower
+by the specified number of columns.
+
+  When you make a window bigger, the space comes from one of its
+neighbors.  If this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its
+space is given to an adjacent window.  The minimum size is specified by
+the variables @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}.
+
+@kindex C-x -
+@findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer
+  The command @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer})
+reduces the height of the selected window, if it is taller than
+necessary to show the whole text of the buffer it is displaying.  It
+gives the extra lines to other windows in the frame.
+
+@kindex C-x +
+@findex balance-windows
+  You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the
+heights of all the windows in the selected frame.
+
+  @xref{Minibuffer Edit}, for information about the Resize-Minibuffer
+mode, which automatically changes the size of the minibuffer window to
+fit the text in the minibuffer.