1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
|
\input texinfo @c -*- mode: texinfo; coding: utf-8; -*-
@c
@c Note: This document requires makeinfo version 4.6 or greater to build.
@c
@c %**start of header
@setfilename ../../info/mh-e.info
@settitle The MH-E Manual
@include docstyle.texi
@c %**end of header
@c Version of the software and manual.
@set VERSION 8.6
@c Edition of the manual. It is either empty for the first edition or
@c has the form ", nth Edition" (without the quotes).
@set EDITION
@set UPDATED 2016-04-29
@set UPDATE-MONTH April, 2016
@c Other variables.
@set MH-BOOK-HOME http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/mh
@set MH-E-HOME http://mh-e.sourceforge.net/
@c Copyright
@copying
This is version @value{VERSION}@value{EDITION} of @cite{The MH-E
Manual}, last updated @value{UPDATED}.
Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 2001--2003, 2005--2017 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
@c This dual license has been agreed upon by the FSF.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of either:
@enumerate a
@item
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections,
with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the
Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in
the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual.''
@item
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version. A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU General
Public License.''
@end enumerate
@end quotation
@end copying
@c Info Directory Entry
@dircategory Emacs network features
@direntry
* MH-E: (mh-e). Emacs interface to the MH mail system.
@end direntry
@c Title Page
@titlepage
@title The MH-E Manual
@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}@value{EDITION}
@subtitle @value{UPDATE-MONTH}
@author Bill Wohler
@c Copyright Page
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage
@ifnottex
@html
<!--
@end html
@node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir)
@top The MH-E Manual
@html
-->
@end html
@insertcopying
@end ifnottex
@c Table of Contents
@contents
@html
<!--
@end html
@menu
* Preface:: Preface
* Conventions:: GNU Emacs Terms and Conventions
* Getting Started:: Getting Started
* Tour Through MH-E:: Tour Through MH-E
* Using This Manual:: Using This Manual
* Incorporating Mail:: Incorporating Mail
* Reading Mail:: Reading Mail
* Folders:: Organizing Your Mail with Folders
* Sending Mail:: Sending Mail
* Editing Drafts:: Editing a Draft
* Aliases:: Aliases
* Identities:: Identities
* Speedbar:: The Speedbar
* Menu Bar:: The Menu Bar
* Tool Bar:: The Tool Bar
* Searching:: Searching Through Messages
* Threading:: Viewing Message Threads
* Limits:: Limiting Display
* Sequences:: Using Sequences
* Junk:: Dealing With Junk Mail
* Miscellaneous:: Miscellaneous Commands, Variables, and Buffers
* Scan Line Formats:: Scan Line Formats
* Procmail:: Reading Mailing Lists Effectively
* Odds and Ends:: Odds and Ends
* History:: History of MH-E
* GFDL:: GNU Free Documentation License
* GPL:: GNU General Public License
* Key Index:: Key (Character) Index
* Command Index:: Command Index
* Option Index:: Option (Variable) Index
* Concept Index:: Concept Index
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Tour Through MH-E
* Sending Mail Tour::
* Reading Mail Tour::
* Processing Mail Tour::
* Leaving MH-E::
* More About MH-E::
Using This Manual
* Options::
* Ranges::
* Folder Selection::
Reading Your Mail
* Viewing::
* Viewing Attachments::
* HTML::
* Digests::
* Reading PGP::
* Printing::
* Files and Pipes::
* Navigating::
* Miscellaneous Commands and Options::
Sending Mail
* Composing::
* Replying::
* Forwarding::
* Redistributing::
* Editing Again::
Editing a Draft
* Editing Message::
* Inserting Letter::
* Inserting Messages::
* Signature::
* Picture::
* Adding Attachments::
* Sending PGP::
* Checking Recipients::
* Sending Message::
* Killing Draft::
Odds and Ends
* Bug Reports::
* Mailing Lists::
* MH FAQ and Support::
* Getting MH-E::
History of MH-E
* From Brian Reid::
* From Jim Larus::
* From Stephen Gildea::
* From Bill Wohler::
@end detailmenu
@end menu
@html
-->
@end html
@node Preface, Conventions, Top, Top
@unnumbered Preface
@cindex Emacs
@cindex Unix commands, Emacs
@cindex preface
This manual introduces another interface to the MH mail system that is
accessible through the GNU Emacs editor, namely, @emph{MH-E}. MH-E is
easy to use. I don't assume that you know GNU Emacs or even MH at this
point, since I didn't know either of them when I discovered MH-E@.
However, MH-E was the tip of the iceberg, and I discovered more and
more niceties about GNU Emacs and MH@. Now I'm fully hooked on both of
them.
The MH-E package is distributed with Emacs@footnote{Version
@value{VERSION} of MH-E appeared in Emacs 24.4. It is supported in GNU
Emacs 23 and higher, as well as XEmacs 21.4.22 and 21.5.31. MH-E is
known not to work with GNU Emacs versions 20 and below, and XEmacs
version 21.5.9--21.5.16. It is compatible with MH versions 6.8.4 and
higher, all versions of nmh, and GNU mailutils 1.0 and higher}, so you
shouldn't have to do anything special to use it. Gnus is also
required; version 5.10 or higher is recommended. This manual covers
MH-E version @value{VERSION}. To help you decide which version you
have, see @ref{Getting Started}.
@findex help-with-tutorial
@kindex C-h t
If you don't already use GNU Emacs but want to learn more, you can
read a built-in tutorial by starting GNU Emacs and typing @kbd{C-h t}
(@code{help-with-tutorial}). (To learn about this notation, see
@ref{Conventions}.) If you want to take the plunge, consult the
@iftex
@cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@ref{Top, , GNU Emacs Manual, emacs, GNU Emacs Manual},
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/,
@cite{GNU Emacs Manual}},
@end ifhtml
from the Free Software Foundation.
If more information is needed, you can go to the Unix manual pages of
the individual MH commands. When the name is not obvious, I'll guide
you to a relevant MH manual page that describes the action more fully.
@c ":" does not work in index entries in Info.
@cindex @cite{MH & nmh - Email for Users & Programmers}
@cindex MH book
@cindex info
@kindex C-h i
This manual is available in both Info and online formats. The Info
version is distributed with Emacs and can be accessed with the
@command{info} command (@samp{info mh-e}) or within Emacs (@kbd{C-h i
m mh-e @key{RET}}). The online version is available at
@uref{http://mh-e.sourceforge.net/manual/, SourceForge}. Another great
online resource is the book
@uref{http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/, @cite{MH & nmh: Email for
Users & Programmers}} (also known as @dfn{the MH book}).
I hope you enjoy this manual! If you have any comments, or suggestions
for this document, please let me know.
@cindex Bill Wohler
@cindex Wohler, Bill
@noindent
Bill Wohler <@i{wohler at newt.com}>@*
8 February 1995@*
24 February 2006
@node Conventions, Getting Started, Preface, Top
@chapter GNU Emacs Terms and Conventions
@cindex Emacs
@cindex Emacs, conventions
@cindex Emacs, terms
@cindex Unix commands, Emacs
@cindex conventions, Emacs
@cindex terms, Emacs
If you're an experienced Emacs user, you can skip the following
conventions and definition of terms and go directly to the next
section (@pxref{Getting Started}).
@cindex Emacs commands
@cindex MH commands
@cindex Unix commands
@cindex commands
@cindex commands, MH
@cindex commands, Unix
@cindex commands, shell
@cindex functions
@cindex shell commands
In general, @dfn{functions} in this text refer to Emacs Lisp functions
that one would call from within Emacs Lisp programs (for example,
@code{(mh-inc-folder)}). On the other hand, @dfn{commands} are those
things that are run by the user, such as @kbd{i} or @kbd{M-x
mh-inc-folder}. Programs outside of Emacs are specifically called MH
commands, shell commands, or Unix commands.
@cindex conventions, key names
@cindex key names
The conventions for key names are as follows:
@table @kbd
@item C-x
Hold down the @key{CTRL} (Control) key and press the @kbd{x} key.
@c -------------------------
@item M-x
Hold down the @key{META} or @key{ALT} key and press the @kbd{x} key.
Since some keyboards don't have a @key{META} key, you can generate
@kbd{M-x}, for example, by pressing @key{ESC} (Escape),
@emph{releasing it}, and then pressing the @kbd{x} key.
@c -------------------------
@item @key{RET}
Press the @key{RETURN} or @key{ENTER} key. This is normally used to
complete a command.
@c -------------------------
@item @key{SPC}
Press the space bar.
@c -------------------------
@item @key{TAB}
Press the @key{TAB} key.
@c -------------------------
@item @key{DEL}
Press the @key{DELETE} key.
@c -------------------------
@item @key{BS}
Press the @key{BACKSPACE} key@footnote{If you are using Version 20 or
earlier of Emacs, you will need to use the @key{DEL} key.}.
@end table
@cindex Emacs, prefix argument
@cindex prefix argument
@kindex C-u
A @dfn{prefix argument} allows you to pass an argument to any Emacs
function. To pass an argument, type @kbd{C-u} before the Emacs command
or keystroke. Numeric arguments can be passed as well. For example, to
insert five f's, use @kbd{C-u 5 f}. There is a default of four when
using @kbd{C-u}, and you can use multiple prefix arguments to provide
arguments of powers of four. To continue our example, you could insert
four f's with @kbd{C-u f}, 16 f's with @kbd{C-u C-u f}, 64 f's with
@kbd{C-u C-u C-u f}, and so on. Numeric and valueless negative
arguments can also be inserted with the @key{META} key. Examples
include @kbd{M-5} to specify an argument of 5, or @kbd{M--} which
specifies a negative argument with no particular value.
@sp 1
@center @strong{NOTE}
@quotation
The prefix @kbd{C-u} or @kbd{M-} is not necessary in MH-E's MH-Folder
mode (@pxref{Reading Mail Tour}). In this mode, simply enter the
numerical argument before entering the command.
@end quotation
@sp 1
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex Emacs, variables
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@cindex variables
@findex setq
Emacs uses @dfn{variables} to hold values. These can be changed via
calls to the function @code{setq} in @file{~/.emacs}.
@cindex Emacs, options
@cindex options
@findex customize-group
@findex customize-option
Variables in MH-E that are normally modified by the user are called
@dfn{options} and are modified through the customize functions (such
as @kbd{M-x customize-option} or @kbd{M-x customize-group}).
@ifnothtml
@xref{Easy Customization,,,emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}, in @cite{The
GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
See section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Easy-Customization.html,
Easy Customization} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
@xref{Options}.
@cindex Emacs, faces
@cindex faces
@cindex highlighting
@findex customize-face
You can specify various styles for displaying text using @dfn{faces}.
MH-E provides a set of faces that you can use to personalize the look
of your MH-E buffers. Use the command @kbd{M-x customize-face} to do
this.
@ifnothtml
@xref{Face Customization,,,emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}, in @cite{The
GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
See section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Face-Customization.html,
Face Customization} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
@cindex abnormal hooks
@cindex hooks
@cindex normal hooks
@findex add-hook
@findex customize-option
Commands often offer @dfn{hooks} which enable you to extend or modify
the way a command works.
@ifnothtml
@ref{Hooks, , Hooks, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, in @cite{The GNU
Emacs Manual}
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
See section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Hooks.html,
Hooks} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}
@end ifhtml
for a description about @dfn{normal hooks} and @dfn{abnormal hooks}.
MH-E uses normal hooks in nearly all cases, so you can assume that we
are talking about normal hooks unless we explicitly mention that a
hook is abnormal. We also follow the conventions described in that
section: the name of the abnormal hooks end in @code{-functions} and all
the rest of the MH-E hooks end in @code{-hook}. You can add hooks with
either @code{customize-option} or @code{add-hook}.
@cindex Emacs, mark
@cindex Emacs, point
@cindex Emacs, region
@cindex mark
@cindex point
@cindex region
@kindex C-@@
@kindex C-@key{SPC}
There are several other terms that are used in Emacs that you should
know. The @dfn{point} is where the cursor currently is. You can save
your current place in the file by setting a @dfn{mark}. This operation
is useful in several ways. The mark can be later used when defining a
@dfn{region}, which is the text between the point and mark. Many
commands operate on regions, such as those for deleting text or
filling paragraphs. A mark can be set with @kbd{C-@@} (or
@kbd{C-@key{SPC}}).
@cindex completion
@cindex Emacs, completion
@cindex Emacs, file completion
@cindex Emacs, folder completion
@cindex Emacs, minibuffer
@cindex file completion
@cindex folder completion
@cindex minibuffer
@kindex SPC
@kindex TAB
The @dfn{minibuffer} is the bottom line of the Emacs window, where all
prompting and multiple-character input is directed. You can use
@dfn{completion} to enter values such as folders. Completion means
that Emacs fills in text for you when you type @key{SPC} or @key{TAB}.
A second @key{SPC} or @key{TAB} will list all possibilities at that
point.
@ifnothtml
@xref{Completion, , Completion, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
See the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Completion.html,
Completion} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
Note that @key{SPC} cannot be used for completing filenames and
folders.
@findex help-with-tutorial
@kindex C-h t
@kindex M-x
The minibuffer is also where you enter Emacs function names after
typing @kbd{M-x}. For example, in the preface, I mentioned that you
could obtain help with @kbd{C-h t} (@code{help-with-tutorial}). What
this means is that you can get a tutorial by typing either @kbd{C-h t}
or @kbd{M-x help-with-tutorial}. In the latter case, you are prompted
for @samp{help-with-tutorial} in the minibuffer after typing
@kbd{M-x}.
@cindex ~
The @samp{~} notation in filenames represents your home directory.
This notation is used by many shells including @command{bash},
@code{tcsh}, and @command{csh}. It is analogous to the environment
variable @samp{$HOME}. For example, @file{~/.emacs} can be written
@file{$HOME/.emacs} or using the absolute path as in
@file{/home/wohler/.emacs} instead.
@cindex Emacs, interrupting
@cindex Emacs, quitting
@cindex interrupting
@cindex quitting
@i{In case of trouble:} Emacs can be interrupted at any time with
@kbd{C-g}. For example, if you've started a command that requests that
you enter something in the minibuffer, but then you change your mind,
type @kbd{C-g} and you'll be back where you started. If you want to
exit Emacs entirely, use @kbd{C-x C-c}.
@node Getting Started, Tour Through MH-E, Conventions, Top
@chapter Getting Started
@cindex MH-E, versions
@cindex history
@cindex versions of MH-E
Because there are many old versions of MH-E out there, it is important
to know which version you have. I'll be talking about @w{Version 8}
which is pretty close to @w{Version 6} and @w{Version 7}. It differs
from @w{Version 4} and @w{Version 5} and is vastly different from
@w{Version 3}. @xref{History}.
@findex mh-version
To determine which version of MH-E that you have, enter @kbd{M-x
mh-version @key{RET}}. Hopefully it says that you're running
@w{Version @value{VERSION}} which is the latest version as of this
printing.
If your version is much older than this, please consider upgrading.
You can have your system administrator upgrade the system-wide
version, or you can install your own personal version. It's really
quite easy. @xref{Getting MH-E}, for instructions for getting and
installing MH-E.
If the @code{mh-version} command displays @samp{No MH variant
detected}@footnote{In very old versions of MH-E, you may get the error
message, @samp{Cannot find the commands `inc' and `mhl' and the file
`components'} if MH-E can't find MH@. In this case, you need to update
MH-E, and you may need to install MH too. However, newer versions of
MH-E are better at finding MH if it is on your system.}, then you need
to install MH or tell MH-E where to find MH.
@cindex Debian
@cindex nmh
@cindex GNU mailutils MH
If you don't have MH on your system already, you must install a
variant of MH@. The Debian mh-e package does this for you
automatically (@pxref{Getting MH-E}). Most people use
@uref{http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/, nmh}, but you may be interested in
trying out @uref{http://mailutils.org/, GNU mailutils MH}, which
supports IMAP@. Your GNU/Linux distribution probably has packages for
both of these.
@cindex @command{install-mh}
@cindex MH commands, @command{install-mh}
@cindex MH book
If you've never run MH before, you need to run @command{install-mh}
from the shell before you continue. This sets up your personal MH
environment@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/../overall/setup.html, Setting Up MH} in the
MH book.}. If you don't, you'll be greeted with the error message:
@samp{Install MH and run install-mh before running MH-E}. This is all
you need to know about MH to use MH-E, but the more you know about MH,
the more you can leverage its power. See the
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/../, MH book} to learn more about MH.
@cindex @samp{Path} MH profile component
@cindex MH profile
@cindex MH profile component
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Path}
Your MH environment includes your @dfn{MH profile} which is found in
the file @file{~/.mh_profile}, or the file named in the environment
variable @samp{$MH}. This file contains a number of @dfn{MH
profile components}. For example, the @samp{Path:} MH profile
component contains the path to your mail directory, which is
@file{~/Mail} by default.
@cindex @command{mhparam}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhparam}
@vindex exec-path
@vindex mh-path
@vindex mh-sys-path
@vindex mh-variant
@vindex mh-variant-in-use
There are several options MH-E uses to interact with your MH
installation. The option @code{mh-variant} specifies the variant used
by MH-E (@pxref{Options}). The default setting of this option is
@samp{Auto-detect} which means that MH-E will automatically choose the
first of nmh, MH, or GNU mailutils MH that it finds in the directories
listed in @code{mh-path} (which you can customize),
@code{mh-sys-path}, and @code{exec-path}. If MH-E can't find MH at
all, you may have to customize @code{mh-path} and add the directory in
which the command @command{mhparam} is located. If, on the other hand,
you have both nmh and GNU mailutils MH installed (for example) and
@code{mh-variant-in-use} was initialized to nmh but you want to use
GNU mailutils MH, then you can set @code{mh-variant} to
@samp{gnu-mh}.
@vindex mh-flists-present-flag
@vindex mh-lib
@vindex mh-lib-progs
@vindex mh-progs
When @code{mh-variant} is changed, MH-E resets @code{mh-progs},
@code{mh-lib}, @code{mh-lib-progs}, @code{mh-flists-present-flag}, and
@code{mh-variant-in-use} accordingly.
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@sp 1
@center @strong{NOTE}
@quotation
Prior to version 8, it was often necessary to set some of these
variables in @file{~/.emacs}; now it is no longer necessary and can
actually cause problems.
@end quotation
@sp 1
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Draft-Folder}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Path}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Previous-Sequence}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Unseen-Sequence}
@cindex @samp{Draft-Folder} MH profile component
@cindex @samp{Path} MH profile component
@cindex @samp{Previous-Sequence} MH profile component
@cindex @samp{Unseen-Sequence} MH profile component
@findex mh-find-path
@vindex mh-draft-folder
@vindex mh-find-path-hook
@vindex mh-inbox
@vindex mh-previous-seq
@vindex mh-unseen-seq
@vindex mh-user-path
In addition to setting variables that point to MH itself, MH-E also
sets a handful of variables that point to where you keep your mail.
During initialization, the function @code{mh-find-path} sets
@code{mh-user-path} from your @samp{Path:} MH profile component (but
defaults to @samp{Mail} if one isn't present), @code{mh-draft-folder}
from @samp{Draft-Folder:}, @code{mh-unseen-seq} from
@samp{Unseen-Sequence:}, @code{mh-previous-seq} from
@samp{Previous-Sequence:}, and @code{mh-inbox} from @samp{Inbox:}
(defaults to @samp{+inbox}). The hook @code{mh-find-path-hook} is run
after these variables have been set. This hook can be used the change
the value of these variables if you need to run with different values
between MH and MH-E.
@node Tour Through MH-E, Using This Manual, Getting Started, Top
@chapter Tour Through MH-E
@cindex introduction
@cindex tour
@cindex tutorial
This chapter introduces some of the terms you'll need to know and then
takes you on a tour of MH-E@footnote{The keys mentioned in these
chapters refer to the default key bindings. If you've changed the
bindings, refer to the command summaries at the beginning of each
chapter for a mapping between default key bindings and function
names.}. When you're done, you'll be able to send, read, and file
mail, which is all that a lot of people ever do. But if you're the
curious or adventurous type, read the rest of the manual to be able to
use all the features of MH-E@. I suggest you read this chapter first to
get the big picture, and then you can read the manual as you wish.
@menu
* Sending Mail Tour::
* Reading Mail Tour::
* Processing Mail Tour::
* Leaving MH-E::
* More About MH-E::
@end menu
@node Sending Mail Tour, Reading Mail Tour, Tour Through MH-E, Tour Through MH-E
@section Sending Mail
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex mode
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
@cindex sending mail
@findex mh-smail
@kindex M-x mh-smail
Let's start our tour by sending ourselves a message which we can later
read and process. Enter @kbd{M-x mh-smail} to invoke the MH-E program
to send messages. Your message appears in an Emacs buffer whose
mode@footnote{A @dfn{mode} changes Emacs to make it easier to edit a
particular type of text.} is MH-Letter.
Enter your login name in the @samp{To:} header field. Press the
@key{TAB} twice to move the cursor past the @samp{Cc:} field, since no
carbon copies are to be sent, and on to the @samp{Subject:} field.
Enter @kbd{Test} or anything else that comes to mind.
Press @key{TAB} again to move the cursor to the body of the message.
Enter some text, using normal Emacs commands. You should now have
something like this@footnote{If you're running Emacs under the X
Window System, then you would also see a menu bar and a tool bar. I've
left out the menu bar and tool bar in all of the example screens.}:
@cartouche
@smallexample
--:-- *scratch* All L1 (Lisp Interaction)-------------------------
To: wohler
cc:
Subject: Test
X-Mailer: MH-E 8.1; nmh 1.1; GNU Emacs 23.1
--------
This is a test message to get the wheels churning...#
--:** @{draft@} All L5 (MH-Letter)----------------------------------
Type C-c C-c to send message, C-C ? for help
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{MH-E message composition window}
Note the line of dashes that separates the header and the body of the
message. It is essential that these dashes (or a blank line) are
present or the body of your message will be considered to be part of
the header.
@cindex help
@findex describe-mode
@kindex C-c ?
@kindex C-c C-c
@kindex C-h m
There are several commands specific to MH-Letter mode@footnote{You can
get quick help for the commands used most often with @kbd{C-c ?} or
more complete help with the @kbd{C-h m} (@code{describe-mode})
command.}, but at this time we'll only use @kbd{C-c C-c} to send your
message. Type @kbd{C-c C-c} now. That's all there is to it!
@node Reading Mail Tour, Processing Mail Tour, Sending Mail Tour, Tour Through MH-E
@section Receiving Mail
@cindex @command{inc}
@cindex @command{scan}
@cindex MH commands, @command{inc}
@cindex MH commands, @command{scan}
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex reading mail
@findex mh-rmail
@kindex M-x mh-rmail
To read the mail you've just sent yourself, enter @kbd{M-x mh-rmail}.
This incorporates the new mail and puts the output from
@command{inc}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/reapre.html, Reading Mail: inc show next
prev} in the MH book.} (called @dfn{scan lines} after the MH program
@command{scan}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/faswsprs.html, Find and Specify with scan
pick Ranges Sequences} in the MH book.} which prints a one-line
summary of each message) into a buffer called @samp{+inbox} whose
major mode is MH-Folder.
@findex mh-rmail
@kindex F r
@kindex M-x mh-rmail
@sp 1
@center @strong{NOTE}
@quotation
The @kbd{M-x mh-rmail} command will show you only new mail, not mail
you have already read. If you were to run this tour again, you would
use @kbd{F r} to pull all your messages into MH-E.
@end quotation
@sp 1
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex n
@kindex p
You should see the scan line for your message, and perhaps others. Use
@kbd{n} or @kbd{p} to move the cursor to your test message and type
@key{RET} to read your message. You should see something like:
@cartouche
@smallexample
3 t08/24 root received fax files on Wed Aug 24 11:00:13 PDT 1
# 4+t08/24 To:wohler Test<<This is a test message to get the wheels
-:%% @{+inbox/select@} 4 msgs (1-4) Bot L4 (MH-Folder Show)---------
To: wohler
Subject: Test
X-Mailer: MH-E 8.1; nmh 1.1; GNU Emacs 23.1
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2006 10:49:11 -0800
From: Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
This is a test message to get the wheels churning...
--:-- @{show-+inbox@} 4 All L1 (MH-Show)----------------------------
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{After incorporating new messages}
@kindex @key{DEL}
@kindex @key{SPC}
If you typed a long message, you can view subsequent pages with
@key{SPC} and previous pages with @key{DEL}.
@node Processing Mail Tour, Leaving MH-E, Reading Mail Tour, Tour Through MH-E
@section Processing Mail
@cindex processing mail
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex r
The first thing we want to do is reply to the message that we sent
ourselves. Ensure that the cursor is still on the same line as your
test message and type @kbd{r}. You are prompted in the minibuffer with
@samp{Reply to whom:}. Here MH-E is asking whether you'd like to reply
to the original sender only, to the sender and primary recipients, or
to the sender and all recipients. You can press @key{TAB} to see these
choices. If you simply press @key{RET}, you'll reply only to the
sender. Press @key{RET} now.
You'll find yourself in an Emacs buffer similar to that when you were
sending the original message, like this:
@cartouche
@smallexample
To:
cc:
Subject: Re: Test
In-reply-to: <31054.1142621351@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
References: <31054.1142621351@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
Comments: In-reply-to Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
message dated "Fri, 17 Mar 2006 10:49:11 -0800."
X-Mailer: MH-E 8.1; nmh 1.1; GNU Emacs 23.1
--------
#
--:-- @{draft@} All L10 (MH-Letter)----------------------------------
To: wohler
Subject: Test
X-Mailer: MH-E 8.1; nmh 1.1; GNU Emacs 23.1
Date: Fri, 17 Mar 2006 10:49:11 -0800
From: Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
This is a test message to get the wheels churning...
--:-- @{show-+inbox@} 4 All L1 (MH-Show)----------------------------
Type C-c C-c to send message, C-c ? for help
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{Composition window during reply}
@findex backward-char
@findex forward-char
@findex next-line
@findex previous-line
@kindex C-b
@kindex C-c C-c
@kindex C-c C-f C-t
@kindex C-f
@kindex C-n
@kindex C-p
@kindex @key{BS}
By default, MH will not add you to the address list of your replies,
so if you find that the @samp{To:} header field is missing, don't
worry. In this case, type @kbd{C-c C-f C-t} to create and go to the
@samp{To:} field, where you can type your login name again. You can
move around with the arrow keys or with @kbd{C-p}
(@code{previous-line}), @kbd{C-n} (@code{next-line}), @kbd{C-b}
(@code{backward-char}), and @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) and can
delete the previous character with @key{BS}. When you're finished
editing your message, send it with @kbd{C-c C-c} as before.
@cindex @command{refile}
@cindex MH commands, @command{refile}
@cindex folders
@kindex @key{SPC}
@kindex o
You'll often want to save messages that were sent to you in an
organized fashion. This is done with @dfn{folders}. You can use
folders to keep messages from your friends, or messages related to a
particular topic. With your cursor in the MH-Folder buffer and
positioned on the message you sent to yourself, type @kbd{o} to output
(@command{refile} in MH parlance) that message to a folder. Enter
@kbd{test} at the @samp{Destination folder:} prompt and type @kbd{y}
(or @key{SPC}) when MH-E asks to create the folder @samp{+test}. Note
that a @samp{^} (caret) appears next to the message number, which
means that the message has been marked for refiling but has not yet
been refiled. We'll talk about how the refile is actually carried out
in a moment.
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@kindex d
@kindex i
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex n
@kindex p
@kindex x
Your previous reply is now waiting in the system mailbox. You
incorporate this mail into your MH-Folder buffer named @samp{+inbox}
with the @kbd{i} command. Do this now. After the mail is incorporated,
use @kbd{n} or @kbd{p} to move the cursor to the new message, and read
it with @key{RET}. Let's delete this message by typing @kbd{d}. Note
that a @samp{D} appears next to the message number. This means that
the message is marked for deletion but is not yet deleted. To perform
the deletion (and the refile we did previously), use the @kbd{x}
command.
@findex mh-smail
@kindex m
@kindex M-x mh-smail
If you want to send another message you can use @kbd{m} instead of
@kbd{M-x mh-smail}. So go ahead, send some mail to your friends!
@cindex help
@cindex prefix characters
@findex describe-mode
@kindex ?
@kindex C-h m
@kindex F ?
You can get a quick reminder about these commands by typing @kbd{?}.
This lists several @dfn{prefix characters}. To list the commands
available via the prefix characters, type the prefix character
followed by a @kbd{?}, for example, @kbd{F ?}. More complete help is
available with the @kbd{C-h m} (@code{describe-mode}) command.
@node Leaving MH-E, More About MH-E, Processing Mail Tour, Tour Through MH-E
@section Leaving MH-E
@cindex Emacs, quitting
@cindex quitting
@kindex C-x C-c
@kindex x
You may now wish to exit @command{emacs} entirely. Use @kbd{C-x C-c}
to exit @command{emacs}. If you exited without running @kbd{x} in the
@samp{+inbox} buffer, Emacs will offer to save it for you. Type
@kbd{y} or @key{SPC} to save @samp{+inbox} changes, which means to
perform any refiles and deletes that you did there.
@findex mh-rmail
@kindex C-x b
@kindex C-x k
@kindex M-x mh-rmail
@kindex q
If you don't want to leave Emacs, you can type @kbd{q} to bury (hide)
the MH-E folder or delete it entirely with @kbd{C-x k}. You can then
later recall it with @kbd{C-x b} or @kbd{M-x mh-rmail}.
@cindex @command{packf}
@cindex MH commands, @command{packf}
@cindex exporting folders
@cindex folders, exporting
@cindex mbox-style folder
On the other hand, if you no longer want to use MH and MH-E, you can
take your mail with you. You can copy all of your mail into a single
file, mbox-style, by using the MH command @command{packf}. For
example, to create a file called @file{msgbox} with the messages in
your @samp{+inbox} folder, use @samp{packf +inbox}. The
@command{packf} command will append the messages to the file if it
already exists, so you can use @samp{folders -recurse -fast} in a
script to copy all of your messages into a single file, or using the
@samp{-file} argument, a file for each folder.
@node More About MH-E, , Leaving MH-E, Tour Through MH-E
@section More About MH-E
These are the basic commands to get you going, but there are plenty
more. If you think that MH-E is for you, read the rest of the manual
to find out how you can:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Print your messages (@pxref{Printing}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Edit messages and include your signature (@pxref{Editing Drafts}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Forward messages (@pxref{Forwarding}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Read digests (@pxref{Digests}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Edit bounced messages (@pxref{Editing Again}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Send multimedia messages (@pxref{Adding Attachments}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Read HTML messages (@pxref{HTML}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Use aliases and identities (see @ref{Aliases}, @pxref{Identities}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Create different views of your mail (see @ref{Threading}, @pxref{Limits}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Deal with junk mail (@pxref{Junk}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Handle signed and encrypted messages (see @ref{Reading PGP},
@pxref{Sending PGP}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Process mail that was sent with @command{shar} or @command{uuencode}
(@pxref{Files and Pipes}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Use sequences conveniently (@pxref{Sequences}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Use the speedbar, tool bar, and menu bar (see @ref{Speedbar}, see @ref{Tool
Bar}, @pxref{Menu Bar}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Show header fields in different fonts (@pxref{Reading Mail}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Find previously refiled messages (@pxref{Searching}).
@c -------------------------
@item
Place messages in a file (@pxref{Files and Pipes}).
@end itemize
Remember that you can also use MH commands when you're not running
MH-E (and when you are!).
@node Using This Manual, Incorporating Mail, Tour Through MH-E, Top
@chapter Using This Manual
This chapter begins the meat of the manual which goes into more detail
about every MH-E command and option.
@cindex Emacs, info
@cindex Emacs, built-in help
@cindex info
@cindex built-in help
@findex describe-mode
@findex mh-help
@kindex ?
@kindex C-c ?
@kindex C-h C-h
@kindex C-h C-k i
@kindex C-h i
@kindex C-h m
There are many commands, but don't get intimidated. There are command
summaries at the beginning of each chapter. In case you have or would
like to rebind the keys, the command summaries also list the
associated Emacs Lisp function. Furthermore, even if you're stranded
on a desert island with a laptop and are without your manuals, you can
get a summary of all these commands with GNU Emacs built-in help: use
@kbd{C-h m} (@code{describe-mode}) for a brief summary of commands,
@kbd{?} (@code{mh-help}) for an even briefer summary@footnote{This
help appears in a buffer called @file{*MH-E Help*}
(@pxref{Miscellaneous}).} (@kbd{C-c ?} in MH-Letter mode), or @kbd{C-h
i} to read this manual via Info. The built-in help is quite good; try
running @kbd{C-h C-h}. This brings up a list of available help topics,
one of which displays the documentation for a given key (like @kbd{C-h
k C-n}). Another useful help feature is to view the manual section
that describes a given key (such as @kbd{C-h K i}). In addition,
review @ref{Conventions}, if any of the GNU Emacs conventions are
strange to you.
In addition to all of the commands, it is also possible to reconfigure
MH-E to fit the needs of even the most demanding user. The following
chapters also describe all of the options, show the defaults, and make
recommendations for customization.
However, when customizing your mail environment, first try to change
what you want in MH, and only change MH-E if changing MH is not
possible. That way you will get the same behavior inside and outside
GNU Emacs. Note that MH-E does not provide hooks for customizations
that can be done in MH; this omission is intentional.
@cindex Emacs Lisp Manual
@cindex Emacs, Emacs Lisp Manual
@cindex Emacs, info
@cindex Emacs, online help
@cindex info
@cindex online help
I hope I've included enough examples here to get you well on your way.
If you want to explore Emacs Lisp further, a programming manual does
exist,
@c Yes, some of the stuff in the following sections is redundant, but
@c TeX barfs if the @ifs are inside the @footnote.
@iftex
@footnote{The @cite{GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual} should be available
via the Info system by typing @kbd{C-h i m Emacs Lisp
@key{RET}}. It is also available online at @*
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/elisp.html}.}
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@footnote{@xref{Top, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, , elisp, GNU
Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, which should be available via the
Info system. It is also available online at
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/elisp.html}.}
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
@footnote{The
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/elisp.html,
The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual} should be available via
the Info system by typing @kbd{C-h i m Emacs Lisp @key{RET}}.}
@end ifhtml
and you can look at the code itself for examples. Look in the Emacs
Lisp directory on your system (such as
@file{/usr/local/share/emacs/lisp/mh-e}) and find all the @file{mh-*.el}
files there. When calling MH-E and other Emacs Lisp functions directly
from Emacs Lisp code, you'll need to know the correct arguments. Use
the built-in help for this. For example, try @kbd{C-h f
mh-execute-commands @key{RET}}. If you write your own functions,
please do not prefix your symbols (variables and functions) with
@samp{mh-}. This prefix is reserved for the MH-E package. To avoid
conflicts with existing MH-E symbols, use a prefix like @samp{my-} or
your initials. (Unless, of course, your initials happen to be @emph{mh}!)
@menu
* Options::
* Ranges::
* Folder Selection::
@end menu
@node Options, Ranges, Using This Manual, Using This Manual
@section Options
@cindex Emacs, customizing
@cindex Emacs, setting options
@cindex customizing MH-E
@cindex setting options
@findex customize-option
@vindex mh-lpr-command-format, example
Many string or integer options are easy to modify using @kbd{M-x
customize-option}. For example, to modify the option that controls
printing, you would run @kbd{M-x customize-option @key{RET}
mh-lpr-command-format @key{RET}}. In the buffer that appears, modify
the string to the right of the variable. For example, you may change
the @command{lpr} command with @samp{nenscript -G -r -2 -i'%s'}. Then
use the @samp{State} combo box and select @samp{Save for Future
Sessions}. To read more about @code{mh-lpr-command-format}, see
@ref{Printing}.
