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diff --git a/gcc/gcc.texi b/gcc/gcc.texi index 2a54a70900b..da2804ddc87 100644 --- a/gcc/gcc.texi +++ b/gcc/gcc.texi @@ -111,23 +111,21 @@ notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph @end ignore Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the -sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' ``Funding for Free -Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look And Feel'@w{}'' are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. +sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding for Free +Software'' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' -``Funding for Free Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look -And Feel'@w{}'', and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. +except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and +``Funding for Free Software'', and this permission notice, may be +included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation +instead of in the original English. @end ifinfo @setchapternewpage odd - +@c @finalout @titlepage @ifset INTERNALS @ifset USING @@ -144,23 +142,23 @@ original English. @sp 2 @center Richard M. Stallman @sp 3 -@center Last updated 7 January 1998 +@center Last updated 16 March 1998 @sp 1 -@c The version number appears three times more in this file. +@c The version number appears five times more in this file. @center for egcs-1.0 @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll -Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @sp 2 For EGCS Version 1.0@* @sp 1 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* 59 Temple Place - Suite 330@* Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA@* -Last printed November, 1995.@* +Last printed April, 1998.@* Printed copies are available for $50 each.@* -ISBN 1-882114-36-1 +ISBN 1-882114-37-X @sp 1 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice @@ -168,19 +166,17 @@ are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the -sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' ``Funding for Free -Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look And Feel'@w{}'' are -included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. +sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding for Free +Software'' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License,'' -``Funding for Free Software,'' and ``Protect Your Freedom---Fight `Look -And Feel'@w{}'', and this permission notice, may be included in -translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the -original English. +except that the sections entitled ``GNU General Public License'' and +``Funding for Free Software'', and this permission notice, may be +included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation +instead of in the original English. @end titlepage @page @@ -236,7 +232,7 @@ bugs. It corresponds to EGCS version 1.0. @end ifset * Funding:: How to help assure funding for free software. -* Look and Feel:: Protect your freedom---fight ``look and feel''. +* GNU/Linux:: Linux and the GNU Project * Copying:: GNU General Public License says how you can copy and share GNU CC. @@ -1122,7 +1118,7 @@ the ordinary C compiler. If you do so, you must specify the following options: @smallexample --L/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/we32k-att-sysv/2.7.1 -lgcc -lc_s +-L/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/we32k-att-sysv/2.8.1 -lgcc -lc_s @end smallexample The first specifies where to find the library @file{libgcc.a} @@ -3864,9 +3860,9 @@ procedure will build all combinations of compatible options. For example, if you set @code{MULTILIB_OPTIONS} to @samp{m68000/m68020 msoft-float}, @file{Makefile} will build special versions of -@file{libgcc.a} using the sets of options @samp{-m68000}, @samp{-m68020}, -@samp{-msoft-float}, @samp{-m68000 -msoft-float}, and @samp{-m68020 --msoft-float}. +@file{libgcc.a} using the following sets of options: @samp{-m68000}, +@samp{-m68020}, @samp{-msoft-float}, @samp{-m68000 -msoft-float}, and +@samp{-m68020 -msoft-float}. @findex MULTILIB_DIRNAMES @item MULTILIB_DIRNAMES @@ -3877,7 +3873,7 @@ Write one element in @code{MULTILIB_DIRNAMES} for each element in default value will be @code{MULTILIB_OPTIONS}, with all slashes treated as spaces. -For example, if @code{MULTILIB_OPTIONS} is specified as @samp{m68000/m68020 +For example, if @code{MULTILIB_OPTIONS} is set to @samp{m68000/m68020 msoft-float}, then the default value of @code{MULTILIB_DIRNAMES} is @samp{m68000 m68020 msoft-float}. You may specify a different value if you desire a different set of directory names. @@ -3992,191 +3988,104 @@ Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted without royalty; alteration is not permitted. @end display -@node Look and Feel -@unnumbered Protect Your Freedom---Fight ``Look And Feel'' -@c the above chapter heading overflows onto the next line. --mew 1/26/93 - -@quotation -@i{This section is a political message from the League for Programming -Freedom to the users of GNU CC. We have included it here because the -issue of interface copyright is important to the GNU project.