Improve doc on MS-Windows quoting.

4 files changed, 696 insertions, 550 deletions

diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index f6b77ed8..142f035e 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2017-03-17         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Improve the discussion of quoting on
+	MS-Windows. Original text contributed by
+	Vincent Belaiche <vincent.belaiche@gmail.com>.
+
 2017-03-03         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in: Additional small writing tip in the notes
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 8e3dc9dd..197dc2f7 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -1859,11 +1859,45 @@ that it is worth addressing.
    The "shells" on Microsoft Windows systems use the double-quote
 character for quoting, and make it difficult or impossible to include an
 escaped double-quote character in a command-line script.  The following
-example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows how to print all lines in a
-file surrounded by double quotes:
+example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows how to escape the double quotes
+from this one liner script that prints all lines in a file surrounded by
+double quotes:
+
+     { print "\"" $0 "\"" }
+
+In an MS-Windows command-line the one-liner script above may be passed
+as follows:
 
      gawk "{ print \"\042\" $0 \"\042\" }" FILE
 
+   In this example the '\042' is the octal code for a double-quote;
+'gawk' converts it into a real double-quote for output by the 'print'
+statement.
+
+   In MS-Windows escaping double-quotes is a little tricky because you
+use backslashes to escape double-quotes, but backslashes themselves are
+not escaped in the usual way; indeed they are either duplicated or not,
+depending upon whether there is a subsequent double-quote.  The
+MS-Windows rule for double-quoting a string is the following:
+
+  1. For each double quote in the orginal string, let N be the number of
+     backslash(es) before it, N might be zero.  Replace these N
+     backslash(es) by 2*N+1 backslash(es)
+
+  2. Let N be the number of backslash(es) tailing the original string, N
+     might be zero.  Replace these N backslash(es) by 2*N backslash(es)
+
+  3. Surround the resulting string by double-quotes.
+
+   So to double-quote the one-liner script '{ print "\"" $0 "\"" }' from
+the previous example you would do it this way:
+
+     gawk "{ print \"\\\"\" $0 \"\\\"\" }" FILE
+
+However, the use of '\042' instead of '\\\"' is also possible and easier
+to read, because backslashes that are not followed by a double-quote
+don't need duplication.
+
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Sample Data Files,  Next: Very Simple,  Prev: Running gawk,  Up: Getting Started
 
@@ -35463,547 +35497,547 @@ Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184482
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+Node: Getline/File251482
+Node: Getline/Variable/File252868
+Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1254471
+Node: Getline/Pipe254559
+Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe257264
+Node: Getline/Coprocess258397
+Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess259662
+Node: Getline Notes260402
+Node: Getline Summary263197
+Ref: table-getline-variants263619
+Node: Read Timeout264367
+Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1268273
+Node: Retrying Input268331
+Node: Command-line directories269530
+Node: Input Summary270436
+Node: Input Exercises273608
+Node: Printing274336
+Node: Print276170
+Node: Print Examples277627
+Node: Output Separators280407
+Node: OFMT282424
+Node: Printf283780
+Node: Basic Printf284565
+Node: Control Letters286139
+Node: Format Modifiers290127
+Node: Printf Examples296142
+Node: Redirection298628
+Node: Special FD305469
+Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1308637
+Node: Special Files308711
+Node: Other Inherited Files309328
+Node: Special Network310329
+Node: Special Caveats311189
+Node: Close Files And Pipes312138
+Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values319045
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1319828
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2319976
+Node: Nonfatal320128
+Node: Output Summary322453
+Node: Output Exercises323675
+Node: Expressions324354
+Node: Values325542
+Node: Constants326220
+Node: Scalar Constants326911
+Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1327775
+Node: Nondecimal-numbers328025
+Node: Regexp Constants331026
+Node: Using Constant Regexps331552
+Node: Standard Regexp Constants332174
+Node: Strong Regexp Constants335362
+Node: Variables338320
+Node: Using Variables338977
+Node: Assignment Options340887
+Node: Conversion342760
+Node: Strings And Numbers343284
+Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1346347
+Node: Locale influences conversions346456
+Ref: table-locale-affects349214
+Node: All Operators349832
+Node: Arithmetic Ops350461
+Node: Concatenation352967
+Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1355814
+Node: Assignment Ops355921
+Ref: table-assign-ops360912
+Node: Increment Ops362225
+Node: Truth Values and Conditions365685
+Node: Truth Values366759
+Node: Typing and Comparison367807
+Node: Variable Typing368627
+Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1375090
+Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2375162
+Node: Comparison Operators375239
+Ref: table-relational-ops375658
+Node: POSIX String Comparison379153
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1380848
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2380987
+Node: Boolean Ops381071
+Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1385553
+Node: Conditional Exp385645
+Node: Function Calls387381
+Node: Precedence391258
+Node: Locales394917
+Node: Expressions Summary396549
+Node: Patterns and Actions399122
+Node: Pattern Overview400242
+Node: Regexp Patterns401919
+Node: Expression Patterns402461
+Node: Ranges406242
+Node: BEGIN/END409350
+Node: Using BEGIN/END410111
+Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1412847
+Node: I/O And BEGIN/END412953
+Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE415267
+Node: Empty418174
+Node: Using Shell Variables418491
+Node: Action Overview420765
+Node: Statements423090
+Node: If Statement424938
+Node: While Statement426433
+Node: Do Statement428461
+Node: For Statement429609
+Node: Switch Statement432767
+Node: Break Statement435153
+Node: Continue Statement437245
+Node: Next Statement439072
+Node: Nextfile Statement441455
+Node: Exit Statement444107
+Node: Built-in Variables446510
+Node: User-modified447643
+Node: Auto-set455229
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1469882
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2470088
+Node: ARGC and ARGV470144
+Node: Pattern Action Summary474357
+Node: Arrays476787
+Node: Array Basics478116
+Node: Array Intro478960
+Ref: figure-array-elements480935
+Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1483639
+Node: Reference to Elements483767
+Node: Assigning Elements486231
+Node: Array Example486722
+Node: Scanning an Array488481
+Node: Controlling Scanning491503
+Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1496902
+Node: Numeric Array Subscripts497218
+Node: Uninitialized Subscripts499402
+Node: Delete501021
+Ref: Delete-Footnote-1503773
+Node: Multidimensional503830
+Node: Multiscanning506925
+Node: Arrays of Arrays508516
+Node: Arrays Summary513283
+Node: Functions515376
+Node: Built-in516414
+Node: Calling Built-in517495
+Node: Numeric Functions519491
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1524324
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2524681
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3524729
+Node: String Functions525001
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1548505
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2548633
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3548881
+Node: Gory Details548968
+Ref: table-sub-escapes550759
+Ref: table-sub-proposed552278
+Ref: table-posix-sub553641
+Ref: table-gensub-escapes555182
+Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1556005
+Node: I/O Functions556159
+Ref: table-system-return-values562741
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1564721
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2564869
+Node: Time Functions564989
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1575656
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2575724
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3575882
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4575993
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5576105
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6576332
+Node: Bitwise Functions576598
+Ref: table-bitwise-ops577192
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1583225
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2583398
+Node: Type Functions583589
+Node: I18N Functions586264
+Node: User-defined587915
+Node: Definition Syntax588720
+Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1594407
+Node: Function Example594478
+Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1597400
+Node: Function Caveats597422
+Node: Calling A Function597940
+Node: Variable Scope598898
+Node: Pass By Value/Reference601892
+Node: Return Statement605391
+Node: Dynamic Typing608370
+Node: Indirect Calls609300
+Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1619551
+Node: Functions Summary619679
+Node: Library Functions622384
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1625991
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2626134
+Node: Library Names626305
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1629765
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2629988
+Node: General Functions630074
+Node: Strtonum Function631177
+Node: Assert Function634199
+Node: Round Function637525
+Node: Cliff Random Function639066
+Node: Ordinal Functions640082
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1643145
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2643397
+Node: Join Function643607
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1645377
+Node: Getlocaltime Function645577
+Node: Readfile Function649319
+Node: Shell Quoting651291
+Node: Data File Management652692
+Node: Filetrans Function653324
+Node: Rewind Function657420
+Node: File Checking659326
+Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1660660
+Node: Empty Files660861
+Node: Ignoring Assigns662840
+Node: Getopt Function664390
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1675859
+Node: Passwd Functions676059
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1684898
+Node: Group Functions684986
+Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1692884
+Node: Walking Arrays693091
+Node: Library Functions Summary696099
+Node: Library Exercises697505
+Node: Sample Programs697970
+Node: Running Examples698740
+Node: Clones699468
+Node: Cut Program700692
+Node: Egrep Program710621
+Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1718133
+Node: Id Program718243
+Node: Split Program721923
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1725382
+Node: Tee Program725511
+Node: Uniq Program728301
+Node: Wc Program735727
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1739982
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs740076
+Node: Dupword Program741289
+Node: Alarm Program743319
+Node: Translate Program748174
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1752739
+Node: Labels Program753009
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1756360
+Node: Word Sorting756444
+Node: History Sorting760516
+Node: Extract Program762351
+Node: Simple Sed769880
+Node: Igawk Program772954
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1787285
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2787487
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3787609
+Node: Anagram Program787724
+Node: Signature Program790786
+Node: Programs Summary792033
+Node: Programs Exercises793247
+Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1797376
+Node: Advanced Features797467
+Node: Nondecimal Data799457
+Node: Array Sorting801048
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal801748
+Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1810115
+Node: Array Sorting Functions810233
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1815324
+Node: Two-way I/O815520
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1822071
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2822258
+Node: TCP/IP Networking822340
+Node: Profiling825458
+Ref: Profiling-Footnote-1834130
+Node: Advanced Features Summary834453
+Node: Internationalization836297
+Node: I18N and L10N837777
+Node: Explaining gettext838464
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1844356
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2844541
+Node: Programmer i18n844706
+Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1849655
+Node: Translator i18n849704
+Node: String Extraction850498
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1851630
+Node: Printf Ordering851716
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1854502
+Node: I18N Portability854566
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1857022
+Node: I18N Example857085
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1859891
+Node: Gawk I18N859964
+Node: I18N Summary860609
+Node: Debugger861950
+Node: Debugging862972
+Node: Debugging Concepts863413
+Node: Debugging Terms865222
+Node: Awk Debugging867797
+Node: Sample Debugging Session868703
+Node: Debugger Invocation869237
+Node: Finding The Bug870623
+Node: List of Debugger Commands877101
+Node: Breakpoint Control878434
+Node: Debugger Execution Control882128
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data885490
+Node: Execution Stack888864
+Node: Debugger Info890501
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands894572
+Node: Readline Support899660
+Node: Limitations900556
+Node: Debugging Summary902665
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic903944
+Node: Computer Arithmetic905360
+Ref: table-numeric-ranges908951
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1909673
+Node: Math Definitions909730
+Ref: table-ieee-formats913044
+Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1913647
+Node: MPFR features913752
+Node: FP Math Caution915469
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1916541
+Node: Inexactness of computations916910
+Node: Inexact representation917870
+Node: Comparing FP Values919230
+Node: Errors accumulate920312
+Node: Getting Accuracy921745
+Node: Try To Round924455
+Node: Setting precision925354
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings926051
+Node: Setting the rounding mode927881
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes928255
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1931663
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers931842
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1936759
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems936908
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1940790
+Node: Floating point summary940828
+Node: Dynamic Extensions943018
+Node: Extension Intro944571
+Node: Plugin License945837
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline946634
+Ref: figure-load-extension947073
+Ref: figure-register-new-function948638
+Ref: figure-call-new-function949730
+Node: Extension API Description951792
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction953434
+Node: General Data Types958768
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1965973
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions966272
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1969117
+Node: Constructor Functions969216
+Node: Registration Functions972215
+Node: Extension Functions972900
+Node: Exit Callback Functions978113
+Node: Extension Version String979363
+Node: Input Parsers980026
+Node: Output Wrappers989908
+Node: Two-way processors994420
+Node: Printing Messages996685
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1997856
+Node: Updating ERRNO998009
+Node: Requesting Values998748
+Ref: table-value-types-returned999485
+Node: Accessing Parameters1000421
+Node: Symbol Table Access1001656
+Node: Symbol table by name1002168
+Node: Symbol table by cookie1003957
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11008142
+Node: Cached values1008206
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11011742
+Node: Array Manipulation1011833
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11012924
+Node: Array Data Types1012961
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11015619
+Node: Array Functions1015711
+Node: Flattening Arrays1020110
+Node: Creating Arrays1027051
+Node: Redirection API1031820
+Node: Extension API Variables1034662
+Node: Extension Versioning1035295
+Ref: gawk-api-version1035732
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables1037460
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate1038524
+Node: Changes from API V11042386
+Node: Finding Extensions1043046
+Node: Extension Example1043605
+Node: Internal File Description1044403
+Node: Internal File Ops1048483
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11059883
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1060023
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11062406
+Node: Extension Samples1062680
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1064209
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1071858
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1073345
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1074563
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1077773
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1078609
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1079498
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1080303
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1080892
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1081632
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1083574
+Node: Extension Sample Time1084669
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1086017
+Node: gawkextlib1086509
+Node: Extension summary1088956
+Node: Extension Exercises1092658
+Node: Language History1094156
+Node: V7/SVR3.11095812
+Node: SVR41097964
+Node: POSIX1099398
+Node: BTL1100777
+Node: POSIX/GNU1101506
+Node: Feature History1107398
+Node: Common Extensions1121768
+Node: Ranges and Locales1123051
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11127667
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21127694
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31127929
+Node: Contributors1128150
+Node: History summary1133710
+Node: Installation1135090
+Node: Gawk Distribution1136034
+Node: Getting1136518
+Node: Extracting1137479
+Node: Distribution contents1139117
+Node: Unix Installation1145459
+Node: Quick Installation1146141
+Node: Shell Startup Files1148555
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1149644
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1151449
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1153818
+Node: PC Installation1154278
+Node: PC Binary Installation1155116
+Node: PC Compiling1155551
+Node: PC Using1156668
+Node: Cygwin1159713
+Node: MSYS1160483
+Node: VMS Installation1160984
+Node: VMS Compilation1161775
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11163004
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1163062
+Node: VMS Installation Details1164747
+Node: VMS Running1167000
+Node: VMS GNV1171279
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1172014
+Node: Bugs1172485
+Node: Bug address1173148
+Node: Usenet1175545
+Node: Maintainers1176322
+Node: Other Versions1177698
+Node: Installation summary1184282
+Node: Notes1185317
+Node: Compatibility Mode1186182
+Node: Additions1186964
+Node: Accessing The Source1187889
+Node: Adding Code1189324
+Node: New Ports1195542
+Node: Derived Files1200030
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11205515
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21205550
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31206148
+Node: Future Extensions1206262
+Node: Implementation Limitations1206920
+Node: Extension Design1208103
+Node: Old Extension Problems1209257
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11210775
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1210832
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11214196
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1214385
+Node: Extension Future Growth1216498
+Node: Old Extension Mechanism1217334
+Node: Notes summary1219097
+Node: Basic Concepts1220279
+Node: Basic High Level1220960
+Ref: figure-general-flow1221242
+Ref: figure-process-flow1221927
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11225228
+Node: Basic Data Typing1225413
+Node: Glossary1228741
+Node: Copying1260688
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1298227
+Node: Index1323345
 
 End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 22234241..658ac17e 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@
 @set MINUS
 @end ifdocbook
 
+@iftex
+@set TIMES @times
+@end iftex
+@ifnottex
+@set TIMES *
+@end ifnottex
+        
+
 @set xref-automatic-section-title
 
 @c The following information should be updated here only!
@@ -3032,14 +3040,59 @@ it is worth addressing.
 @cindex Brink, Jeroen
 The ``shells'' on Microsoft Windows systems use the double-quote
 character for quoting, and make it difficult or impossible to include an
-escaped double-quote character in a command-line script.
-The following example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows
-how to print all lines in a file surrounded by double quotes:
+escaped double-quote character in a command-line script.  The following
+example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows how to escape the double quotes
+from this one liner script that prints all lines in a file surrounded by
+double quotes:
+
+@example
+@{ print "\"" $0 "\"" @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In an MS-Windows command-line the one-liner script above may be passed as
+follows:
 
 @example
 gawk "@{ print \"\042\" $0 \"\042\" @}" @var{file}
 @end example
 
+In this example the @samp{\042} is the octal code for a double-quote;
+@command{gawk} converts it into a real double-quote for output by
+the @code{print} statement.
+
+In MS-Windows escaping double-quotes is a little tricky because you use
+backslashes to escape double-quotes, but backslashes themselves are not
+escaped in the usual way; indeed they are either duplicated or not,
+depending upon whether there is a subsequent double-quote.  The MS-Windows
+rule for double-quoting a string is the following:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+For each double quote in the orginal string, let @var{N} be the number
+of backslash(es) before it, @var{N} might be zero. Replace these @var{N}
+backslash(es) by @math{2@value{TIMES}@var{N}+1} backslash(es)
+
+@item
+Let @var{N} be the number of backslash(es) tailing the original string,
+@var{N} might be zero. Replace these @var{N} backslash(es) by
+@math{2@value{TIMES}@var{N}} backslash(es)
+
+@item
+Surround the resulting string by double-quotes.
+@end enumerate
+
+So to double-quote the one-liner script @samp{@{ print "\"" $0 "\"" @}}
+from the previous example you would do it this way:
+
+@example
+gawk "@{ print \"\\\"\" $0 \"\\\"\" @}" @var{file}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+However, the use of @samp{\042} instead of @samp{\\\"} is also possible
+and easier to read, because backslashes that are not followed by a
+double-quote don't need duplication.
 
 @node Sample Data Files
 @section @value{DDF}s for the Examples
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index d2b24312..d8e9654f 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@
 @set MINUS
 @end ifdocbook
 
+@iftex
+@set TIMES @times
+@end iftex
+@ifnottex
+@set TIMES *
+@end ifnottex
+        
+
 @set xref-automatic-section-title
 
 @c The following information should be updated here only!
@@ -2943,14 +2951,59 @@ it is worth addressing.
 @cindex Brink, Jeroen
 The ``shells'' on Microsoft Windows systems use the double-quote
 character for quoting, and make it difficult or impossible to include an
-escaped double-quote character in a command-line script.
-The following example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows
-how to print all lines in a file surrounded by double quotes:
+escaped double-quote character in a command-line script.  The following
+example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows how to escape the double quotes
+from this one liner script that prints all lines in a file surrounded by
+double quotes:
+
+@example
+@{ print "\"" $0 "\"" @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In an MS-Windows command-line the one-liner script above may be passed as
+follows:
 
 @example
 gawk "@{ print \"\042\" $0 \"\042\" @}" @var{file}
 @end example
 
+In this example the @samp{\042} is the octal code for a double-quote;
+@command{gawk} converts it into a real double-quote for output by
+the @code{print} statement.
+
+In MS-Windows escaping double-quotes is a little tricky because you use
+backslashes to escape double-quotes, but backslashes themselves are not
+escaped in the usual way; indeed they are either duplicated or not,
+depending upon whether there is a subsequent double-quote.  The MS-Windows
+rule for double-quoting a string is the following:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+For each double quote in the orginal string, let @var{N} be the number
+of backslash(es) before it, @var{N} might be zero. Replace these @var{N}
+backslash(es) by @math{2@value{TIMES}@var{N}+1} backslash(es)
+
+@item
+Let @var{N} be the number of backslash(es) tailing the original string,
+@var{N} might be zero. Replace these @var{N} backslash(es) by
+@math{2@value{TIMES}@var{N}} backslash(es)
+
+@item
+Surround the resulting string by double-quotes.
+@end enumerate
+
+So to double-quote the one-liner script @samp{@{ print "\"" $0 "\"" @}}
+from the previous example you would do it this way:
+
+@example
+gawk "@{ print \"\\\"\" $0 \"\\\"\" @}" @var{file}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+However, the use of @samp{\042} instead of @samp{\\\"} is also possible
+and easier to read, because backslashes that are not followed by a
+double-quote don't need duplication.
 
 @node Sample Data Files
 @section @value{DDF}s for the Examples