@cindex nil
@cindex off, option
@cindex on, option
@cindex option, turning on and off
@cindex t
@findex customize-option
@vindex mh-bury-show-buffer-flag, example
Options can also hold boolean values. In Emacs Lisp, the boolean
values are @code{nil}, which means false, and @code{t}, which means
true. The @code{customize-option} function makes it easy to change
boolean values; simply click on the toggle button in the customize
buffer to switch between @samp{on} (@code{t}) and @samp{off}
(@code{nil}). For example, try setting @code{mh-bury-show-buffer-flag}
to @samp{off} to keep the MH-Show buffer at the top of the buffer
stack. Use the @samp{State} combo box and choose @samp{Set for Current
Session} to see how the option affects the show buffer. Then choose
the @samp{Erase Customization} menu item to reset the option to the
default, which places the MH-Show buffer at the bottom of the buffer
stack.
@vindex mh-mhl-format-file, example
The text usually says to turn on an option by setting it to a
@emph{non-@code{nil}} value, because sometimes values other than
@samp{on} are meaningful. An example of this is the variable
@code{mh-mhl-format-file} (@pxref{Viewing}). Other options, such as
hooks, involve a little more Emacs Lisp programming expertise.
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh}
@cindex @samp{mh} customization group
@findex customize-group
@findex mh-customize
You can browse all of the MH-E options with the @code{customize-group}
function. Try entering @kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET} mh
@key{RET}} to view the top-level options as well as buttons for all of
the MH-E customization groups. Another way to view the MH-E
customization group is to use @kbd{M-x mh-customize @key{RET}}.
@node Ranges, Folder Selection, Options, Using This Manual
@section Ranges
@c Sync with mh-folder-mode docstring.
@cindex message abbreviations
@cindex message ranges
@cindex ranges
Many commands that operate on individual messages, such as
@code{mh-forward} or @code{mh-refile-msg} take a @code{RANGE}
argument. This argument can be used in several ways.
@kindex C-u, with ranges
If you provide the prefix argument @kbd{C-u} to these commands, then
you will be prompted for the message range. This can be any valid MH
range which can include messages, sequences (@pxref{Sequences}), and
the abbreviations (described in the @command{mh}(1) man page):
@table @samp
@item <num1>-<num2>
Indicates all messages in the range <num1> to <num2>, inclusive. The
range must be nonempty.
@c -------------------------
@item <num>:N
@itemx <num>:+N
@itemx <num>:-N
Up to N messages beginning with (or ending with) message num. Num may
be any of the predefined symbols: first, prev, cur, next or last.
@c -------------------------
@item first:N
@itemx prev:N
@itemx next:N
@itemx last:N
The first, previous, next or last messages, if they exist.
@c -------------------------
@item all
All of the messages.
@end table
For example, a range that shows all of these things is @samp{1 2 3
5-10 last:5 unseen}.
@vindex transient-mark-mode
If the option @code{transient-mark-mode} is turned on and you set a
region in the MH-Folder buffer, then the MH-E command will perform the
operation on all messages in that region.
@cindex @samp{mh-range} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-range}
The @samp{mh-range} customization group contains a single option which
affects how ranges are interpreted.
@vtable @code
@item mh-interpret-number-as-range-flag
On means interpret a number as a range (default: @samp{on}).
@end vtable
@vindex mh-interpret-number-as-range-flag
Since one of the most frequent ranges used is @samp{last:N}, MH-E will
interpret input such as @samp{200} as @samp{last:200} if the
@code{mh-interpret-number-as-range-flag} option is on (which is the
default). If you need to scan just the message 200, then use the range
@samp{200:1} or @samp{200-200}.
@node Folder Selection, , Ranges, Using This Manual
@section Folder Selection
@cindex completion, folders
@cindex folders, completion
@cindex folders, selecting
When you choose a folder in MH-E via a command such as @kbd{o}
(@code{mh-refile-msg}), completion is used to enter the folder
@ifnothtml
(@pxref{Completion, , , emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
(see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Completion.html,
Completion} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifhtml
In addition, MH-E has several ways of choosing a suitable default so
that the folder can often be selected with a single @key{RET} key.
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-folder-selection}
@cindex @samp{mh-folder-selection} customization group
The @samp{mh-folder-selection} customization group contains some
options which are used to help with this.
@vtable @code
@item mh-default-folder-for-message-function
Function to select a default folder for refiling or @samp{Fcc:}
(default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-default-folder-list
List of addresses and folders (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-default-folder-must-exist-flag
On means guessed folder name must exist to be used (default:
@samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-default-folder-prefix
Prefix used for folder names generated from aliases (default: @code{""}).
@end vtable
@vindex mh-default-folder-for-message-function
You can set the option @code{mh-default-folder-for-message-function}
to a function that provides a default folder for the message to be
refiled. When this function is called, the current buffer contains the
message being refiled and point is at the start of the message. This
function should return the default folder as a string with a leading
@samp{+} sign. It can also return @code{nil} so that the last folder
name is used as the default, or an empty string to suppress the
default entirely.
Otherwise, the name of the destination folder is derived from the
sender as follows:
@enumerate
@vindex mh-default-folder-list
@item
The folder name associated with the first address found in the list
@code{mh-default-folder-list} is used. Each element in this list
contains a @samp{Check Recipient} item. If this item is turned on,
then the address is checked against the recipient instead of the
sender. This is useful for mailing lists.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-default-folder-prefix
@item
An alias prefixed by @code{mh-default-folder-prefix} corresponding to
the address is used. The prefix is used to prevent clutter in your
mail directory. @xref{Aliases}.
@end enumerate
@vindex mh-default-folder-must-exist-flag
If the derived folder does not exist, and
@code{mh-default-folder-must-exist-flag} is @code{t}, then the last
folder name used is suggested. This is useful if you get mail from
various people for whom you have an alias, but file them all in the
same project folder.
@node Incorporating Mail, Reading Mail, Using This Manual, Top
@chapter Incorporating Your Mail
@cindex @samp{Folder} menu
@cindex incorporating
@cindex menu, @samp{Folder}
This chapter talks about getting mail from your system mailbox into
your MH @samp{+inbox} folder. The following command accomplishes that
and is found in the @samp{Folder} menu.
@table @kbd
@cindex @samp{Folder > Incorporate New Mail} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Incorporate New Mail}
@findex mh-inc-folder
@kindex i
@item i
Incorporate new mail into a folder (@code{mh-inc-folder}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-inc} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-inc}
The following options in the @samp{mh-inc} customization group are
used.
@vtable @code
@item mh-inc-prog
Program to incorporate mail (default: @code{"inc"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-inc-spool-list
Alternate spool files (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following hook is available.
@vtable @code
@findex mh-inc-folder
@item mh-inc-folder-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-inc-folder} after incorporating mail into a
folder (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
@cindex @samp{+inbox}
@findex mh-inc-folder
@kindex i
If at any time you receive new mail, incorporate the new mail into
your @samp{+inbox} buffer with @kbd{i} (@code{mh-inc-folder}). Note
that @kbd{i} will display the @samp{+inbox} buffer, even if there
isn't any new mail. You can incorporate mail from any file into the
current folder by specifying a prefix argument; you'll be prompted for
the name of the file to use as well as the destination folder (for
example, @kbd{C-u i ~/mbox @key{RET} +tmp @key{RET}}).
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex Emacs, notification of new mail
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@cindex new mail
@cindex notification of new mail
Emacs can notify you when you have new mail by displaying @samp{Mail}
in the mode line. To enable this behavior, and to have a clock in the
mode line as well, add the following to @file{~/.emacs}:
@findex display-time
@smalllisp
(display-time)
@end smalllisp
@cindex @command{inc}
@cindex incorporating
@cindex MH commands, @command{inc}
@vindex mh-inc-prog
@vindex mh-progs
The name of the program that incorporates new mail is stored in
@code{mh-inc-prog}; it is @code{"inc"} by default. This program
generates a one-line summary for each of the new messages. Unless it
is an absolute pathname, the file is assumed to be in the
@code{mh-progs} directory (@pxref{Getting Started}). You may also link
a file to @command{inc} that uses a different format (see
@samp{mh-profile}(5), and sections
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/reapre.html, Reading Mail: inc show next
prev} and @uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/mhstr.html, MH Format Strings} in
the MH book). You'll then need to modify several variables
appropriately (@pxref{Scan Line Formats}).
@vindex mh-inc-spool-list
You can use the @code{mh-inc-spool-list} variable to direct MH-E to
retrieve mail from arbitrary spool files other than your system
mailbox, file it in folders other than your @samp{+inbox}, and assign
key bindings to incorporate this mail.
@cindex @command{procmail}
@cindex @file{.procmailrc}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{procmail}
@cindex files, @file{.procmailrc}
Suppose you are subscribed to the @i{mh-e-devel} mailing list and you
use @command{procmail} to filter this mail into @file{~/mail/mh-e}
with the following recipe in @file{.procmailrc}:
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
:0:
* ^From mh-e-devel-admin@@stop.mail-abuse.org
mh-e
@end smallexample
@findex mh-inc-spool-*
@kindex I *
In order to incorporate @file{~/mail/mh-e} into @samp{+mh-e} with an
@kbd{I m} (@code{mh-inc-spool-mh-e}) command, customize this option,
and click on the @samp{INS} button. Enter a @samp{Spool File} of
@samp{~/mail/mh-e}, a @samp{Folder} of @samp{mh-e}, and a @samp{Key
Binding} of @samp{m}.
@cindex @command{emacsclient}
@cindex @command{gnuclient}
@cindex @command{xbuffy}
@cindex @samp{gnuserv}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{emacsclient}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{gnuclient}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{xbuffy}
You can use @command{xbuffy} to automate the incorporation of this
mail using the Emacs 23 command @command{emacsclient} as follows:
@smallexample
box ~/mail/mh-e
title mh-e
origMode
polltime 10
headertime 0
command emacsclient --eval '(mh-inc-spool-mh-e)'
@end smallexample
In XEmacs, the command @command{gnuclient} is used in a similar
fashion.
@findex mh-inc-folder
@kindex i
@vindex mh-inc-folder-hook
You can set the hook @code{mh-inc-folder-hook}, which is called after
new mail is incorporated by the @kbd{i} (@code{mh-inc-folder})
command. A good use of this hook is to rescan the whole folder either
after running @kbd{M-x mh-rmail} the first time or when you've changed
the message numbers from outside of MH-E.
@findex mh-execute-commands
@findex mh-rescan-folder, example
@findex mh-show, example
@vindex mh-inc-folder-hook, example
@smalllisp
@group
(defun my-mh-inc-folder-hook ()
"Hook to rescan folder after incorporating mail."
(if (buffer-modified-p) ; @r{if outstanding refiles and deletes,}
(mh-execute-commands)) ; @r{carry them out}
(mh-rescan-folder) ; @r{synchronize with +inbox}
(mh-show)) ; @r{show the current message}
(add-hook 'mh-inc-folder-hook 'my-mh-inc-folder-hook)
@i{Rescan folder after incorporating new mail via mh-inc-folder-hook}
@end group
@end smalllisp
@node Reading Mail, Folders, Incorporating Mail, Top
@chapter Reading Your Mail
@cindex @samp{+inbox}
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex MH-Show mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex modes, MH-Show
@cindex reading mail
@findex mh-rmail
@kindex F r
@kindex F v
@kindex M-x mh-rmail
The MH-E entry point for reading mail is @kbd{M-x mh-rmail}. This
command incorporates your mail and creates a buffer called
@samp{+inbox} in MH-Folder mode. The command @kbd{M-x mh-rmail} shows
you only new mail, not mail you have already read@footnote{If you want
to see your old mail as well, use @kbd{F r} to pull all your messages
into MH-E@. Or, give a prefix argument to @code{mh-rmail} so it will
prompt you for folder to visit like @kbd{F v} (for example, @kbd{C-u
M-x mh-rmail @key{RET} bob @key{RET}}). @xref{Folders}.}.
@findex display-time
@vindex read-mail-command
There are some commands that need to read mail, such as @kbd{mouse-2}
over the @samp{Mail} button that @code{display-time} adds to the mode
line. You can configure Emacs to have these commands use MH-E by
setting the option @code{read-mail-command} to @samp{mh-rmail}.
@cindex @command{scan}
@cindex @samp{Message} menu
@cindex MH commands, @command{scan}
@cindex menu, @samp{Message}
@cindex scan lines
The @samp{+inbox} buffer contains @dfn{scan lines}, which are one-line
summaries of each incorporated message. You can perform most MH
commands on these messages via one- or two-letter commands in either
the MH-Folder or MH-Show buffers or by using the @samp{Message} menu.
See @command{scan}(1) for a description of the contents of the scan
lines, and see the Figure in @ref{Reading Mail Tour}, for an example.
@table @kbd
@kindex ?
@findex mh-help
@item ?
Display cheat sheet for the MH-E commands (@code{mh-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Show Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Show Message}
@kindex @key{RET}
@findex mh-show
@item @key{RET}
Display message (@code{mh-show}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Show Message with Header} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Show Message with Header}
@kindex , (comma)
@findex mh-header-display
@item , (comma)
Display message with all header fields (@code{mh-header-display}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Show Message with Preferred Alternative} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Show Message with Preferred Alternative}
@kindex : (colon)
@findex mh-show-preferred-alternative
@item : (colon)
Display message with the default preferred alternative
(@code{mh-show-preferred-alternative}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex ; (semicolon)
@findex mh-toggle-mh-decode-mime-flag
@item ; (semicolon)
Toggle the value of @code{mh-decode-mime-flag}
(@code{mh-toggle-mh-decode-mime-flag}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex @key{SPC}
@findex mh-page-msg
@item @key{SPC}
Display next page in message (@code{mh-page-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex @key{BS}
@findex mh-previous-page
@item @key{BS}
Display previous page in message (@code{mh-previous-page}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Write Message to File...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Write Message to File...}
@kindex >
@findex mh-write-msg-to-file
@item >
Append message to end of file (@code{mh-write-msg-to-file}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Pipe Message to Command...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Pipe Message to Command...}
@kindex |
@findex mh-pipe-msg
@item |
Pipe message through shell command (@code{mh-pipe-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-d
@findex mh-delete-msg-no-motion
@item C-d
Delete range, don't move to next message
(@code{mh-delete-msg-no-motion}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Delete Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Delete Message}
@kindex d
@findex mh-delete-msg
@item d
Delete range (@code{mh-delete-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex D ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item D ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex D @key{SPC}
@findex mh-page-digest
@item D @key{SPC}
Display next message in digest (@code{mh-page-digest}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex D @key{BS}
@findex mh-page-digest-backwards
@item D @key{BS}
Display previous message in digest (@code{mh-page-digest-backwards}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Burst Digest Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Burst Digest Message}
@kindex D b
@findex mh-burst-digest
@item D b
Break up digest into separate messages (@code{mh-burst-digest}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Go to Message by Number...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Go to Message by Number...}
@kindex g
@findex mh-goto-msg
@item g
Go to a message (@code{mh-goto-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex k
@findex mh-delete-subject-or-thread
@item k
Delete messages with same subject or thread
(@code{mh-delete-subject-or-thread}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item K ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K @key{TAB}
@findex mh-next-button
@item K @key{TAB}
Go to the next button (@code{mh-next-button}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K S-@key{TAB}
@findex mh-prev-button
@item K S-@key{TAB}
Go to the previous button (@code{mh-prev-button}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K a
@findex mh-mime-save-parts
@item K a
Save attachments (@code{mh-mime-save-parts}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K e
@findex mh-display-with-external-viewer
@item K e
View attachment externally (@code{mh-display-with-external-viewer}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K i
@findex mh-folder-inline-mime-part
@item K i
Show attachment verbatim (@code{mh-folder-inline-mime-part}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K o
@findex mh-folder-save-mime-part
@item K o
Save (output) attachment (@code{mh-folder-save-mime-part}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K t
@findex mh-toggle-mime-buttons
@item K t
Toggle option @code{mh-display-buttons-for-inline-parts-flag}
(@code{mh-toggle-mime-buttons}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex K v
@findex mh-folder-toggle-mime-part
@item K v
View attachment (@code{mh-folder-toggle-mime-part}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Modify Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Modify Message}
@kindex M
@findex mh-modify
@item M
Edit message (@code{mh-modify}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Go to First Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Go to First Message}
@kindex M-<
@findex mh-first-msg
@item M-<
Display first message (@code{mh-first-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Go to Last Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Go to Last Message}
@kindex M->
@findex mh-last-msg
@item M->
Display last message (@code{mh-last-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex M-n
@findex mh-next-unread-msg
@item M-n
Display next unread message (@code{mh-next-unread-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex M-p
@findex mh-previous-unread-msg
@item M-p
Display previous unread message (@code{mh-previous-unread-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Next Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Next Message}
@kindex n
@findex mh-next-undeleted-msg
@item n
Display next message (@code{mh-next-undeleted-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Previous Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Previous Message}
@kindex p
@findex mh-previous-undeleted-msg
@item p
Display previous message (@code{mh-previous-undeleted-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex P ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item P ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex P C
@findex mh-ps-print-toggle-color
@item P C
Toggle whether color is used in printing messages
(@code{mh-ps-print-toggle-color}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex P F
@findex mh-ps-print-toggle-faces
@item P F
Toggle whether printing is done with faces or not
(@code{mh-ps-print-toggle-faces}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex P f
@findex mh-ps-print-msg-file
@item P f
Print range to file (@code{mh-ps-print-msg-file}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Print Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Print Message}
@kindex P l
@findex mh-print-msg
@item P l
Print range the old fashioned way
(@code{mh-print-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex P p
@findex mh-ps-print-msg
@item P p
Print range (@code{mh-ps-print-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex X ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item X ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Unpack Uuencoded Message...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Unpack Uuencoded Message...}
@kindex X s
@kindex X u
@findex mh-store-msg
@item X s
@itemx X u
Unpack message created with @command{uudecode} or @command{shar}
(@code{mh-store-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex mouse-2
@findex mh-show-mouse
@item mouse-2
Move point to mouse event and show message (@code{mh-show-mouse}).
@end table
Within the MH-Show buffer, the following command is defined.
@table @kbd
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex mouse-1
@kindex mouse-2
@findex mh-press-button
@item @key{RET}
@itemx mouse-1
@itemx mouse-2
View contents of button (@code{mh-press-button}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-show} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-show}
The following table lists options in the @samp{mh-show} customization
group that are used while reading mail.
@vtable @code
@item mh-bury-show-buffer-flag
On means show buffer is buried (default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-clean-message-header-flag
On means remove extraneous header fields (default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-decode-mime-flag
On means attachments are handled (default: @samp{on} if the Gnus
@samp{mm-decode} package is present).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-display-buttons-for-alternatives-flag
On means display buttons for all alternative attachments (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-display-buttons-for-inline-parts-flag
On means display buttons for all inline attachments (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-do-not-confirm-flag
On means non-reversible commands do not prompt for confirmation
(default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-fetch-x-image-url
Control fetching of @samp{X-Image-URL:} header field image (default:
@samp{Never Fetch}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-graphical-smileys-flag
On means graphical smileys are displayed (default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-graphical-emphasis-flag
On means graphical emphasis is displayed (default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-highlight-citation-style
Style for highlighting citations (default: @samp{Multicolor}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-invisible-header-fields-default
List of hidden header fields (default: a checklist too long to list
here).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-invisible-header-fields
Additional header fields to hide (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-lpr-command-format
Command used to print (default: @code{"lpr -J '%s'"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-max-inline-image-height
Maximum inline image height if @samp{Content-Disposition:} is not
present (default: 0).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-max-inline-image-width
Maximum inline image width if @samp{Content-Disposition:} is not
present(default: 0).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-mhl-format-file
Specifies the format file to pass to the @command{mhl} program
(default: @samp{Use Default mhl Format (Printing Only)}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-mime-save-parts-default-directory
Default directory to use for @kbd{K a}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-print-background-flag
On means messages should be printed in the background (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-buffer-mode-line-buffer-id
Format string to produce @code{mode-line-buffer-identification} for
show buffers (default: @code{" @{show-%s@} %d"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-maximum-size
Maximum size of message (in bytes) to display automatically (default:
0).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-use-xface-flag
On means display face images in MH-Show buffers (default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-store-default-directory
Default directory for @kbd{X s} (default: @samp{Current}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-summary-height
Number of lines in MH-Folder buffer (including the mode line)
(default: depends on size of frame).
@end vtable
The following hooks are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-delete-msg-hook
Hook run after marking each message for deletion (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-hook
Hook run after @key{RET} shows a message (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-mode-hook
Hook run upon entry to @code{mh-show-mode} (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following faces are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-show-cc
Face used to highlight @samp{cc:} header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-date
Face used to highlight @samp{Date:} header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-from
Face used to highlight @samp{From:} header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-header
Face used to deemphasize less interesting header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-pgg-bad
Bad PGG signature face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-pgg-good
Good PGG signature face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-pgg-unknown
Unknown or untrusted PGG signature face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-signature
Signature face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-subject
Face used to highlight @samp{Subject:} header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-to
Face used to highlight @samp{To:} header fields.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-show-xface
X-Face image face.
@end vtable
The functions and variables introduced here are explained in more
detail in the following sections.
@menu
* Viewing::
* Viewing Attachments::
* HTML::
* Digests::
* Reading PGP::
* Printing::
* Files and Pipes::
* Navigating::
* Miscellaneous Commands and Options::
@end menu
@node Viewing, Viewing Attachments, Reading Mail, Reading Mail
@section Viewing Your Mail
@findex mh-header-display
@findex mh-page-msg
@findex mh-previous-page
@findex mh-show
@findex mh-show-mouse
@kindex , (comma)
@kindex . (period)
@kindex @key{BS}
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex @key{SPC}
@kindex mouse-2
The command @key{RET} (@code{mh-show}) displays the message that the
cursor is on while @kbd{mouse-2} (@code{mh-show-mouse}) displays the
message that the mouse cursor is on. If the message is already
displayed, it scrolls to the beginning of the message. Use @key{SPC}
(@code{mh-page-msg}) and @key{BS} (@code{mh-previous-page}) to move
forwards and backwards one page at a time through the message. You can
give either of these commands a prefix argument that specifies the
number of lines to scroll (such as @kbd{10 @key{SPC}}). The @key{SPC}
command will also show the next undeleted message if it is used at the
bottom of a message. MH-E normally hides a lot of the superfluous
header fields that mailers add to a message, but if you wish to see
all of them, use the command @kbd{,} (comma;
@code{mh-header-display}).
@vindex mh-show-maximum-size
The option @code{mh-show-maximum-size} provides an opportunity to skip
over large messages which may be slow to load. The default value of 0
means that all message are shown regardless of size.
A litany of options control what displayed messages look like.
@vindex mh-show-cc
@vindex mh-show-date
@vindex mh-show-from
@vindex mh-show-header
@vindex mh-show-subject
@vindex mh-show-to
First, the appearance of the header fields can be modified by
customizing the associated face: @code{mh-show-to}, @code{mh-show-cc},
@code{mh-show-from}, @code{mh-show-date}, and @code{mh-show-subject}.
The face @code{mh-show-header} is used to deemphasize the other, less
interesting, header fields.
@cindex regular expressions, @code{mh-invisible-header-fields}
@vindex mh-clean-message-header-flag
@vindex mh-invisible-header-fields
@vindex mh-invisible-header-fields-default
Normally messages are delivered with a handful of uninteresting header
fields. These are hidden by turning on the option
@code{mh-clean-message-header-flag} (which it is by default). The
header fields listed in the option
@code{mh-invisible-header-fields-default} are hidden, although you can
check off any field that you would like to see. Header fields that you
would like to hide that aren't listed can be added to the option
@code{mh-invisible-header-fields} with a couple of caveats. Regular
expressions are not allowed. Unique fields should have a @samp{:}
suffix; otherwise, the element can be used to render invisible an
entire class of fields that start with the same prefix. If you think a
header field should be generally ignored, please update
@uref{https://sourceforge.net/p/mh-e/bugs/245/, SF #245}.
@cindex header field, @samp{Face}
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Face}
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Image-URL}
@cindex @samp{Face} header field
@cindex @samp{X-Face} header field
@cindex @samp{X-Image-URL} header field
@vindex mh-show-use-xface-flag
MH-E can display the content of @samp{Face:}, @samp{X-Face:}, and
@samp{X-Image-URL:} header fields. If any of these fields occur in the
header of your message, the sender's face will appear in the
@samp{From:} header field. If more than one of these fields appear,
then the first field found in the order @samp{Face:}, @samp{X-Face:},
and @samp{X-Image-URL:} will be used. The option
@code{mh-show-use-xface-flag} is used to turn this feature on and off.
This feature will be turned on by default if your system supports it.
The first header field used, if present, is the Gnus-specific
@samp{Face:} field@footnote{The @samp{Face:} field appeared in GNU
Emacs 21 and XEmacs. For more information, see
@uref{http://quimby.gnus.org/circus/face/}.}.
@cindex @command{uncompface}
@cindex Emacs, packages, x-face
@cindex Unix commands, @command{uncompface}
@cindex x-face package
@vindex mh-show-xface
Next is the traditional @samp{X-Face:} header field@footnote{The
display of this field requires the
@uref{ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/faces/compface/compface.tar.Z,
@command{uncompface} program}. Recent versions of XEmacs have internal
support for @samp{X-Face:} images. If your version of XEmacs does not,
then you'll need both @command{uncompface} and the
@uref{ftp://ftp.jpl.org/pub/elisp/, @samp{x-face} package}.}. MH-E
renders the foreground and background of the image using the
associated attributes of the face @code{mh-show-xface}.
@cindex @command{convert}
@cindex @command{wget}
@cindex ImageMagick
@cindex Unix commands, @command{convert}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{wget}
@vindex mh-fetch-x-image-url
Finally, MH-E will display images referenced by the
@samp{X-Image-URL:} header field if neither the @samp{Face:} nor the
@samp{X-Face:} fields are present@footnote{The display of the images
requires the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/wget.html,
@command{wget} program} to fetch the image and the @command{convert}
program from the @uref{http://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php,
ImageMagick suite}.}. Of the three header fields this is the most
efficient in terms of network usage since the image doesn't need to be
transmitted with every single mail. The option
@code{mh-fetch-x-image-url} controls the fetching of the
@samp{X-Image-URL:} header field image with the following values:
@table @samp
@item Ask Before Fetching
You are prompted before the image is fetched. MH-E will remember your
reply and will either use the already fetched image the next time the
same URL is encountered or silently skip it if you didn't fetch it the
first time. This is a good setting.
@c -------------------------
@item Never Fetch
Images are never fetched and only displayed if they are already
present in the cache. This is the default.
@end table
There isn't a value of @samp{Always Fetch} for privacy and DOS (denial
of service) reasons. For example, fetching a URL can tip off a spammer
that you've read his email (which is why you shouldn't blindly answer
yes if you've set this option to @samp{Ask Before Fetching}). Someone
may also flood your network and fill your disk drive by sending a
torrent of messages, each specifying a unique URL to a very large
file.
@cindex @file{.mhe-x-image-cache}
@cindex files, @file{.mhe-x-image-cache}
The cache of images is found in the directory
@file{.mhe-x-image-cache} within your MH directory. You can add your
own face to the @samp{From:} field too. @xref{Picture}.
@cindex @command{mhl}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhl}
@vindex mh-mhl-format-file
Normally MH-E takes care of displaying messages itself (rather than
calling an MH program to do the work). If you'd rather have
@command{mhl} display the message (within MH-E), change the option
@code{mh-mhl-format-file} from its default value of @samp{Use Default
mhl Format (Printing Only)}. You can set this option to @samp{Use
Default mhl Format} to get the same output as you would get if you ran
@command{mhl} from the shell. If you have a format file that you want
MH-E to use, you can set this option to @samp{Specify an mhl Format
File} and enter the name of your format file (@command{mhl}(1) or
section @uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/shomes.html#Usisho, Using mhl} in
the MH book tells you how to write one). Your format file should
specify a non-zero value for @samp{overflowoffset} to allow MH-E to
parse the header. Note that @command{mhl} is always used for printing
and forwarding; in this case, the value of @code{mh-mhl-format-file}
is consulted if you have specified a format file.
@cindex citations, highlighting
@cindex highlighting citations
@vindex mh-highlight-citation-style
If the sender of the message has cited other messages in his message,
then MH-E will highlight these citations to emphasize the sender's
actual response. The option @code{mh-highlight-citation-style} can be
customized to change the highlighting style. The @samp{Multicolor}
method uses a different color for each indentation while the
@samp{Monotone} method highlights all citations in red. To disable
highlighting of citations entirely, choose @samp{None}.
@cindex URLs, highlighting
@cindex email addresses, highlighting
@cindex highlighting URLs
@cindex highlighting email addresses
@cindex links, following
@findex goto-address-at-point
@kindex C-c @key{RET}
@kindex mouse-2
@vindex goto-address-highlight-p
Email addresses and URLs in the message are highlighted if the option
@code{goto-address-highlight-p} is on, which it is by default. To view
the web page for a highlighted URL or to send a message using a
highlighted email address, use @kbd{mouse-2} or @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}
(@code{goto-address-at-point}). @xref{Sending Mail}, to see how to
configure Emacs to send the message using MH-E.
@cindex boldface, showing
@cindex emphasis
@cindex italics, showing
@cindex smileys
@cindex typesetting
@cindex underline, showing
@vindex gnus-emphasis-alist
@vindex mh-decode-mime-flag
@vindex mh-graphical-emphasis-flag
@vindex mh-graphical-smileys-flag
It is a long standing custom to inject body language using a
cornucopia of punctuation, also known as the @dfn{smileys}. MH-E can
render these as graphical widgets if the option
@code{mh-graphical-smileys-flag} is turned on, which it is by default.
Smileys include patterns such as :-) and ;-). Similarly, a few
typesetting features are indicated in ASCII text with certain
characters. If your terminal supports it, MH-E can render these
typesetting directives naturally if the option
@code{mh-graphical-emphasis-flag} is turned on, which it is by
default. For example, _underline_ will be
@ifhtml
@html
<u>underlined</u>,
@end html
@end ifhtml
@ifnothtml
underlined,
@end ifnothtml
*bold* will appear in @b{bold}, /italics/ will appear in @i{italics},
and so on. See the option @code{gnus-emphasis-alist} for the whole
list. Both of these options are disabled if the option
@code{mh-decode-mime-flag} is turned off. @xref{Viewing Attachments}.
@cindex signature separator
@cindex vCard
@vindex mh-show-signature
MH-E normally renders signatures and vCards in italics so that the
body of the message stands out more. MH-E depends on the presence of
the @dfn{signature separator} (@code{"-- "}) to do this. You can also
customize the face @code{mh-show-signature} so the appearance of the
signature block is more to your liking.
@vindex mh-show-hook
@vindex mh-show-mode-hook
Two hooks can be used to control how messages are displayed. The first
hook, @code{mh-show-mode-hook}, is called early on in the process of
the message display. It is usually used to perform some action on the
message's content. The second hook, @code{mh-show-hook}, is the last
thing called after messages are displayed. It's used to affect the
behavior of MH-E in general or when @code{mh-show-mode-hook} is too
early.
@cindex MH-Show mode
@cindex modes, MH-Show
@vindex mh-show-buffer-mode-line-buffer-id
For those who like to modify their mode lines, use
@code{mh-show-buffer-mode-line-buffer-id} to modify the mode line in
the MH-Show buffers. Place the two escape strings @samp{%s} and
@samp{%d}, which will display the folder name and the message number,
respectively, somewhere in the string in that order. The default value
of @code{"@{show-%s@} %d"} yields a mode line of
@smallexample
-----@{show-+inbox@} 4 (MH-Show)--Bot--------------------------------
@end smallexample
@node Viewing Attachments, HTML, Viewing, Reading Mail
@section Viewing Attachments
@cindex attachments
@cindex body parts
@cindex @command{mhshow}
@cindex @command{show}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhshow}
@cindex MH commands, @command{show}
@cindex MIME
@cindex multimedia mail
MH has the ability to display @dfn{@sc{mime}} (Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions) messages which are simply messages with additional
@dfn{body parts} or @dfn{attachments}. You can use the MH commands
@command{show}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/reapre.html, Reading Mail: inc show next
prev} in the MH book.} or @command{mhshow}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/usimim.html#ReMIMa, Reading MIME Mail} in
the MH book.} from the shell to read @sc{mime} messages@footnote{You
can call them directly from Emacs if you're running the X Window
System: type @kbd{M-! xterm -e mhshow @var{message-number}}. You can
leave out the @samp{xterm -e} if you use @command{mhlist} or
@command{mhstore}.}.
@cindex Emacs, packages, mm-decode
@cindex mm-decode package
@findex mh-toggle-mh-decode-mime-flag
@kindex ; (semicolon)
@vindex mh-decode-mime-flag
MH-E can handle attachments as well if the Gnus @samp{mm-decode}
package is present. If so, the option @code{mh-decode-mime-flag} will
be on. Otherwise, you'll see the @sc{mime} body parts rather than text
or attachments. There isn't much point in turning off the option
@code{mh-decode-mime-flag}; however, you can inspect it if it appears
that the body parts are not being interpreted correctly or toggle it
with the command @kbd{;} (semicolon;
@code{mh-toggle-mh-decode-mime-flag}) to view the raw message. This
option also controls the display of quoted-printable messages and
other graphical widgets. @xref{Viewing}.
@cindex buttons
Attachments in MH-E are indicated by @dfn{buttons} like this:
@smallexample
[1. image/jpeg; foo.jpg]...
@end smallexample
@findex mh-next-button
@findex mh-press-button
@findex mh-prev-button
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex K @key{TAB}
@kindex K S-@key{TAB}
@kindex mouse-1
@kindex mouse-2
To view the contents of the button, use either @kbd{mouse-1} or
@kbd{mouse-2} on the button or @key{RET} (@code{mh-press-button}) when
the cursor is over the button. This command is a toggle so if you use
it again on the same attachment, it is hidden. If Emacs does not know
how to display the attachment, then Emacs offers to save the
attachment in a file. To move the cursor to the next button, use the
command @kbd{K @key{TAB}} (@code{mh-next-button}). If the end of the
buffer is reached then the search wraps over to the start of the
buffer. To move the cursor to the previous button, use the command
@kbd{K S-@key{TAB}} (@code{mh-prev-button}). If the beginning of the
buffer is reached then the search wraps over to the end of the buffer.
@cindex attachments, viewing
@cindex viewing attachments
@findex mh-folder-toggle-mime-part
@kindex K v
Another way to view the contents of a button is to use the command
@kbd{K v} (@code{mh-folder-toggle-mime-part}). This command displays
(or hides) the attachment associated with the button under the cursor.
If the cursor is not located over a button, then the cursor first
moves to the next button, wrapping to the beginning of the message if
necessary. This command has the advantage over the previous commands
of working from the MH-Folder buffer. You can also provide a numeric
prefix argument (as in @kbd{4 K v}) to view the attachment labeled
with that number. If Emacs does not know how to display the
attachment, then Emacs offers to save the attachment in a file.
@cindex @file{/etc/mailcap}
@cindex files, @file{/etc/mailcap}
@findex mailcap-mime-info
@findex mh-display-with-external-viewer
@kindex K e
If Emacs does not know how to view an attachment, you could save it
into a file and then run some program to open it. It is easier,
however, to launch the program directly from MH-E with the command
@kbd{K e} (@code{mh-display-with-external-viewer}). While you'll most
likely use this to view spreadsheets and documents, it is also useful
to use your browser to view HTML attachments with higher fidelity than
what Emacs can provide. This command displays the attachment
associated with the button under the cursor. If the cursor is not
located over a button, then the cursor first moves to the next button,
wrapping to the beginning of the message if necessary. You can provide
a numeric prefix argument (as in @kbd{4 K e}) to view the attachment
labeled with that number. This command tries to provide a reasonable
default for the viewer by calling the Emacs function
@code{mailcap-mime-info}. This function usually reads the file
@file{/etc/mailcap}.
@cindex attachments, saving
@cindex saving attachments
@findex mh-folder-save-mime-part
@kindex K o
Use the command @kbd{K o} (@code{mh-folder-save-mime-part}) to save
attachments (the mnemonic is ``output''). This command saves the
attachment associated with the button under the cursor. If the cursor
is not located over a button, then the cursor first moves to the next
button, wrapping to the beginning of the message if necessary. You can
also provide a numeric prefix argument (as in @kbd{3 K o}) to save the
attachment labeled with that number. This command prompts you for a
filename and suggests a specific name if it is available.
@cindex @command{mhn}
@cindex @command{mhstore}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhn}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhstore}
@findex mh-mime-save-parts
@kindex K a
@vindex mh-mime-save-parts-default-directory
You can save all of the attachments at once with the command @kbd{K a}
(@code{mh-mime-save-parts}). The attachments are saved in the
directory specified by the option
@code{mh-mime-save-parts-default-directory} unless you use a prefix
argument (as in @kbd{C-u K a}) in which case you are prompted for the
directory. These directories may be superseded by MH profile
components, since this function calls on @command{mhstore}
(@command{mhn}) to do the work.
@vindex mh-mime-save-parts-default-directory
The default value for the option
@code{mh-mime-save-parts-default-directory} is @samp{Prompt Always} so
that you are always prompted for the directory in which to save the
attachments. However, if you usually use the same directory within a
session, then you can set this option to @samp{Prompt the First Time}
to avoid the prompt each time. you can make this directory permanent
by choosing @samp{Directory} and entering the directory's name.
@cindex attachments, inline
@cindex inline attachments
@findex mh-toggle-mime-buttons
@kindex K t
@vindex mh-display-buttons-for-inline-parts-flag
The sender can request that attachments should be viewed inline so
that they do not really appear like an attachment at all to the
reader. Most of the time, this is desirable, so by default MH-E
suppresses the buttons for inline attachments. On the other hand, you
may receive code or HTML which the sender has added to his message as
inline attachments so that you can read them in MH-E@. In this case, it
is useful to see the buttons so that you know you don't have to cut
and paste the code into a file; you can simply save the attachment. If
you want to make the buttons visible for inline attachments, you can
use the command @kbd{K t} (@code{mh-toggle-mime-buttons}) to toggle
the visibility of these buttons. You can turn on these buttons
permanently by turning on the option
@code{mh-display-buttons-for-inline-parts-flag}.
MH-E cannot display all attachments inline however. It can display
text (including @sc{html}) and images.
@cindex header field, @samp{Content-Disposition}
@cindex inline images
@cindex @samp{Content-Disposition} header field
@vindex mh-max-inline-image-height
@vindex mh-max-inline-image-width
Some older mail programs do not insert the needed
plumbing@footnote{This plumbing is the @samp{Content-Disposition:}
header field.} to tell MH-E whether to display the attachments inline
or not. If this is the case, MH-E will display these images inline if
they are smaller than the window. However, you might want to allow
larger images to be displayed inline. To do this, you can change the
options @code{mh-max-inline-image-width} and
@code{mh-max-inline-image-height} from their default value of zero to
a large number. The size of your screen is a good choice for these
numbers.
@cindex alternatives
@cindex attachments, alternatives
@vindex mh-display-buttons-for-alternatives-flag
Sometimes, a mail program will produce multiple alternatives of an
attachment in increasing degree of faithfulness to the original
content. By default, only the preferred alternative is displayed. If
the option @code{mh-display-buttons-for-alternatives-flag} is on, then
the preferred part is shown inline and buttons are shown for each of
the other alternatives.
@vindex mm-discouraged-alternatives
Many people prefer to see the @samp{text/plain} alternative rather
than the @samp{text/html} alternative. To do this in MH-E, customize
the option @code{mm-discouraged-alternatives}, and add
@samp{text/html}. The next best alternative, if any, will be shown.
@findex mh-show-preferred-alternative
@kindex : (colon)
Occasionally, though, you might want to see the preferred alternative.
The command @kbd{:} (@code{mh-show-preferred-alternative}) displays
the message with the default preferred alternative. This is as if
@code{mm-discouraged-alternatives} is set to @samp{nil}. Use the
command @key{RET} (@code{mh-show}) to show the message normally again.
@kindex K i
@findex mh-folder-inline-mime-part
You can view the raw contents of an attachment with the command @kbd{K
i} (@code{mh-folder-inline-mime-part}). This command displays (or
hides) the contents of the attachment associated with the button under
the cursor verbatim. If the cursor is not located over a button, then
the cursor first moves to the next button, wrapping to the beginning
of the message if necessary. You can also provide a numeric prefix
argument (as in @kbd{4 K i}) to view the attachment labeled with that
number.
For additional information on buttons, see
@ifinfo
@ref{Article Buttons,,,gnus}, and @ref{MIME Commands,,,gnus}.
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
the chapters @uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/gnus_101.html#SEC101,
Article Buttons} and
@uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/gnus_108.html#SEC108, MIME Commands}
in the @cite{The Gnus Manual}.
@end ifnotinfo
@node HTML, Digests, Viewing Attachments, Reading Mail
@section HTML
@cindex HTML
@cindex Gnus
MH-E can display messages that have been sent in HTML. The
content of the message will appear in the MH-Show buffer as you would
expect if the entire message is HTML, or there is an inline HTML body
part. However, if there is an HTML body part that is an attachment,
then you'll see a button like this:
@smallexample
[1. text/html; foo.html]...
@end smallexample
To see how to read the contents of this body part, see @ref{Viewing
Attachments}.
@vindex mm-text-html-renderer
The browser that MH-E uses is determined by the option
@code{mm-text-html-renderer}. The default setting is set automatically
based upon the presence of a known browser on your system. If you wish
to use a different browser, then set this option accordingly. See the
documentation for the browser you use for additional information on
how to use it. In particular, find and disable the option to render
images, as displaying remote images can tip off spammers that the
email address they have used is valid.
@vindex mm-text-html-renderer
If you're confused about which @code{mm-text-html-renderer} to use,
here's a brief description of each, sorted by name.
@table @asis
@cindex browser, @samp{gnus-w3m}
@cindex @samp{gnus-w3m}
@cindex browser, @samp{w3m}
@cindex @samp{w3m}
@item @samp{gnus-w3m}
The @samp{gnus-w3m} browser requires an external program. It's quick,
produces pretty nice output, and it highlights links. It renders
@samp{–} and @samp{®} okay. It sometimes fails to wrap lines
properly. It always downloads remote images.
@c -------------------------
@cindex browser, @samp{html2text}
@cindex @samp{html2text}
@item @samp{html2text}
The @samp{html2text} browser requires an external program. Some users
have reported problems with it, such as filling the entire message as
if it were one paragraph, or displaying chunks of raw HTML.
@c -------------------------
@cindex browser, @samp{links}
@cindex @samp{links}
@item @samp{links}
The @samp{links} browser requires an external program. It's quick, and
produces nicer output than @samp{lynx} on single column mails in
tables. However, it doesn't show links and it doesn't do as nice a job
on multi-column tables as some lines wrap. It does do a good job of
fitting text within 80 columns. It appears to render special
characters using ASCII equivalents. For example, @samp{®} appears
as (R). It does not download images.
@c -------------------------
@cindex browser, @samp{lynx}
@cindex @samp{lynx}
@item @samp{lynx}
The @samp{lynx} browser requires an external program. It's quick and
produces pretty decent output but it doesn't show links. It doesn't
seem to do multi-column tables which makes output much cleaner. It
centers the output and wraps long lines more than most. It does not
always handle special characters like @samp{®} or @samp{–}.
It does not download images.
@c -------------------------
@item @samp{nil}
This choice obviously requires an external browser. With this setting,
HTML messages have a button for the body part which you can view with
@kbd{K v} (@code{mh-folder-toggle-mime-part}). Rendering of special
characters and handling of remote images depends on your choice of
browser.
@c -------------------------
@item @samp{shr}
@cindex @samp{shr}
This choice does not require an external program, but it does require
that Emacs be configured at build time to use @samp{libxml2}. It is
fairly quick, it highlights links, and it supports HTML color
declarations. It renders @samp{–} and @samp{®} okay. It
sometimes truncates text, particularly if the message tries to have
fancy text layout. By default it does not download images; this
behavior is controlled by the options @code{mm-html-blocked-images}
and @code{mm-html-inhibit-images}
@ifinfo
(@pxref{Display Customization,,,emacs-mime}).
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
(see section @uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/emacs-mime_6.html,
Display Customization} in the @cite{The Emacs MIME Manual}).
@end ifnotinfo
@c -------------------------
@cindex browser, @samp{w3m}
@cindex @samp{w3m}
@kindex mouse-2
@item @samp{w3m}
The @samp{w3m} browser requires an external program. It's quick,
produces pretty nice output, and it highlights links. These can be
clicked with @kbd{mouse-2} to view the content of the link in
@samp{w3m}. The @samp{w3m} browser handles tables well and actually
respects the table's width parameter (which can cause text to wrap if
the author didn't anticipate that the page would be viewed in Emacs).
It does not download images by default; this behavior is controlled by
the option @code{mm-w3m-safe-url-regexp}
@ifinfo
(@pxref{Display Customization,,,emacs-mime}).
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
(see section @uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/emacs-mime_6.html,
Display Customization} in the @cite{The Emacs MIME Manual}).
@end ifnotinfo
@c -------------------------
@cindex browser, @samp{w3m-standalone}
@cindex @samp{w3m-standalone}
@cindex browser, @samp{w3m}
@cindex @samp{w3m}
@item @samp{w3m-standalone}
This browser is quick, but does not show links. It handles simple
tables but some tables get rendered much wider than the Emacs frame.
This browser renders @samp{–} and @samp{®} okay. It does not
download images.
@end table
@vindex mm-text-html-renderer
For a couple more sources of information about
@code{mm-text-html-renderer},
@ifinfo
@xref{Display Customization,,,emacs-mime}, and the documentation for
the Gnus command @kbd{W h} (@pxref{Article Washing,,,gnus}).
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
see section @uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/emacs-mime_6.html,
Display Customization} in the @cite{The Emacs MIME Manual} and the
documentation for the Gnus command @kbd{W h} (see section
@uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/gnus_48.html#Article-Washing, Article
Washing} in the
@cite{The Gnus Manual}).
@end ifnotinfo
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@findex browse-url-at-mouse
@kindex S-mouse-2
A useful key binding that you can add to @file{~/.emacs} is the
following which displays an HTML link or textual URL in an external
browser when clicked with @kbd{S-mouse-2}. This binding works in any
buffer, including HTML buffers.
@smalllisp
(global-set-key [S-mouse-2] 'browse-url-at-mouse)
@end smalllisp
@node Digests, Reading PGP, HTML, Reading Mail
@section Digests
@cindex digests
@findex mh-page-digest
@findex mh-page-digest-backwards
@kindex D @key{BS}
@kindex D @key{SPC}
@kindex @key{BS}
@kindex @key{SPC}
A digest is a message that contains other messages. Special MH-E
commands let you read digests conveniently. You can use @key{SPC} and
@key{BS} to page through the digest as if it were a normal message,
but if you wish to skip to the next message in the digest, use
@kbd{D @key{SPC}} (@code{mh-page-digest}). To return to a previous message,
use @kbd{D @key{BS}} (@code{mh-page-digest-backwards}).
@cindex @command{burst}
@cindex MH commands, @command{burst}
@cindex MH-Folder Show mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder Show
@findex mh-burst-digest
@kindex d
@kindex D b
@kindex t
Another handy command is @kbd{D b} (@code{mh-burst-digest}). This
command uses the MH command @command{burst}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/burdig.html, Bursting Messages} in the MH
book.} to break out each message in the digest into its own message.
Using this command, you can quickly delete unwanted messages, like
this: Once the digest is split up, toggle out of MH-Folder Show mode
with @kbd{t} (@pxref{Folders}) so that the scan lines fill the screen
and messages aren't displayed. Then use @kbd{d} (@pxref{Reading Mail})
to quickly delete messages that you don't want to read (based on the
@samp{Subject:} header field). You can also burst the digest to reply
directly to the people who posted the messages in the digest. One
problem you may encounter is that the @samp{From:} header fields are
preceded with a @samp{>} so that your reply can't create the
@samp{To:} field correctly. In this case, you must correct the
@samp{To:} field yourself. This is described later (@pxref{Editing
Drafts}).
@node Reading PGP, Printing, Digests, Reading Mail
@section Signed and Encrypted Messages
@cindex GPG
@cindex GnuPG
@cindex Gnus
@cindex OpenPGP
@cindex PGP
@cindex RFC 3156
@cindex encrypted messages
@cindex security
@cindex signed messages
You can read encrypted or signed PGP or GPG messages with
MH-E@footnote{This feature depends on post-5.10 versions of Gnus.
@cite{MIME Security with OpenPGP} is documented in
@uref{http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3156.txt, RFC 3156}. However,
MH-E can also decrypt old-style PGP messages that are not in MIME
format.}. This section assumes that you already have a good
understanding of GPG and have set up your keys appropriately.
If someone sends you a signed message, here is what you'll see:
@smallexample
@group
[[PGP Signed Part:Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>]]
This is a signed message.
[[End of PGP Signed Part]]
@end group
@end smallexample
@cindex keychain
@cindex key server
@cindex signed messages
If the key for the given signature is not in your keychain, you'll be
given the opportunity to fetch the key from a key server and verify
the key. If the message is really large, the verification process can
take a long time. You can press @kbd{C-g} at any time to
cancel@footnote{Unfortunately in the current version, the validation
process doesn't display a message so it appears that MH-E has hung. We
hope that this will be fixed in the future.}.
If the signature doesn't check out, you might see something like this:
@smallexample
@group
[[PGP Signed Part:Failed]]
This is a signed message.
This is garbage added after the signature was made.
[[End of PGP Signed Part]]
@end group
@end smallexample
@cindex decrypting messages
If someone sends you an encrypted message, MH-E will ask for your
passphrase to decrypt the message. You should see something like this:
@smallexample
@group
[[PGP Encrypted Part:OK]]
[[PGP Signed Part:Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>]]
This is the secret message.
[[End of PGP Signed Part]]
[[End of PGP Encrypted Part]]
@end group
@end smallexample
If there is a problem decrypting the message, the button will say:
@smallexample
[[PGP Encrypted Part:Failed]]
@end smallexample
You can read the contents of this button using the methods described in
@ref{Viewing Attachments}. If the message were corrupted, you'd see
this:
@smallexample
[[PGP Encrypted Part:Failed]
Invalid base64 data]
@end smallexample
If your passphrase were incorrect, you'd see something like this:
@smallexample
[GNUPG:] ENC_TO CD9C88BB610BD9AD 1 0
[GNUPG:] USERID_HINT CD9C88BB610BD9AD Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
[GNUPG:] NEED_PASSPHRASE CD9C88BB610BD9AD CD9C88BB610BD9AD 1 0
[GNUPG:] BAD_PASSPHRASE CD9C88BB610BD9AD
gpg: encrypted with 1024-bit RSA key, ID 610BD9AD, created 1997-09-09
"Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>"
gpg: public key decryption failed: bad passphrase
[GNUPG:] BEGIN_DECRYPTION
[GNUPG:] DECRYPTION_FAILED
gpg: decryption failed: secret key not available
[GNUPG:] END_DECRYPTION
gpg exited abnormally: '2'
@end smallexample
@vindex mh-show-pgg-bad
@vindex mh-show-pgg-good
@vindex mh-show-pgg-unknown
The appearance of the buttons is controlled by the faces
@code{mh-show-pgg-good}, @code{mh-show-pgg-bad}, and
@code{mh-show-pgg-unknown} depending on the validity of the signature.
The latter is used whether the signature is unknown or untrusted.
@cindex @samp{pgg} customization group
@cindex PGG
@cindex customization group, @samp{pgg}
The @samp{pgg} customization group may have some settings which may
interest you.
@iftex
See @cite{The PGG Manual}.
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@xref{Top, , The PGG Manual, pgg, The PGG Manual}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
See
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/pgg.html,
@cite{The PGG Manual}}.
@end ifhtml
@node Printing, Files and Pipes, Reading PGP, Reading Mail
@section Printing Your Mail
@cindex printing
@findex mh-ps-print-msg
@findex mh-ps-print-msg-file
@kindex P f
@kindex P p
@vindex mh-lpr-command-format
@vindex mh-print-background-flag
To print messages in MH-E, use the command @kbd{P p}
(@code{mh-ps-print-msg}). You can print all the messages in a range
(as in @kbd{C-u P p 1 3 5-7 last:5 frombob @key{RET}},
@pxref{Ranges}). You can also send the output to a file with @kbd{P f}
(@code{mh-ps-print-msg-file}). This command will print inline text
attachments but will not decrypt messages. However, when a message is
displayed in an MH-Show buffer, then that buffer is used verbatim for
printing with the caveat that only text attachments, if opened inline,
are printed. Therefore, encrypted messages can be printed by showing
and decrypting them first. The commands @kbd{P p} and @kbd{P f} do not
use the options @code{mh-lpr-command-format} or
@code{mh-print-background-flag}, described below.
@findex mh-ps-print-toggle-color
@kindex P C
@vindex ps-print-color-p
Colors are emulated on black-and-white printers with shades of gray.
This might produce illegible output, even if your screen colors only
use shades of gray. If this is the case, try using the command @kbd{P
C} (@code{mh-ps-print-toggle-color}) to toggle between color, no
color, and a black and white representation of the colors and see
which works best. You change this setting permanently by customizing
the option @code{ps-print-color-p}.
@findex mh-ps-print-toggle-faces
@kindex P F
Another related function is the command @kbd{P F}
(@code{mh-ps-print-toggle-faces}). This command toggles between using
faces and not. When faces are enabled, the printed message will look
very similar to the message in the MH-Show buffer.
@cindex ps-print package
@cindex Emacs, packages, ps-print
MH-E uses the @samp{ps-print} package to do the printing, so you can
customize the printing further by going to the @samp{ps-print}
customization group.
@cindex @command{lpr}
@cindex @command{mhl}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhl}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{lpr}
@findex mh-print-msg
@kindex P l
An alternative to using the @samp{ps-print} package is the command
@kbd{P l} (@code{mh-print-msg}) (the @i{l} is for @i{l}ine printer or
@i{l}pr). You can print all the messages in a range. The message is
formatted with @command{mhl}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/shomes.html#Usisho, Using mhl} in the MH
book.} and printed with the @command{lpr} command.
@kindex P f
@kindex P l
@kindex P p
@vindex mh-lpr-command-format
@vindex mh-print-background-flag
The command @kbd{P l} uses two options. The option
@code{mh-lpr-command-format} contains the Unix command line which
performs the actual printing. The string can contain one escape,
@samp{%s}, which is replaced by the name of the folder and the message
number and is useful for print job names. The default setting is
@code{"lpr -J '%s'"}. I use @code{"mpage -h'%s' -b Letter -H1of -mlrtb
-P"} which produces a nice header and adds a bit of margin so the text
fits within my printer's margins. Normally messages are printed in the
foreground. If this is slow on your system, you may elect to turn on
the option @code{mh-print-background-flag} to print in the background.
If you do this, do not delete the message until it is printed or else
the output may be truncated. These options are not used by the
commands @kbd{P p} or @kbd{P f}.
@node Files and Pipes, Navigating, Printing, Reading Mail
@section Files and Pipes
@cindex files
@cindex pipes
@findex mh-refile-or-write-again
@findex mh-write-msg-to-file
@kindex >
@kindex !
MH-E does offer a couple of commands that are not a part of MH@. The
first one, @kbd{>} (@code{mh-write-msg-to-file}), writes a message to
a file. You are prompted for the filename. If the file already exists,
the message is appended to it. You can also write the message to the
file without the header by specifying a prefix argument (such as
@kbd{C-u > /tmp/foobar @key{RET}}). Subsequent writes to the same file
can be made with the command @kbd{!}
(@code{mh-refile-or-write-again}).
@findex mh-pipe-msg
@kindex |
@kindex l
You can also pipe the message through a Unix shell command with the
command @kbd{|} (@code{mh-pipe-msg}). You are prompted for the Unix
command through which you wish to run your message. If you give a
prefix argument to this command, the message header is included in the
text passed to the command (the contrived example @kbd{C-u | lpr}
would be done with the @kbd{l} command instead).
@cindex @command{shar}
@cindex @command{uuencode}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{shar}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{uuencode}
@findex mh-store-msg
@kindex X s
@vindex mh-store-default-directory
If the message is a shell archive @command{shar} or has been run
through @command{uuencode} use @kbd{X s} (@code{mh-store-msg}) to
extract the body of the message. The default directory for extraction
is the current directory; however, you have a chance to specify a
different extraction directory. The next time you use this command,
the default directory is the last directory you used. If you would
like to change the initial default directory, customize the option
@code{mh-store-default-directory}, change the value from
@samp{Current} to @samp{Directory}, and then enter the name of the
directory for storing the content of these messages.
@findex mh-store-buffer
@kindex @key{RET}
@kindex X s
By the way, @kbd{X s} calls the Emacs Lisp function
@code{mh-store-buffer}. I mention this because you can use it directly
if you're editing a buffer that contains a file that has been run
through @command{uuencode} or @command{shar}. For example, you can
extract the contents of the current buffer in your home directory by
typing @kbd{M-x mh-store-buffer @key{RET} ~ @key{RET}}.
@node Navigating, Miscellaneous Commands and Options, Files and Pipes, Reading Mail
@section Navigating
@cindex moving between messages
@cindex navigation
@findex mh-first-msg
@findex mh-goto-msg
@findex mh-last-msg
@findex mh-next-undeleted-msg
@findex mh-next-unread-msg
@findex mh-previous-undeleted-msg
@findex mh-previous-unread-msg
@kindex g
@kindex M-<
@kindex M->
@kindex M-n
@kindex M-p
@kindex n
@kindex p
To move on to the next message, use the command @kbd{n}
(@code{mh-next-undeleted-msg}); use @kbd{p}
(@code{mh-previous-undeleted-msg}) to read the previous message. To
move to the next unread message, use @kbd{M-n}
(@code{mh-next-unread-msg}); use @kbd{M-p}
(@code{mh-previous-unread-msg}) to move to the previous unread
message. These commands can be given a prefix argument to specify how
many messages to skip (for example, @kbd{5 n}). You can also move to a
specific message with @kbd{g} (@code{mh-goto-msg}). You can enter the
message number either before or after typing @kbd{g}. In the latter
case, Emacs prompts you. Finally, you can go to the first or last
message with @kbd{M-<} (@code{mh-first-msg}) and @kbd{M->}
(@code{mh-last-msg}) respectively.
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@findex next-line
@findex previous-line
@kindex C-n
@kindex C-p
@kindex @key{RET}
You can also use the Emacs commands @kbd{C-p} (@code{previous-line})
and @kbd{C-n} (@code{next-line}) to move up and down the scan lines in
the MH-Folder window. These commands can be used in conjunction with
@key{RET} to look at deleted or refiled messages.
@cindex deleting messages
@findex mh-delete-msg
@kindex d
@kindex n
@kindex p
To mark a message for deletion, use the command @kbd{d}
(@code{mh-delete-msg}). A @samp{D} is placed by the message in the
scan window, and the next undeleted message is displayed. If the
previous command had been @kbd{p}, then the next message displayed is
the first undeleted message previous to the message just deleted. Use
@kbd{n} to force subsequent @kbd{d} commands to move forward to the
next undeleted message after deleting the message under the cursor.
You may also specify a range (for example, @kbd{C-u d 1 3 5-7 last:5
frombob @key{RET}}, @pxref{Ranges}).
@findex mh-delete-msg-no-motion
@kindex C-d
The command @kbd{C-d} (@code{mh-delete-msg-no-motion}) marks the
message (or messages in range) for deletion but leaves the cursor at
the current message in case you wish to perform other operations on
the message.
@findex mh-delete-subject
@findex mh-delete-subject-or-thread
@findex mh-thread-delete
@findex mh-undo
@kindex k
@kindex T d
@kindex u
And to delete more messages faster, you can use @kbd{k}
(@code{mh-delete-subject-or-thread}) to delete all the messages with
the same subject as the current message. This command puts these
messages in a sequence named @samp{subject}. You can undo this action
by using @kbd{u} (@code{mh-undo}) with a prefix argument and then
specifying the @samp{subject} sequence. However, if the buffer is
displaying a threaded view of the folder then @kbd{k} behaves like
@kbd{T d} (@code{mh-thread-delete}). @xref{Threading}.
@findex mh-execute-commands
@kindex x
However you mark a message for deletion, the command @kbd{x}
(@code{mh-execute-commands}) actually carries out the deletion
(@pxref{Folders}).
@vindex mh-delete-msg-hook
The hook @code{mh-delete-msg-hook} is called after you mark a message
for deletion. For example, a past maintainer of MH-E used this once
when he kept statistics on his mail usage.
@node Miscellaneous Commands and Options, , Navigating, Reading Mail
@section Miscellaneous Commands and Options
This section contains a few more miscellaneous commands and options.
@cindex editing message
@findex mh-modify
@kindex M
There are times when you need to edit a message. For example, you may
need to fix a broken Content-Type header field. You can do this with
the command @kbd{M} (@code{mh-modify}). It displays the raw message in
an editable buffer. When you are done editing, save and kill the
buffer as you would any other.
@findex mh-kill-folder
@findex mh-pack-folder
@vindex mh-do-not-confirm-flag
Commands such as @code{mh-pack-folder} prompt to confirm whether to
process outstanding moves and deletes or not before continuing.
Turning on the option @code{mh-do-not-confirm-flag} means that these
actions will be performed---which is usually desired but cannot be
retracted---without question@footnote{In previous versions of MH-E,
this option suppressed the confirmation in @code{mh-kill-folder}.
Since this kept most users from setting this option,
@code{mh-kill-folder} was modified in version 6.0 to always ask for
confirmation subject to @code{mh-kill-folder-suppress-prompt-hook}.
@xref{Folders}.}.
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@vindex mh-summary-height
The option @code{mh-summary-height} controls the number of scan lines
displayed in the MH-Folder window, including the mode line. The
default value of this option is @samp{Automatic} which means that the
MH-Folder buffer will maintain the same proportional size if the frame
is resized. If you'd prefer a fixed height, then choose the
@samp{Fixed Size} option and enter the number of lines you'd like to
see.
@vindex mh-bury-show-buffer-flag
Normally the buffer for displaying messages is buried at the bottom at
the buffer stack. You may wish to disable this feature by turning off
the option @code{mh-bury-show-buffer-flag}. One advantage of not
burying the show buffer is that one can delete the show buffer more
easily in an electric buffer list because of its proximity to its
associated MH-Folder buffer. Try running @kbd{M-x
electric-buffer-list} to see what I mean.
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@cindex reading mail
Before we leave this section, I'll include a function that I use as a
front end to MH-E@footnote{Stephen Gildea's favorite binding is
@kbd{(global-set-key "\C-cr" 'mh-rmail)}.}. It toggles between your
working window configuration, which may be quite involved---windows
filled with source, compilation output, man pages, and other
documentation---and your MH-E window configuration. Like the rest of
the customization described in this section, simply add the following
code to @file{~/.emacs}.
@iftex
@filbreak
@end iftex
@findex mh-rmail, example
@smalllisp
@group
(defvar my-mh-screen-saved nil
"Set to non-nil when MH-E window configuration shown.")
(defvar my-normal-screen nil "Normal window configuration.")
(defvar my-mh-screen nil "MH-E window configuration.")
(defun my-mh-rmail (&optional arg)
"Toggle between MH-E and normal screen configurations.
With non-nil or prefix argument, include mailbox as well
when going into mail."
(interactive "P") ; @r{user callable function, P=prefix arg}
(setq my-mh-screen-saved ; @r{save state}
(cond
;; @r{Bring up MH-E screen if arg or normal window configuration.}
;; @r{If arg or +inbox buffer doesn't exist, run mh-rmail.}
((or arg (null my-mh-screen-saved))
(setq my-normal-screen (current-window-configuration))
(if (or arg (null (get-buffer "+inbox")))
(mh-rmail)
(set-window-configuration my-mh-screen))
t) ; @r{set my-mh-screen-saved to @code{t}}
;; @r{Otherwise, save MH-E screen and restore normal screen.}
(t
(setq my-mh-screen (current-window-configuration))
(set-window-configuration my-normal-screen)
nil)))) ; @r{set my-mh-screen-saved to nil}
(global-set-key "\C-x\r" 'my-mh-rmail) ;@r{ call with C-x @key{RET}}
@i{Starting MH-E}
@end group
@end smalllisp
If you type an argument (@kbd{C-u}) or if @code{my-mh-screen-saved} is
@code{nil} (meaning a non-MH-E window configuration), the current
window configuration is saved, either the @samp{+inbox} buffer is
displayed or @code{mh-rmail} is run, and the MH-E window configuration
is shown. Otherwise, the MH-E window configuration is saved and the
original configuration is displayed.
@node Folders, Sending Mail, Reading Mail, Top
@chapter Organizing Your Mail with Folders
@cindex @samp{Folder} menu
@cindex @samp{Message} menu
@cindex folders
@cindex menu, @samp{Folder}
@cindex menu, @samp{Message}
@cindex using folders
This chapter discusses the things you can do with folders within MH-E@.
The commands in this chapter are also found in the @samp{Folder} and
@samp{Message} menus.
@table @kbd
@kindex ?
@findex mh-help
@item ?
Display cheat sheet for the MH-E commands (@code{mh-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex !
@findex mh-refile-or-write-again
@item !
Repeat last output command (@code{mh-refile-or-write-again}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Copy Message to Folder...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Copy Message to Folder...}
@kindex c
@findex mh-copy-msg
@item c
Copy range to folder (@code{mh-copy-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item F ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F '
@findex mh-index-ticked-messages
@item F '
Display ticked messages (@code{mh-index-ticked-messages}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F c
@findex mh-catchup
@item F c
Delete range from the @samp{unseen} sequence (@code{mh-catchup}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F k
@findex mh-kill-folder
@item F k
Remove folder (@code{mh-kill-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > List Folders} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > List Folders}
@kindex F l
@findex mh-list-folders
@item F l
List all folders (@code{mh-list-folders}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > View New Messages} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > View New Messages}
@kindex F n
@findex mh-index-new-messages
@item F n
Display unseen messages (@code{mh-index-new-messages}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Pack Folder} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Pack Folder}
@kindex F p
@findex mh-pack-folder
@item F p
Pack folder (@code{mh-pack-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F q
@findex mh-index-sequenced-messages
@item F q
Display messages in any sequence (@code{mh-index-sequenced-messages}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Rescan Folder} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Rescan Folder}
@kindex F r
@findex mh-rescan-folder
@item F r
Rescan folder (@code{mh-rescan-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Search...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Search...}
@kindex F s
@findex mh-search
@item F s
Search your MH mail (@code{mh-search}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Sort Folder} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Sort Folder}
@kindex F S
@findex mh-sort-folder
@item F S
Sort folder (@code{mh-sort-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex F u
@findex mh-undo-folder
@item F u
Undo all refiles and deletes in the current folder (@code{mh-undo-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Visit a Folder...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Visit a Folder...}
@kindex F v
@findex mh-visit-folder
@item F v
Visit folder (@code{mh-visit-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Refile Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Refile Message}
@kindex o
@findex mh-refile-msg
@item o
Refile (output) range into folder (@code{mh-refile-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Quit MH-E} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Quit MH-E}
@kindex q
@findex mh-quit
@item q
Quit the current MH-E folder (@code{mh-quit}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Folder > Toggle Show/Folder} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Folder > Toggle Show/Folder}
@kindex t
@findex mh-toggle-showing
@item t
Toggle between MH-Folder and MH-Folder Show modes
(@code{mh-toggle-showing}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Undo Delete/Refile} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Undo Delete/Refile}
@kindex u
@findex mh-undo
@item u
Undo pending deletes or refiles in range (@code{mh-undo}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Execute Delete/Refile} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Execute Delete/Refile}
@kindex x
@findex mh-execute-commands
@item x
Process outstanding delete and refile requests
(@code{mh-execute-commands}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-folder} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-folder}
The @samp{mh-folder} customization group is used to tune these
commands.
@vtable @code
@item mh-new-messages-folders
Folders searched for the @samp{unseen} sequence (default:
@code{Inbox}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-ticked-messages-folders
Folders searched for @code{mh-tick-seq} (default: @code{t}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-large-folder
The number of messages that indicates a large folder (default: 200).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-recenter-summary-flag
On means to recenter the summary window (default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-recursive-folders-flag
On means that commands which operate on folders do so recursively
(default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-sortm-args
Additional arguments for @command{sortm} (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following hooks are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-after-commands-processed-hook
Hook run by @kbd{x} after performing outstanding refile and delete
requests (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-before-commands-processed-hook
Hook run by @kbd{x} before performing outstanding refile and delete
requests (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-before-quit-hook
Hook run by q before quitting MH-E (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-mode-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-folder-mode} when visiting a new folder (default:
@code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-kill-folder-suppress-prompt-hook
Abnormal hook run at the beginning of @code{mh-kill-folder} (default:
@code{'mh-search-p}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-pack-folder-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-pack-folder} after renumbering the messages
(default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-quit-hook
Hook run by q after quitting MH-E (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-refile-msg-hook
Hook run by o after marking each message for refiling (default:
@code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following faces are available for customizing the appearance of
the MH-Folder buffer. @xref{Scan Line Formats}.
@vtable @code
@item mh-folder-address
Recipient face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-body
Body text face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-cur-msg-number
Current message number face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-date
Date face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-deleted
Deleted message face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-followup
@samp{Re:} face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-msg-number
Message number face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-refiled
Refiled message face.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-format-nmh
@vindex mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp
@item mh-folder-sent-to-me-hint
Fontification hint face in messages sent directly to us. The detection
of messages sent to us is governed by the scan format
@code{mh-scan-format-nmh} and regular expression
@code{mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-format-nmh
@vindex mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp
@item mh-folder-scan-format
Sender face in messages sent directly to us. The detection of messages
sent to us is governed by the scan format @code{mh-scan-format-nmh}
and regular expression @code{mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-subject
Subject face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-tick
Ticked message face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-to
@samp{To:} face.
@end vtable
@vindex mh-folder-mode-hook
The hook @code{mh-folder-mode-hook} is called when visiting a new
folder in MH-Folder mode. This could be used to set your own key
bindings, for example:
@vindex mh-folder-mode-hook, example
@smalllisp
@group
(defvar my-mh-init-done nil
"Non-nil when one-time MH-E settings made.")
(defun my-mh-folder-mode-hook ()
"Hook to set key bindings in MH-Folder mode."
(if (not my-mh-init-done) ; @r{only need to bind the keys once }
(progn
(local-set-key "//" 'my-search-msg)
(local-set-key "b" 'mh-burst-digest) ; @r{better use of @kbd{b}}
(setq my-mh-init-done t))))
(add-hook 'mh-folder-mode-hook 'my-mh-folder-mode-hook)
(defun my-search-msg ()
"Search for a regexp in the current message."
(interactive) ; @r{user function}
(save-window-excursion
(other-window 1) ; @r{go to next window}
(isearch-forward-regexp))) ; @r{string search; hit return}
; @r{ when done}
@i{Create additional key bindings via mh-folder-mode-hook}
@end group
@end smalllisp
@cindex @command{folder}
@cindex @command{refile}
@cindex MH commands, @command{folder}
@cindex MH commands, @command{refile}
@findex mh-refile-msg
@kindex o
@vindex mh-refile-msg-hook
MH-E has analogies for each of the MH @command{folder} and
@command{refile} commands@footnote{See the sections
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/fol.html#Youfol, Your Current Folder:
folder} and @uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/fol.html#Movref, Moving and
Linking Messages: refile} in the MH book.}. To refile a message in
another folder, use the command @kbd{o} (@code{mh-refile-msg})
(mnemonic: ``output''). You are prompted for the folder name
(@pxref{Folder Selection}). Note that this command can also be used to
create folders. If you specify a folder that does not exist, you will
be prompted to create it. The hook @code{mh-refile-msg-hook} is called
after a message is marked to be refiled.
@findex mh-write-msg-to-file
@kindex !
If you are refiling several messages into the same folder, you can use
the command @kbd{!} (@code{mh-refile-or-write-again}) to repeat the
last refile or write (for the description of @kbd{>}
(@code{mh-write-msg-to-file}), @pxref{Files and Pipes}). You can use a
range in either case (for example, @kbd{C-u o 1 3 5-7 last:5 frombob
@key{RET}}, @pxref{Ranges}).
@cindex expunging refiles and deletes
@cindex undoing refiles and deletes
@findex mh-undo
@kindex u
If you've deleted a message or refiled it, but changed your mind, you
can cancel the action before you've executed it. Use @kbd{u}
(@code{mh-undo}) to undo a refile on or deletion of a single message.
You can also undo refiles and deletes for messages that are found in a
given range (@pxref{Ranges}).
@findex mh-undo-folder
@kindex F u
Alternatively, you can use @kbd{F u} (@code{mh-undo-folder}) to undo
all refiles and deletes in the current folder.
@findex mh-execute-commands
@kindex x
If you've marked messages to be deleted or refiled and you want to go
ahead and delete or refile the messages, use @kbd{x}
(@code{mh-execute-commands}). Many MH-E commands that may affect the
numbering of the messages (such as @kbd{F r} or @kbd{F p}) will ask if
you want to process refiles or deletes first and then either run
@kbd{x} for you or undo the pending refiles and deletes.
@kindex x
@vindex mh-after-commands-processed-hook
@vindex mh-before-commands-processed-hook
@vindex mh-current-folder
The command @kbd{x} runs @code{mh-before-commands-processed-hook}
before the commands are processed and
@code{mh-after-commands-processed-hook} after the commands are
processed. Variables that are useful with the former hook include
@code{mh-delete-list} and @code{mh-refile-list} which can be used to
see which changes will be made to the current folder,
@code{mh-current-folder}. Variables that are useful with the latter
hook include @code{mh-folders-changed}, which lists which folders were
affected by deletes and refiles. This list will always include the
current folder @code{mh-current-folder}.
@findex mh-copy-msg
@kindex c
@kindex o
If you wish to copy a message to another folder, you can use the
command @kbd{c} (@code{mh-copy-msg}) (see the @option{-link} argument
to @command{refile}(1)). Like the command @kbd{o}, this command
prompts you for the name of the target folder and you can specify a
range (@pxref{Ranges}). Note that unlike the command @kbd{o}, the copy
takes place immediately. The original copy remains in the current
folder.
@cindex junk mail
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex MH-Folder Show mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex modes, MH-Folder Show
@cindex spam
@findex mh-toggle-showing
@kindex t
The command @kbd{t} (@code{mh-toggle-showing}) switches between
MH-Folder mode and MH-Folder Show mode@footnote{For you Emacs wizards,
this is implemented as an Emacs minor mode.}. MH-Folder mode turns off
the associated show buffer so that you can perform operations on the
messages quickly without reading them. This is an excellent way to
prune out your junk mail or to refile a group of messages to another
folder for later examination.
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex MH-Show mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex modes, MH-Show
@cindex moving between messages
@kindex t
@vindex mh-recenter-summary-flag
When you use @kbd{t} to toggle from MH-Folder Show mode to MH-Folder
mode, the MH-Show buffer is hidden and the MH-Folder buffer is left
alone. Setting @code{mh-recenter-summary-flag} to a non-@code{nil}
value causes the toggle to display as many scan lines as possible,
with the cursor at the middle. The effect of
@code{mh-recenter-summary-flag} is rather useful, but it can be
annoying on a slow network connection.
@findex mh-visit-folder
@kindex F v
@vindex mh-large-folder
When you want to read the messages that you have refiled into folders,
use the command @kbd{F v} (@code{mh-visit-folder}) to visit the
folder. You are prompted for the folder name. The folder buffer will
show just unseen messages if there are any; otherwise, it will show
all the messages in the buffer as long there are fewer than
@code{mh-large-folder} messages. If there are more, then you are
prompted for a range of messages to scan. You can provide a prefix
argument in order to specify a range of messages to show when you
visit the folder (@pxref{Ranges}). In this case, regions are not used
to specify the range and @code{mh-large-folder} is ignored. Note that
this command can also be used to create folders. If you specify a
folder that does not exist, you will be prompted to create it.
@findex mh-search
@kindex F s
If you forget where you've refiled your messages, you can find them
using @kbd{F s} (@code{mh-search}). @xref{Searching}.
@cindex @command{procmail}
@cindex @samp{unseen} sequence
@cindex sequence, @samp{unseen}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{procmail}
@cindex unseen messages, viewing
@findex mh-index-new-messages
@kindex F n
@vindex mh-new-messages-folders
If you use a program such as @command{procmail} to file your incoming
mail automatically, you can display new, unseen, messages using the
command @kbd{F n} (@code{mh-index-new-messages}). All messages in the
@samp{unseen} sequence from the folders in
@code{mh-new-messages-folders} are listed. However, this list of
folders can be overridden with a prefix argument: with a prefix
argument, enter a space-separated list of folders, or nothing to
search all folders.
@cindex @samp{tick} sequence
@cindex sequence, @samp{tick}
@cindex ticked messages, viewing
@findex mh-index-ticked-messages
@kindex F '
@vindex mh-ticked-messages-folders
If you have ticked messages (@pxref{Sequences}), you can display them
using the command @kbd{F '} (@code{mh-index-ticked-messages}). All
messages in the @samp{tick} sequence from the folders in
@code{mh-ticked-messages-folders} are listed. With a prefix argument,
enter a space-separated list of folders, or nothing to search all
folders.
@findex mh-index-sequenced-messages
@kindex F q
@vindex mh-new-messages-folders
You can display messages in any sequence with the command @kbd{F q}
(@code{mh-index-sequenced-messages}). All messages from the folders in
@code{mh-new-messages-folders} in the sequence you provide are listed.
With a prefix argument, enter a space-separated list of folders at the
prompt, or nothing to search all folders.
@vindex mh-new-messages-folders
@vindex mh-recursive-folders-flag
@vindex mh-ticked-messages-folders
Set the options @code{mh-new-messages-folders} and
@code{mh-ticked-messages-folders} to @samp{Inbox} to search the
@samp{+inbox} folder or @samp{All} to search all of the top level
folders. Otherwise, list the folders that should be searched with the
@samp{Choose Folders} menu item. See @code{mh-recursive-folders-flag}.
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Folders*}
@cindex @file{*MH-E Folders*}
@findex mh-kill-folder
@findex mh-list-folders
@findex mh-pack-folder
@findex mh-rescan-folder
@findex mh-sort-folder
@kindex F k
@kindex F l
@kindex F p
@kindex F r
@kindex F S
Other commands you can perform on folders include: @kbd{F l}
(@code{mh-list-folders}), to place a listing of all the folders in
your mail directory in a buffer called @file{*MH-E Folders*}
(@pxref{Miscellaneous}); @kbd{F k} (@code{mh-kill-folder}), to remove
a folder; @kbd{F S} (@code{mh-sort-folder}), to sort the messages by
date (see @command{sortm}(1) to see how to sort by other criteria);
@kbd{F p} (@code{mh-pack-folder}), to pack a folder, removing gaps
from the numbering sequence; and @kbd{F r} (@code{mh-rescan-folder}),
to rescan the folder, which is useful to grab all messages in your
@samp{+inbox} after processing your new mail for the first time. If
you don't want to rescan the entire folder, the commands @kbd{F r} or
@kbd{F p} will accept a range (@pxref{Ranges}).
@kindex F p
@vindex mh-pack-folder-hook
The command @kbd{F p} runs @code{mh-pack-folder-hook} after
renumbering the messages. A variable that is useful with this hook
is @code{mh-current-folder}.
@kindex @key{TAB}
@vindex mh-recursive-folders-flag
By default, operations on folders work only one level at a time. Set
@code{mh-recursive-folders-flag} to non-@code{nil} to operate on all
folders. This mostly means that you'll be able to see all your folders
when you press @key{TAB} when prompted for a folder name.
@findex mh-search-p
@kindex k
@vindex mh-kill-folder-suppress-prompt-functions
The hook @code{mh-kill-folder-suppress-prompt-functions} is an abnormal
hook run at the beginning of the command @kbd{k}. The hook functions
are called with no arguments and should return a non-@code{nil} value to
suppress the normal prompt when you remove a folder. This is useful
for folders that are easily regenerated. The default value of
@code{mh-search-p} suppresses the prompt on folders generated by
searching.
@sp 1
@center @strong{NOTE}
@quotation
Use this hook with care. If there is a bug in your hook which returns
@code{t} on @samp{+inbox} and you press @kbd{k} by accident in the
@code{+inbox} folder, you will not be happy.
@end quotation
@sp 1
@cindex @command{sortm}
@cindex @file{.mh_profile}
@cindex files, @file{.mh_profile}
@cindex MH commands, @command{sortm}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{sortm}
@cindex @samp{sortm} MH profile component
@kindex F S
@vindex mh-sortm-args
The option @code{mh-sortm-args} holds extra arguments to pass on to
the command @command{sortm}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/sorsor.html, Sorting Messages: sortm} in the
MH book.} when a prefix argument is used with @kbd{F S}. Normally
default arguments to @command{sortm} are specified in the MH profile.
This option may be used to provide an alternate view. For example,
@samp{'(\"-nolimit\" \"-textfield\" \"subject\")} is a useful setting.
@cindex exiting
@cindex quitting
@findex mh-quit
@kindex q
When you want to quit using MH-E and go back to editing, you can use
the @kbd{q} (@code{mh-quit}) command. This buries the buffers of the
current MH-E folder and restores the buffers that were present when
you first ran @kbd{M-x mh-rmail}. It also removes any MH-E working
buffers whose name begins with @samp{ *mh-} or @file{*MH-E }
(@pxref{Miscellaneous}). You can later restore your MH-E session by
selecting the @samp{+inbox} buffer or by running @kbd{M-x mh-rmail}
again.
@findex mh-execute-commands
@kindex q
@vindex mh-before-quit-hook
@vindex mh-before-quit-hook, example
@vindex mh-quit-hook
@vindex mh-quit-hook, example
The two hooks @code{mh-before-quit-hook} and @code{mh-quit-hook} are
called by @kbd{q}. The former one is called before the quit occurs, so
you might use it to perform any MH-E operations; you could perform
some query and abort the quit or call @code{mh-execute-commands}, for
example. The latter is not run in an MH-E context, so you might use it
to modify the window setup. If you find that @kbd{q} buries a lot of
buffers that you would rather remove, you can use both
@code{mh-before-quit-hook} and @code{mh-quit-hook} to accomplish that.
@smalllisp
@group
(defvar my-mh-folder-buffer-to-delete nil
"Folder buffer that is being quit.")
(defun my-mh-before-quit-hook ()
"Save folder buffer that is to be deleted."
(setq my-mh-folder-buffer-to-delete (current-buffer)))
(defun my-mh-quit-hook ()
"Kill folder buffer rather than just bury it."
(set-buffer my-mh-folder-buffer-to-delete)
(if (get-buffer mh-show-buffer)
(kill-buffer mh-show-buffer))
(kill-buffer (current-buffer)))
@i{Kill MH-Folder buffer instead of burying it}
@end group
@end smalllisp
@cindex folders, renaming
@cindex renaming folders
@findex dired
@findex dired-do-rename
You can use dired to manipulate the folders themselves. For example, I
renamed my @samp{+out} folder to the more common @samp{+outbox} by
running dired on my mail directory (@kbd{M-x dired RET ~/Mail RET}),
moving my cursor to @samp{out} and using the command @kbd{R}
(@code{dired-do-rename}).
@node Sending Mail, Editing Drafts, Folders, Top
@chapter Sending Mail
@cindex sending mail
@findex mh-smail
@kindex M-x mh-smail
You can send a mail message in several ways. You can call @kbd{M-x
mh-smail} directly, or from the command line like this:
@cindex starting from command line
@smallexample
$ @kbd{emacs -f mh-smail}
@end smallexample
@findex goto-address-at-point
@vindex mail-user-agent
There are some commands that need to send a mail message, such as
@code{goto-address-at-point}. You can configure Emacs to have these
commands use MH-E by setting the option @code{mail-user-agent} to
@samp{Emacs interface to MH}.
@cindex @samp{Message} menu
@cindex menu, @samp{Message}
From within MH-E's MH-Folder mode, other methods of sending mail are
available as well. These can also be found in the @samp{Message} menu.
@table @kbd
@cindex @samp{Message > Edit Message Again} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Edit Message Again}
@kindex e
@findex mh-edit-again
@item e
Edit a message to send it again (@code{mh-edit-again}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Re-edit a Bounced Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Re-edit a Bounced Message}
@kindex E
@findex mh-extract-rejected-mail
@item E
Edit a message that was returned by the mail system
(@code{mh-extract-rejected-mail}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Forward Message...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Forward Message...}
@kindex f
@findex mh-forward
@item f
Forward message (@code{mh-forward}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Reply to Message...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Reply to Message...}
@kindex r
@findex mh-reply
@item r
Reply to a message (@code{mh-reply}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Compose a New Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Compose a New Message}
@kindex s
@findex mh-send
@item s
Compose a message (@code{mh-send}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Message > Redistribute Message...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Message > Redistribute Message...}
@kindex M-d
@findex mh-redistribute
@item M-d
Redistribute a message (@code{mh-redistribute}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-smail
@item M-x mh-smail
Compose a message with the MH mail system.
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-smail-other-window
@item M-x mh-smail-other-window
Compose a message with the MH mail system in other window.
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-sending-mail} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-sending-mail}
In addition, several options from the @samp{mh-sending-mail}
customization group are useful when sending mail or replying to mail.
They are summarized in the following table.
@vtable @code
@item mh-compose-forward-as-mime-flag
On means that messages are forwarded as attachments (default:
@samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-compose-letter-function
Hook run when starting a new draft (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-compose-prompt-flag
On means prompt for header fields when composing a new draft (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-forward-subject-format
Format string for forwarded message subject (default: @code{"%s:
%s"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-insert-x-mailer-flag
On means append an @samp{X-Mailer:} header field to the header
(default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-redist-full-contents-flag
On means the @command{dist} command needs entire letter for
redistribution (default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-reply-default-reply-to
Sets the person or persons to whom a reply will be sent (default:
@samp{Prompt}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-reply-show-message-flag
On means the MH-Show buffer is displayed using @kbd{r}
(@code{mh-reply}) (default: @samp{on}).
@end vtable
The following hooks are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-annotate-msg-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-annotate-msg} after annotation (default:
@code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-forward-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-forward} on a forwarded letter (default:
@code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-letter-mode-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-letter-mode} on a new letter (default:
@code{nil}).
@end vtable
@findex mh-annotate-msg
@vindex mh-annotate-list
@vindex mh-annotate-msg-hook
@vindex mh-current-folder
A hook that is called whenever a message is sent and after the scan
lines and message are annotated is @code{mh-annotate-msg-hook}. Hook
functions can access the current folder name with
@code{mh-current-folder} and obtain the message numbers of the
annotated messages with @code{mh-annotate-list}.
The rest of the functions and options introduced here are explained in
more detail in the following sections.
@menu
* Composing::
* Replying::
* Forwarding::
* Redistributing::
* Editing Again::
@end menu
@node Composing, Replying, Sending Mail, Sending Mail
@section Composing
@cindex @file{.emacs}
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex composing mail
@cindex draft
@cindex files, @file{.emacs}
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex sending mail
@findex mh-smail
@findex mh-smail-other-window
@kindex M-x mh-smail
@kindex M-x mh-smail-other-window
Outside of an MH-Folder buffer, you must call either @kbd{M-x
mh-smail} or @kbd{M-x mh-smail-other-window} to compose a new message.
The former command always creates a two-window layout with the current
buffer on top and the draft on the bottom. Use the latter command if
you would rather preserve the window layout. You may find adding the
following key bindings to @file{~/.emacs} useful:
@smalllisp
(global-set-key "\C-xm" 'mh-smail)
(global-set-key "\C-x4m" 'mh-smail-other-window)
@end smalllisp
@cindex draft folder
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
@findex mh-send
@kindex m
From within a MH-Folder buffer, you can simply use the command @kbd{m}
(@code{mh-send}). However you invoke @code{mh-send}, your letter
appears in an Emacs buffer whose mode is MH-Letter (to see what the
buffer looks like, @pxref{Sending Mail Tour}). MH-Letter mode allows
you to edit your message, to check the validity of the recipients, to
insert attachments and other messages into your message, and to send
the message. We'll go more into depth about editing a
@dfn{draft}@footnote{I highly recommend that you use a @dfn{draft
folder} so that you can edit several drafts in parallel. To do so,
create a folder named @samp{+drafts} for example, and add the profile
component @samp{Draft-Folder: drafts} (see @code{mh-profile}(5)).} (a
message you're composing) in just a moment (@pxref{Editing Drafts}).
@vindex mh-compose-prompt-flag
If you prefer to be prompted for the recipient and subject fields
before the MH-Letter buffer appears, turn on the option
@code{mh-compose-prompt-flag}.
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Mailer}
@cindex @samp{X-Mailer} header field
@vindex mh-insert-x-mailer-flag
MH-E adds an @samp{X-Mailer:} header field to the header that includes
the version of MH-E and Emacs that you are using. If you don't want to
participate in our marketing, you can turn off the option
@code{mh-insert-x-mailer-flag}.
@cindex @command{repl}
@cindex @file{components}
@cindex MH commands, @command{repl}
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex Mail mode
@cindex files, @file{components}
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
@cindex modes, Mail
@vindex mail-mode-hook
@vindex mh-letter-mode-hook
@vindex text-mode-hook
Two hooks are provided to run commands on your freshly created draft.
The first hook, @code{mh-letter-mode-hook}, allows you to do some
processing before editing a letter@footnote{Actually, because
MH-Letter mode inherits from Mail mode, the hooks
@code{text-mode-hook} and @code{mail-mode-hook} are run (in that
order) before @code{mh-letter-mode-hook}.}. For example, you may wish
to modify the header after @command{repl} has done its work, or you
may have a complicated @file{components} file and need to tell MH-E
where the cursor should go. Here's an example of how you would use
this hook.
@findex mh-insert-signature, example
@smalllisp
@group
(defvar letter-mode-init-done-flag nil
"Non-nil means one-time MH-E settings have been made.")
(defun my-mh-letter-mode-hook ()
"Prepare letter for editing."
(when (not letter-mode-init-done) ; @r{only need to bind the keys once}
(local-set-key "\C-ctb" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-cti" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-ctf" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-cts" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-ctB" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-ctu" 'add-enriched-text)
(local-set-key "\C-ctc" 'add-enriched-text)
(setq letter-mode-init-done t))
(save-excursion
(goto-char (point-max)) ; @r{go to end of message to}
(mh-insert-signature))) ; @r{insert signature}
@i{Prepare draft for editing via mh-letter-mode-hook}
@end group
@end smalllisp
The function, @code{add-enriched-text} is defined in the example in
@ref{Adding Attachments}.
@vindex mh-compose-letter-function
@vindex mh-letter-mode-hook
The second hook, a function really, is
@code{mh-compose-letter-function}. Like @code{mh-letter-mode-hook}, it
is called just before editing a new message; however, it is the last
function called before you edit your message. The consequence of this
is that you can write a function to write and send the message for
you. This function is passed three arguments: the contents of the
@samp{To:}, @samp{Subject:}, and @samp{Cc:} header fields.
@node Replying, Forwarding, Composing, Sending Mail
@section Replying to Mail
@cindex @command{mhl}
@cindex @file{mhl.reply}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhl}
@cindex files, @file{mhl.reply}
@cindex replying
@findex mh-reply
@kindex r
To compose a reply to a message, use the @kbd{r} (@code{mh-reply})
command.
When you reply to a message, you are first prompted with @samp{Reply
to whom?}. You have several choices here.
@quotation
@multitable @columnfractions .20 .80
@c @headitem Response @tab Reply Goes To
@c XXX @headitem not yet supported by SourceForge's texi2pdf.
@item @b{Response} @tab @b{Reply Goes To}
@c -------------------------
@item @kbd{from}
@tab
The person who sent the message. This is the default, so @key{RET} is
sufficient.
@c -------------------------
@item @kbd{to}
@tab
Replies to the sender, plus all recipients in the @samp{To:} header field.
@c -------------------------
@item @kbd{cc}@*@kbd{all}
@tab
Forms a reply to the addresses in the @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header
field if one exists; otherwise forms a reply to the sender, plus all
recipients.
@end multitable
@end quotation
@cindex @command{repl}
@cindex MH commands, @command{repl}
@vindex mh-reply-default-reply-to
Depending on your answer, @command{repl}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/reprep.html, Replying to Messages: repl} in
the MH book.} is given a different argument to form your reply.
Specifically, a choice of @kbd{from} or none at all runs @samp{repl
-nocc all}, and a choice of @kbd{to} runs @samp{repl -cc to}. Finally,
either @kbd{cc} or @kbd{all} runs @samp{repl -cc all -nocc me}. If you
find that most of the time you specify one of these choices when you
reply to a message, you can change the option
@code{mh-reply-default-reply-to} from its default value of
@samp{Prompt} to one of the choices listed above. You can always edit
the recipients in the draft.
@cindex @samp{repl} MH profile component
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{repl}
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex MH-Show mode
@cindex draft
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
@cindex modes, MH-Show
Two windows are then created. One window contains the message to which
you are replying in an MH-Show buffer. Your draft, in MH-Letter mode
(@pxref{Editing Drafts}), is in the other window. If the reply draft
was not one that you expected, check the things that affect the
behavior of @command{repl} which include the @samp{repl:} profile
component and the @file{replcomps} and @file{replgroupcomps} files.
If you supply a prefix argument (as in @kbd{C-u r}), the message you
are replying to is inserted in your reply after having first been run
through @command{mhl} with the format file @file{mhl.reply}. See
@command{mhl}(1) or the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/shomes.html#Usisho, Using mhl} in the MH
book to see how you can modify the default @file{mhl.reply} file.
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
Alternatively, you can customize the option @code{mh-yank-behavior}
and choose one of its @samp{Automatically} variants to do the same
thing. @xref{Inserting Letter}. If you do so, the prefix argument has
no effect.
Another way to include the message automatically in your draft is to
use @samp{repl: -filter repl.filter} in your MH profile.
@vindex mh-reply-show-message-flag
If you include the message automatically, you can hide the MH-Show
buffer by turning off the option @code{mh-reply-show-message-flag}.
If you wish to customize the header or other parts of the reply draft,
please see @command{repl}(1) and @code{mh-format}(5).
@node Forwarding, Redistributing, Replying, Sending Mail
@section Forwarding Mail
@cindex @command{forw}
@cindex draft
@cindex forwarding
@cindex MH commands, @command{forw}
@findex mh-forward
@kindex f
@vindex mh-forward-hook
To forward a message, use the @kbd{f} (@code{mh-forward}) command. You
are prompted for the @samp{To:} and @samp{cc:} recipients. You are
given a draft to edit that looks like it would if you had run the MH
command @command{forw}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/forfor.html, Forwarding Messages: forw} in
the MH book.}. You can then add some text (@pxref{Editing Drafts}).
You can forward several messages by using a range (@pxref{Ranges}).
All of the messages in the range are inserted into your draft. The
hook @code{mh-forward-hook} is called on the draft.
@cindex @file{.mh_profile}
@cindex files, @file{.mh_profile}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{forw}
@cindex @samp{forw} MH profile component
@vindex mh-compose-forward-as-mime-flag
By default, the option @code{mh-compose-forward-as-mime-flag} is on
which means that the forwarded messages are included as attachments.
These are inline attachments so the forwarded message should appear in
the body of your recipient's mail program. If you would prefer to
forward your messages verbatim (as text, inline), then turn off this
option. Forwarding messages verbatim works well for short, textual
messages, but your recipient won't be able to view any non-textual
attachments that were in the forwarded message. Be aware that if you
have @samp{forw: -mime} in your MH profile, then forwarded messages
will always be included as attachments regardless of the settings of
@code{mh-compose-forward-as-mime-flag}.
@vindex mh-forward-subject-format
The format of the @samp{Subject:} header field for forwarded messages
is controlled by the option @code{mh-forward-subject-format}. This
option is a string which includes two escapes (@samp{%s}). The first
@samp{%s} is replaced with the sender of the original message, and the
second one is replaced with the original @samp{Subject:}. The default
value of @code{"%s: %s"} takes a message with the header:
@smallexample
@group
To: Bill Wohler <wohler@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
Subject: Re: 49er football
From: Greg DesBrisay <gd@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
@end group
@end smallexample
and creates a subject header field of:
@smallexample
Subject: Greg DesBrisay: Re: 49er football
@end smallexample
@node Redistributing, Editing Again, Forwarding, Sending Mail
@section Redistributing Your Mail
@cindex @command{dist}
@cindex MH commands, @command{dist}
@cindex redistributing
@findex mh-redistribute
@kindex M-d
The command @kbd{M-d} (@code{mh-redistribute}) is similar in function
to forwarding mail, but it does not allow you to edit the message, nor
does it add your name to the @samp{From:} header field. It appears to
the recipient as if the message had come from the original sender.
When you run this command, you are prompted for the recipients.
@findex mh-edit-again
@kindex e
For more information on redistributing messages, see
@command{dist}(1). Also investigate the command @kbd{e}
(@code{mh-edit-again}) for another way to redistribute messages
(@pxref{Editing Again}).
@cindex @command{send}
@cindex MH commands, @command{send}
@vindex mh-redist-full-contents-flag
The option @code{mh-redist-full-contents-flag} must be turned on if
@command{dist}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/disdis.html, Distributing Messages with
dist} in the MH book.} requires the whole letter for redistribution,
which is the case if @command{send}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/sensen.html, Sending Some Mail: comp send}
in the MH book.} is compiled with the @sc{berk} option (which many
people abhor). If you find that MH will not allow you to redistribute
a message that has been redistributed before, turn off this option.
The hook @code{mh-annotate-msg-hook} is run after annotating the
message and scan line (@pxref{Sending Mail}).
@node Editing Again, , Redistributing, Sending Mail
@section Editing Old Drafts and Bounced Messages
@cindex @file{draft}
@cindex files, @file{draft}
@cindex re-editing drafts
@findex mh-edit-again
@kindex F v drafts
@kindex e
@kindex n
If you don't complete a draft for one reason or another, and if the
draft buffer is no longer available, you can pick your draft up again
with @kbd{e} (@code{mh-edit-again}). If you don't use a draft
folder, your last @file{draft} file will be used. If you use draft
folders, you'll need to visit the draft folder with @kbd{F v drafts
@key{RET}}, use @kbd{n} to move to the appropriate message, and then
use @kbd{e} to prepare the message for editing.
@kindex e
The @kbd{e} command can also be used to take messages that were sent
to you and to send them to more people.
@cindex Mailer-Daemon
@findex mh-extract-rejected-mail
@kindex C-c C-c
@kindex E
Don't use @kbd{e} to re-edit a message from a @i{Mailer-Daemon} who
complained that your mail wasn't posted for some reason or another. In
this case, use @kbd{E} (@code{mh-extract-rejected-mail}) to prepare
the message for editing by removing the @i{Mailer-Daemon} envelope and
unneeded header fields. Fix whatever addressing problem you had, and
send the message again with @kbd{C-c C-c}.
@node Editing Drafts, Aliases, Sending Mail, Top
@chapter Editing a Draft
@cindex @samp{Letter} menu
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex draft
@cindex editing draft
@cindex menu, @samp{Letter}
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
When you edit a message that you want to send (called a @dfn{draft} in
this case), the mode used is MH-Letter. This mode provides several
commands in addition to the normal Emacs editing commands to help you
edit your draft. These can also be found in the @samp{Letter} menu.
@table @kbd
@kindex @key{SPC}
@findex mh-letter-complete-or-space
@item @key{SPC}
Perform completion or insert space (@code{mh-letter-complete-or-space}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@findex mh-letter-complete
@item M-@key{TAB}
Perform completion on header field or word preceding point
(@code{mh-letter-complete}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex , (comma)
@findex mh-letter-confirm-address
@item , (comma)
Flash alias expansion (@code{mh-letter-confirm-address}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex @key{TAB}
@findex mh-letter-next-header-field-or-indent
@item @key{TAB}
Cycle to next field (@code{mh-letter-next-header-field-or-indent}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex S-@key{TAB}
@findex mh-letter-previous-header-field
@item S-@key{TAB}
Cycle to the previous header field
(@code{mh-letter-previous-header-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c ?
@findex mh-help
@item C-c ?
Display cheat sheet for the MH-E commands (@code{mh-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Send This Draft} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Send This Draft}
@kindex C-c C-c
@findex mh-send-letter
@item C-c C-c
Save draft and send message (@code{mh-send-letter}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-d
@findex mh-insert-identity
@item C-c C-d
Insert fields specified by the given identity
(@code{mh-insert-identity}). @xref{Identities}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Pull in All Compositions (MH)} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Pull in All Compositions (MH)}
@kindex C-c C-e
@findex mh-mh-to-mime
@item C-c C-e
Compose @sc{mime} message from MH-style directives
(@code{mh-mh-to-mime}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-a
@kindex C-c C-f a
@findex mh-to-field
@item C-c C-f C-a
@itemx C-c C-f a
Move to @samp{Mail-Reply-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-b
@kindex C-c C-f b
@item C-c C-f C-b
@itemx C-c C-f b
Move to @samp{Bcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-c
@kindex C-c C-f c
@item C-c C-f C-c
@itemx C-c C-f c
Move to @samp{Cc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-d
@kindex C-c C-f d
@item C-c C-f C-d
@itemx C-c C-f d
Move to @samp{Dcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-f
@kindex C-c C-f f
@findex mh-to-fcc
@item C-c C-f C-f
@itemx C-c C-f f
Move to @samp{Fcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-fcc}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-l
@kindex C-c C-f l
@item C-c C-f C-l
@itemx C-c C-f l
Move to @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-m
@kindex C-c C-f m
@item C-c C-f C-m
@itemx C-c C-f m
Move to @samp{From:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-r
@kindex C-c C-f r
@item C-c C-f C-r
@itemx C-c C-f r
Move to @samp{Reply-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-s
@kindex C-c C-f s
@item C-c C-f C-s
@itemx C-c C-f s
Move to @samp{Subject:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-t
@kindex C-c C-f t
@item C-c C-f C-t
@itemx C-c C-f t
Move to @samp{To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Insert a Message...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Insert a Message...}
@kindex C-c C-i
@findex mh-insert-letter
@item C-c C-i
Insert a message (@code{mh-insert-letter}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m C-e
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt
@item C-c C-m C-e
Add tag to encrypt the message (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Compose Forward...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Compose Forward...}
@kindex C-c C-m C-f
@kindex C-c C-m f
@findex mh-compose-forward
@item C-c C-m C-f
@itemx C-c C-m f
Add tag to forward a message (@code{mh-compose-forward}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Compose Get File (MH)...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Compose Get File (MH)...}
@kindex C-c C-m C-g
@kindex C-c C-m g
@findex mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp
@item C-c C-m C-g
@itemx C-c C-m g
Add tag to include anonymous ftp reference to a file
(@code{mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Compose Insertion...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Compose Insertion...}
@kindex C-c C-m C-i
@kindex C-c C-m i
@findex mh-compose-insertion
@item C-c C-m C-i
@itemx C-c C-m i
Add tag to include a file such as an image or sound
(@code{mh-compose-insertion}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Pull in All Compositions (MML)} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Pull in All Compositions (MML)}
@kindex C-c C-m C-m
@kindex C-c C-m m
@findex mh-mml-to-mime
@item C-c C-m C-m
@itemx C-c C-m m
Compose @sc{mime} message from MML tags (@code{mh-mml-to-mime}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m C-n
@kindex C-c C-m n
@findex mh-mml-unsecure-message
@item C-c C-m C-n
@itemx C-c C-m n
Remove any secure message tags (@code{mh-mml-unsecure-message}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m C-s
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-sign
@item C-c C-m C-s
Add tag to sign the message (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-sign}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Compose Compressed tar (MH)...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Compose Compressed tar (MH)...}
@kindex C-c C-m C-t
@kindex C-c C-m t
@findex mh-mh-compose-external-compressed-tar
@item C-c C-m C-t
@itemx C-c C-m t
Add tag to include anonymous ftp reference to a compressed tar file
(@code{mh-mh-compose-external-compressed-tar}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Revert to Non-MIME Edit (MH)} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Revert to Non-MIME Edit (MH)}
@kindex C-c C-m C-u
@kindex C-c C-m u
@findex mh-mh-to-mime-undo
@item C-c C-m C-u
@itemx C-c C-m u
Undo effects of @kbd{C-c C-e} (@code{mh-mh-to-mime-undo}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m C-x
@kindex C-c C-m x
@findex mh-mh-compose-external-type
@item C-c C-m C-x
@itemx C-c C-m x
Add tag to refer to a remote file
(@code{mh-mh-compose-external-type}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m e e
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt
@item C-c C-m e e
Add tag to encrypt the message (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m e s
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt
@item C-c C-m e s
Add tag to encrypt and sign the message@*
(@code{mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m s e
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt
@item C-c C-m s e
Add tag to encrypt and sign the message@*
(@code{mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-m s s
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-sign
@item C-c C-m s s
Add tag to sign the message (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-sign}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Split Current Line} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Split Current Line}
@kindex C-c C-o
@findex mh-open-line
@item C-c C-o
Insert a newline and leave point before it (@code{mh-open-line}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Kill This Draft} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Kill This Draft}
@kindex C-c C-q
@findex mh-fully-kill-draft
@item C-c C-q
Quit editing and delete draft message (@code{mh-fully-kill-draft}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Insert Signature} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Insert Signature}
@kindex C-c C-s
@findex mh-insert-signature
@item C-c C-s
Insert signature in message (@code{mh-insert-signature}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-t
@findex mh-letter-toggle-header-field-display
@item C-c C-t
Toggle display of header field at point
(@code{mh-letter-toggle-header-field-display}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Check Recipient} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Check Recipient}
@kindex C-c C-w
@findex mh-check-whom
@item C-c C-w
Verify recipients, showing expansion of any aliases
(@code{mh-check-whom}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Letter > Yank Current Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Letter > Yank Current Message}
@kindex C-c C-y
@findex mh-yank-cur-msg
@item C-c C-y
Insert the current message into the draft buffer
(@code{mh-yank-cur-msg}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c M-d
@findex mh-insert-auto-fields
@item C-c M-d
Insert custom fields if recipient is found in
@code{mh-auto-fields-list} (@code{mh-insert-auto-fields}).
@xref{Identities}.
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-letter} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-letter}
Several options from the @samp{mh-letter} customization group are used
while editing a draft.
@vtable @code
@item mh-compose-insertion
Type of @sc{mime} message tags in messages (default: @samp{MML} if
available; otherwise @samp{MH}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-compose-skipped-header-fields
List of header fields to skip over when navigating in draft (default:
@code{'("From"} @code{"Organization"} @code{"References"}
@code{"In-Reply-To"} @code{"X-Face"} @code{"Face"}
@code{"X-Image-URL"} @code{"X-Mailer")}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-compose-space-does-completion-flag
On means @key{SPC} does completion in message header (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-delete-yanked-msg-window-flag
On means delete any window displaying the message (default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-extract-from-attribution-verb
Verb to use for attribution when a message is yanked by @kbd{C-c C-y}
(default: @code{"wrote:"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-ins-buf-prefix
String to put before each line of a yanked or inserted message
(default: @code{"> "}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-letter-complete-function
Function to call when completing outside of address or folder fields
(default: @code{ispell-complete-word}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-letter-fill-column
Fill column to use in MH-Letter mode (default: 72).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-mml-method-default
Default method to use in security tags (default: @samp{PGP (MIME)} if
support for it is available; otherwise @samp{None}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-signature-file-name
Source of user's signature (default: @code{"~/.signature"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-signature-separator-flag
On means a signature separator should be inserted (default:
@samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-x-face-file
File containing X-Face or Face header field to insert in outgoing mail.
(default: @code{"~/.face"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-yank-behavior
Controls which part of a message is yanked by @kbd{C-c C-y} (default:
@samp{Body With Attribution}).
@end vtable
The following hooks are available.
@vtable @code
@item mail-citation-hook
Hook for modifying a citation just inserted in the mail buffer
(default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-before-send-letter-hook
Hook run at the beginning of the @kbd{C-c C-c} command (default:
@samp{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-mh-to-mime-hook
Hook run on the formatted letter by @kbd{C-c C-e} (default:
@samp{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-insert-signature-hook
Hook run by @kbd{C-c C-s} after signature has been inserted (default:
@code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following face is available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-letter-header-field
Editable header field value face in draft buffers.
@end vtable
The commands and options introduced here are explained in more
detail in the following sections.
@menu
* Editing Message::
* Inserting Letter::
* Inserting Messages::
* Signature::
* Picture::
* Adding Attachments::
* Sending PGP::
* Checking Recipients::
* Sending Message::
* Killing Draft::
@end menu
@node Editing Message, Inserting Letter, Editing Drafts, Editing Drafts
@section Editing the Message
@cindex @samp{Bcc} header field
@cindex @samp{Cc} header field
@cindex @samp{Dcc} header field
@cindex @samp{From} header field
@cindex @samp{Mail-Followup-To} header field
@cindex @samp{Mail-Reply-To} header field
@cindex @samp{Reply-To} header field
@cindex @samp{Subject} header field
@cindex @samp{To} header field
@cindex editing header
@cindex header field, @samp{Bcc}
@cindex header field, @samp{Cc}
@cindex header field, @samp{Dcc}
@cindex header field, @samp{From}
@cindex header field, @samp{Mail-Followup-To}
@cindex header field, @samp{Mail-Reply-To}
@cindex header field, @samp{Reply-To}
@cindex header field, @samp{Subject}
@cindex header field, @samp{To}
@findex mh-to-field
@kindex C-c C-f C-t
@kindex C-c C-f t
Because the header is part of the message, you can edit the header
fields as you wish. However, several convenience commands exist to
help you create and edit them. For example, the command @kbd{C-c C-f
C-t} (@code{mh-to-field}; alternatively, @kbd{C-c C-f t}) moves the
cursor to the @samp{To:} header field, creating it if necessary. The
commands for moving to the @samp{Cc:}, @samp{Subject:}, @samp{From:},
@samp{Reply-To:}, @samp{Mail-Reply-To:}, @samp{Mail-Followup-To},
@samp{Bcc:}, and @samp{Dcc:} header fields are similar.
@findex mh-to-fcc
@kindex C-c C-f C-f
@kindex C-c C-f f
One command behaves differently from the others, namely, @kbd{C-c C-f
C-f} (@code{mh-to-fcc}; alternatively, @kbd{C-c C-f f}). This command
will prompt you for the folder name in which to file a copy of the
draft. @xref{Folder Selection}.
@findex indent-relative
@findex mh-letter-next-header-field-or-indent
@findex mh-letter-previous-header-field
@kindex @key{TAB}
@kindex S-@key{TAB}
@vindex mh-compose-skipped-header-fields
@vindex mh-letter-header-field
Within the header of the message, the command@* @key{TAB}
(@code{mh-letter-next-header-field-or-indent}) moves between fields
that are highlighted with the face @code{mh-letter-header-field},
skipping those fields listed in
@code{mh-compose-skipped-header-fields}. After the last field, this
command then moves point to the message body before cycling back to
the first field. If point is already past the first line of the
message body, then this command indents by calling
@code{indent-relative} with the given prefix argument. The command
@kbd{S-@key{TAB}} (@code{mh-letter-previous-header-field}) moves
backwards between the fields and cycles to the body of the message
after the first field. Unlike the command @key{TAB}, it will always
take point to the last field from anywhere in the body.
@cindex alias completion
@cindex completion
@cindex spell check
@findex ispell-complete-word
@findex mh-letter-complete
@findex mh-letter-complete-or-space
@findex mh-letter-confirm-address
@kindex , (comma)
@kindex @key{SPC}
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@vindex mh-alias-flash-on-comma
@vindex mh-compose-space-does-completion-flag
@vindex mh-letter-complete-function
If the field contains addresses (for example, @samp{To:} or
@samp{Cc:}) or folders (for example, @samp{Fcc:}) then the command
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{mh-letter-complete}) will provide alias
completion (@pxref{Aliases}). In the body of the message,
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs @code{mh-letter-complete-function} instead,
which is set to @samp{'ispell-complete-word} by default. The command
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{mh-letter-complete}) takes a prefix argument
that is passed to the @code{mh-letter-complete-function}. In addition,
turn on the option @code{mh-compose-space-does-completion-flag} to use
the command @key{SPC} (@code{mh-letter-complete-or-space}) to perform
completion in the header as well; use a prefix argument to specify
more than one space. Addresses are separated by a comma; when you
press the comma, the command @code{mh-letter-confirm-address} flashes
the alias expansion in the minibuffer if
@code{mh-alias-flash-on-comma} is turned on.
@c XXX Document the replacement for the inaccessible 'long argument.
@findex mh-letter-toggle-header-field-display
@kindex C-c C-t
Use the command @kbd{C-c C-t}
@code{mh-letter-toggle-header-field-display} to display truncated
header fields. This command is a toggle so entering it again will hide
the field. This command takes a prefix argument: if negative then the
field is hidden, if positive then the field is displayed (for example,
@kbd{C-u C-c C-t}).
Be sure to leave a row of dashes or a blank line between the header
and the body of the message.
@vindex mh-letter-fill-column
The body of the message is edited as you would edit any Emacs buffer
although there are a few commands and options to assist you. You can
change the fill column in MH-Letter mode with the option
@code{mh-letter-fill-column}. By default, this option is 72 to allow
others to quote your message without line wrapping.
@cindex filling paragraphs
@cindex paragraphs, filling
@findex fill-paragraph
@kindex M-q
@vindex mh-ins-buf-prefix
You'll often include messages that were sent from user agents that
haven't yet realized that paragraphs consist of more than a single
line. This makes for long lines that wrap in an ugly fashion. You'll
find that @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) works well even on these
quoted messages, even if they are nested, just as long as all of the
quotes match the value of @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix} (@pxref{Inserting
Letter}). For example, let's assume you have the following in your
draft:
@smallexample
@group
> Hopefully this gives you an idea of what I'm currently doing. I'm \
not sure yet whether I'm completely satisfied with my setup, but \
it's worked okay for me so far.
@end group
@end smallexample
Running @kbd{M-q} on this paragraph produces:
@smallexample
@group
> Hopefully this gives you an idea of what I'm currently doing. I'm not
> sure yet whether I'm completely satisfied with my setup, but it's
> worked okay for me so far.
@end group
@end smallexample
@findex mh-open-line
@findex open-line
@kindex C-c C-o
@kindex C-o
The command @kbd{C-c C-o} (@code{mh-open-line}) is similar to the
command @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}) in that it inserts a newline
after point. It differs in that it also inserts the right number of
quoting characters and spaces so that the next line begins in the same
column as it was. This is useful when breaking up paragraphs in
replies. For example, if this command was used when point was after
the first period in the paragraph above, the result would be this:
@smallexample
@group
> Hopefully this gives you an idea of what I'm currently doing.
> I'm not
> sure yet whether I'm completely satisfied with my setup, but it's
> worked okay for me so far.
@end group
@end smallexample
@node Inserting Letter, Inserting Messages, Editing Message, Editing Drafts
@section Inserting Letter to Which You're Replying
@cindex inserting messages
@cindex replying to messages
@cindex yanking messages
@findex mh-yank-cur-msg
@kindex C-c C-y
@vindex mh-ins-buf-prefix
It is often useful to insert a snippet of text from a letter that
someone mailed to provide some context for your reply. The command
@kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{mh-yank-cur-msg}) does this by adding an
attribution, yanking a portion of text from the message to which
you're replying, and inserting @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix} (@samp{> })
before each line.
@smallexample
@group
Michael W Thelen <thelenm@@stop.mail-abuse.org> wrote:
> Hopefully this gives you an idea of what I'm currently doing. I'm not
> sure yet whether I'm completely satisfied with my setup, but it's
> worked okay for me so far.
@end group
@end smallexample
@vindex mh-extract-from-attribution-verb
The attribution consists of the sender's name and email address
followed by the content of the option
@code{mh-extract-from-attribution-verb}. This option can be set to
@samp{wrote:}, @samp{a écrit:}, and @samp{schrieb:}. You can also use
the @samp{Custom String} menu item to enter your own verb.
@vindex mail-citation-hook
@vindex mh-ins-buf-prefix
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
The prefix @code{"> "} is the default setting for the option
@code{mh-ins-buf-prefix}. I suggest that you not modify this option
since it is used by many mailers and news readers: messages are far
easier to read if several included messages have all been indented by
the same string. This prefix is not inserted if you use one of the
supercite flavors of @code{mh-yank-behavior} or you have added a
@code{mail-citation-hook} as described below.
@vindex mh-delete-yanked-msg-window-flag
You can also turn on the @code{mh-delete-yanked-msg-window-flag}
option to delete the window containing the original message after
yanking it to make more room on your screen for your reply.
@cindex Emacs, packages, supercite
@cindex supercite package
@kindex r
@vindex mail-citation-hook
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
You can control how the message to which you are replying is yanked
into your reply using @code{mh-yank-behavior}. To include the entire
message, including the entire header, use @samp{Body and
Header}@footnote{If you'd rather have the header cleaned up, use
@kbd{C-u r} instead of @kbd{r} when replying
(@pxref{Replying}).}@footnote{In the past you would use this setting
and set @code{mail-citation-hook} to @samp{supercite}, but this usage
is now deprecated in favor of the @samp{Invoke supercite} setting.}.
Use @samp{Body} to yank just the body without the header. To yank only
the portion of the message following the point, set this option to
@samp{Below Point}.
Choose @samp{Invoke supercite}@footnote{@emph{Supercite} is a
full-bodied, full-featured, citation package that comes standard with
Emacs.} to pass the entire message and header through supercite.
@vindex mh-extract-from-attribution-verb
If the @samp{Body With Attribution} setting is used, then the message
minus the header is yanked and a simple attribution line is added at
the top using the value of the option
@code{mh-extract-from-attribution-verb}. This is the default.
@kindex C-c C-y
@vindex mh-delete-yanked-msg-window-flag
If the @samp{Invoke supercite} or @samp{Body With Attribution}
settings are used, the @samp{-noformat} argument is passed to the
@command{repl} program to override a @samp{-filter} or @samp{-format}
argument. These settings also have @samp{Automatically} variants that
perform the action automatically when you reply so that you don't need
to use @kbd{C-c C-y} at all. Note that this automatic action is only
performed if the show buffer matches the message being replied to.
People who use the automatic variants tend to turn on the option
@code{mh-delete-yanked-msg-window-flag} as well so that the show
window is never displayed.
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
If the show buffer has a region, the option @code{mh-yank-behavior} is
ignored unless its value is one of @samp{Attribution} variants in
which case the attribution is added to the yanked region.
@findex trivial-cite
@vindex mail-citation-hook
@vindex mh-ins-buf-prefix
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
If this isn't enough, you can gain full control over the appearance of
the included text by setting @code{mail-citation-hook} to a function
that modifies it. This hook is ignored if the option
@code{mh-yank-behavior} is set to one of the supercite flavors.
Otherwise, this option controls how much of the message is passed to
the hook. The function can find the citation between point and mark
and it should leave point and mark around the modified citation text
for the next hook function. The standard prefix
@code{mh-ins-buf-prefix} is not added if this hook is set.
@cindex Emacs, packages, trivial-cite
@cindex trivial-cite package
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
For example, if you use the hook function
@uref{http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/TrivialCite,
@code{trivial-cite}} (which is NOT part of Emacs), set
@code{mh-yank-behavior} to @samp{Body and Header}.
@node Inserting Messages, Signature, Inserting Letter, Editing Drafts
@section Inserting Messages
@cindex inserting messages
@findex mh-insert-letter
@findex mh-yank-behavior
@kindex C-c C-i
@vindex mh-ins-buf-prefix
@vindex mh-invisible-header-fields-compiled
@vindex mh-yank-behavior
Messages can be inserted with @kbd{C-c C-i} (@code{mh-insert-letter}).
This command prompts you for the folder and message number, which
defaults to the current message in that folder. It then inserts the
messages, indented by @code{mh-ins-buf-prefix} (@samp{> }) unless
@code{mh-yank-behavior} is set to one of the supercite flavors in
which case supercite is used to format the message. Certain
undesirable header fields (see
@code{mh-invisible-header-fields-compiled}) are removed before
insertion.
If given a prefix argument (like @kbd{C-u C-c C-i}), the header is
left intact, the message is not indented, and @samp{> } is not
inserted before each line. This command leaves the mark before the
letter and point after it.
@node Signature, Picture, Inserting Messages, Editing Drafts
@section Inserting Your Signature
@cindex signature
@findex mh-insert-signature
@kindex C-c C-s
You can insert your signature at the current cursor location with the
command @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{mh-insert-signature}).
@cindex files, @file{.signature}
@cindex @file{.signature}
@cindex vCard
@vindex mh-signature-file-name
By default, the text of your signature is taken from the file
@file{~/.signature}. You can read from other sources by changing the
option @code{mh-signature-file-name}. This file may contain a
@dfn{vCard} in which case an attachment is added with the vCard.
@findex mh-signature-separator-p
@vindex mh-signature-file-name
@vindex mh-signature-separator
@vindex mh-signature-separator-regexp
The option @code{mh-signature-file-name} may also be a symbol, in
which case that function is called. You may not want a signature
separator to be added for you; instead you may want to insert one
yourself. Options that you may find useful to do this include
@code{mh-signature-separator} (when inserting a signature separator)
and @code{mh-signature-separator-regexp} (for finding said separator).
The function @code{mh-signature-separator-p}, which reports @code{t}
if the buffer contains a separator, may be useful as well.
@cindex signature separator
@vindex mh-signature-separator-flag
A signature separator (@code{"-- "}) will be added if the signature
block does not contain one and @code{mh-signature-separator-flag} is
on. It is not recommended that you change this option since various
mail user agents, including MH-E, use the separator to present the
signature differently, and to suppress the signature when replying or
yanking a letter into a draft.
@vindex mh-insert-signature-hook
@vindex mh-signature-file-name
The hook @code{mh-insert-signature-hook} is run after the signature is
inserted. Hook functions may access the actual name of the file or the
function used to insert the signature with
@code{mh-signature-file-name}.
The signature can also be inserted using Identities.
@xref{Identities}.
@node Picture, Adding Attachments, Signature, Editing Drafts
@section Inserting Your Picture
@cindex @file{.face}
@cindex files, @file{.face}
@vindex mh-x-face-file
You can insert your picture in the header of your mail message so that
recipients see your face in the @samp{From:} header field if their
mail user agent is sophisticated enough. In MH-E, this is done by
placing your image in the file named by the option
@code{mh-x-face-file} which is @file{~/.face} by default.
@cindex @samp{Face} header field
@cindex @samp{X-Face} header field
@cindex @samp{X-Image-URL} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{Face}
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Face}
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Image-URL}
If the file starts with either of the strings @samp{X-Face:},
@samp{Face:} or @samp{X-Image-URL:} then the contents are added to the
message header verbatim. Otherwise it is assumed that the file
contains the value of the @samp{X-Face:} header field.
@cindex @command{compface}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{compface}
The @samp{X-Face:} header field, which is a low-resolution, black and
white image, can be generated using the
@uref{ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/faces/compface/compface.tar.Z,
@command{compface}} command. The @uref{http://www.dairiki.org/xface/,
@cite{Online X-Face Converter}} is a useful resource for quick
conversion of images into @samp{X-Face:} header fields.
Use the @uref{http://quimby.gnus.org/circus/face/make-face,
@command{make-face}} script to convert a JPEG image to the higher
resolution, color, @samp{Face:} header field.
The URL of any image can be used for the @samp{X-Image-URL:} field and
no processing of the image is required.
@vindex mh-x-face-file
To prevent the setting of any of these header fields, either set
@code{mh-x-face-file} to @code{nil}, or simply ensure that the file
defined by this option doesn't exist.
@xref{Viewing}, to see how these header fields are displayed in MH-E.
@node Adding Attachments, Sending PGP, Picture, Editing Drafts
@section Adding Attachments
@cindex @command{mhbuild}
@cindex @command{mhn}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhbuild}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhn}
@cindex MIME
@cindex multimedia mail
MH-E has the capability to create multimedia messages. It uses the
@sc{mime} (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
protocol@footnote{@sc{mime} is defined in
@uref{http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt, RFC 2045}.} The
@sc{mime} protocol allows you to incorporate images, sound, video,
binary files, and even commands that fetch a file with @samp{ftp} when
your recipient reads the message!
@kindex C-c C-m
If you were to create a multimedia message with plain MH commands, you
would insert @command{mhbuild} or @command{mhn} directives (henceforth
called @dfn{MH-style directives} into your draft and use the
@command{mhbuild} command in nmh or @command{mhn} command in MH and
GNU mailutils to expand them. MH-E works in much the same way,
although it provides a handful of commands prefixed with @kbd{C-c C-m}
to insert the directives so you don't need to remember the syntax of
them. Remember: you can always add MH-style directives by
hand@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/usimim.html#SeMIMa, Sending MIME Mail} in
the MH book.}.
@cindex MIME Meta Language (MML)
@cindex MML
@vindex mh-compose-insertion
In addition to MH-style directives, MH-E also supports MML (@sc{mime}
Meta Language) tags@footnote{
@ifinfo
@c Although the third argument should default to the
@c first, makeinfo goes to the wrong Info file without it being
@c different--it seems to be getting our own Composing node.
@xref{Composing,,Composing with MML,emacs-mime}.
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
See the section Composing in
@uref{http://www.gnus.org/manual/emacs-mime.html, @cite{The Emacs MIME
Manual}}.
@end ifnotinfo
}. The option @code{mh-compose-insertion} can be used to choose
between them. By default, this option is set to @samp{MML} if it is
supported since it provides a lot more functionality. This option can
also be set to @samp{MH} if MH-style directives are preferred.
@cindex media types
@cindex MIME, media types
The MH-E @sc{mime} commands require a @dfn{media type} for each body
part or attachment. For example, a PDF document is of type
@samp{application/pdf} and an HTML document is of type
@samp{text/html}. Some commands fill in the media type for you,
whereas others require you to enter one.
@cindex @command{file}
@cindex @file{/etc/mime.types}
@cindex files, @file{/etc/mime.types}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{file}
@findex mailcap-mime-types
In the cases where MH-E can do so, it will determine the media type
automatically. It uses the @command{file} command to do this. Failing
that, the Emacs function @code{mailcap-mime-types} is used to provide
a list from which to choose. This function usually reads the file
@file{/etc/mime.types}.
Whether the media type is chosen automatically, or you choose it from
a list, use the type that seems to match best the file that you are
including. In the case of binaries, the media type
@samp{application/x-executable} can be useful. If you can't find an
appropriate media type, use @samp{text/plain} for text messages and
@samp{application/octet-stream} for everything else.
@cindex content description
@cindex MIME, content description
You are also sometimes asked for a @dfn{content description}. This is
simply an optional brief phrase, in your own words, that describes the
object. If you don't care to enter a content description, just press
return and none will be included; however, a reader may skip over
multimedia fields unless the content description is compelling.
You can also create your own @sc{mime} body parts. In the following
example, I describe how you can create and edit a @samp{text/enriched}
body part to liven up your plain text messages with boldface,
underlining, and italics. I include an Emacs function which inserts
enriched text tags.
@smalllisp
@group
(defvar enriched-text-types '(("b" . "bold") ("i" . "italic")
("u" . "underline")
("s" . "smaller") ("B" . "bigger")
("f" . "fixed")
("c" . "center"))
"Alist of (final-character . tag) choices for add-enriched-text.
Additional types can be found in RFC 1563.")
(defun add-enriched-text (begin end)
"Add enriched text tags around region.
The tag used comes from the list enriched-text-types and is
specified by the last keystroke of the command. When called from Lisp,
arguments are BEGIN and END@."
(interactive "r")
;; @r{Set type to the tag indicated by the last keystroke.}
(let ((type (cdr (assoc (char-to-string (logior last-input-char ?@w{`}))
enriched-text-types))))
(save-restriction ; @r{restores state from narrow-to-region}
(narrow-to-region begin end) ; @r{narrow view to region}
(goto-char (point-min)) ; @r{move to beginning of text}
(insert "<" type ">") ; @r{insert beginning tag}
(goto-char (point-max)) ; @r{move to end of text}
(insert "</" type ">")))) ; @r{insert terminating tag}
@i{Emacs function for entering enriched text}
@end group
@end smalllisp
To use the function @code{add-enriched-text}, first add it to
@file{~/.emacs} and create key bindings for it (@pxref{Composing}).
Then, in your plain text message, set the mark with @kbd{C-@@} or
@kbd{C-@key{SPC}}, type in the text to be highlighted, and type @kbd{C-c t
b}. This adds @samp{<bold>} where you set the mark and adds
@samp{</bold>} at the location of your cursor, giving you something
like: @samp{You should be <bold>very</bold>}.
Before sending this message, use @kbd{C-c C-m C-m}
(@code{mh-mml-to-mime})@footnote{Use @kbd{C-c C-e}
(@code{mh-mh-to-mime}) if you're using MH-style directives.} to add
MIME header fields. Then replace @samp{text/plain} with
@samp{text/enriched} in the @samp{Content-Type:} header field.
You may also be interested in investigating @code{sgml-mode}.
@subheading Including Files
@cindex attachments, inserting
@cindex images
@cindex MIME, images
@cindex MIME, sound
@cindex MIME, video
@cindex sound
@cindex video
@findex mh-compose-insertion
@kindex C-c C-m C-i
@kindex C-c C-m i
@vindex mh-compose-insertion
Binaries, images, sound, and video can be inserted in your message
with the command @kbd{C-c C-m C-i} (@code{mh-compose-insertion}). You
are prompted for the filename containing the object, the media type if
it cannot be determined automatically, and a content description. If
you're using MH-style directives, you will also be prompted for
additional attributes.
@subheading Forwarding Multimedia Messages
@findex mh-compose-forward
@kindex C-c C-m C-f
@kindex C-c C-m f
Mail may be forwarded with @sc{mime} using the command @kbd{C-c C-m
C-f} (@code{mh-compose-forward}). You are prompted for a content
description, the name of the folder in which the messages to forward
are located, and a range of messages, which defaults to the current
message in that folder. @xref{Ranges}.
@subheading Including an FTP Reference
@cindex @command{ftp}
@cindex MIME, @command{ftp}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{ftp}
@findex mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp
@kindex C-c C-m C-g
@kindex C-c C-m g
You can have your message initiate an @command{ftp} transfer when the
recipient reads the message. To do this, use the command @kbd{C-c C-m
C-g} (@code{mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp}). You are prompted for the remote
host and filename, the media type, and the content description.
@subheading Including tar Files
@cindex @command{ftp}
@cindex @command{tar}
@cindex MIME, @command{ftp}
@cindex MIME, @command{tar}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{ftp}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{tar}
@findex mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp
@findex mh-mh-compose-external-compressed-tar
@kindex C-c C-m C-g
@kindex C-c C-m C-t
@kindex C-c C-m t
If the remote file is a compressed tar file, you can use @kbd{C-c C-m
C-t} (@code{mh-mh-compose-external-compressed-tar}). Then, in addition
to retrieving the file via anonymous @emph{ftp} as per the command
@kbd{C-c C-m C-g} (@code{mh-mh-compose-anon-ftp}), the file will also
be uncompressed and untarred. You are prompted for the remote host and
filename and the content description.
@subheading Including Other External Files
@findex mh-mh-compose-external-type
@kindex C-c C-m C-x
@kindex C-c C-m x
The command @kbd{C-c C-m C-x} (@code{mh-mh-compose-external-type}) is
a general utility for referencing external files. In fact, all of the
other commands that insert tags to access external files call this
command. You are prompted for the access type, remote host and
filename, and content type. If you provide a prefix argument, you are
also prompted for a content description, attributes, parameters, and a
comment.
@subheading Previewing Multimedia Messages
When you are finished editing a @sc{mime} message, it might look like this:
@cartouche
@smallexample
3 t08/24 root received fax files on Wed Aug 24 11:00:
4+t08/24 To:wohler Test<<This is a test message to get the
--:%% @{+inbox@} 4 msgs (1-4) Bot L4 (MH-Folder Show)---------------
To: wohler
cc:
Subject: Test of MIME
--------
Here is the SETI@@Home logo:
<#part type="image/x-xpm" filename="~/lib/images/setiathome.xpm"
disposition=inline description="SETI@@home logo">
<#/part>
--:** @{draft@} All L8 (MH-Letter)----------------------------------
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{MH-E @sc{mime} draft}
@findex mh-mml-to-mime
@kindex C-c C-m C-m
@kindex C-c C-m m
Typically, you send a message with attachments just like any other
message (@pxref{Sending Message}).
@findex mh-mml-to-mime
@kindex C-c C-m C-m
However, you may take a sneak preview of the @sc{mime} encoding if you
wish by running the command @kbd{C-c C-m C-m} (@code{mh-mml-to-mime}).
The following screen shows the @sc{mime} encoding specified by the
tags. You can see why mail user agents are usually built to hide these
details from the user.
@cartouche
@smallexample
To: wohler
cc:
Subject: Test of MIME
X-Mailer: MH-E 8.1; nmh 1.1; GNU Emacs 23.1
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="=-=-="
--------
--=-=-=
Here is the SETI@@Home logo:
--=-=-=
Content-Type: image/x-xpm
Content-Disposition: inline; filename=setiathome.xpm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Description: SETI@@home logo
LyogWFBNICovCnN0YXRpYyBjaGFyICogc2V0aWF0aG9tZV94cG1bXSA9IHsKIjQ1IDQ1IDc2N
--:-- @{draft@} Top L1 (MH-Letter)----------------------------------
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{MH-E @sc{mime} draft ready to send}
@cindex undo effects of mh-mml-to-mime
This action can be undone by running @kbd{C-_} (@code{undo}).
@cindex @command{mhbuild}
@cindex @command{mhn}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhbuild}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mhn}
@cindex undo effects of mh-mh-to-mime
@findex mh-mh-to-mime
@findex mh-mh-to-mime-undo
@kindex C-c C-e
@kindex C-c C-m C-m
@kindex C-c C-m C-u
@kindex C-c C-m u
If you're using MH-style directives, use @kbd{C-c C-e}
(@code{mh-mh-to-mime}) instead of @kbd{C-c C-m C-m}. This runs the
command @command{mhbuild} (@command{mhn}) on the message which expands
the tags@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/usimim.html#SeMIMa, Sending MIME Mail} in
the MH book.}. This action can be undone by running @kbd{C-c C-m C-u}
(@code{mh-mh-to-mime-undo}), which works by reverting to a backup
file. You are prompted to confirm this action, but you can avoid the
confirmation by adding an argument (for example, @kbd{C-u C-c C-m
C-u}).
@kindex C-c C-e
@vindex mh-mh-to-mime-args
If you wish to pass additional arguments to @command{mhbuild}
(@command{mhn}) to affect how it builds your message, use the option
@code{mh-mh-to-mime-args}. For example, you can build a consistency
check into the message by setting @code{mh-mh-to-mime-args} to
@samp{-check}. The recipient of your message can then run
@samp{mhbuild -check} on the message---@command{mhbuild}
(@command{mhn}) will complain if the message has been corrupted on the
way. The command @kbd{C-c C-e} only consults this option when given a
prefix argument (as in @kbd{C-u C-c C-e}).
@kindex C-c C-e
@vindex mh-mh-to-mime-hook
The hook @code{mh-mh-to-mime-hook} is called after the message has
been formatted by @kbd{C-c C-e}.
@node Sending PGP, Checking Recipients, Adding Attachments, Editing Drafts
@section Signing and Encrypting Messages
@cindex signing messages
@cindex encrypting messages
@cindex RFC 3156
MH-E can sign and encrypt messages as defined in
@uref{http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3156.txt, RFC 3156}. If you
should choose to sign or encrypt your message, use one of the
following commands to do so any time before sending your message.
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-sign
@findex mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt
@kindex C-c C-m C-e
@kindex C-c C-m C-s
@kindex C-c C-m e e
@kindex C-c C-m e s
@kindex C-c C-m s e
@kindex C-c C-m s s
The command @kbd{C-c C-m C-s} (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-sign})
inserts the following tag:
@smallexample
<#secure method=pgpmime mode=sign>
@end smallexample
This is used to sign your message digitally. Likewise, the command
@kbd{C-c C-m C-e} (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-encrypt}) inserts the
following tag:
@smallexample
<#secure method=pgpmime mode=encrypt>
@end smallexample
This is used to encrypt your message. Finally, the command @kbd{C-c
C-m s e} (@code{mh-mml-secure-message-signencrypt}) inserts the
following tag:
@smallexample
<#secure method=pgpmime mode=signencrypt>
@end smallexample
@findex mh-mml-unsecure-message
@kindex C-c C-m C-n
@kindex C-c C-m n
@vindex mh-mml-method-default
This is used to sign and encrypt your message. In each of these cases,
a proper multipart message is created for you when you send the
message. Use the command @kbd{C-c C-m C-n}
(@code{mh-mml-unsecure-message}) to remove these tags. Use a prefix
argument (as in @kbd{C-u C-c C-m s e}) to be prompted for one of the
possible security methods (see @code{mh-mml-method-default}).
@vindex mh-mml-method-default
The option @code{mh-mml-method-default} is used to select between a
variety of mail security mechanisms. The default is @samp{PGP (MIME)}
if it is supported; otherwise, the default is @samp{None}. Other
mechanisms include vanilla @samp{PGP} and @samp{S/MIME}.
@cindex @samp{pgg} customization group
@cindex PGG
@cindex customization group, @samp{pgg}
The @samp{pgg} customization group may have some settings which may
interest you.
@iftex
See @cite{The PGG Manual}.
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@xref{Top, , The PGG Manual, pgg, The PGG Manual}.
@end ifinfo
@ifhtml
See
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/pgg.html,
@cite{The PGG Manual}}.
@end ifhtml
@cindex header field, @samp{Fcc}
@cindex @samp{Fcc} header field
@vindex pgg-encrypt-for-me
In particular, I turn on the option @code{pgg-encrypt-for-me} so that
all messages I encrypt are encrypted with my public key as well. If
you keep a copy of all of your outgoing mail with a @samp{Fcc:} header
field, this setting is vital so that you can read the mail you write!
@node Checking Recipients, Sending Message, Sending PGP, Editing Drafts
@section Checking Recipients
@cindex @file{*MH-E Recipients*}
@cindex @command{whom}
@cindex MH commands, @command{whom}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Recipients*}
@cindex checking recipients
@cindex recipients, checking
@findex mh-check-whom
@kindex C-c C-w
The command @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{mh-check-whom}) expands aliases so
you can check the actual address(es) in the alias. A new buffer named
@file{*MH-E Recipients*} is created with the output of @command{whom}
(@pxref{Miscellaneous})@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/senove.html#WhaPro, What now?---and the
whatnow Program} in the MH book.}.
@node Sending Message, Killing Draft, Checking Recipients, Editing Drafts
@section Sending a Message
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Mail Delivery*}
@cindex @file{*MH-E Mail Delivery*}
@cindex sending mail
@findex mh-send-letter
@kindex C-c C-c
When you are all through editing a message, you send it with the
command @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{mh-send-letter}). You can give a prefix
argument (as in @kbd{C-u C-c C-c}) to monitor the first stage of the
delivery; this output can be found in a buffer called @file{*MH-E Mail
Delivery*} (@pxref{Miscellaneous}).
@cindex sending mail
@cindex spell check
@findex ispell-message
@kindex C-c C-c
@vindex mh-before-send-letter-hook
The hook @code{mh-before-send-letter-hook} is run at the beginning of
the command @kbd{C-c C-c}. For example, if you want to check your
spelling in your message before sending, add the function
@code{ispell-message}.
@cindex @command{send}
@cindex MH commands, @command{send}
@vindex mh-send-prog
In case the MH @command{send} program@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/sensen.html, Sending Some Mail: comp send}
in the MH book.} is installed under a different name, use
@code{mh-send-prog} to tell MH-E the name.
The hook @code{mh-annotate-msg-hook} is run after annotating the
message and scan line (@pxref{Sending Mail}).
@node Killing Draft, , Sending Message, Editing Drafts
@section Killing the Draft
@cindex killing draft
@findex kill-buffer
@findex mh-fully-kill-draft
@kindex C-c C-q
@kindex C-x k
If for some reason you are not happy with the draft, you can use the
command @kbd{C-c C-q} (@code{mh-fully-kill-draft}) to kill the draft
buffer and delete the draft message. Use the command @kbd{C-x k}
(@code{kill-buffer}) if you don't want to delete the draft message.
@node Aliases, Identities, Editing Drafts, Top
@chapter Aliases
@cindex aliases
MH aliases are used in the same way in MH-E as they are in MH@. Any
alias listed as a recipient will be expanded when the message is sent.
This chapter discusses other things you can do with aliases in MH-E.
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
The following commands are available in MH-Letter mode with the
exception of @code{mh-alias-reload} which can be called from anywhere.
@table @kbd
@kindex @key{SPC}
@findex mh-letter-complete-or-space
@item @key{SPC}
Perform completion or insert space (@code{mh-letter-complete-or-space}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@findex mh-letter-complete
@item M-@key{TAB}
Perform completion on header field or word preceding point
(@code{mh-letter-complete}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-alias-apropos
@item mh-alias-apropos
Show all aliases or addresses that match a regular expression.
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-alias-grab-from-field
@item mh-alias-grab-from-field
Add alias for the sender of the current message
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-alias-reload
@item mh-alias-reload
Reload MH aliases.
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-alias} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-alias}
The @samp{mh-alias} customization group contains options associated
with aliases.
@vtable @code
@item mh-alias-completion-ignore-case-flag
On means don't consider case significant in MH alias completion
(default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-expand-aliases-flag
On means to expand aliases entered in the minibuffer (default:
@samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-flash-on-comma
Specify whether to flash address or warn on translation (default: @samp{Flash
but Don't Warn If No Alias}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-insert-file
Filename used to store a new MH-E alias (default: @samp{Use Aliasfile
Profile Component}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-insertion-location
Specifies where new aliases are entered in alias files (default:
@samp{Alphabetical}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-local-users
If @samp{on}, local users are added to alias completion (default:
@samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-local-users-prefix
String prefixed to the real names of users from the password file
(default: @code{"local."}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-alias-passwd-gecos-comma-separator-flag
On means the GECOS field in the password file uses a comma separator
(default: @samp{on}).
@end vtable
The following hook is available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-alias-reloaded-hook
Hook run by @code{mh-alias-reload} after loading aliases (default:
@code{nil}).
@end vtable
@subheading Adding Addresses to Draft
You can use aliases when you are adding recipients to a message.
@findex minibuffer-complete
@kindex @key{TAB}
@vindex mh-alias-expand-aliases-flag
@vindex mh-compose-prompt-flag
In order to use minibuffer prompting for recipients and the subject
line in the minibuffer, turn on the option
@code{mh-compose-prompt-flag} (@pxref{Composing}), and use the
@key{TAB} (@code{minibuffer-complete}) command to complete aliases
(and optionally local logins) when prompted for the recipients. Turn
on the option @code{mh-alias-expand-aliases-flag} if you want these
aliases to be expanded to their respective addresses in the draft.
@findex mh-letter-complete
@findex mh-letter-complete-or-space
@kindex @key{SPC}
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
Otherwise, you can complete aliases in the header of the draft with
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{mh-letter-complete}) or @key{SPC}
(@code{mh-letter-complete-or-space}).
@vindex mh-alias-completion-ignore-case-flag
As MH ignores case in the aliases, so too does MH-E@. However, you may
turn off the option @code{mh-alias-completion-ignore-case-flag} to
make case significant which can be used to segregate completion of
your aliases. You might use uppercase for mailing lists and lowercase
for people. For example, you might have:
@smallexample
mark.baushke: Mark Baushke <mdb@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
MH-E: MH-E Mailing List <mh-e-devel@@stop.mail-abuse.org>
@end smallexample
When this option is turned off, if you were to type @kbd{M} in the
@samp{To:} field and then @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, then you'd get the list;
if you started with @kbd{m} and then entered @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, then
you'd get Mark's address. Note that this option affects completion
only. If you were to enter @kbd{Mark.Baushke}, it would still be
identified with your @samp{mark.baushke} alias.
@findex mh-alias-minibuffer-confirm-address
@findex mh-letter-confirm-address
@vindex mh-alias-flash-on-comma
@vindex mh-compose-prompt-flag
To verify that the alias you've entered is valid, the alias will be
displayed in the minibuffer when you type a comma
(@code{mh-letter-confirm-address} or
@code{mh-alias-minibuffer-confirm-address} if the option
@code{mh-compose-prompt-flag} is turned on). @xref{Composing}. This
behavior can be controlled with the option
@code{mh-alias-flash-on-comma} which provides three choices:
@samp{Flash but Don't Warn If No Alias}, @samp{Flash and Warn If No
Alias}, and @samp{Don't Flash Nor Warn If No Alias}.
For another way to verify the alias expansion, see @ref{Checking
Recipients}.
@subheading Loading Aliases
@cindex @command{ali}
@cindex @file{/etc/nmh/MailAliases}
@cindex @samp{Aliasfile} MH profile component
@cindex MH commands, @command{ali}
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Aliasfile}
@cindex files, @file{/etc/nmh/MailAliases}
MH-E loads aliases for completion and folder name hints from various
places. It uses the MH command @command{ali}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/mh.html, MH Aliases} in the MH book.} to
read aliases from the files listed in the profile component
@samp{Aliasfile:} as well as system-wide aliases (for example,
@file{/etc/nmh/MailAliases}).
@cindex @file{/etc/passwd}
@cindex files, @file{/etc/passwd}
In addition, aliases are created from @file{/etc/passwd} entries with
a user ID larger than a magical number, typically 200. This can be a
handy tool on a machine where you and co-workers exchange messages.
These aliases have the form @samp{local.@var{first.last}} if a real
name is present in the password file. Otherwise, the alias will have
the form @samp{local.@var{login}}.
@vindex mh-alias-local-users-prefix
The prefix @samp{local.} can be modified via the option
@code{mh-alias-local-users-prefix}. This option can also be set to
@samp{Use Login}.
For example, consider the following password file entry:
@smallexample
psg:x:1000:1000:Peter S Galbraith,,,:/home/psg:/bin/tcsh
@end smallexample
@vindex mh-alias-local-users-prefix
The following settings of option @code{mh-alias-local-users-prefix}
will produce the associated aliases:
@table @code
@item "local."
local.peter.galbraith
@c -------------------------
@item ""
peter.galbraith
@c -------------------------
@item Use Login
psg
@end table
@vindex mh-alias-passwd-gecos-comma-separator-flag
In the example above, commas are used to separate different values
within the so-called GECOS field. This is a fairly common usage.
However, in the rare case that the GECOS field in your password file
is not separated by commas and whose contents may contain commas, you
can turn the option @code{mh-alias-passwd-gecos-comma-separator-flag}
off.
@cindex NIS, obtaining local aliases from
@cindex @samp{ypcat passwd}
@vindex mh-alias-local-users
If you're on a system with thousands of users you don't know, and the
loading of local aliases slows MH-E down noticeably, then the local
alias feature can be disabled by turning off the option
@code{mh-alias-local-users}. This option also takes a string which is
executed to generate the password file. For example, use @samp{ypcat
passwd} to obtain the NIS password file.
@findex mh-alias-reload
@kindex M-x mh-alias-reload
@vindex mh-alias-reloaded-hook
Since aliases are updated frequently, MH-E reloads aliases
automatically whenever an alias lookup occurs if an alias source has
changed. However, you can reload your aliases manually by calling the
command @kbd{M-x mh-alias-reload} directly. This command runs
@code{mh-alias-reloaded-hook} after the aliases have been loaded.
@subheading Adding Aliases
In the past, you have manually added aliases to your alias file(s)
listed in your @samp{Aliasfile:} profile component. MH-E provides
other methods for maintaining your alias file(s).
@findex mh-alias-add-alias
@kindex M-x mh-alias-add-alias
You can use the @kbd{M-x mh-alias-add-alias} command which will prompt
you for the alias and address that you would like to add. If the alias
exists already, you will have the choice of inserting the new alias
before or after the old alias. In the former case, this alias will be
used when sending mail to this alias. In the latter case, the alias
serves as an additional folder name hint when filing messages
(@pxref{Folder Selection}).
Earlier, the alias prefix @samp{local} was presented. You can use
other prefixes to organize your aliases or disambiguate entries. You
might use prefixes for locales, jobs, or activities. For example, I
have:
@smallexample
@group
; Work
attensity.don.mitchell: Don Mitchell <dmitchell@@stop.mail-abuse.com>
isharp.don.mitchell: Don Mitchell <donaldsmitchell@@stop.mail-abuse.com>
...
; Sport
diving.ken.mayer: Ken Mayer <kmayer@@stop.mail-abuse.com>
sailing.mike.maloney: Mike Maloney <mmaloney@@stop.mail-abuse.com>
...
; Personal
ariane.kolkmann: Ariane Kolkmann <ArianeKolkmann@@stop.mail-abuse.com>
...
@end group
@end smallexample
Using prefixes instead of postfixes helps you explore aliases during
completion. If you forget the name of an old dive buddy, you can enter
@samp{div} and then @key{SPC} to get a listing of all your dive buddies.
@kindex M-x mh-alias-add-address-under-point
@kindex M-x mh-alias-grab-from-field
An alias for the sender of the current message is added automatically
by clicking on the @samp{Grab From alias} tool bar button or by running
the @kbd{M-x mh-alias-grab-from-field} command. Aliases for other
recipients of the current message are added by placing your cursor
over the desired recipient and giving the @kbd{M-x
mh-alias-add-address-under-point} command.
@vindex mh-alias-insert-file
@vindex mh-alias-insertion-location
The options @code{mh-alias-insert-file} and
@code{mh-alias-insertion-location} controls how and where these aliases
are inserted.
@vindex mh-alias-insert-file
The default setting of option @code{mh-alias-insert-file} is @samp{Use
Aliasfile Profile Component}. This option can also hold the name of a
file or a list a file names. If this option is set to a list of file
names, or the @samp{Aliasfile:} profile component contains more than
one file name, MH-E will prompt for one of them.
@vindex mh-alias-insertion-location
The option @code{mh-alias-insertion-location} is set to
@samp{Alphabetical} by default. If you organize your alias file in
other ways, then the settings @samp{Top} and @samp{Bottom} might be
more appropriate.
@subheading Querying Aliases
@cindex regular expressions, @code{mh-alias-apropos}
@findex mh-alias-apropos
@kindex M-x mh-alias-apropos
If you can't quite remember an alias, you can use @kbd{M-x
mh-alias-apropos} to show all aliases or addresses that match a
regular expression
@ifnothtml
(@pxref{Regexps, , Syntax of Regular Expressions, emacs, The
GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
(see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Regexps.html,
Syntax of Regular Expressions} in
@cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifhtml
@node Identities, Speedbar, Aliases, Top
@chapter Identities
@cindex identities
@cindex multiple personalities
MH-E supports the concept of multiple personalities or identities.
This means that you can easily have a different header and signature
at home and at work.
@cindex @samp{Identity} menu
@cindex menu, @samp{Identity}
A couple of commands are used to insert identities in MH-Letter mode
which are also found in the @samp{Identity} menu.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-d
@findex mh-insert-identity
@item C-c C-d
Insert fields specified by given identity (@code{mh-insert-identity}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Identity > Insert Auto Fields} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Identity > Insert Auto Fields}
@kindex C-c M-d
@findex mh-insert-auto-fields
@item C-c M-d
Insert custom fields if recipient found in @code{mh-auto-fields-list}
(@code{mh-insert-auto-fields}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-identity} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-identity}
The @samp{mh-identity} customization group contains the following
options.
@vtable @code
@item mh-auto-fields-list
List of recipients for which header lines are automatically inserted
(default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-auto-fields-prompt-flag
On means to prompt before sending if fields inserted (default:
@samp{on})
@c -------------------------
@item mh-identity-default
Default identity to use when @code{mh-letter-mode} is called (default:
@samp{None}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-identity-handlers
Handler functions for fields in @code{mh-identity-list}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-identity-list
List of identities (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
Some of the common header fields that people change depending on the
context are the @samp{From:} and @samp{Organization:} fields, as well
as the signature.
@vindex mh-identity-list
This is done by customizing the option @code{mh-identity-list}. In the
customization buffer for this option, click on the @samp{INS} button
and enter a label such as @samp{Home} or @samp{Work}. Then click on
the @samp{INS} button with the label @samp{Add at least one item
below}. The @samp{Value Menu} has the following menu items:
@table @samp
@cindex header field, @samp{From}
@cindex @samp{From} header field
@item From Field
Specify an alternate @samp{From:} header field. You must include a
valid email address. A standard format is @samp{First Last
<login@@host.domain>}. If you use an initial with a period, then you
must quote your name as in @samp{"First I. Last"
<login@@host.domain>}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex header field, @samp{Organization}
@cindex @samp{Organization} header field
@item Organization Field
People usually list the name of the company where they work here.
@c -------------------------
@item Other Field
Set any arbitrary header field and value here. Unless the header field
is a standard one, precede the name of your field's label with
@samp{X-}, as in @samp{X-Fruit-of-the-Day:}.
@c -------------------------
@item Attribution Verb
This value overrides the setting of
@code{mh-extract-from-attribution-verb}. @xref{Inserting Letter}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex signature
@vindex mh-signature-file-name
@item Signature
Set your signature with this item. You can specify the contents of
@code{mh-signature-file-name}, a file, or a function.
@xref{Signature}.
@c -------------------------
@item GPG Key ID
Specify a different key to sign or encrypt messages.
@end table
@cindex Identity menu
@cindex menu, Identity
@findex mh-insert-identity
@kindex C-c C-d
You can select the identities you have added via the menu called
@samp{Identity} in the MH-Letter buffer. You can also use @kbd{C-c
C-d} (@code{mh-insert-identity}). To clear the fields and signature
added by the identity, select the @samp{None} identity.
@cindex menu item, @samp{Identity > Customize Identities}
@cindex menu item, @samp{Identity > Save as Default}
@cindex menu item, @samp{Identity > Set Default for Session}
@cindex @samp{Identity > Customize Identities} menu item
@cindex @samp{Identity > Save as Default} menu item
@cindex @samp{Identity > Set Default for Session} menu item
@vindex mh-identity-default
The @samp{Identity} menu contains two other items to save you from
having to set the identity on every message. The menu item @samp{Set
Default for Session} can be used to set the default identity to the
current identity until you exit Emacs. The menu item @samp{Save as
Default} sets the option @code{mh-identity-default} to the current
identity setting. You can also customize the option
@code{mh-identity-default} in the usual fashion. If you find that you
need to add another identity, the menu item @samp{Customize
Identities} is available for your convenience.
@cindex regular expressions, @code{mh-auto-fields-list}
@vindex mh-auto-fields-list
The option @code{mh-auto-fields-list} can also be used to set the
identity depending on the recipient to provide even more control. To
customize @code{mh-auto-fields-list}, click on the @samp{INS} button
and enter a regular expression for the recipient's address
@ifnothtml
(@pxref{Regexps, , Syntax of Regular Expressions, emacs, The
GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
(see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Regexps.html,
Syntax of Regular Expressions} in
@cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}).
@end ifhtml
Click on the @samp{INS} button with the @samp{Add at least one item
below} label. The @samp{Value Menu} contains the following menu items:
@table @samp
@item Identity
Select an identity from those configured in @code{mh-identity-list}.
All of the information for that identity will be added if the
recipient matches.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Fcc} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{Fcc}
@item Fcc Field
Insert an @samp{Fcc:} header field with the folder you provide. When
you send the message, MH will put a copy of your message in this
folder.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Mail-Followup-To} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{Mail-Followup-To}
@item Mail-Followup-To Field
Insert an @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header field with the recipients
you provide. If the recipient's mail user agent supports this header
field@footnote{@samp{Mail-Followup-To:} is supported by nmh.}, then
their replies will go to the addresses listed. This is useful if their
replies go both to the list and to you and you don't have a mechanism
to suppress duplicates. If you reply to someone not on the list, you
must either remove the @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} field, or ensure the
recipient is also listed there so that he receives replies to your
reply.
@c -------------------------
@item Other Field
Other header fields may be added using this menu item.
@end table
@findex mh-insert-auto-fields
@kindex C-c M-d
@vindex mh-auto-fields-prompt-flag
These fields can only be added after the recipient is known. Because
you can continue to add recipients as you edit the draft, MH-E waits
until the message is sent to perform the auto-insertions. This seems
strange at first, but you'll get used to it. There are two ways to
help you feel that the desired fields are added. The first is the
action when the message is sent: if any fields are added
automatically, you are given a chance to see and to confirm these
fields before the message is actually sent. You can do away with this
confirmation by turning off the option
@code{mh-auto-fields-prompt-flag}. The second method is manual: once
the header contains one or more recipients, you may run the command
@kbd{C-c M-d} (@code{mh-insert-auto-fields}) or choose the
@samp{Identity -> Insert Auto Fields} menu item to insert these fields
manually. However, if you use this command, the automatic insertion
when the message is sent is disabled.
@vindex mh-auto-fields-list
@vindex mh-identity-list
You should avoid using the same header field in
@code{mh-auto-fields-list} and @code{mh-identity-list} definitions
that may apply to the same message as the result is undefined.
@vindex mh-identity-handlers
@vindex mh-identity-list
The option @code{mh-identity-handlers} is used to change the way that
fields, signatures, and attributions in @code{mh-identity-list} are
added. To customize @code{mh-identity-handlers}, replace the name of
an existing handler function associated with the field you want to
change with the name of a function you have written. You can also
click on an @samp{INS} button and insert a field of your choice and
the name of the function you have written to handle it.
@vindex mh-identity-list
The @samp{Field} field can be any field that you've used in your
@code{mh-identity-list}. The special fields @samp{:attribution-verb},
@samp{:signature}, or @samp{:pgg-default-user-id} are used for the
@code{mh-identity-list} choices @samp{Attribution Verb},
@samp{Signature}, and @samp{GPG Key ID} respectively.
The handler associated with the @samp{:default} field is used when no
other field matches.
The handler functions are passed two or three arguments: the field
itself (for example, @samp{From}), or one of the special fields (for
example, @samp{:signature}), and the action @samp{'remove} or
@samp{'add}. If the action is @samp{'add}, an additional argument
containing the value for the field is given.
@node Speedbar, Menu Bar, Identities, Top
@chapter The Speedbar
@cindex folder navigation
@cindex speedbar
@findex mh-visit-folder
@kindex F v
@kindex M-x speedbar
@kindex mouse-2
You can also use the speedbar
@ifnothtml
(@pxref{Speedbar, , Speedbar Frames, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual},)
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
(see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Speedbar.html,
Speedbar Frames} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual})
@end ifhtml
to view your folders. To bring up the speedbar, run @kbd{M-x speedbar
@key{RET}}. You will see a new frame appear with all of your MH
folders. Folders with unseen messages appear in boldface. Click on a
folder name with @kbd{mouse-2} to visit that folder in a similar
fashion to the command @kbd{F v} (@code{mh-visit-folder})
(@pxref{Folders}). Click on the @samp{+} icon to expand and view the
sub-folders of that folder.
The speedbar can be manipulated with the keyboard as well. Use the
Emacs navigational keys (like the arrow keys, or @kbd{C-n}) to move
the cursor over the desired folder and then use the shortcuts for the
menu items listed in the table below.
@table @samp
@findex mh-speed-view
@item Visit Folder (@key{RET})
Visits the selected folder just as if you had used @kbd{F v}
(@code{mh-speed-view}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-speed-expand-folder
@item Expand Nested Folders (@kbd{+})
Expands the selected folder in the speedbar, exposing the children
folders inside it (@code{mh-speed-expand-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-speed-contract-folder
@item Contract Nested Folders (@kbd{-})
Contracts or collapses the selected folder in the speedbar, hiding the
children folders inside it (@code{mh-speed-contract-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-speed-refresh
@item Refresh Speedbar (@kbd{r})
Regenerates the list of folders in the speedbar. Run this command if
you've added or deleted a folder, or want to update the unseen message
count before the next automatic update (@code{mh-speed-refresh}).
@end table
@findex delete-frame
@kindex C-x 5 0
@kindex mouse-3
You can click on @kbd{mouse-3} to bring up a context menu that
contains these items. Dismiss the speedbar with @kbd{C-x 5 0}
(@code{delete-frame}).
@cindex @command{flists}
@cindex MH commands, @command{flists}
@cindex @samp{mh-speedbar} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-speedbar}
The MH-E speedbar uses the MH command @command{flists}@footnote{See
the section @uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/morseq.html#flist, Searching for
Sequences with flist} in the MH book.} to generate the list of
folders. The @samp{mh-speedbar} customization group contains the
following option which controls how often the speedbar calls
@command{flists}.
@vtable @code
@item mh-speed-update-interval
Time between speedbar updates in seconds (default: 60). Set to 0 to
disable automatic update.
@end vtable
You can modify the appearance of the folders in the speedbar by
customizing the following faces.
@vtable @code
@item mh-speedbar-folder
Basic folder face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-speedbar-folder-with-unseen-messages
Folder face when folder contains unread messages.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-speedbar-selected-folder
Selected folder face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-speedbar-selected-folder-with-unseen-messages
Selected folder face when folder contains unread messages.
@end vtable
@node Menu Bar, Tool Bar, Speedbar, Top
@chapter The Menu Bar
@cindex @samp{Folder} menu
@cindex @samp{Identity} menu
@cindex @samp{Letter} menu
@cindex @samp{Message} menu
@cindex @samp{Search} menu
@cindex @samp{Sequence} menu
@cindex Folder menu
@cindex Identity menu
@cindex Letter menu
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex MH-Letter mode
@cindex MH-Search mode
@cindex Message menu
@cindex Search menu
@cindex Sequence menu
@cindex menu bar
@cindex menu, Folder
@cindex menu, Identity
@cindex menu, Letter
@cindex menu, Message
@cindex menu, Search
@cindex menu, Sequence
@cindex menu, @samp{Folder}
@cindex menu, @samp{Identity}
@cindex menu, @samp{Letter}
@cindex menu, @samp{Message}
@cindex menu, @samp{Search}
@cindex menu, @samp{Sequence}
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@cindex modes, MH-Letter
@cindex modes, MH-Search
For those of you who prefer to mouse and menu instead of using the
meta-coke-bottle-bucky keys, MH-E provides menu items for most of its
functions. The MH-Folder buffer adds the @samp{Folder},
@samp{Message}, and @samp{Sequence} menus. The MH-Letter buffer adds
the @samp{Identity} and @samp{Letter} menus. The MH-Search buffer adds
the @samp{Search} menu. There's no need to list the actual items here,
as you can more easily see them for yourself, and the functions are
already described elsewhere in this manual.
For a description of the menu bar, please
@ifnothtml
@xref{Menu Bar, , The Menu Bar, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Menu-Bar.html,
The Menu Bar} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
The Emacs manual describes how to get help for a particular
menu item. You can also look up a menu item in the index of this
manual in two ways: all of the menu items are listed alphabetically,
and you can also browse all of the items under the index entry
@samp{menu item}.
@node Tool Bar, Searching, Menu Bar, Top
@chapter The Tool Bar
@cindex tool bar
Emacs also provides a graphical tool bar. For a description of the
tool bar, please
@ifnothtml
@xref{Tool Bars, , Tool Bars, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
see the section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Tool-Bars.html,
Tool Bars} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
@cindex @samp{mh-tool-bar} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-tool-bar}
MH-E adds several icons to this tool bar; you can modify the MH-E
aspects of the tool bar via the @samp{mh-tool-bar} customization group.
@vtable @code
@item mh-tool-bar-folder-buttons
List of buttons to include in MH-Folder tool bar (default: a checklist
too long to list here).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-tool-bar-letter-buttons
List of buttons to include in MH-Letter tool bar (default: a checklist
too long to list here).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-tool-bar-search-function
Function called by the tool bar search button (default:
@code{mh-search}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-xemacs-tool-bar-position
Tool bar location (default: @samp{Same As Default Tool Bar}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-xemacs-use-tool-bar-flag
If @samp{on}, use tool bar (default: @samp{on}, if supported).
@end vtable
In GNU Emacs, icons for some of MH-E's functions are added to the tool
bar. In XEmacs, you have the opportunity to create a separate tool bar for
the MH-E icons.
@vindex mh-tool-bar-folder-buttons
@vindex mh-tool-bar-letter-buttons
In either case, you can select which of these functions you'd like to
see by customizing the options @code{mh-tool-bar-folder-buttons} and
@code{mh-tool-bar-letter-buttons}. As you probably guessed, the former
customizes the tool bar in MH-Folder mode and the latter in MH-Letter
mode. Both of these options present you with a list of functions;
check the functions whose icons you want to see and clear the check
boxes for those you don't.
@findex mh-search
@vindex mh-tool-bar-search-function
The function associated with the searching icon can be set via the
option @code{mh-tool-bar-search-function}. By default, this is set to
@code{mh-search}. @xref{Searching}. You can also choose @samp{Other
Function} from the @samp{Value Menu} and enter a function of your own
choosing.
@vindex mh-xemacs-use-tool-bar-flag
XEmacs provides a couple of extra options. The first,
@code{mh-xemacs-use-tool-bar-flag}, controls whether to show the MH-E
icons at all. By default, this option is turned on if the window
system supports tool bars. If your system doesn't support tool bars,
then you won't be able to turn on this option.
@vindex mh-xemacs-tool-bar-position
The second extra option is @code{mh-xemacs-tool-bar-position} which
controls the placement of the tool bar along the four edges of the
frame. You can choose from one of @samp{Same As Default Tool Bar},
@samp{Top}, @samp{Bottom}, @samp{Left}, or @samp{Right}. If this
variable is set to anything other than @samp{Same As Default Tool Bar}
and the default tool bar is in a different location, then two tool
bars will be displayed: the MH-E tool bar and the default tool bar.
@node Searching, Threading, Tool Bar, Top
@chapter Searching Through Messages
@cindex @samp{Search} menu
@cindex menu, @samp{Search}
@cindex searching
@findex mh-search
@kindex F s
Earlier, the command @kbd{F s} (@code{mh-search}) was introduced which
helps you find messages that lie buried in your folders
(@pxref{Folders}). This chapter covers this command in more detail.
Several commands are used to compose the search criteria and to start
searching. A couple of them can be found in the @samp{Search} menu.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c ?
@findex mh-help
@item C-c ?
Display cheat sheet for the MH-E commands (@code{mh-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Search > Perform Search} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Search > Perform Search}
@kindex C-c C-c
@findex mh-index-do-search
@item C-c C-c
Find messages using @code{mh-search-program}
(@code{mh-index-do-search}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Search > Search with pick} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Search > Search with pick}
@kindex C-c C-p
@findex mh-pick-do-search
@item C-c C-p
Find messages using @command{pick} (@code{mh-pick-do-search}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c ?
@findex mh-help
@item C-c ?
Display cheat sheet for the MH-E commands (@code{mh-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-a
@kindex C-c C-f a
@findex mh-to-field
@item C-c C-f a
@itemx C-c C-f C-a
Move to @samp{Mail-Reply-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-b
@kindex C-c C-f b
@item C-c C-f b
@itemx C-c C-f C-b
Move to @samp{Bcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-c
@kindex C-c C-f c
@item C-c C-f c
@itemx C-c C-f C-c
Move to @samp{Cc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-d
@kindex C-c C-f d
@item C-c C-f d
@itemx C-c C-f C-d
Move to @samp{Dcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-f
@kindex C-c C-f f
@item C-c C-f f
@itemx C-c C-f C-f
Move to @samp{Fcc:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-l
@kindex C-c C-f l
@item C-c C-f l
@itemx C-c C-f C-l
Move to @samp{Mail-Followup-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-m
@kindex C-c C-f m
@item C-c C-f m
@itemx C-c C-f C-m
Move to @samp{From:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-r
@kindex C-c C-f r
@item C-c C-f r
@itemx C-c C-f C-r
Move to @samp{Reply-To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-s
@kindex C-c C-f s
@item C-c C-f s
@itemx C-c C-f C-s
Move to @samp{Subject:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex C-c C-f C-t
@kindex C-c C-f t
@item C-c C-f t
@itemx C-c C-f C-t
Move to @samp{To:} header field (@code{mh-to-field}).
@end table
Another few commands are available in the MH-Folder buffer resulting
from a search.
@table @kbd
@kindex @key{TAB}
@findex mh-index-next-folder
@item @key{TAB}
Jump to the next folder marker (@code{mh-index-next-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex S-@key{TAB}
@findex mh-index-previous-folder
@item S-@key{TAB}
Jump to the previous folder marker (@code{mh-index-previous-folder}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex v
@findex mh-index-visit-folder
@item v
Visit original folder from where the message at point was found
(@code{mh-index-visit-folder}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-search} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-search}
There is one option from the @samp{mh-search} customization group used
in searching.
@vtable @code
@item mh-search-program
Search program that MH-E shall use (default: @samp{Auto-detect}).
@end vtable
The following hook is available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-search-mode-hook
Hook run upon entry to @code{mh-search-mode} (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
The following face is available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-search-folder
Folder heading face in MH-Folder buffers created by searches.
@end vtable
@findex mh-search-folder
@kindex F s
The command @kbd{F s} (@code{mh-search-folder}) helps you find
messages in your entire corpus of mail. You can search for messages to
or from a particular person or about a particular subject. In fact,
you can also search for messages containing selected strings in any
arbitrary header field or any string found within the messages.
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex MH commands, @command{pick}
Out of the box, MH-E uses @command{pick} to find messages. With a
little extra effort, you can set an indexing program which rewards you
with extremely quick results. The drawback is that sometimes the index
does not contain the words you're looking for. You can still use
@command{pick} in these situations.
You are prompted for the folder to search. This can be @samp{all} to
search all folders. Note that the search works recursively on the
listed folder.
@cindex MH-Search mode
@cindex modes, MH-Search
Next, an MH-Search buffer appears where you can enter search criteria.
@cartouche
@smallexample
From:
To:
Cc:
Date:
Subject:
--------
#
--:** search-pattern All L7 (MH-Search)---------------------------
Type C-c C-c to search messages, C-c C-p to use pick, C-c ? for help
@end smallexample
@end cartouche
@i{Search window}
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex MH commands, @command{pick}
Edit this template by entering your search criteria in an appropriate
header field that is already there, or create a new field yourself. If
the string you're looking for could be anywhere in a message, then
place the string underneath the row of dashes.
As an example, let's say that we want to find messages from Ginnean
about horseback riding in the Kosciusko National Park (Australia)
during January, 1994. Normally we would start with a broad search and
narrow it down if necessary to produce a manageable amount of data,
but we'll cut to the chase and create a fairly restrictive set of
criteria as follows:
@smallexample
@group
From: ginnean
To:
Cc:
Date: Jan 1994
Subject:
--------
horse
kosciusko
@end group
@end smallexample
@findex mh-to-field
@kindex C-c C-f C-t
As with MH-Letter mode, MH-Search provides commands like @kbd{C-c C-f
C-t} (@code{mh-to-field}) to help you fill in the blanks.
@xref{Editing Message}.
@kindex F s
@vindex mh-search-mode-hook
If you find that you do the same thing over and over when editing the
search template, you may wish to bind some shortcuts to keys. This can
be done with the variable @code{mh-search-mode-hook}, which is called
when @kbd{F s} is run on a new pattern.
@findex mh-index-do-search
@findex mh-pick-do-search
@kindex C-c C-c
@kindex C-c C-p
To perform the search, type @kbd{C-c C-c} (@code{mh-index-do-search}).
Sometimes you're searching for text that is either not indexed, or
hasn't been indexed yet. In this case you can override the default
method with the pick method by running the command @kbd{C-c C-p}
(@code{mh-pick-do-search}).
@cindex folders, @samp{+mhe-index}
@cindex @samp{+mhe-index}
@findex mh-index-next-folder
@findex mh-index-previous-folder
@kindex @key{TAB}
@kindex S-@key{TAB}
@vindex mh-search-folder
The messages that are found are put in a temporary sub-folder of
@samp{+mhe-index} and are displayed in an MH-Folder buffer. This
buffer is special because it displays messages from multiple folders;
each set of messages from a given folder has a heading with the folder
name. The appearance of the heading can be modified by customizing the
face @code{mh-search-folder}. You can jump back and forth between the
headings using the commands @kbd{@key{TAB}}
(@code{mh-index-next-folder}) and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}}
(@code{mh-index-previous-folder}).
@findex mh-index-visit-folder
@findex mh-rescan-folder
@kindex F r
@kindex v
In addition, the command @kbd{v} (@code{mh-index-visit-folder}) can be
used to visit the folder of the message at point. Initially, only the
messages that matched the search criteria are displayed in the folder.
While the temporary buffer has its own set of message numbers, the
actual messages numbers are shown in the visited folder. Thus, the
command @kbd{v} is useful to find the actual message number of an
interesting message, or to view surrounding messages with the command
@kbd{F r} @code{mh-rescan-folder}. @xref{Folders}.
@findex mh-kill-folder
@kindex F k
Because this folder is temporary, you'll probably get in the habit of
killing it when you're done with @kbd{F k} (@code{mh-kill-folder}).
@xref{Folders}.
@kindex F s
You can regenerate the results by running @kbd{F s} with a prefix
argument.
@cindex @command{procmail}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{procmail}
@cindex @samp{X-MHE-Checksum} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{X-MHE-Checksum}
Note: This command uses an @samp{X-MHE-Checksum:} header field to
cache the MD5 checksum of a message. This means that if an incoming
message already contains an @samp{X-MHE-Checksum:} field, that message
might not be found by this command. The following @command{procmail}
recipe avoids this problem by renaming the existing header field:
@smallexample
@group
:0 wf
| formail -R "X-MHE-Checksum" "X-Old-MHE-Checksum"
@end group
@end smallexample
@xref{Limits}, for an alternative interface to searching.
@section Configuring Indexed Searches
@cindex @command{grep}
@cindex @command{mairix}
@cindex @command{namazu}
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex @command{swish++}
@cindex @command{swish-e}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{grep}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{mairix}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{namazu}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{pick}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{swish++}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{swish-e}
@findex mh-search
@kindex F s
@vindex mh-search-program
The command @kbd{F s} (@code{mh-search}) runs the command defined by
the option @code{mh-search-program}. The default value is
@samp{Auto-detect} which means that MH-E will automatically choose one
of @command{swish++}, @command{swish-e}, @command{mairix},
@command{namazu}, @command{pick} and @command{grep} in that order. If,
for example, you have both @command{swish++} and @command{mairix}
installed and you want to use @command{mairix}, then you can set this
option to @samp{mairix}.
The following sub-sections describe how to set up the various indexing
programs to use with MH-E.
@subsection swish++
@cindex @command{swish++}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{swish++}
In the examples below, replace @file{/home/user/Mail} with the path to
your MH directory.
First create the directory @file{/home/user/Mail/.swish++}. Then
create the file @file{/home/user/Mail/.swish++/swish++.conf} with the
following contents:
@smallexample
@group
IncludeMeta Bcc Cc Comments Content-Description From Keywords
IncludeMeta Newsgroups Resent-To Subject To
IncludeMeta Message-Id References In-Reply-To
IncludeFile Mail *
IndexFile /home/user/Mail/.swish++/swish++.index
@end group
@end smallexample
Use the following command line to generate the swish index. Run this
daily from cron:
@smallexample
@group
find /home/user/Mail -path /home/user/Mail/mhe-index -prune \
-o -path /home/user/Mail/.swish++ -prune \
-o -name "[0-9]*" -print \
| index -c /home/user/Mail/.swish++/swish++.conf -
@end group
@end smallexample
This command does not index the folders that hold the results of your
searches in @samp{+mhe-index} since they tend to be ephemeral and the
original messages are indexed anyway.
@cindex @command{index}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{index}
@cindex @command{index++}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{index++}
On some systems (Debian GNU/Linux, for example), use @command{index++}
instead of @command{index}.
@subsection swish
@cindex @command{swish-e}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{swish-e}
In the examples below, replace @file{/home/user/Mail} with the path to
your MH directory.
First create the directory @file{/home/user/Mail/.swish}. Then create
the file @file{/home/user/Mail/.swish/config} with the following
contents:
@smallexample
@group
DefaultContents TXT*
IndexDir /home/user/Mail
IndexFile /home/user/Mail/.swish/index
IndexName "Mail Index"
IndexDescription "Mail Index"
IndexPointer "http://nowhere"
IndexAdmin "nobody"
#MetaNames automatic
IndexReport 3
FollowSymLinks no
UseStemming no
IgnoreTotalWordCountWhenRanking yes
WordCharacters abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-
BeginCharacters abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
EndCharacters abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
IgnoreLimit 50 1000
IndexComments 0
FileRules filename contains \D
FileRules pathname contains /home/user/Mail/.swish
FileRules pathname contains /home/user/Mail/mhe-index
FileRules filename is index
@end group
@end smallexample
This configuration does not index the folders that hold the results of
your searches in @samp{+mhe-index} since they tend to be ephemeral and
the original messages are indexed anyway.
If there are any directories you would like to ignore, append lines
like the following to @file{config}:
@smallexample
FileRules pathname contains /home/user/Mail/scripts
@end smallexample
@cindex @command{swish-e}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{swish-e}
Use the following command line to generate the swish index. Run this
daily from cron:
@smallexample
swish-e -c /home/user/Mail/.swish/config
@end smallexample
@subsection mairix
@cindex @command{mairix}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{mairix}
In the examples below, replace @file{~/Mail} with the path to your MH
directory.
First create the directory @file{~/Mail/.mairix}. Then create the file
@file{~/Mail/.mairix/config} with the following contents:
@smallexample
@group
base=~/Mail
# List of folders that should be indexed. 3 dots at the end means there
# are subfolders within the folder
mh=archive...:inbox:drafts:news:sent:trash
mformat=mh
database=~/Mail/.mairix/database
@end group
@end smallexample
Use the following command line to generate the mairix index. Run this daily
from cron:
@smallexample
mairix -f ~/Mail/.mairix/config
@end smallexample
@subsection namazu
@cindex @command{namazu}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{namazu}
In the examples below, replace @file{/home/user/Mail} with the path to
your MH directory.
First create the directory @file{/home/user/Mail/.namazu}. Then create
the file @file{/home/user/Mail/.namazu/mknmzrc} with the following
contents:
@smallexample
@group
package conf; # Don't remove this line!
$ADDRESS = 'user@@localhost';
$ALLOW_FILE = "[0-9]*";
$EXCLUDE_PATH = "^/home/user/Mail/(mhe-index|spam)";
@end group
@end smallexample
This configuration does not index the folders that hold the results of
your searches in @samp{+mhe-index} since they tend to be ephemeral and
the original messages are indexed anyway.
Use the following command line to generate the namazu index. Run this
daily from cron:
@smallexample
mknmz -f /home/user/Mail/.namazu/mknmzrc -O /home/user/Mail/.namazu \
-q /home/user/Mail
@end smallexample
@subsection pick
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex MH commands, @command{pick}
This search method does not require any setup.
Read @command{pick}(1) or the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/finpic.html, Finding Messages with pick} in
the MH book to find out more about how to enter the criteria.
@subsection grep
@cindex @command{grep}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{grep}
This search method does not require any setup.
Unlike the other search methods, this method does not use the
MH-Search buffer. Instead, you simply enter a regular expression in
the minibuffer. For help in constructing regular expressions, see your
man page for @command{grep}.
@node Threading, Limits, Searching, Top
@chapter Viewing Message Threads
@cindex threading
MH-E groups messages by @dfn{threads} which are messages that are part
of the same discussion and usually all have the same @samp{Subject:}
header field. Other ways to organize messages in a folder include
limiting (@pxref{Limits}) or using full-text indexed searches
(@pxref{Searching}).
@cindex root, in threads
@cindex siblings, in threads
@cindex ancestor, in threads
A thread begins with a single message called a @dfn{root}. All replies
to the same message are @dfn{siblings} of each other. Any message that
has replies to it is an @dfn{ancestor} of those replies.
There are several commands that you can use to navigate and operate on
threads.
@table @kbd
@kindex T ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item T ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T o
@findex mh-thread-refile
@item T o
Refile (output) thread into folder (@code{mh-thread-refile}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T d
@findex mh-thread-delete
@item T d
Delete thread (@code{mh-thread-delete}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T t
@findex mh-toggle-threads
@item T t
Toggle threaded view of folder (@code{mh-toggle-threads}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T n
@findex mh-thread-next-sibling
@item T n
Display next sibling (@code{mh-thread-next-sibling}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T p
@findex mh-thread-previous-sibling
@item T p
Display previous sibling (@code{mh-thread-previous-sibling}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex T u
@findex mh-thread-ancestor
@item T u
Display ancestor of current message (@code{mh-thread-ancestor}).
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-thread} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-thread}
The @samp{mh-thread} customization group contains one option.
@vtable @code
@item mh-show-threads-flag
On means new folders start in threaded mode (default: @samp{off}).
@end vtable
@findex mh-toggle-threads
@kindex T t
@vindex mh-large-folder
@vindex mh-show-threads-flag
Threading large number of messages can be time consuming so the option
@code{mh-show-threads-flag} is turned off by default. If you turn on
this option, then threading will be done only if the number of
messages being threaded is less than @code{mh-large-folder}. In any
event, threading can be turned on (and off) with the command @kbd{T t}
(@code{mh-toggle-threads}).
@findex mh-thread-ancestor
@findex mh-thread-next-sibling
@findex mh-thread-previous-sibling
@kindex T n
@kindex T p
@kindex T u
There are a few commands to help you navigate threads. If you do not
care for the way a particular thread has turned, you can move up the
chain of messages with the command @kbd{T u}
(@code{mh-thread-ancestor}. At any point you can use @kbd{T n}
(@code{mh-thread-next-sibling} or @kbd{T p}
(@code{mh-thread-previous-sibling}) to jump to the next or previous
sibling, skipping the sub-threads. The command @kbd{T u} can also take
a prefix argument to jump to the message that started everything.
@findex mh-delete-subject-or-thread
@findex mh-thread-delete
@findex mh-thread-refile
@kindex k
@kindex T d
@kindex T o
There are threaded equivalents for the commands that delete and refile
messages. For example, @kbd{T o} (@code{mh-thread-refile}) refiles the
current message and all its children. Similarly, the command @kbd{T d}
(@code{mh-thread-delete}) deletes the current message and all its
children. These commands do not refile or delete sibling messages.
@xref{Navigating}, for a description of the similar command @kbd{k}
(@code{mh-delete-subject-or-thread}).
@vindex mh-large-folder
If you find that threading is too slow, it may be that you have
@code{mh-large-folder} set too high. Also, threading is one of the few
features of MH-E that really benefits from compiling. If you haven't
compiled MH-E, I encourage you to do so@footnote{If you're not sure if
MH-E has been byte-compiled, you could try running @samp{locate
mh-thread.elc} or otherwise find MH-E on your system and ensure that
@file{mh-thread.elc} exists. If you have multiple versions and you
find that one is compiled but the other is not, then go into your
@file{*scratch*} buffer in Emacs, enter @kbd{load-path C-j}, and
ensure that the byte-compiled version appears first in the
@code{load-path}. If you find that MH-E is not compiled and you
installed MH-E yourself, please refer to the installation directions
in the file @file{README} in the distribution.}.
@node Limits, Sequences, Threading, Top
@chapter Limiting Display
@cindex limits
@cindex filters
Another way to organize messages in a folder besides threading
(@pxref{Threading}) or using full-text indexed searches
(@pxref{Searching}) is by limiting the folder display to messages that
are similar to the current message.
@table @kbd
@kindex / ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item / ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Tick Sequence} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Tick Sequence}
@kindex / '
@findex mh-narrow-to-tick
@item / '
Limit to messages in the @samp{tick} sequence
(@code{mh-narrow-to-tick}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex / c
@findex mh-narrow-to-cc
@item / c
Limit to messages with the same @samp{Cc:} field
(@code{mh-narrow-to-cc}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex / m
@findex mh-narrow-to-from
@item / m
Limit to messages with the same @samp{From:} field
(@code{mh-narrow-to-from}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex / g
@findex mh-narrow-to-range
@item / g
Limit to range (@code{mh-narrow-to-range}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Subject Sequence} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Subject Sequence}
@kindex / s
@findex mh-narrow-to-subject
@item / s
Limit to messages with the same @samp{Subject:} field
(@code{mh-narrow-to-subject}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex / t
@findex mh-narrow-to-to
@item / t
Limit to messages with the same @samp{To:} field
(@code{mh-narrow-to-to}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Widen from Sequence} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Widen from Sequence}
@kindex / w
@findex mh-widen
@item / w
Remove last restriction (@code{mh-widen}).
@end table
All of the limiting commands above refine the display in some way.
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex MH commands, @command{pick}
@findex mh-narrow-to-cc
@findex mh-narrow-to-from
@findex mh-narrow-to-subject
@findex mh-narrow-to-to
@kindex / c
@kindex / m
@kindex / s
@kindex / t
The commands @kbd{/ c} (@code{mh-narrow-to-cc}), @kbd{/ m}
(@code{mh-narrow-to-from}), @kbd{/ s} (@code{mh-narrow-to-subject}),
and @kbd{/ t} (@code{mh-narrow-to-to}) restrict the display to
messages matching the content of the respective field in the current
message. However, you can give any of these a prefix argument to edit
the @command{pick} expression used to narrow the view@footnote{See
@command{pick}(1) or the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/finpic.html, Finding Messages with pick} in
the MH book.}.
@cindex @samp{tick} sequence
@cindex sequence, @samp{tick}
@cindex ticked messages, viewing
@findex mh-narrow-to-range
@findex mh-narrow-to-tick
@kindex / '
@kindex / g
You can also limit the display to messages in the @samp{tick} sequence
with the command @kbd{/ '} (@code{mh-narrow-to-tick}).
@xref{Sequences}, for information on putting message into the
@samp{tick} sequence. Use the @kbd{/ g} (@code{mh-narrow-to-range})
command to limit the display to messages in a range (@pxref{Ranges}).
@findex mh-widen
@kindex / w
Each limit can be undone in turn with the @kbd{/ w} (@code{mh-widen})
command. Give this command a prefix argument to remove all limits.
@node Sequences, Junk, Limits, Top
@chapter Using Sequences
@cindex @samp{Sequence} menu
@cindex menu, @samp{Sequence}
@cindex sequences
For the whole scoop on MH sequences, refer to
@samp{mh-sequence}(5)@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/morseq.html, More About Sequences} in the MH
book.}. As you've read, several of the MH-E commands can operate on a
sequence, which is a shorthand for a range or group of messages. For
example, you might want to forward several messages to a friend or
colleague. Here's how to manipulate sequences. These commands are also
available in the @samp{Sequence} menu.
@table @kbd
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Toggle Tick Mark} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Toggle Tick Mark}
@kindex '
@findex mh-toggle-tick
@item '
Toggle tick mark of range (@code{mh-toggle-tick}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex S ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item S ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Tick Sequence} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Tick Sequence}
@kindex S '
@findex mh-narrow-to-tick
@item S '
Limit to ticked messages (@code{mh-narrow-to-tick}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Delete Message from Sequence...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Delete Message from Sequence...}
@kindex S d
@findex mh-delete-msg-from-seq
@item S d
Delete range from sequence (@code{mh-delete-msg-from-seq}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Delete Sequence...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Delete Sequence...}
@kindex S k
@findex mh-delete-seq
@item S k
Delete sequence (@code{mh-delete-seq}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > List Sequences in Folder...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > List Sequences in Folder...}
@kindex S l
@findex mh-list-sequences
@item S l
List all sequences in folder (@code{mh-list-sequences}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Sequence...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Narrow to Sequence...}
@kindex S n
@findex mh-narrow-to-seq
@item S n
Restrict display to messages in sequence (@code{mh-narrow-to-seq}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Add Message to Sequence...} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Add Message to Sequence...}
@kindex S p
@findex mh-put-msg-in-seq
@item S p
Add range to sequence (@code{mh-put-msg-in-seq}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > List Sequences for Message} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > List Sequences for Message}
@kindex S s
@findex mh-msg-is-in-seq
@item S s
Display the sequences in which the current message appears
(@code{mh-msg-is-in-seq}).
@c -------------------------
@cindex @samp{Sequence > Widen from Sequence} menu item
@cindex menu item, @samp{Sequence > Widen from Sequence}
@kindex S w
@findex mh-widen
@item S w
Remove last restriction (@code{mh-widen}).
@c -------------------------
@findex mh-update-sequences
@item M-x mh-update-sequences
Flush MH-E's state out to MH@.
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-sequences} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-sequences}
The @samp{mh-sequences} customization group contains the options
associated with sequences.
@vtable @code
@item mh-refile-preserves-sequences-flag
On means that sequences are preserved when messages are refiled
(default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-tick-seq
The name of the MH sequence for ticked messages (default: @samp{'tick}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-update-sequences-after-mh-show-flag
On means flush MH sequences to disk after message is shown (default:
@samp{on}).
@item mh-whitelist-preserves-sequences-flag
On means that sequences are preserved when messages are whitelisted
(default: @samp{on}).
@end vtable
The following hook is available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-unseen-updated-hook
Hook run after the unseen sequence has been updated (default: @code{nil}).
@end vtable
@cindex @command{pick}
@cindex MH commands, @command{pick}
@findex mh-put-msg-in-seq
@kindex S p
To place a message in a sequence, use @kbd{S p}
(@code{mh-put-msg-in-seq}). Give @kbd{S p} a range and you can add all
the messages in a sequence to another sequence (for example, @kbd{C-u
S p SourceSequence @key{RET} DestSequence @key{RET}}, @pxref{Ranges}).
@cindex @samp{tick} sequence
@cindex sequence, @samp{tick}
@cindex ticking messages
@findex mh-index-ticked-messages
@findex mh-toggle-tick
@kindex '
@kindex F '
@kindex S p
One specific use of the @kbd{S p} command is @kbd{'}
(@code{mh-toggle-tick}) which adds messages to the @samp{tick}
sequence. This sequence can be viewed later with the @kbd{F '}
(@code{mh-index-ticked-messages}) command (@pxref{Folders}).
@vindex mh-tick-seq
You can customize the option @code{mh-tick-seq} if you already use the
@samp{tick} sequence for your own use. You can also disable all of the
ticking functions by choosing the @samp{Disable Ticking} item but
there isn't much advantage to that.
@cindex MH-Folder mode
@cindex modes, MH-Folder
@findex mh-narrow-to-seq
@findex mh-narrow-to-tick
@findex mh-widen
@kindex S '
@kindex S n
@kindex S w
Once you've placed some messages in a sequence, you may wish to narrow
the field of view to just those messages in the sequence you've
created. To do this, use @kbd{S n} (@code{mh-narrow-to-seq}). You are
prompted for the name of the sequence. What this does is show only
those messages that are in the selected sequence in the MH-Folder
buffer. In addition, it limits further MH-E searches to just those
messages. To narrow the view to the messages in the @samp{tick}
sequence, use @kbd{S '} (@code{mh-narrow-to-tick}). When you want to
widen the view to all your messages again, use @kbd{S w}
(@code{mh-widen}).
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Sequences*}
@cindex @file{*MH-E Sequences*}
@findex mh-list-sequences
@findex mh-msg-is-in-seq
@kindex S l
@kindex S s
You can see which sequences in which a message appears with the
command @kbd{S s} (@code{mh-msg-is-in-seq}). Use a prefix argument to
display the sequences in which another message appears (as in @kbd{C-u
42 S s @key{RET}}). Or, you can list all sequences in a selected
folder (default is current folder) with @kbd{S l}
(@code{mh-list-sequences}). The list appears in a buffer named
@file{*MH-E Sequences*} (@pxref{Miscellaneous}).
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Previous-Sequence}
@cindex @samp{cur} sequence
@cindex @samp{Previous-Sequence} MH profile component
@cindex sequence, @samp{cur}
@cindex sequence, @samp{Previous-Sequence}
@vindex mh-refile-preserves-sequences-flag
If a message is in any sequence (except
@samp{Previous-Sequence:}@footnote{See @samp{mh-profile}(5)).} and
@samp{cur}) when it is refiled, then it will still be in those
sequences in the destination folder. If this behavior is not desired,
then turn off the option @code{mh-refile-preserves-sequences-flag}.
@findex mh-delete-msg-from-seq
@findex mh-delete-seq
@kindex d
@kindex S d
@kindex S k
If you want to remove a message (or range, @pxref{Ranges}) from a
sequence, use @kbd{S d} (@code{mh-delete-msg-from-seq}). If you want
to delete an entire sequence, use @kbd{S k} (@code{mh-delete-seq}). In
the latter case you are prompted for the sequence to delete. Note that
this deletes only the sequence, not the messages in the sequence. If
you want to delete the messages, use @kbd{C-u d} (@pxref{Reading
Mail}).
@cindex @samp{Unseen-Sequence} MH profile component
@cindex @samp{cur} sequence
@cindex @samp{tick} sequence
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Unseen-Sequence}
@cindex sequence, @samp{Unseen-Sequence}
@cindex sequence, @samp{cur}
@cindex sequence, @samp{tick}
@findex mh-update-sequences
@kindex M-x mh-update-sequences
@kindex q
@kindex x
@vindex mh-tick-seq
@vindex mh-update-sequences-after-mh-show-flag
Three sequences are maintained internally by MH-E and pushed out to MH
when a message is shown. They include the sequence specified by your
@samp{Unseen-Sequence:} profile component, @samp{cur}, and the
sequence listed by the option @code{mh-tick-seq} which is @samp{tick}
by default. If you do not like this behavior, turn off the option
@code{mh-update-sequences-after-mh-show-flag}. You can then update the
state manually with the @kbd{x}, @kbd{q}, or @kbd{M-x
mh-update-sequences} commands.
@vindex mh-seen-list
@vindex mh-unseen-updated-hook
The hook @code{mh-unseen-updated-hook} is run after the unseen
sequence has been updated. The variable @code{mh-seen-list} can be
used by this hook to obtain the list of messages which were removed
from the unseen sequence.
@cindex @command{mark}
@cindex MH commands, @command{mark}
@kindex S n
@kindex S w
With the exceptions of @kbd{S n} and @kbd{S w}, the underlying MH
command dealing with sequences is @command{mark}@footnote{See the
section @uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/mmbwm.html, Make Message Bookmarks
with mark} in the MH book.}.
@node Junk, Miscellaneous, Sequences, Top
@chapter Dealing With Junk Mail
@cindex Marshall Rose
@cindex junk mail
@cindex spam
Marshall Rose once wrote a paper on MH entitled, @cite{How to process
200 messages a day and still get some real work done}. This chapter
could be entitled, @cite{How to process 1000 spams a day and still get
some real work done}.
@cindex blacklisting
@cindex ham
@cindex viruses
@cindex whitelisting
@cindex worms
We use the terms @dfn{junk mail} and @dfn{spam} interchangeably for
any unwanted message which includes spam, @dfn{viruses}, and
@dfn{worms}. The opposite of spam is @dfn{ham}. The act of classifying
a sender as one who sends junk mail is called @dfn{blacklisting}; the
opposite is called @dfn{whitelisting}.
@table @kbd
@kindex J ?
@findex mh-prefix-help
@item J ?
Display cheat sheet for the commands of the current prefix in
minibuffer (@code{mh-prefix-help}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex J b
@findex mh-junk-blacklist
@item J b
Blacklist range as spam (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}).
@c -------------------------
@kindex J w
@findex mh-junk-whitelist
@item J w
Whitelist range as ham (@code{mh-junk-whitelist}).
@c -------------------------
@item @code{mh-spamassassin-identify-spammers}
Identify spammers who are repeat offenders.
@end table
@cindex @samp{mh-junk} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-junk}
The following table lists the options from the @samp{mh-junk}
customization group.
@vtable @code
@item mh-junk-background
If on, spam programs are run in background (default: @samp{off}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-junk-disposition
Disposition of junk mail (default: @samp{Delete Spam}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-junk-program
Spam program that MH-E should use (default: @samp{Auto-detect}).
@end vtable
@cindex @samp{mh-sequences} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-sequences}
The following option in the @samp{mh-sequences} customization group is
also available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-whitelist-preserves-sequences-flag
On means that sequences are preserved when messages are whitelisted
(default: @samp{on}).
@end vtable
The following hooks are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-blacklist-msg-hook
Hook run by @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) after marking each
message for blacklisting (default: @code{nil}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-whitelist-msg-hook
Hook run by @kbd{J w} (@code{mh-junk-whitelist}) after marking each
message for whitelisting (default @samp{nil}).
@end vtable
The following faces are available.
@vtable @code
@item mh-folder-blacklisted
Blacklisted message face.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-folder-whitelisted
Whitelisted message face
@end vtable
@cindex SpamProbe
@cindex SpamAssassin
@cindex bogofilter
@cindex spam filters, SpamProbe
@cindex spam filters, SpamAssassin
@cindex spam filters, bogofilter
MH-E depends on @uref{http://spamassassin.apache.org/, SpamAssassin},
@uref{http://bogofilter.sourceforge.net/, bogofilter}, or
@uref{http://spamprobe.sourceforge.net/, SpamProbe} to throw the dreck
away. This chapter describes briefly how to configure these programs
to work well with MH-E and how to use MH-E's interface that provides
continuing education for these programs.
@vindex mh-junk-program
The default setting of the option @code{mh-junk-program} is
@samp{Auto-detect} which means that MH-E will automatically choose one
of SpamAssassin, bogofilter, or SpamProbe in that order. If, for
example, you have both SpamAssassin and bogofilter installed and you
want to use bogofilter, then you can set this option to
@samp{Bogofilter}.
@findex mh-junk-blacklist
@kindex J b
@vindex mh-junk-disposition
The command @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) trains the spam
program in use with the content of the range (@pxref{Ranges}) and then
handles the message(s) as specified by the option
@code{mh-junk-disposition}. By default, this option is set to
@samp{Delete Spam} but you can also specify the name of the folder
which is useful for building a corpus of spam for training purposes.
@findex mh-junk-whitelist
@kindex J w
In contrast, the command @kbd{J w} (@code{mh-junk-whitelist})
reclassifies a range of messages (@pxref{Ranges}) as ham if it were
incorrectly classified as spam. It then refiles the message into the
@file{+inbox} folder.
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Previous-Sequence}
@cindex @samp{cur} sequence
@cindex @samp{Previous-Sequence} MH profile component
@cindex sequence, @samp{cur}
@cindex sequence, @samp{Previous-Sequence}
@vindex mh-whitelist-preserves-sequences-flag
If a message is in any sequence (except @samp{Previous-Sequence:} and
@samp{cur}) when it is whitelisted, then it will still be in those
sequences in the destination folder. If this behavior is not desired,
then turn off the option @code{mh-whitelist-preserves-sequences-flag}.
@cindex @file{*MH-E Log*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Log*}
@findex call-process
@vindex mh-junk-background
By default, the programs are run in the foreground, but this can be
slow when junking large numbers of messages. If you have enough memory
or don't junk that many messages at the same time, you might try
turning on the option @code{mh-junk-background}. @footnote{Note that
the option @code{mh-junk-background} is used as the @code{display}
argument in the call to @code{call-process}. Therefore, turning on
this option means setting its value to @samp{0}. You can also set its
value to @samp{t} to direct the programs' output to the @file{*MH-E
Log*} buffer; this may be useful for debugging.}
The following sections discuss the various counter-spam measures that
MH-E can work with.
@cindex @file{.procmailrc}
@cindex files, @file{.procmailrc}
@subheading SpamAssassin
@cindex SpamAssassin
@cindex spam filters, SpamAssassin
SpamAssassin is one of the more popular spam filtering programs. Get
it from your local distribution or from the
@uref{http://spamassassin.apache.org/, SpamAssassin web site}.
To use SpamAssassin, add the following recipes to @file{~/.procmailrc}:
@cindex @command{spamc}
@cindex @samp{X-Spam-Level} header field
@cindex @samp{X-Spam-Status} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Spam-Level}
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Spam-Status}
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
# Fight spam with SpamAssassin.
:0fw
| spamc
# Anything with a spam level of 10 or more is junked immediately.
:0:
* ^X-Spam-Level: ..........
/dev/null
:0:
* ^X-Spam-Status: Yes
spam/.
@end smallexample
If you don't use @command{spamc}, use @samp{spamassassin -P -a}.
Note that one of the recipes above throws away messages with a score
greater than or equal to 10. Here's how you can determine a value that
works best for you.
First, run @samp{spamassassin -t} on every mail message in your
archive and use @command{gnumeric} to verify that the average plus the
standard deviation of good mail is under 5, the SpamAssassin default
for ``spam''.
Using @command{gnumeric}, sort the messages by score and view the
messages with the highest score. Determine the score which encompasses
all of your interesting messages and add a couple of points to be
conservative. Add that many dots to the @samp{X-Spam-Level:} header
field above to send messages with that score down the drain.
In the example above, messages with a score of 5--9 are set aside in
the @samp{+spam} folder for later review. The major weakness of
rules-based filters is a plethora of false positives so it is
worthwhile to check.
@findex mh-junk-blacklist
@findex mh-junk-whitelist
@kindex J b
@kindex J w
If SpamAssassin classifies a message incorrectly, or is unsure, you can
use the MH-E commands @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) and
@kbd{J w} (@code{mh-junk-whitelist}).
@cindex @command{sa-learn}
@cindex @file{.spamassassin/user_prefs}
@cindex files, @file{.spamassassin/user_prefs}
The command @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) adds a
@samp{blacklist_from} entry to @file{~/spamassassin/user_prefs},
deletes the message, and sends the message to the Razor, so that
others might not see this spam. If the @command{sa-learn} command is
available, the message is also recategorized as spam.
The command@kbd{J w} (@code{mh-junk-whitelist}) adds a
@samp{whitelist_from} rule to @samp{~/.spamassassin/user_prefs}. If
the @command{sa-learn} command is available, the message is also
recategorized as ham.
Over time, you'll observe that the same host or domain occurs
repeatedly in the @samp{blacklist_from} entries, so you might think
that you could avoid future spam by blacklisting all mail from a
particular domain. The utility function
@code{mh-spamassassin-identify-spammers} helps you do precisely that.
This function displays a frequency count of the hosts and domains in
the @samp{blacklist_from} entries from the last blank line in
@file{~/.spamassassin/user_prefs} to the end of the file. This
information can be used so that you can replace multiple
@samp{blacklist_from} entries with a single wildcard entry such as:
@smallexample
blacklist_from *@@*amazingoffersdirect2u.com
@end smallexample
In versions of SpamAssassin (2.50 and on) that support a Bayesian
classifier, @kbd{J b} @code{(mh-junk-blacklist}) uses the program
@command{sa-learn} to recategorize the message as spam. Neither MH-E,
nor SpamAssassin, rebuilds the database after adding words, so you
will need to run @samp{sa-learn --rebuild} periodically. This can be
done by adding the following to your @file{crontab}:
@smallexample
0 * * * * sa-learn --rebuild > /dev/null 2>&1
@end smallexample
@subheading Bogofilter
@cindex bogofilter
@cindex spam filters, bogofilter
Bogofilter is a Bayesian spam filtering program. Get it from your
local distribution or from the
@uref{http://bogofilter.sourceforge.net/, bogofilter web site}.
Bogofilter is taught by running:
@smallexample
bogofilter -n < good-message
@end smallexample
on every good message, and
@smallexample
bogofilter -s < spam-message
@end smallexample
@cindex full training
on every spam message. This is called a @dfn{full training}; three
other training methods are described in the FAQ that is distributed
with bogofilter. Note that most Bayesian filters need 1000 to 5000 of
each type of message to start doing a good job.
To use bogofilter, add the following recipes to @file{~/.procmailrc}:
@cindex @samp{X-Bogosity} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{X-Bogosity}
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
# Fight spam with Bogofilter.
:0fw
| bogofilter -3 -e -p
:0:
* ^X-Bogosity: Yes, tests=bogofilter
spam/.
:0:
* ^X-Bogosity: Unsure, tests=bogofilter
spam/unsure/.
@end smallexample
@findex mh-junk-blacklist
@findex mh-junk-whitelist
@kindex J b
@kindex J w
If bogofilter classifies a message incorrectly, or is unsure, you can
use the MH-E commands @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) and @kbd{J
w} (@code{mh-junk-whitelist}) to update bogofilter's training.
The @cite{Bogofilter FAQ} suggests that you run the following
occasionally to shrink the database:
@smallexample
bogoutil -d wordlist.db | bogoutil -l wordlist.db.new
mv wordlist.db wordlist.db.prv
mv wordlist.db.new wordlist.db
@end smallexample
The @cite{Bogofilter tuning HOWTO} describes how you can fine-tune
bogofilter.
@subheading SpamProbe
@cindex SpamProbe
@cindex spam filters, SpamProbe
SpamProbe is a Bayesian spam filtering program. Get it from your local
distribution or from the @uref{http://spamprobe.sourceforge.net,
SpamProbe web site}.
To use SpamProbe, add the following recipes to @file{~/.procmailrc}:
@cindex @command{formail}
@cindex @samp{X-SpamProbe} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{X-SpamProbe}
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
# Fight spam with SpamProbe.
:0
SCORE=| spamprobe receive
:0 wf
| formail -I "X-SpamProbe: $SCORE"
:0:
*^X-SpamProbe: SPAM
spam/.
@end smallexample
@findex mh-junk-blacklist
@findex mh-junk-whitelist
@kindex J b
@kindex J w
If SpamProbe classifies a message incorrectly, you can use the MH-E
commands @kbd{J b} (@code{mh-junk-blacklist}) and @kbd{J w}
(@code{mh-junk-whitelist}) to update SpamProbe's training.
@subheading Other Things You Can Do
There are a couple of things that you can add to @file{~/.procmailrc}
in order to filter out a lot of spam and viruses. The first is to
eliminate any message with a Windows executable (which is most likely
a virus). The second is to eliminate mail in character sets that you
can't read.
@cindex @samp{Content-Transfer-Encoding} header field
@cindex @samp{Content-Type} header field
@cindex @samp{Subject} header field
@cindex header field, @samp{Content-Transfer-Encoding}
@cindex header field, @samp{Content-Type}
@cindex header field, @samp{Subject}
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
#
# Filter messages with w32 executables/virii.
#
# These attachments are base64 and have a TVqQAAMAAAAEAAAA//8AALg
# pattern. The string "this program cannot be run in MS-DOS mode"
# encoded in base64 is 4fug4AtAnNIbg and helps to avoid false
# positives (Roland Smith via Pete from the bogofilter mailing list).
#
:0 B:
* ^Content-Transfer-Encoding:.*base64
* ^TVqQAAMAAAAEAAAA//8AALg
* 4fug4AtAnNIbg
spam/exe/.
#
# Filter mail in unreadable character sets (from the Bogofilter FAQ).
#
UNREADABLE='[^?"]*big5|iso-2022-jp|ISO-2022-KR|euc-kr|gb2312|ks_c_5601-1987'
:0:
* 1^0 $ ^Subject:.*=\?($UNREADABLE)
* 1^0 $ ^Content-Type:.*charset="?($UNREADABLE)
spam/unreadable/.
:0:
* ^Content-Type:.*multipart
* B ?? $ ^Content-Type:.*^?.*charset="?($UNREADABLE)
spam/unreadable/.
@end smallexample
@node Miscellaneous, Scan Line Formats, Junk, Top
@chapter Miscellaneous Commands, Variables, and Buffers
This chapter covers the following command and the various MH-E
buffers,
@ftable @code
@item mh-version
Display version information about MH-E and the MH mail handling
system.
@end ftable
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Info*}
@cindex MH-E version
@cindex @file{*MH-E Info*}
@cindex version
@kindex M-x mh-version
One command worth noting is @kbd{M-x mh-version}. You can compare the
version this command prints to the latest release (@pxref{Getting
MH-E}). The output of @kbd{M-x mh-version}, found in a buffer named
@file{*MH-E Info*}, should usually be included with any bug report you
submit (@pxref{Bug Reports}).
@subheading MH-E Buffers
Besides the MH-Folder, MH-Show, and MH-Letter buffers, MH-E creates
several other buffers. They are:
@table @samp
@cindex @file{*MH-E Folders*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Folders*}
@findex mh-list-folders
@item *MH-E Folders*
@kindex F l
This buffer contains the output of @kbd{F l} (@code{mh-list-folders}).
@xref{Folders}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Help*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Help*}
@findex mh-help
@item *MH-E Help*
@kindex ?
@kindex C-c ?
This buffer contains the output of @kbd{?} (@code{mh-help}) and
@kbd{C-c ?} in MH-Letter mode. @xref{Using This Manual}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Info*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Info*}
@item *MH-E Info*
This buffer contains the output of @kbd{M-x mh-version @key{RET}}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Log*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Log*}
@item *MH-E Log*
This buffer contains the last 100 lines of the output of the various
MH commands.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Mail Delivery*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Mail Delivery*}
@item *MH-E Mail Delivery*
This buffer contains the transcript of a mail delivery. @xref{Sending
Message}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Recipients*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Recipients*}
@findex mh-check-whom
@item *MH-E Recipients*
@kindex C-c C-w
This buffer contains the output of @kbd{C-c C-w}
(@code{mh-check-whom}) and is killed when draft is sent.
@xref{Checking Recipients}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*MH-E Sequences*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*MH-E Sequences*}
@item *MH-E Sequences*
This buffer contains the output of @kbd{S l}
(@code{mh-list-sequences}). @xref{Sequences}.
@c -------------------------
@cindex @file{*mh-temp*}
@cindex buffers, @file{*mh-temp*}
@item *mh-temp*
This is a scratch, ephemeral, buffer used by MH-E functions. Note that
it is hidden because the first character in the name is a space.
You'll generally not have any need for this buffer.
@end table
@node Scan Line Formats, Procmail, Miscellaneous, Top
@appendix Scan Line Formats
@cindex scan line formats
This appendix discusses how MH-E creates, parses, and manipulates scan
lines. If you have your own MH scan or inc format files, you
@strong{can} teach MH-E how to handle them, but it isn't easy as
you'll see.
@cindex @samp{mh-scan-line-formats} customization group
@cindex customization group, @samp{mh-scan-line-formats}
This table lists the options in the @samp{mh-scan-line-formats}
customization group.
@vtable @code
@item mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
On means that the message number width is determined dynamically
(default: @samp{on}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-scan-format-file
Specifies the format file to pass to the scan program (default:
@samp{Use MH-E scan Format}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-scan-prog
Program used to scan messages (default: @code{"scan"}).
@end vtable
@vindex mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
There are a couple of caveats when creating your own scan format file.
First, MH-E will not work if your scan lines do not include message
numbers. It will work poorly if you don't dedicate a column for
showing the current message and notations. It is also best to keep the
first column empty to make room for the cursor and so that text isn't
obscured by the current message's overlay arrow when running in a
terminal. You won't be able to use the option
@code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag} or the threading features
(@pxref{Threading}).
@cindex message numbers
@findex mh-set-cmd-note
@vindex mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
If you've created your own format to handle long message numbers,
you'll be pleased to know you no longer need it since MH-E adapts its
internal format based upon the largest message number if
@code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag} is on (the default). If you prefer
fixed-width message numbers, turn off @code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag}
and call @code{mh-set-cmd-note} with the width specified by your
format file (see @code{mh-scan-format-file}). For example, the default
width is 4, so you would use @samp{(mh-set-cmd-note 4)}.
@vindex mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
@vindex mh-scan-format-mh
@vindex mh-scan-format-nmh
The default setting for @code{mh-scan-format-file} is @samp{Use MH-E
scan Format}. This means that the format string will be taken from the
either @code{mh-scan-format-mh} or @code{mh-scan-format-nmh} depending
on whether MH or nmh (or GNU mailutils MH) is in use. This setting
also enables you to turn on the option
@code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag}. You can also set this option to
@samp{Use Default scan Format} to get the same output as you would get
if you ran @command{scan} from the shell. If you have a format file
that you want MH-E to use but not MH, you can set this option to
@samp{Specify a scan Format File} and enter the name of your format
file.
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
@vindex mh-scan-format-mh
@vindex mh-scan-format-nmh
The scan format that MH-E uses when @code{mh-scan-format-file} is set
to its default of @samp{Use MH-E scan Format} is held in the variables
@code{mh-scan-format-nmh} and @code{mh-scan-format-mh} depending on
whether you are using nmh (or GNU mailutils MH) or not. Typically, you
create your own format files rather than modifying these variables.