} -@end quotation - -Apple, Lotus, and now CDC have tried to create a new form of legal -monopoly: a copyright on a user interface. - -An interface is a kind of language---a set of conventions for -communication between two entities, human or machine. Until a few years -ago, the law seemed clear: interfaces were outside the domain of -copyright, so programmers could program freely and implement whatever -interface the users demanded. Imitating de-facto standard interfaces, -sometimes with improvements, was standard practice in the computer -field. These improvements, if accepted by the users, caught on and -became the norm; in this way, much progress took place. - -Computer users, and most software developers, were happy with this state -of affairs. However, large companies such as Apple and Lotus would -prefer a different system---one in which they can own interfaces and -thereby rid themselves of all serious competitors. They hope that -interface copyright will give them, in effect, monopolies on major -classes of software. - -Other large companies such as IBM and Digital also favor interface -monopolies, for the same reason: if languages become property, they -expect to own many de-facto standard languages. But Apple and Lotus are -the ones who have actually sued. Apple's lawsuit was defeated, for -reasons only partly related to the general issue of interface copyright. - -Lotus won lawsuits against two small companies, which were thus put out -of business. Then Lotus sued Borland; Lotus won in the trial court (no -surprise, since it was the same court that had ruled for Lotus twice -before), but the court of appeals ruled in favor of Borland, which was -assisted by a friend-of-the-court brief from the League for Programming -Freedom. - -Lotus appealed the case to the Supreme Court, which heard the case but -was unable to reach a decision. This failure means that the appeals -court decision stands, in one portion of the United States, and may -influence the other appeals courts, but it does not set a nationwide -precedent. The battle is not over, and it is not limited to the United -States. - -The battle is extending into other areas of software as well. In 1995 a -company that produced a simulator for a CDC computer was shut down by a -copyright lawsuit, in which CDC charged that the simulator infringed the -copyright on the manuals for the computer. - -If the monopolists get their way, they will hobble the software field: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Gratuitous incompatibilities will burden users. Imagine if each car -manufacturer had to design a different way to start, stop, and steer a -car. - -@item -Users will be ``locked in'' to whichever interface they learn; then they -will be prisoners of one supplier, who will charge a monopolistic price. - -@item -Large companies have an unfair advantage wherever lawsuits become -commonplace. Since they can afford to sue, they can intimidate smaller -developers with threats even when they don't really have a case. - -@item -Interface improvements will come slower, since incremental evolution -through creative partial imitation will no longer occur. -@end itemize - -If interface monopolies are accepted, other large companies are waiting -to grab theirs: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Adobe is expected to claim a monopoly on the interfaces of various -popular application programs, if Lotus ultimately wins the case against -Borland. - -@item -Open Computing magazine reported a Microsoft vice president as threatening -to sue people who imitate the interface of Windows. -@end itemize - -Users invest a great deal of time and money in learning to use computer -interfaces. Far more, in fact, than software developers invest in -developing @emph{and even implementing} the interfaces. Whoever can own -an interface, has made its users into captives, and misappropriated -their investment. - -To protect our freedom from monopolies like these, a group of -programmers and users have formed a grass-roots political organization, -the League for Programming Freedom. - -The purpose of the League is to oppose monopolistic practices such as -interface copyright and software patents. The League calls for a return -to the legal policies of the recent past, in which programmers could -program freely. The League is not concerned with free software as an -issue, and is not affiliated with the Free Software Foundation. - -The League's activities include publicizing the issues, as is being done -here, and filing friend-of-the-court briefs on behalf of defendants sued -by monopolists. - -The League's membership rolls include Donald Knuth, the foremost -authority on algorithms, John McCarthy, inventor of Lisp, Marvin Minsky, -founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence lab, Guy L. Steele, Jr., -author of well-known books on Lisp and C, as well as Richard Stallman, -the developer of GNU CC. Please join and add your name to the list. -Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers -and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others. - -Activist members are especially important, but members who have no time -to give are also important. Surveys at major ACM conferences have -indicated a vast majority of attendees agree with the League on both -issues (interface copyrights and software patents). If just ten percent -of the programmers who agree with the League join the League, we will -probably triumph. - -To join, or for more information, send electronic mail to -the address @code{lpf@@uunet.uu.net} or write to: - -@display -League for Programming Freedom -1 Kendall Square #143 -P.O. Box 9171 -Cambridge, MA 02139 -@end display - -In addition to joining the League, here are some suggestions from the -League for other things you can do to protect your freedom to write -programs: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -Tell your friends and colleagues about this issue and how it threatens -to ruin the computer industry. - -@item -Mention that you are a League member in your @file{.signature}, and -mention the League's email address for inquiries. - -@item -Ask the companies you consider working for or working with to make -statements against software monopolies, and give preference to those -that do. - -@item -When employers ask you to sign contracts giving them copyright on your -work, insist on a clause saying they will not claim the copyright covers -imitating the interface. - -@item -When employers ask you to sign contracts giving them patent rights, -insist on clauses saying they can use these rights only defensively. -Don't rely on ``company policy,'' since that can change at any time; -don't rely on