The value of @code{mh-scan-format-nmh} is:
@smallexample
(concat
"%4(msg)"
"%<(cur)+%| %>"
"%<@{replied@}-"
"%?(nonnull(comp@{to@}))%<(mymbox@{to@})t%>"
"%?(nonnull(comp@{cc@}))%<(mymbox@{cc@})c%>"
"%?(nonnull(comp@{bcc@}))%<(mymbox@{bcc@})b%>"
"%?(nonnull(comp@{newsgroups@}))n%>"
"%<(zero) %>"
"%02(mon@{date@})/%02(mday@{date@})%<@{date@} %|*%>"
"%<(mymbox@{from@})%<@{to@}To:%14(decode(friendly@{to@}))%>%>"
"%<(zero)%17(decode(friendly@{from@}))%> "
"%(decode@{subject@})%<@{body@}<<%@{body@}%>")
@end smallexample
@cindex decoding RFC 2047
@cindex RFC 2047, decoding
@vindex mh-scan-format-mh
The setting for @code{mh-scan-format-mh} is similar, except that MH
doesn't have the function @code{decode} (which is used to decode RFC
2047 encodings).
@cindex notations, scan line
@cindex scan line notations
These strings are passed to the @command{scan} program via the
@option{-format} argument. The formats are identical to the defaults
except that additional hints for fontification have been added to the
existing notations in the fifth column (remember that in Emacs, the
columns start at 0). The values of the fifth column, in priority
order, are: @samp{-} if the message has been replied to, @samp{t} if
an address in the @samp{To:} field matches one of the mailboxes of the
current user, @samp{c} if the @samp{Cc:} field matches, @samp{b} if
the @samp{Bcc:} field matches, and @samp{n} if a non-empty
@samp{Newsgroups:} field is present.
@cindex @command{scan}
@cindex MH commands, @command{scan}
@vindex mh-progs
@vindex mh-scan-prog
The name of the program that generates a listing of one line per
message is held in @code{mh-scan-prog} (default: @code{"scan"}).
Unless this variable contains an absolute pathname, it is assumed to
be in the @code{mh-progs} directory (@pxref{Getting Started}). You may
link another program to @command{scan} (see @samp{mh-profile}(5)) to
produce a different type of listing@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/faswsprs.html, Find and Specify with scan
pick Ranges Sequences} in the MH book.}.
@cindex regular expressions, scan line formats
@findex mh-set-cmd-note
@findex setq
If you change the format of the scan lines you'll need to tell MH-E
how to parse the new format. As you will see, quite a lot of variables
are involved to do that. Use @kbd{M-x apropos @key{RET}
mh-scan.*regexp @key{RET}} to obtain a list of these variables. You
will also have to call @code{mh-set-cmd-note} if your notations are
not in column 4 (columns in Emacs start with 0). Note that unlike most
of the user options described in this manual, these are variables and
must be set with @code{setq} instead of in a customization buffer. For
help with regular expressions, see
@ifnothtml
@ref{Regexps, , Syntax of Regular Expressions, emacs, The
GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifnothtml
@ifhtml
section
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Regexps.html,
Syntax of Regular Expressions} in @cite{The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end ifhtml
The first variable has to do with pruning out garbage.
@vtable @code
@cindex @command{inc}
@cindex MH commands, @command{inc}
@cindex @command{scan}
@cindex MH commands, @command{scan}
@item mh-scan-valid-regexp
This regular expression describes a valid scan line. This is used to
eliminate error messages that are occasionally produced by
@command{inc}@footnote{See the section
@uref{@value{MH-BOOK-HOME}/reapre.html, Reading Mail: inc show next
prev} in the MH book.} or @command{scan} (default: @code{"^ *[0-9]"}).
@end vtable
Next, many variables control how the scan lines are parsed.
@vtable @code
@vindex mh-folder-body
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@item mh-scan-body-regexp
This regular expression matches the message body fragment. Note that
the default setting of @code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects
this expression to contain at least one parenthesized expression which
matches the body text as in the default of
@code{"\\(<<\\([^\n]+\\)?\\)"}. If this regular expression is not
correct, the body fragment will not be highlighted with the face
@code{mh-folder-body}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-cur-msg-number
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-note-cur
@item mh-scan-cur-msg-number-regexp
This regular expression matches the current message. It must match
from the beginning of the line. Note that the default setting of
@code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this expression to contain
at least one parenthesized expression which matches the message number
as in the default of @w{@code{"^\\( *[0-9]+\\+\\).*"}}. This
expression includes the leading space and current message marker
@samp{+} within the parenthesis since it looks better to highlight
these items as well. The highlighting is done with the face
@code{mh-folder-cur-msg-number}. This regular expression should be
correct as it is needed by non-fontification functions. See also
@code{mh-note-cur}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-date
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp
@item mh-scan-date-regexp
This regular expression matches a valid date. It must @strong{not} be
anchored to the beginning or the end of the line. Note that the
default setting of @code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this
expression to contain only one parenthesized expression which matches
the date field as in the default of
@code{"\\([0-9][0-9]/[0-9][0-9]\\)"}. If this regular expression is
not correct, the date will not be highlighted with the face
@code{mh-folder-date}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-deleted
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-note-deleted
@item mh-scan-deleted-msg-regexp
This regular expression matches deleted messages. It must match from
the beginning of the line. Note that the default setting of
@code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this expression to contain
at least one parenthesized expression which matches the message number
as in the default of @code{"^\\( *[0-9]+\\)D"}. This expression
includes the leading space within the parenthesis since it looks
better to highlight it as well. The highlighting is done with the face
@code{mh-folder-deleted}. This regular expression should be correct as
it is needed by non-fontification functions. See also
@code{mh-note-deleted}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-folder-msg-number
@item mh-scan-good-msg-regexp
This regular expression matches ``good'' messages. It must match from
the beginning of the line. Note that the default setting of
@code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this expression to contain
at least one parenthesized expression which matches the message number
as in the default of @w{@code{"^\\( *[0-9]+\\)[^D^0-9]"}}. This
expression includes the leading space within the parenthesis since it
looks better to highlight it as well. The highlighting is done with
the face @code{mh-folder-msg-number}. This regular expression should
be correct as it is needed by non-fontification functions.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
@item mh-scan-msg-format-regexp
This regular expression finds the message number width in a scan
format. Note that the message number must be placed in a parenthesized
expression as in the default of @code{"%\\([0-9]*\\)(msg)"}. This
variable is only consulted if @code{mh-scan-format-file} is set to
@samp{Use MH-E scan Format}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
@item mh-scan-msg-format-string
This is a format string for the width of the message number in a scan
format. Use @samp{0%d} for zero-filled message numbers. This variable
is only consulted if @code{mh-scan-format-file} is set to @samp{Use
MH-E scan Format} (default: @code{"%d"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-scan-msg-number-regexp
This regular expression extracts the message number. It must match
from the beginning of the line. Note that the message number must be
placed in a parenthesized expression as in the default of @w{@code{"^
*\\([0-9]+\\)"}}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-scan-msg-overflow-regexp
This regular expression matches overflowed message numbers (default:
@code{"^[?0-9][0-9]"}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-scan-msg-search-regexp
This regular expression matches a particular message. It is a format
string; use @samp{%d} to represent the location of the message number
within the expression as in the default of @code{"^[^0-9]*%d[^0-9]"}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-address
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-folder-to
@item mh-scan-rcpt-regexp
This regular expression specifies the recipient in messages you sent.
Note that the default setting of @code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords}
expects this expression to contain two parenthesized expressions. The
first is expected to match the @samp{To:} that the default scan format
file generates. The second is expected to match the recipient's name
as in the default of @code{"\\(To:\\)\\(..............\\)"}. If this
regular expression is not correct, the @samp{To:} string will not be
highlighted with the face @code{mh-folder-to} and the recipient will not be
highlighted with the face @code{mh-folder-address}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-folder-refiled
@vindex mh-note-refiled
@item mh-scan-refiled-msg-regexp
This regular expression matches refiled messages. It must match from
the beginning of the line. Note that the default setting of
@code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this expression to contain
at least one parenthesized expression which matches the message number
as in the default of @w{@code{"^\\( *[0-9]+\\)\\^"}}. This expression
includes the leading space within the parenthesis since it looks
better to highlight it as well. The highlighting is done with the face
@code{mh-folder-refiled}. This regular expression should be correct as
it is needed by non-fontification functions. See also
@code{mh-note-refiled}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-folder-sent-to-me-sender
@vindex mh-mh-folder-sent-to-me-hint
@vindex mh-scan-format-nmh
@item mh-scan-sent-to-me-sender-regexp
This regular expression matches messages sent to us. Note that the
default setting of @code{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this
expression to contain at least two parenthesized expressions. The
first should match the fontification hint (see
@code{mh-scan-format-nmh}) and the second should match the user name
as in the default of
@w{@code{"^ *[0-9]+.\\([bct]\\).....[ ]*\\(..................\\)"}}.
If this regular expression is not correct, the notation hints will not
be highlighted with the face @code{mh-mh-folder-sent-to-me-hint} and
the sender will not be highlighted with the face
@code{mh-folder-sent-to-me-sender}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-folder-followup
@vindex mh-folder-font-lock-keywords
@vindex mh-folder-subject
@item mh-scan-subject-regexp
This regular expression matches the subject. It must match from the
beginning of the line. Note that the default setting of
@samp{mh-folder-font-lock-keywords} expects this expression to contain
at least three parenthesized expressions. The first is expected to
match the @samp{Re:} string, if any, and is highlighted with the face
@code{mh-folder-followup}. The second matches an optional bracketed
number after @samp{Re:}, such as in @samp{Re[2]:} (and is thus a
sub-expression of the first expression). The third is expected to
match the subject line itself which is highlighted with the face
@code{mh-folder-subject}. For example, the default is
@w{@code{"^ *[0-9]+........[ ]*...................}}@*
@w{@code{\\([Rr][Ee]\\(\\[[0-9]+\\]\\)?:\\s-*\\)*\\([^<\n]*\\)"}}.
This regular expression should be correct as it is needed by
non-fontification functions. Note that this example is broken up on
two lines for readability, but is actually a single string.
@end vtable
Finally, there are a slew of variables that control how MH-E annotates
the scan lines.
@vtable @code
@findex mh-set-cmd-note
@vindex mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
@item mh-cmd-note
Column for notations (default: 4). This variable should be set with
the function @code{mh-set-cmd-note}. This variable may be updated
dynamically if @code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag} is on. The following
variables contain the notational characters. Note that columns in
Emacs start with 0.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-copied
Messages that have been copied are marked by this character (default:
@code{?C}).
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-cur-msg-number-regexp
@item mh-note-cur
The current message (in MH, not in MH-E) is marked by this character
(default: @code{?+}). See also @code{mh-scan-cur-msg-number-regexp}.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-deleted-msg-regexp
@item mh-note-deleted
Messages that have been deleted are marked by this character (default:
@code{?D}). See also @code{mh-scan-deleted-msg-regexp}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-dist
Messages that have been redistributed are marked by this character
(default: @code{?R}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-forw
Messages that have been forwarded are marked by this character
(default: @code{?F}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-printed
Messages that have been printed are marked by this character (default:
@code{?P}).
@c -------------------------
@vindex mh-scan-refiled-msg-regexp
@item mh-note-refiled
Messages that have been refiled are marked by this character (default:
@code{?^}). See also @code{mh-scan-refiled-msg-regexp}.
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-repl
Messages that have been replied to are marked by this character
(default: @code{?-}).
@c -------------------------
@item mh-note-seq
Messages in a user-defined sequence are marked by this character
(default: @code{?%}). Messages in the @samp{search} sequence are
marked by this character as well.
@end vtable
For example, let's say I have the following in @file{scan.format}
which displays the sender, the subject, and the message number. This
format places a @samp{+} after the message number for the current
message according to MH; it also uses that column for notations.
@smallexample
%20(decode(friendly@{from@})) %50(decode@{subject@}) %4(msg)%<(cur)+%| %>
@end smallexample
@vindex mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag
@vindex mh-scan-format-file
@vindex mh-scan-format-file, example
The first thing you have to do is tell MH-E to use this file.
Customize @code{mh-scan-format-file} and set its value to @samp{Use
Default scan Format}. If you didn't get already turn off
@code{mh-adaptive-cmd-note-flag}, you'll need to do that first.
Next, tell MH-E what a valid scan line looks like so that you can at
least display the output of scan in your MH-Folder buffer.
@vindex mh-scan-valid-regexp, example
@smalllisp
(setq mh-scan-valid-regexp "[0-9]+[+D^ ]$")
@end smalllisp
Now, in order to get rid of the @samp{Cursor not pointing to message}
message, you need to tell MH-E how to access the message number. You
should also see why MH-E requires that you include a message number in
the first place.
@vindex mh-scan-msg-number-regexp, example
@vindex mh-scan-msg-search-regexp, example
@smalllisp
(setq mh-scan-msg-number-regexp "^.* \\([0-9]+\\)[+D^ ]$")
(setq mh-scan-msg-search-regexp " %d[+D^ ]$")
@end smalllisp
In order to get the next and previous commands working, add this.
@vindex mh-scan-good-msg-regexp, example
@smalllisp
(setq mh-scan-good-msg-regexp "^.* \\([0-9]+\\)[+D^ ]$")
@end smalllisp
Note that the current message isn't marked with a @samp{+} when moving
between the next and previous messages. Here is the code required to
get this working.
@vindex set-mh-cmd-note, example
@vindex mh-scan-cur-msg-number-regexp, example
@smalllisp
(set-mh-cmd-note 76)
(setq mh-scan-cur-msg-number-regexp "^.* \\([0-9]+\\)\\+$")
@end smalllisp
Finally, add the following to delete and refile messages.
@vindex mh-scan-deleted-msg-regexp, example
@vindex mh-scan-refiled-msg-regexp, example
@smalllisp
(setq mh-scan-deleted-msg-regexp "^.* \\([0-9]+\\)D$")
(setq mh-scan-refiled-msg-regexp "^.* \\([0-9]+\\)\\^$")
@end smalllisp
This is just a bare minimum; it's best to adjust all of the regular
expressions to ensure that MH-E and highlighting perform well.
@node Procmail, Odds and Ends, Scan Line Formats, Top
@appendix Reading Mailing Lists Effectively
@cindex @command{procmail}
@cindex @command{slocal}
@cindex Gnus
@cindex MH commands, @command{slocal}
@cindex Unix commands, @command{procmail}
@cindex mailing lists, reading
This appendix explains how to use @uref{http://www.procmail.org/,
procmail} to file mail from mailing lists into folders which can then
be read easily with MH-E@footnote{The MH equivalent, @command{slocal},
can be used as well, but procmail is more flexible and more packages
exist for procmail than for slocal.}. Some mailing lists have such
high traffic that Gnus must be used and I discuss how to use Gnus
side-by-side with MH-E.
@cindex @file{.procmailrc}
@cindex files, @file{.procmailrc}
First, I'll describe how to put mail from your mailing lists directly
into an MH folder using @command{procmail}. First, add the following
to @file{~/.procmailrc}. While the logging variables aren't strictly
necessary, they are extremely useful.
@smallexample
[1] # Update PATH so procmail can find myrcvstore, rcvstore and mhparam.
[2] PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/mh:/usr/bin/mh:$HOME/bin
[3]
[4] # Point LOGFILE at the actual log file.
[5] LOGFILE=$HOME/.procmail.log
[6]
[7] # This setting provides just the right amount of information.
[8] LOGABSTRACT=all
[9]
[10] # Uncomment the following line to see how your patterns match.
[11] #VERBOSE=yes
[12]
[13] # Place mail sent to any MH-E mailing list in +mh-e.
[14] :0 w: mh-e$LOCKEXT
[15] * ^TO.*mh-e-.*@@.*sourceforge.net
[16] | myrcvstore -create +mh-e
@end smallexample
@cindex @command{rcvstore}
@cindex MH commands, @command{rcvstore}
Line 14 creates a lock file in your mail directory based upon the name
of the folder. This is done because @command{rcvstore} does not
perform locking. While this lock file will prevent @command{procmail}
from writing to a folder concurrently, there is a slight chance that
you might lose a message if you're performing operations on a folder
at the same time @command{rcvstore} is placing a message there. You
have been warned. Now that that disclaimer is out of the way, note
that I've been using this set-up for over a decade and haven't lost
anything to my knowledge@footnote{See
@uref{https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?func=detailbug&bug_id=4361&group_id=2166,
Savannah issue #4361} to see if @command{rcvstore} locking is still an
issue.}.
@cindex @samp{Unseen-Sequence} MH profile component
@cindex MH profile component, @samp{Unseen-Sequence}
Line 16 uses the following script, @code{myrcvstore}, to massage the
message as described in the comment and file the message in the given
folder@footnote{The @samp{-create} argument wasn't always the default
to @command{rcvstore}.}.
@smallexample
#! /bin/sh
# Accepts a message on standard input and passes it through rcvstore
# after first passing it through any filters. All arguments are passed
# on to rcvstore.
# Force the "From user date" to become part of header. One reason this
# is done is because the presence of the From field confuses dist so
# that dist adds a new header, rather than using the existing header.
# Note that this should not be done for any message that goes into a
# Gnus incoming file (Gnus will thrown an error) nor should it be
# applied to any message that goes to the system mailbox because the
# entire mailbox will be incorporated as a single message.
formail -c -z -R 'From ' X-Envelope-From: |
rcvstore $@@
@end smallexample
If your version of @command{rcvstore} doesn't add messages to the
@samp{unseen} sequence by default, add the following line to your MH
profile:
@smallexample
Unseen-Sequence: unseen
@end smallexample
Now view your new messages with the speedbar (@pxref{Speedbar}) or with
@kbd{F n} (@code{mh-index-new-messages}). @xref{Folders}.
If you're on a mailing list that is so voluminous that it is
impossible to read every message, it usually better to read the
mailing list like a newsgroup in a news reader. Emacs has a built-in
newsreader called Gnus. The remainder of this appendix talks about how
to use Gnus with an MH message store. The version of Gnus that was
used to prepare this manual was 5.10. Versions 5.8 through 5.10 should
work but versions prior to 5.8 use different options.
This table contains a list of Gnus options that you will have to
modify. Note that for them to become accessible, you'll have to load
@file{nnml.el} first. This can be done with @kbd{M-x load-library
@key{RET} nnml @key{RET}}.
@vtable @code
@item gnus-secondary-select-methods
Select the @samp{nnml} value. This select method uses directories for
folders and individual files for messages, just like MH@. You do not
have to set an address.
@c -------------------------
@item mail-sources
Select the @samp{Several files in a directory} value, check the
@samp{Path} box and enter @file{~/Mail} to tell Gnus where to find
your mail.
@c -------------------------
@vindex mail-user-agent
@item message-mail-user-agent
In order to send mail within Gnus using MH-E, set this option to
@samp{mail-user-agent} and set the @code{mail-user-agent} option to
@samp{Emacs interface to MH}.
@c -------------------------
@item nnmail-keep-last-article
Since Gnus keeps track of which messages you have read, it would be
bad if Gnus expired the last message, for example, message 100, and
@command{rcvstore} gave the next new message number 1. Gnus would then
ignore it since it thinks that you've read messages 1--100. Turning on
this option ensures that the last message is never removed thereby
eliminating this problem.
@end vtable
Next add the following to @file{~/.procmailrc}. If you don't subscribe
to the GnuCash mailing list, substitute one to which you are
subscribed.
@smallexample
PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin/mh
MAILDIR=$HOME/`mhparam Path`
# Place mail sent to the GnuCash mailing list in gnucash.spool, where
# Gnus will pick it up.
:0:
* ^TO.*gnucash.*@@.*gnucash.org
gnucash.spool
@end smallexample
Wait for some messages to appear in @file{gnucash.spool} and run Gnus
with @kbd{M-x gnus @key{RET}}. To view the folder created in the
example above, you would tell Gnus about it the first time only with
@kbd{G m gnucash @key{RET} nnml @key{RET}}. In MH-E, this folder is
known as @samp{+gnucash}.
@node Odds and Ends, History, Procmail, Top
@appendix Odds and Ends
This appendix covers a few topics that don't fit elsewhere. Here I
tell you how to report bugs and how to get on the MH-E mailing lists.
I also point out some additional sources of information.
@menu
* Bug Reports::
* Mailing Lists::
* MH FAQ and Support::
* Getting MH-E::
@end menu
@node Bug Reports, Mailing Lists, Odds and Ends, Odds and Ends
@appendixsec Bug Reports
@cindex bugs
@cindex SourceForge
@kindex M-x mh-version
Bug reports should be filed at
@uref{https://sourceforge.net/p/mh-e/bugs/, SourceForge}. You need to
be a SourceForge user to submit bug reports, but this is easy enough
to do that it shouldn't be a restriction for you. Please include the
output of @kbd{M-x mh-version} (@pxref{Miscellaneous}) in any bug
report you send unless you're 110% positive we won't ask for it.
@node Mailing Lists, MH FAQ and Support, Bug Reports, Odds and Ends
@appendixsec MH-E Mailing Lists
@cindex SourceForge
@cindex mailing lists
There are several mailing lists for MH-E@. They are @i{mh-e-users at
lists.sourceforge.net}, @i{mh-e-announce at lists.sourceforge.net},
and @i{mh-e-devel at lists.sourceforge.net}. You can subscribe or view
the archives at @uref{https://sourceforge.net/p/mh-e/mailman/,
SourceForge}. Do not report bugs on these lists; please submit them
via SourceForge (@pxref{Bug Reports}).
@node MH FAQ and Support, Getting MH-E, Mailing Lists, Odds and Ends
@appendixsec MH FAQ and Support
@cindex FAQ
@cindex MH FAQ
The article @uref{http://www.newt.com/faq/mh.html, @cite{MH Frequently
Asked Questions (FAQ) with Answers}} appears monthly in the newsgroup
@samp{comp.mail.mh}. While very little is there that deals with MH-E
specifically, there is an incredible wealth of material about MH
itself which you will find useful.
@cindex support
You can find FAQs on MH-E by searching for @i{labels:support} on the
@uref{https://sourceforge.net/p/mh-e/bugs/search/?q=labels%3Asupport,
Tickets} page on SourceForge. If you don't find the answer to your
question, file a ticket and your question will become a new FAQ!
@node Getting MH-E, , MH FAQ and Support, Odds and Ends
@appendixsec Getting MH-E
@cindex MH-E, obtaining
@cindex getting MH-E
@cindex obtaining MH-E
Because MH-E is undergoing a phase of sustained growth, the version of
MH-E in your Emacs is likely to be out of date although it is most
likely to be more up to date than the copy that comes with the MH
distribution in @file{miscellany/mh-e}.
@cindex change log
@cindex release notes
New MH-E releases are always available for downloading at
@uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/mh-e/files/, SourceForge}
before they appear in an Emacs release. You can read the release notes
on that page to determine if the given release of MH-E is already
installed in your version of Emacs. You can also read the change log
to see if you are interested in what the given release of MH-E has to
offer (although we have no doubt that you will be extremely interested
in all new releases).
@cindex Debian
If you use Debian, you can install the Debian
@uref{http://packages.debian.org/unstable/mail/mh-e, mh-e package}
instead.
@cindex files, @samp{MH-E-NEWS}
@cindex files, @samp{README}
@cindex news
@cindex @samp{MH-E-NEWS}
@cindex @samp{README}
@kindex M-x mh-version
After you download and extract the MH-E tarball, read the
@file{README} file and @file{MH-E-NEWS}. These correspond to the
release notes and change log mentioned above. The file @file{README}
contains instructions on installing MH-E@. If you're already running
Emacs, please quit that session and start again to load in the new
MH-E@. Check that you're running the new version with the command
@kbd{M-x mh-version}.
@cindex contributed software
@cindex manual
@cindex documentation
In addition to the mh-e package, the
@uref{https://sourceforge.net/projects/mh-e/files/, SourceForge} site
also contains doc and contrib packages. The former is the latest
release of this manual, and the latter contains a few contributed
packages you might find useful.
@node History, GFDL, Odds and Ends, Top
@appendix History of MH-E
@cindex Bill Wohler
@cindex Brian Reid
@cindex Gildea, Stephen
@cindex Jim Larus
@cindex Larus, Jim
@cindex MH-E, versions
@cindex Reid, Brian
@cindex SourceForge
@cindex Stephen Gildea
@cindex Wohler, Bill
@cindex history of MH-E
@cindex versions of MH-E
MH-E was originally written by Brian Reid in 1983 and has changed
hands several times since then. Jim Larus wanted to do something
similar for GNU Emacs, and ended up completely rewriting it that same
year. In 1989, Stephen Gildea picked it up and added many
improvements. Bill Wohler then took over in 2000 and moved its
development to @uref{http://sourceforge.net/, SourceForge} where it
lives today.
@menu
* From Brian Reid::
* From Jim Larus::
* From Stephen Gildea::
* From Bill Wohler::
@end menu
@node From Brian Reid, From Jim Larus, History, History
@appendixsec From Brian Reid
@cindex Brian Reid
@cindex Reid, Brian
One day in 1983 I got the flu and had to stay home from work for three
days with nothing to do. I used that time to write MHE@. The
fundamental idea behind MHE was that it was a ``puppeteer'' driving
the MH programs underneath it. MH had a model that the editor was
supposed to run as a sub-process of the mailer, which seemed to me at
the time to be the tail wagging the dog. So I turned it around and
made the editor drive the MH programs. I made sure that the UCI people
(who were maintaining MH at the time) took in my changes and made them
stick.
Today, I still use my own version of MHE because I don't at all like
the way that GNU MH-E works and I've never gotten to be good enough at
hacking Emacs Lisp to make GNU MH-E do what I want. The Gosling-emacs
version of MHE and the GNU Emacs version of MH-E have almost nothing
in common except similar names. They work differently, have different
conceptual models, and have different key bindings@footnote{After
reading this article, I questioned Brian about his version of MHE, and
received some great ideas for improving MH-E such as a dired-like
method of selecting folders; and removing the prompting when sending
mail, filling in the blanks in the draft buffer instead. I passed them
on to Stephen Gildea, the current maintainer, and he was excited about
the ideas as well. Perhaps one day, MH-E will again resemble MHE
(draft form editing was introduced in version 7.4).}.
Brian Reid, June 1994
@node From Jim Larus, From Stephen Gildea, From Brian Reid, History
@appendixsec From Jim Larus
@cindex Jim Larus
@cindex Larus, Jim
Brian Reid, while at CMU or shortly after going to Stanford wrote a
mail reading program called MHE for Gosling Emacs. It had much the
same structure as MH-E (i.e., invoked MH programs), though it was
simpler and the commands were slightly different. Unfortunately, I no
longer have a copy so the differences are lost in the mists of time.
In '82--83, I was working at BBN and wrote a lot of mlisp code in
Gosling Emacs to make it look more like Tennex Emacs. One of the
packages that I picked up and improved was Reid's mail system. In '83,
I went back to Berkeley. About that time, Stallman's first version of
GNU Emacs came out and people started to move to it from Gosling Emacs
(as I recall, the transition took a year or two). I decided to port
Reid's MHE and used the mlisp to Emacs Lisp translator that came with
GNU Emacs. It did a lousy job and the resulting code didn't work, so I
bit the bullet and rewrote the code by hand (it was a lot smaller and
simpler then, so it took only a day or two).
Soon after that, MH-E became part of the standard Emacs distribution
and suggestions kept dribbling in for improvements. MH-E soon reached
sufficient functionality to keep me happy, but I kept on improving it
because I was a graduate student with plenty of time on my hands and
it was more fun than my dissertation. In retrospect, the one thing
that I regret is not writing any documentation, which seriously
limited the use and appeal of the package.
@cindex @command{xmh}, in MH-E history
In '89, I came to Wisconsin as a professor and decided not to work on
MH-E@. It was stable, except for minor bugs, and had enough
functionality, so I let it be for a few years. Stephen Gildea of BBN
began to pester me about the bugs, but I ignored them. In 1990, he
went off to the X Consortium, said good bye, and said that he would
now be using @command{xmh}. A few months later, he came back and said
that he couldn't stand @command{xmh} and could I put a few more bug fixes
into MH-E@. At that point, I had no interest in fixing MH-E, so I gave
the responsibility of maintenance to him and he has done a fine job
since then.
Jim Larus, June 1994
@node From Stephen Gildea, From Bill Wohler, From Jim Larus, History
@appendixsec From Stephen Gildea
@cindex Gildea, Stephen
@cindex Stephen Gildea
In 1987 I went to work for Bolt Beranek and Newman, as Jim had before
me. In my previous job, I had been using RMAIL, but as my folders tend
to run large, I was frustrated with the speed of RMAIL@. However, I
stuck with it because I wanted the GNU Emacs interface. I am very
familiar and comfortable with the Emacs interface (with just a few
modifications of my own) and dislike having to use applications with
embedded editors; they never live up to Emacs.
MH is the mail reader of choice at BBN, so I converted to it. Since I
didn't want to give up using an Emacs interface, I started using MH-E@.
As is my wont, I started hacking on it almost immediately. I first
used version 3.4m. One of the first features I added was to treat the
folder buffer as a file-visiting buffer: you could lock it, save it,
and be warned of unsaved changes when killing it. I also worked to
bring its functionality a little closer to RMAIL@. Jim Larus was very
cooperative about merging in my changes, and my efforts first appeared
in version 3.6, distributed with Emacs 18.52 in 1988. Next I decided
MH-E was too slow and optimized it a lot. Version, 3.7, distributed
with Emacs 18.56 in 1990, was noticeably faster.
When I moved to the X Consortium I became the first person there to
not use xmh. (There is now one other engineer there using MH-E@.) About
this point I took over maintenance of MH-E from Jim and was finally
able to add some features Jim hadn't accepted, such as the backward
searching undo. My first release was 3.8 (Emacs 18.58) in 1992.
Now, in 1994, we see a flurry of releases, with both 4.0 and 5.0.
Version 4.0 added many new features, including background folder
collection and support for composing @sc{mime} messages. (Reading
@sc{mime} messages remains to be done, alas.) While writing this book,
Bill Wohler gave MH-E its closest examination ever, uncovering bugs
and inconsistencies that required a new major version to fix, and so
version 5 was released.
Stephen Gildea, June 1994
@node From Bill Wohler, , From Stephen Gildea, History
@appendixsec From Bill Wohler
@cindex Wohler, Bill
@cindex Bill Wohler
The preface originally included the following text which I use to
begin my story:
@quotation
But it's important to note a brief history of MH-E.
@w{Version 3} was prevalent through the @w{Emacs 18} and early
@w{Emacs 19} years. Then @w{Version 4} came out (@w{Emacs 19.23}),
which introduced several new and changed commands. Next, @w{Version
5.0} was released, which fixed some bugs and incompatibilities, and
was incorporated into @w{Emacs 19.29}.
@end quotation
After a long break, Stephen handed the reins over to me in 2000. I
moved the project to a new site called SourceForge and organized a
great team of developers. Our first release in late 2001 was version
6. It appeared around the time of Emacs 21.2 and had menus and tool
bar buttons.
Then, indexed searches, improved MIME handling, a speedbar, multiple
identities, alias completion, an index view of unseen messages, spam
software support, Face and X-Image-URL header field support, Fcc
completion, arbitrary range handling, and draft form editing were
introduced in the version 7 series around the time of Emacs 21.4
(2004). Still, Emacs itself contained version 5 of MH-E released back
in 1994.
Version 8 development was mostly driven by the rewrite of the manual.
It also brought GNU mailutils MH support, S/MIME support, picon
support, and an improved interface for hiding header fields. The CVS
repository was migrated from SourceForge to Savannah (only for those
files that were already part of Emacs) and the software was completely
reorganized to push back two decades of entropy. Version 8 appeared in
Emacs 22.1 in 2006.
Development was then quiet for a couple of years. Emacs 23.1, which is
due out in 2009, will contain version 8.1. This version includes a few
new features and several bug fixes.
Bill Wohler, August 2008
@node GFDL, GPL, History, Top
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@include doclicense.texi
@node GPL, Key Index, GFDL, Top
@appendix GNU General Public License
@include gpl.texi
@node Key Index, Command Index, GPL, Top
@unnumbered Key (Character) Index
@printindex ky
@node Command Index, Option Index, Key Index, Top
@unnumbered Command Index
@printindex fn
@node Option Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
@unnumbered Option (Variable) Index
@printindex vr
@node Concept Index, , Option Index, Top
@unnumbered Concept Index
@printindex cp
@bye
@c Ispell Helpers
@c
@c The following are words that ispell should ignore that would not
@c normally be in a dictionary (global or personal). Be careful not to
@c include words here that could potentially be typos of other words
@c (such as url, elisp, or MHE).
@c
@c LocalWords: CTRL ESC SPC f's
@c LocalWords: addr Aliasfile alist
@c LocalWords: Baushke Bcc BBN Beranek bogofilter bogofilter's
@c LocalWords: cmd CMU contrib cron
@c LocalWords: DesBrisay Dcc devel dir dired docstring filll forw
@c LocalWords: GECOS Gildea Gildea's Ginnean GnuCash goto gnuserv htm
@c LocalWords: ImageMagick inbox ispell keychain
@c LocalWords: Larus licensor LocalWords lookup lpr
@c LocalWords: makeinfo mairix mbox mh mhbuild mhl mhpath mlisp
@c LocalWords: MML msg multipart
@c LocalWords: Namazu NIS nenscript nnml num
@c LocalWords: packmbox passphrase pathname prev procmail prog repl
@c LocalWords: slocal sortm SpamAssassin spammers SpamProbe SpamProbe's
@c LocalWords: sublicense supercite speedbar
@c LocalWords: Tennex texi texinfo Thelen thelenm
@c LocalWords: UCI undeleted whatnow wohler xmh ypcat
@c
@c See http://www.oreilly.com/oreilly/author/stylesheet.html.
@c See http://en.wikipedia.org/.
@c
@c Note the lowercase mh which is needed to avoid hits in the
@c functions and variables. Occasionally, check for accidental
@c inclusion of mh in text by uncommenting the following and executing
@c it with C-x C-e. You want to see "Search failed"
@c (let ((case-fold-search nil))
@c (goto-char (point-min))
@c (search-forward-regexp "^mh\\( \\|$\\)"))
@c
@c An extremely useful setting for texinfo-mode-hook is:
@c (add-to-list
@c 'ispell-skip-region-alist
@c (list
@c (concat "\\(@\\(small\\)?\\(example\\|lisp\\)"
@c "\\(@\\([irw]\\|code\\|var\\){[^}]+}\\|"
@c "@[@{}.]\\|"
@c "[^@]\\|"
@c "@\\(end \\)?group\\|"
@c "@\\(end \\)?cartouche\\)+"
@c "@end \\(small\\)?\\(example\\|lisp\\)\\|"
@c "@\\(code\\|command\\|file\\|kbd\\|sc\\){[^}]+}\\|"
@c "^@end [a-z]+$\\|"
@c "^@\\([fv]\\|print\\)index .*$\\|"
@c "@uref{[^,]+,\\|"
@c "@[a-z]+\\|"
@c "/[a-z.]+[/}]\\)")))))
@c
@c Cross References
@c
@c See existing cross-references to the Emacs manual and the Emacs
@c Lisp manual (search for ``GNU Emacs Manual'' and ``GNU
@c Emacs Lisp Reference Manual'' respectively).
@c @ftable Sorting
@c
@c As per index (sort of): Punctuation, keyboard characters (such as
@c RET and BS) upper and lowercase mixed (lower comes before
@c uppercase), control characters go with uppercase C, meta characters
@c go with uppercase M.
@c In some cases, the sort isn't strictly ASCII.
@c For example, SPC (mh-page-msg) reads better before BS
@c (mh-previous-page) and . (mh-show) is better before ,
@c (mh-header-display).
@c @vtable Sorting
@c
@c Alphabetical, pull hooks into their own table.
@c Local Variables:
@c sentence-end-double-space: nil
@c End:
|