an individual executive's private word, since that person -may be replaced. Get a commitment just as binding as the commitment -they get from you. - -@item -Write to Congress to explain the importance of these issues. - -@display -House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property -2137 Rayburn Bldg -Washington, DC 20515 - -Senate Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights -United States Senate -Washington, DC 20510 -@end display - -(These committees have received lots of mail already; let's give them -even more.) -@end itemize - -Democracy means nothing if you don't use it. Stand up and be counted! - +@node GNU/Linux +@unnumbered Linux and the GNU Project + +Many computer users run a modified version of the GNU system every +day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the +version of GNU which is widely used today is more often known as +``Linux'', and many users are not aware of the extent of its +connection with the GNU Project. + +There really is a Linux; it is a kernel, and these people are using +it. But you can't use a kernel by itself; a kernel is useful only as +part of a whole system. The system in which Linux is typically used +is a modified variant of the GNU system---in other words, a Linux-based +GNU system. + +Many users are not fully aware of the distinction between the kernel, +which is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call ``Linux''. +The ambiguous use of the name doesn't promote understanding. + +Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they +have generally heard the whole system called ``Linux'' as well, they +often envisage a history which fits that name. For example, many +believe that once Linus Torvalds finished writing the kernel, his +friends looked around for other free software, and for no particular +reason most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was +already available. + +What they found was no accident---it was the GNU system. The available +free software added up to a complete system because the GNU Project +had been working since 1984 to make one. The GNU Manifesto +had set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-like system, called +GNU. By the time Linux was written, the system was almost finished. + +Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular +program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to +write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text +formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (X +Windows). It's natural to measure the contribution of this kind of +project by specific programs that came from the project. + +If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, +what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their ``Linux +distribution'', GNU software was the largest single contingent, around +28% of the total source code, and this included some of the essential +major components without which there could be no system. Linux itself +was about 3%. So if you were going to pick a name for the system +based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate +single choice would be ``GNU''. + +But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question. +The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific +software packages. It was not a project to develop a C compiler, +although we did. It was not a project to develop a text editor, +although we developed one. The GNU Project's aim was to develop +@emph{a complete free Unix-like system}. + +Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the +system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is @emph{a +system}---and not just a collection of useful programs---is because the +GNU Project set out to make it one. We wrote the programs that were +needed to make a @emph{complete} free system. We wrote essential but +unexciting major components, such as the assembler and linker, because +you can't have a system without them. A complete system needs more +than just programming tools, so we wrote other components as well, +such as the Bourne Again SHell, the PostScript interpreter +Ghostscript, and the GNU C library. + +By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the +kernel (and we were also working on a kernel, the GNU Hurd, which runs +on top of Mach). Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we +expected, and we are still working on finishing it. + +Fortunately, you don't have to wait for it, because Linux is working +now. When Linus Torvalds wrote Linux, he filled the last major gap. +People could then put Linux together with the GNU system to make a +complete free system: a Linux-based GNU system (or GNU/Linux system, +for short). + +Putting them together sounds simple, but it was not a trivial job. +The GNU C library (called glibc for short) needed substantial changes. +Integrating a complete system as a distribution that would work ``out +of the box'' was a big job, too. It required addressing the issue of +how to install and boot the system---a problem we had not tackled, +because we hadn't yet reached that point. The people who developed +the various system distributions made a substantial contribution. + +The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as @emph{the} +GNU system---even with funds. We funded the rewriting of the +Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are +well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current +library release with no changes. We also funded an early stage of the +development of Debian GNU/Linux. + +We use Linux-based GNU systems today for most of our work, and we hope +you use them too. But please don't confuse the public by using the +name ``Linux'' ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the essential +major components of the system. The system as a whole is more or less +the GNU system. @node Copying @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |