diff options
| author | Richard Henderson <rth@redhat.com> | 1999-05-03 07:29:06 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Richard Henderson <rth@redhat.com> | 1999-05-03 07:29:06 +0000 |
| commit | 860acaebec6b57ce27e244cc02a58e6651a4b6c3 (patch) | |
| tree | eff5420756a4bd56b40b74c2b828b261f327610b /etc | |
| parent | f9c53ad2d7cb541cbe821d645b90437ac063e5db (diff) | |
| download | gdb-860acaebec6b57ce27e244cc02a58e6651a4b6c3.tar.gz | |
Initial revision
Diffstat (limited to 'etc')
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/ChangeLog | 507 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/Makefile.in | 156 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/add-log.el | 573 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/add-log.vi | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configbuild.ein | 149 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configbuild.fig | 50 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configbuild.jin | bin | 0 -> 11123 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configbuild.tin | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configdev.ein | 185 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configdev.fig | 80 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configdev.jin | bin | 0 -> 17967 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configdev.tin | 17 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | etc/configure | 862 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configure.in | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/configure.texi | 2644 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/make-stds.texi | 914 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/standards.texi | 3093 |
17 files changed, 9257 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/etc/ChangeLog b/etc/ChangeLog new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0453a3e1339 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/ChangeLog @@ -0,0 +1,507 @@ +1999-04-01 Jim Blandy <jimb@zwingli.cygnus.com> + + * add-log.el, add-log.vi: New files. + +Wed Jan 20 01:33:50 1999 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * comp-tools-verify: Remove some checks that are no longer valid. + +1998-12-03 Nick Clifton <nickc@cygnus.com> + + * targetdoc/fr30.texi: New document. + +Thu Oct 1 21:15:59 1998 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * comp-tools-fix, cross-tools-fix: Replace /usr/include + with ${FIXINCDIR}. + +Tue Aug 11 19:22:11 1998 Doug Evans <devans@canuck.cygnus.com> + + * make-rel-sym-tree (version): Update calculation. + +Fri Jun 12 21:34:01 1998 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * configure.texi: Various additions. + * Makefile.in (TEXI2HTML, DVIPS): New variables. + (standards.ps): New target. + (configure.dvi): Copy .tin files in as well. + (configure.ps, configure.html): New targets. + (clean): Remove configdev.jpg and configbuild.jpg. + * configdev.fig: New file. + * configdev.ein: New file (EPS version of configdev.fig). + * configdev.jin: New file (JPEG version of configdev.fig). + * configbuild.fig: New file. + * configbuild.ein: New file (EPS version of configbuild.fig). + * configbuild.jin: New file (JPEG version of configbuild.fig). + +Wed Jun 10 14:41:25 1998 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * configure.texi: New file. + * configdev.tin: New file. + * configbuild.tin: New file. + * Makefile.in (MAKEINFO): Use makeinfo from texinfo directory if + it exists. + (TEXI2DVI): Likewise for texi2dvi. + (INFOFILES): Add configure.info. + (DVIFILES): Add configure.dvi. + (info): Only build info files if the source files exist. + (install-info): Only install info files if they exist. + (dvi): Only build DVI files if the sources files exist. + (configure.info): New target. + (configure.dvi): New target. + (clean): Remove configdev and configbuild derived files. + + Remove obsolete documentation. + * intro.texi: Remove. + * install.texi: Remove. + * config-names.texi: Remove. + * screen1.eps: Remove. + * screen1.obj: Remove. + * screen2.eps: Remove. + * screen2.obj: Remove. + * Makefile.in: Remove references to the above. + +Thu May 21 14:34:51 1998 Nick Clifton <nickc@cygnus.com> + + * targetdoc/arm-interwork.texi: Add note about ignoring linker + warning message when using --support-old-code. + +Mon May 18 14:27:37 1998 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in, comp-tools-fix, comp-tools-verify, cross-tools-fix: + Use $GCCvn rather than substitute everywhere. + +Thu May 14 14:43:10 1998 Nick Clifton <nickc@cygnus.com> + + * targetdoc/arm-interwork.texi: Document dlltool support of + interworking. + +Thu May 7 16:49:38 1998 Jason Molenda (crash@bugshack.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: Remove references to TCL_LIBRARY, TK_LIBRARY, + and GDBTK_FILENAME. + +Wed Apr 1 17:11:44 1998 Nick Clifton <nickc@cygnus.com> + + * targetdoc/arm-interwork.texi: Document ARM/thumb interworking. + +Tue Mar 31 15:28:20 1998 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * standards.texi, make-stds.texi: Update to current FSF versions. + * Makefile.in (standards.info): Depend upon make-std.texi. + +Tue Mar 24 16:13:26 1998 Stu Grossman <grossman@bhuna.cygnus.co.uk> + + * configure: Regenerate with autoconf 2.12.1 to fix shell issues + for NT native builds. + +Mon Mar 9 16:41:04 1998 Doug Evans <devans@canuck.cygnus.com> + + * make-rel-sym-tree (binprogs): Add objcopy. + +Tue Feb 24 18:11:58 1998 Doug Evans <devans@canuck.cygnus.com> + + * make-rel-sym-tree: as.new -> as-new, ld.new -> ld-new + nm.new -> nm-new. Make symlinks to crt*.o. + +Fri Nov 21 12:54:58 1997 Manfred Hollstein <manfred@s-direktnet.de> + + * Makefile.in: Add --no-split argument to avoid creating files + with names longer than 14 characters. + +Thu Sep 25 13:13:11 1997 Jason Molenda (crash@pern.cygnus.com) + + * intro.texi: Add closing ifset. + +Mon Sep 1 10:31:32 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: Move setting HOST and TARGET to the beginning + of the file for editing convenience. + +Mon Sep 1 10:28:37 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in.: More friendly options/messages when extracting + from a file instead of a tape device. + +Tue Jun 17 15:50:23 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: Add /usr/bsd to PATH for Irix (home of compress) + +Thu Jun 12 13:47:00 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in (show_exec_prefix_msg): fix quoting + +Wed Jun 4 15:31:43 1997 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * rebuilding.texi: Removed. + +Sat May 24 18:02:20 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * cross-tools-fix: Remove host check since it doesn't matter + for this case. + * Install.in (guess_system): clean up more unused hosts. + * Install.in, cross-tools-fix, comp-tools-fix, comp-tools-verify: + Hack for host check to not warn the user for certain cases. + +Fri May 23 23:46:10 1997 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: Remove a lot of unused code + * Install.in: Remove reference to TAPEdflt, use variables instead of + string substitution when able. + +Fri Apr 11 17:25:52 1997 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * configure.in: Change file named in AC_INIT to Makefile.in. + * configure: Rebuild. + +Fri Apr 11 18:12:42 1997 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * Install.in (guess_system): Back out change to INSTALLHOST to + call all IRIX systems "mips-sgi-irix4" + + * Makefile.in: Remove references to configure.texi and cfg-paper.texi. + +Thu Apr 10 23:26:45 1997 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * srctree.texi, emacs-relnotes.texi, cfg-paper.texi: Remove. + * Install.in: Remove Ultrix-specific hacks. + Update Cygnus phone numbers. + (guess_system): Remove some old systems (Ultrix, OSF1 v1 & 2, + m68k-HPUX, m68k SunOS, etc.) + (show_gnu_root_msg): Remove. + Removed all the remove option code. + +Thu Apr 10 23:23:33 1997 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * configure.man, configure.texi: Remote. + +Mon Apr 7 18:15:00 1997 Brendan Kehoe <brendan@cygnus.com> + + * Fix the version string for OSF1 4.0 to recognize either + V4.* or X4.* + +Mon Apr 7 15:34:47 1997 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * standards.texi, make-stds.texi: Update to current FSF versions. + +Tue Nov 19 15:36:14 1996 Doug Evans <dje@canuck.cygnus.com> + + * make-rel-sym-tree: New file. + +Wed Oct 23 00:34:07 1996 Angela Marie Thomas (angela@cygnus.com) + + * Lots of patches from progressive... + * Install.in: restore DDOPTS for AIX 4.x + * Install.in, subst-strings: add case for DG Aviion + * subst-strings: fix typo in INSTALLdir var setting + * comp-tools-verify: set SHLIB_PATH for shared libs + * Install.in, subst-strings: add case for solaris2.5 + * Install.in: fix regression for hppa1.1 check + * comp-tools-fix: set LD_LIBRARY_PATH + * comp-tools-fix: If fixincludes fixes /usr/include/limits.h, + install it as syslimits.h. + +Wed Oct 16 19:20:42 1996 Michael Meissner <meissner@tiktok.cygnus.com> + + * Install.in (guess_system): Treat powerpc-ibm-aix4.1 the same as + rs6000-ibm-aix4.1, since the compiler now uses common mode by + default. + +Wed Oct 2 15:39:07 1996 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * configure.in (AC_PROG_INSTALL): Added. + * Makefile.in (distclean): Remove config.cache. + +Wed Oct 2 14:33:58 1996 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * configure.in: Switch to autoconf configure.in. + * configure: New. + * Makefile.in: Use autoconf-substituted values. + +Tue Jun 25 18:56:08 1996 Jason Molenda (crash@godzilla.cygnus.co.jp) + + * Makefile.in (datadir): Changed to $(prefix)/share. + +Fri Mar 29 11:38:01 1996 J.T. Conklin (jtc@lisa.cygnus.com) + + * configure.man: Changed to be recognized by catman -w on Solaris. + +Wed Dec 6 15:40:28 1995 Doug Evans <dje@canuck.cygnus.com> + + * comp-tools-fix (fixincludes): Define FIXPROTO_DEFINES from + .../install-tools/fixproto-defines. + +Sun Nov 12 19:31:27 1995 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * comp-tools-verify (verify_cxx_initializers): delete argv, + argc declarations, add -static to compile line. + (verify_cxx_hello_world): delete argv, argc declarations, add + -static to compile line. + +Wed Sep 20 13:21:52 1995 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@cygnus.com> + + * Makefile.in (maintainer-clean): New target, synonym for + realclean. + +Mon Aug 28 17:25:49 1995 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in (PATH): add /usr/ucb to $PATH (for SunOS 4.1.x). + +Tue Aug 15 21:51:58 1995 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in (guess_system): Match OSF/1 v3.x as the same as + v2.x--v2.x binaries are upward compatible. + +Tue Aug 15 21:46:54 1995 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in (guess_system): recognize HP 9000/800 systems as the + same as HP 9000/700 systems. + +Tue Aug 8 13:11:56 1995 Brendan Kehoe <brendan@lisa.cygnus.com> + + * Install.in: For emacs, run show_emacs_alternate_msg and exit. + (show_emacs_alternate_msg): New message saying how emacs can't be + installed in an alternate prefix. + +Thu Jun 8 00:42:56 1995 Angela Marie Thomas <angela@cirdan.cygnus.com> + + * subst-strings: change du commands to $BINDIR/. & $SRCDIR/. just + in case they are symlinks. + +Tue Apr 18 14:23:10 1995 J.T. Conklin <jtc@rtl.cygnus.com> + + * cdk-fix: Extracted table of targets that don't need their + headers fixed from gcc's configure script. + + * cdk-fix, cdk-verify: Use ${HOST} instead of ||HOSTstr|| + + * cdk-fix, cdk-verify: New files, install script fragments used + for Cygnus Developer's Kit. + + * Install.in (do_mkdir): New function. + + * Install.in: Added support for --with and --without options. + Changed so that tape commands are not run when extracting + from a file. + (do_mt): Changed to take only one argument. + +Wed Mar 29 11:16:38 1995 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: catch UNAME==alpha-dec-osf2.x and correct entry for + alpha-dec-osf1.x + +Fri Jan 27 12:04:29 1995 J.T. Conklin <jtc@rtl.cygnus.com> + + * subst-strings (mips-sgi-irix5): New entry in table. + +Thu Jan 19 12:15:44 1995 J.T. Conklin <jtc@rtl.cygnus.com> + + * Install.in: Major rewrite, bundle dependent code (for example, + fixincludes for comp-tools) will be inserted into the Install + script when it is generated. + +Tue Jan 17 16:51:32 1995 Ian Lance Taylor <ian@sanguine.cygnus.com> + + * Makefile.in (Makefile): Rebuild using $(SHELL). + +Thu Nov 3 19:30:33 1994 Ken Raeburn <raeburn@cujo.cygnus.com> + + * Makefile.in (install-info): Depend on info. + +Fri Aug 19 16:16:38 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@phydeaux.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: set $FIX_HEADER so fixproto can find fix-header. + +Fri May 6 16:18:58 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Makefile.in (install-info): add a semicolon in the if statement. + +Fri Apr 29 16:56:07 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * cfg-paper.texi: Update some outdated information. + + * Makefile.in (install-info): Pass file, not directory, as last + arg to INSTALL_DATA. + (uninstall): New target. + +Thu Apr 28 14:42:22 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * configure.texi: Comment out @smallbook. + + * Makefile.in: Define TEXI2DVI and TEXIDIR, and use the latter. + Remove info files in realclean, not clean, per coding standards. + Remove TeX output in clean. + +Tue Apr 26 17:18:03 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: fixincludes output is actually put in fixincludes.log, + but echo'ed messages claim it is fixinc.log. This is the same + messages as I logged in March 4 1994, but for some reason we found + the change hadn't been done. I'll have to dig through the logs + and find out what I really did do that day. :) + +Mon Apr 25 20:28:19 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: use eval to call do_mt() for Ultrix brokenness. + +Mon Apr 25 20:00:00 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in(do_mt): exit with error status 1 if # of parameters + != 3. + +Mon Apr 25 19:42:36 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: lose TAPE_FORWARD and TAPE_REWIND, add do_mt() + to do all tape movement operations. Currently untested. Addresses + PR # 4886 from bull. + + * Install.in: add 1994 to the copyright thing. + +Fri Apr 22 19:05:13 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi: Update from FSF. + +Fri Apr 22 15:46:10 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: Add $DDOPTS, has ``bs=124b'' for all systems except + AIX (some versions of AIX don't understand bs=124b. Silly OS). + +Mon Apr 4 22:55:05 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: null out $TOOLS before adding stuff to it + non-destructively. + +Wed Mar 30 21:45:35 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi: Fix typo. + + * configure.texi, configure.man: Document --disable-. + +Mon Mar 28 13:22:15 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi: Update from FSF. + +Sat Mar 26 09:21:44 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi, make-stds.texi: Update from FSF. + +Fri Mar 25 22:59:45 1994 David J. Mackenzie (djm@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * configure.texi, configure.man: Document --enable-* options. + +Wed Mar 23 23:38:24 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: set CPP to be gcc -E for fixincludes. + +Wed Mar 23 13:42:48 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: set PATH to $PATH:/bin:/usr/bin so we can pick + up native tools even if the user doesn't have them in his + path. + + * Install.in: ``hppa-1.1-hp-hpux'' -> ``hppa1.1-hp-hpux''. + +Tue Mar 15 22:09:20 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: TAPE_REWIND and TAPE_FORWARD variables for Unixunaware, + added switch statement to detect if system is Unixunaware. + +Fri Mar 4 12:10:30 1994 Jason Molenda (crash@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: fixincludes output is actually put in fixincludes.log, + but echo'ed messages claim it is fixinc.log. + +Wed Nov 3 02:58:02 1993 Jeffrey Osier (jeffrey@thepub.cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: output TEXBUNDLE for more install notes matching + * install-texi.in: PRMS info now exists + +Tue Oct 26 16:57:12 1993 K. Richard Pixley (rich@sendai.cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: match solaris*. Also, add default case to catch + and error out for unrecognized systems. + +Thu Aug 19 18:21:31 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: handle the new fixproto work + +Mon Jul 19 12:05:41 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo@cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: remove "MT=tctl" for AIX (not needed, and barely + worked anyway) + +Mon Jun 14 19:09:22 1993 Jeffrey Osier (jeffrey@cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: changed HOST to recognize Solaris for install notes + +Thu Jun 10 16:01:25 1993 Jeffrey Osier (jeffrey@cygnus.com) + + * dos-inst.texi: new file. + +Wed Jun 9 19:23:59 1993 Jeffrey Osier (jeffrey@rtl.cygnus.com) + + * install-texi.in: added conditionals (nearly complete) + cleaned up + added support for other releases (not done) + +Wed Jun 9 15:53:58 1993 Jim Kingdon (kingdon@cygnus.com) + + * Makefile.in (install-info): Use INSTALL_DATA. + ({dist,real}clean): Also delete Makefile and config.status. + +Fri Jun 4 17:09:56 1993 Jeffrey Osier (jeffrey@cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: added data for OS_STRING + + * subst-strings: added support for OS_STRING + +Thu Jun 3 00:37:01 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: pull COPYING and COPYING.LIB off of the tape + +Tue Jun 1 16:52:08 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * subst-strings: replace RELEASE_DIR too + +Mon Mar 22 23:55:27 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * Makefile.in: add installcheck target + +Wed Mar 17 02:21:15 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * Install.in: fix 'source only' extraction bug where it looked for + the src dir under H-<host>/src instead of src; also remove stray + reference to EMACSHIBIN + +Mon Mar 15 01:25:45 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * make-stds.texi: added 'installcheck' to the standard targets + +Tue Mar 9 19:48:28 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi: added INFO-DIR-ENTRY, updated version from the FSF + +Tue Feb 9 12:40:23 1993 Ian Lance Taylor (ian@cygnus.com) + + * Makefile.in (standards.info): Added -I$(srcdir) to find + make-stds.texi. + +Mon Feb 1 16:32:56 1993 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * standards.texi: updated to latest FSF version, which includes: + + * make-stds.texi: new file + +Mon Nov 30 01:31:40 1992 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * install-texi.in, relnotes.texi, intro.texi: changed Cygnus phone + numbers from the old Palo Alto ones to the new Mtn. View numbers + +Mon Nov 16 16:50:43 1992 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * Makefile.in: define $(RM) to "rm -f" + +Sun Oct 11 16:05:48 1992 david d `zoo' zuhn (zoo at cirdan.cygnus.com) + + * intro.texi: added INFO-DIR-ENTRY + diff --git a/etc/Makefile.in b/etc/Makefile.in new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..eedc8c9c1ac --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/Makefile.in @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +# +# Makefile.in for etc +# + +prefix = @prefix@ +exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ + +srcdir = @srcdir@ +VPATH = @srcdir@ + +bindir = @bindir@ +libdir = @libdir@ +tooldir = $(libdir) +datadir = @datadir@ + +mandir = @mandir@ +man1dir = $(mandir)/man1 +man2dir = $(mandir)/man2 +man3dir = $(mandir)/man3 +man4dir = $(mandir)/man4 +man5dir = $(mandir)/man5 +man6dir = $(mandir)/man6 +man7dir = $(mandir)/man7 +man8dir = $(mandir)/man8 +man9dir = $(mandir)/man9 +infodir = @infodir@ + +SHELL = /bin/sh + +INSTALL = @INSTALL@ +INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ +INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ + +MAKEINFO = `if [ -f ../texinfo/makeinfo/makeinfo ]; \ + then echo ../texinfo/makeinfo/makeinfo; \ + else echo makeinfo; fi` +TEXI2DVI = `if [ -f ../texinfo/util/texi2dvi ]; \ + then echo ../texinfo/util/texi2dvi; \ + else echo texi2dvi; fi` +TEXI2HTML = texi2html +DVIPS = dvips + +# Where to find texinfo.tex to format documentation with TeX. +TEXIDIR = $(srcdir)/../texinfo + +#### Host, target, and site specific Makefile fragments come in here. +### + +INFOFILES = standards.info configure.info +DVIFILES = standards.dvi configure.dvi + +all: + +install: + +uninstall: + +info: + for f in $(INFOFILES); do \ + if test -f $(srcdir)/`echo $$f | sed -e 's/.info$$/.texi/'`; then \ + if $(MAKE) "MAKEINFO=$(MAKEINFO)" $$f; then \ + true; \ + else \ + exit 1; \ + fi; \ + fi; \ + done + +install-info: info + $(SHELL) $(srcdir)/../mkinstalldirs $(infodir) + if test ! -f standards.info; then cd $(srcdir); fi; \ + if test -f standards.info; then \ + for i in standards.info*; do \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$i $(infodir)/$$i; \ + done; \ + fi + if test ! -f configure.info; then cd $(srcdir); fi; \ + if test -f configure.info; then \ + for i in configure.info*; do \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$i $(infodir)/$$i; \ + done; \ + fi + +dvi: + for f in $(DVIFILES); do \ + if test -f $(srcdir)/`echo $$f | sed -e 's/.dvi$$/.texi/'`; then \ + if $(MAKE) "TEXI2DVI=$(TEXI2DVI)" $$f; then \ + true; \ + else \ + exit 1; \ + fi; \ + fi; \ + done + +standards.info: $(srcdir)/standards.texi $(srcdir)/make-stds.texi + $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(srcdir) -o standards.info $(srcdir)/standards.texi + +standards.dvi: $(srcdir)/standards.texi + TEXINPUTS=$(TEXIDIR):$$TEXINPUTS $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/standards.texi + +standards.ps: standards.dvi + $(DVIPS) standards.dvi -o standards.ps + +# makeinfo requires images to be in the current directory. +configure.info: $(srcdir)/configure.texi $(srcdir)/configdev.tin $(srcdir)/configbuild.tin + rm -f configdev.txt configbuild.txt + cp $(srcdir)/configdev.tin configdev.txt + cp $(srcdir)/configbuild.tin configbuild.txt + $(MAKEINFO) -I$(srcdir) -o configure.info $(srcdir)/configure.texi + rm -f configdev.txt configbuild.txt + +# texi2dvi wants both the .txt and the .eps files. +configure.dvi: $(srcdir)/configure.texi $(srcdir)/configdev.tin $(srcdir)/configbuild.tin $(srcdir)/configdev.ein $(srcdir)/configbuild.ein + rm -f configdev.txt configbuild.txt + cp $(srcdir)/configdev.tin configdev.txt + cp $(srcdir)/configbuild.tin configbuild.txt + rm -f configdev.eps configbuild.eps + cp $(srcdir)/configdev.ein configdev.eps + cp $(srcdir)/configbuild.ein configbuild.eps + TEXINPUTS=$(TEXIDIR):$$TEXINPUTS $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/configure.texi + rm -f configdev.txt configbuild.txt + rm -f configdev.eps configbuild.eps + +# dvips requires images to be in the current directory +configure.ps: configure.dvi $(srcdir)/configdev.ein $(srcdir)/configbuild.ein + rm -f configdev.eps configbuild.eps + cp $(srcdir)/configdev.ein configdev.eps + cp $(srcdir)/configbuild.ein configbuild.eps + $(DVIPS) configure.dvi -o configure.ps + rm -f configdev.eps configbuild.eps + +configure.html: $(srcdir)/configure.texi + $(TEXI2HTML) -split_chapter $(srcdir)/configure.texi + +clean: + rm -f *.aux *.cp *.cps *.dvi *.fn *.fns *.ky *.kys *.log + rm -f *.pg *.pgs *.toc *.tp *.tps *.vr *.vrs + rm -f configdev.txt configbuild.txt configdev.eps configbuild.eps + rm -f configdev.jpg configbuild.jpg + +mostlyclean: clean + +distclean: clean + rm -f Makefile config.status config.cache + +maintainer-clean realclean: distclean + rm -f *.info* + +Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(host_makefile_frag) $(target_makefile_frag) + $(SHELL) ./config.status + +## these last targets are for standards.texi conformance +dist: +check: +installcheck: +TAGS: diff --git a/etc/add-log.el b/etc/add-log.el new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..60c88e8c949 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/add-log.el @@ -0,0 +1,573 @@ +;;; ============ NOTE WELL! ============= +;;; +;;; You only need to use this file if you're using a version of Emacs +;;; prior to 20.1 to work on GDB. The only difference between this +;;; and the standard add-log.el provided with 19.34 is that it +;;; generates dates using the terser format used by Emacs 20. This is +;;; the format recommended for use in GDB ChangeLogs. +;;; +;;; To use this code, you should create a directory `~/elisp', save the code +;;; below in `~/elisp/add-log.el', and then put something like this in +;;; your `~/.emacs' file, to tell Emacs where to find it: +;;; +;;; (setq load-path +;;; (cons (expand-file-name "~/elisp") +;;; load-path)) +;;; +;;; If you want, you can also byte-compile it --- it'll run a little +;;; faster, and use a little less memory. (Not that those matter much for +;;; this file.) To do that, after you've saved the text as +;;; ~/elisp/add-log.el, bring it up in Emacs, and type +;;; +;;; C-u M-x byte-compile-file +;;; +;;; --- Jim Blandy + +;;; add-log.el --- change log maintenance commands for Emacs + +;; Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +;; Keywords: maint + +;; This file is part of GNU Emacs. + +;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) +;; any later version. + +;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +;; GNU General Public License for more details. + +;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the +;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, +;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. + +;;; Commentary: + +;; This facility is documented in the Emacs Manual. + +;;; Code: + +(defvar change-log-default-name nil + "*Name of a change log file for \\[add-change-log-entry].") + +(defvar add-log-current-defun-function nil + "\ +*If non-nil, function to guess name of current function from surrounding text. +\\[add-change-log-entry] calls this function (if nil, `add-log-current-defun' +instead) with no arguments. It returns a string or nil if it cannot guess.") + +;;;###autoload +(defvar add-log-full-name nil + "*Full name of user, for inclusion in ChangeLog daily headers. +This defaults to the value returned by the `user-full-name' function.") + +;;;###autoload +(defvar add-log-mailing-address nil + "*Electronic mail address of user, for inclusion in ChangeLog daily headers. +This defaults to the value of `user-mail-address'.") + +(defvar change-log-font-lock-keywords + '(("^[SMTWF].+" . font-lock-function-name-face) ; Date line. + ("^\t\\* \\([^ :\n]+\\)" 1 font-lock-comment-face) ; File name. + ("(\\([^)\n]+\\)):" 1 font-lock-keyword-face)) ; Function name. + "Additional expressions to highlight in Change Log mode.") + +(defvar change-log-mode-map nil + "Keymap for Change Log major mode.") +(if change-log-mode-map + nil + (setq change-log-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) + (define-key change-log-mode-map "\M-q" 'change-log-fill-paragraph)) + +(defun change-log-name () + (or change-log-default-name + (if (eq system-type 'vax-vms) + "$CHANGE_LOG$.TXT" + (if (or (eq system-type 'ms-dos) (eq system-type 'windows-nt)) + "changelo" + "ChangeLog")))) + +;;;###autoload +(defun prompt-for-change-log-name () + "Prompt for a change log name." + (let* ((default (change-log-name)) + (name (expand-file-name + (read-file-name (format "Log file (default %s): " default) + nil default)))) + ;; Handle something that is syntactically a directory name. + ;; Look for ChangeLog or whatever in that directory. + (if (string= (file-name-nondirectory name) "") + (expand-file-name (file-name-nondirectory default) + name) + ;; Handle specifying a file that is a directory. + (if (file-directory-p name) + (expand-file-name (file-name-nondirectory default) + (file-name-as-directory name)) + name)))) + +;;;###autoload +(defun find-change-log (&optional file-name) + "Find a change log file for \\[add-change-log-entry] and return the name. + +Optional arg FILE-NAME specifies the file to use. +If FILE-NAME is nil, use the value of `change-log-default-name'. +If 'change-log-default-name' is nil, behave as though it were 'ChangeLog' +\(or whatever we use on this operating system). + +If 'change-log-default-name' contains a leading directory component, then +simply find it in the current directory. Otherwise, search in the current +directory and its successive parents for a file so named. + +Once a file is found, `change-log-default-name' is set locally in the +current buffer to the complete file name." + ;; If user specified a file name or if this buffer knows which one to use, + ;; just use that. + (or file-name + (setq file-name (and change-log-default-name + (file-name-directory change-log-default-name) + change-log-default-name)) + (progn + ;; Chase links in the source file + ;; and use the change log in the dir where it points. + (setq file-name (or (and buffer-file-name + (file-name-directory + (file-chase-links buffer-file-name))) + default-directory)) + (if (file-directory-p file-name) + (setq file-name (expand-file-name (change-log-name) file-name))) + ;; Chase links before visiting the file. + ;; This makes it easier to use a single change log file + ;; for several related directories. + (setq file-name (file-chase-links file-name)) + (setq file-name (expand-file-name file-name)) + ;; Move up in the dir hierarchy till we find a change log file. + (let ((file1 file-name) + parent-dir) + (while (and (not (or (get-file-buffer file1) (file-exists-p file1))) + (progn (setq parent-dir + (file-name-directory + (directory-file-name + (file-name-directory file1)))) + ;; Give up if we are already at the root dir. + (not (string= (file-name-directory file1) + parent-dir)))) + ;; Move up to the parent dir and try again. + (setq file1 (expand-file-name + (file-name-nondirectory (change-log-name)) + parent-dir))) + ;; If we found a change log in a parent, use that. + (if (or (get-file-buffer file1) (file-exists-p file1)) + (setq file-name file1))))) + ;; Make a local variable in this buffer so we needn't search again. + (set (make-local-variable 'change-log-default-name) file-name) + file-name) + +;;;###autoload +(defun add-change-log-entry (&optional whoami file-name other-window new-entry) + "Find change log file and add an entry for today. +Optional arg (interactive prefix) non-nil means prompt for user name and site. +Second arg is file name of change log. If nil, uses `change-log-default-name'. +Third arg OTHER-WINDOW non-nil means visit in other window. +Fourth arg NEW-ENTRY non-nil means always create a new entry at the front; +never append to an existing entry." + (interactive (list current-prefix-arg + (prompt-for-change-log-name))) + (or add-log-full-name + (setq add-log-full-name (user-full-name))) + (or add-log-mailing-address + (setq add-log-mailing-address user-mail-address)) + (if whoami + (progn + (setq add-log-full-name (read-input "Full name: " add-log-full-name)) + ;; Note that some sites have room and phone number fields in + ;; full name which look silly when inserted. Rather than do + ;; anything about that here, let user give prefix argument so that + ;; s/he can edit the full name field in prompter if s/he wants. + (setq add-log-mailing-address + (read-input "Mailing address: " add-log-mailing-address)))) + (let ((defun (funcall (or add-log-current-defun-function + 'add-log-current-defun))) + paragraph-end entry) + + (setq file-name (expand-file-name (find-change-log file-name))) + + ;; Set ENTRY to the file name to use in the new entry. + (and buffer-file-name + ;; Never want to add a change log entry for the ChangeLog file itself. + (not (string= buffer-file-name file-name)) + (setq entry (if (string-match + (concat "^" (regexp-quote (file-name-directory + file-name))) + buffer-file-name) + (substring buffer-file-name (match-end 0)) + (file-name-nondirectory buffer-file-name)))) + + (if (and other-window (not (equal file-name buffer-file-name))) + (find-file-other-window file-name) + (find-file file-name)) + (or (eq major-mode 'change-log-mode) + (change-log-mode)) + (undo-boundary) + (goto-char (point-min)) + (let ((heading (format "%s %s <%s>" + (format-time-string "%Y-%m-%d") + add-log-full-name + add-log-mailing-address))) + (if (looking-at (regexp-quote heading)) + (forward-line 1) + (insert heading "\n\n"))) + + ;; Search only within the first paragraph. + (if (looking-at "\n*[^\n* \t]") + (skip-chars-forward "\n") + (forward-paragraph 1)) + (setq paragraph-end (point)) + (goto-char (point-min)) + + ;; Now insert the new line for this entry. + (cond ((re-search-forward "^\\s *\\*\\s *$" paragraph-end t) + ;; Put this file name into the existing empty entry. + (if entry + (insert entry))) + ((and (not new-entry) + (let (case-fold-search) + (re-search-forward + (concat (regexp-quote (concat "* " entry)) + ;; Don't accept `foo.bar' when + ;; looking for `foo': + "\\(\\s \\|[(),:]\\)") + paragraph-end t))) + ;; Add to the existing entry for the same file. + (re-search-forward "^\\s *$\\|^\\s \\*") + (goto-char (match-beginning 0)) + ;; Delete excess empty lines; make just 2. + (while (and (not (eobp)) (looking-at "^\\s *$")) + (delete-region (point) (save-excursion (forward-line 1) (point)))) + (insert "\n\n") + (forward-line -2) + (indent-relative-maybe)) + (t + ;; Make a new entry. + (forward-line 1) + (while (looking-at "\\sW") + (forward-line 1)) + (while (and (not (eobp)) (looking-at "^\\s *$")) + (delete-region (point) (save-excursion (forward-line 1) (point)))) + (insert "\n\n\n") + (forward-line -2) + (indent-to left-margin) + (insert "* " (or entry "")))) + ;; Now insert the function name, if we have one. + ;; Point is at the entry for this file, + ;; either at the end of the line or at the first blank line. + (if defun + (progn + ;; Make it easy to get rid of the function name. + (undo-boundary) + (insert (if (save-excursion + (beginning-of-line 1) + (looking-at "\\s *$")) + "" + " ") + "(" defun "): ")) + ;; No function name, so put in a colon unless we have just a star. + (if (not (save-excursion + (beginning-of-line 1) + (looking-at "\\s *\\(\\*\\s *\\)?$"))) + (insert ": "))))) + +;;;###autoload +(defun add-change-log-entry-other-window (&optional whoami file-name) + "Find change log file in other window and add an entry for today. +Optional arg (interactive prefix) non-nil means prompt for user name and site. +Second arg is file name of change log. \ +If nil, uses `change-log-default-name'." + (interactive (if current-prefix-arg + (list current-prefix-arg + (prompt-for-change-log-name)))) + (add-change-log-entry whoami file-name t)) +;;;###autoload (define-key ctl-x-4-map "a" 'add-change-log-entry-other-window) + +;;;###autoload +(defun change-log-mode () + "Major mode for editing change logs; like Indented Text Mode. +Prevents numeric backups and sets `left-margin' to 8 and `fill-column' to 74. +New log entries are usually made with \\[add-change-log-entry] or \\[add-change-log-entry-other-window]. +Each entry behaves as a paragraph, and the entries for one day as a page. +Runs `change-log-mode-hook'." + (interactive) + (kill-all-local-variables) + (indented-text-mode) + (setq major-mode 'change-log-mode + mode-name "Change Log" + left-margin 8 + fill-column 74 + indent-tabs-mode t + tab-width 8) + (use-local-map change-log-mode-map) + ;; Let each entry behave as one paragraph: + ;; We really do want "^" in paragraph-start below: it is only the lines that + ;; begin at column 0 (despite the left-margin of 8) that we are looking for. + (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) "\\s *$\\|\f\\|^\\sw") + (set (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) "\\s *$\\|\f\\|^\\sw") + ;; Let all entries for one day behave as one page. + ;; Match null string on the date-line so that the date-line + ;; is grouped with what follows. + (set (make-local-variable 'page-delimiter) "^\\<\\|^\f") + (set (make-local-variable 'version-control) 'never) + (set (make-local-variable 'adaptive-fill-regexp) "\\s *") + (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults) + '(change-log-font-lock-keywords t)) + (run-hooks 'change-log-mode-hook)) + +;; It might be nice to have a general feature to replace this. The idea I +;; have is a variable giving a regexp matching text which should not be +;; moved from bol by filling. change-log-mode would set this to "^\\s *\\s(". +;; But I don't feel up to implementing that today. +(defun change-log-fill-paragraph (&optional justify) + "Fill the paragraph, but preserve open parentheses at beginning of lines. +Prefix arg means justify as well." + (interactive "P") + (let ((end (save-excursion (forward-paragraph) (point))) + (beg (save-excursion (backward-paragraph)(point))) + (paragraph-start (concat paragraph-start "\\|\\s *\\s("))) + (fill-region beg end justify))) + +(defvar add-log-current-defun-header-regexp + "^\\([A-Z][A-Z_ ]*[A-Z_]\\|[-_a-zA-Z]+\\)[ \t]*[:=]" + "*Heuristic regexp used by `add-log-current-defun' for unknown major modes.") + +;;;###autoload +(defun add-log-current-defun () + "Return name of function definition point is in, or nil. + +Understands C, Lisp, LaTeX (\"functions\" are chapters, sections, ...), +Texinfo (@node titles), Perl, and Fortran. + +Other modes are handled by a heuristic that looks in the 10K before +point for uppercase headings starting in the first column or +identifiers followed by `:' or `=', see variable +`add-log-current-defun-header-regexp'. + +Has a preference of looking backwards." + (condition-case nil + (save-excursion + (let ((location (point))) + (cond ((memq major-mode '(emacs-lisp-mode lisp-mode scheme-mode + lisp-interaction-mode)) + ;; If we are now precisely at the beginning of a defun, + ;; make sure beginning-of-defun finds that one + ;; rather than the previous one. + (or (eobp) (forward-char 1)) + (beginning-of-defun) + ;; Make sure we are really inside the defun found, not after it. + (if (and (looking-at "\\s(") + (progn (end-of-defun) + (< location (point))) + (progn (forward-sexp -1) + (>= location (point)))) + (progn + (if (looking-at "\\s(") + (forward-char 1)) + (forward-sexp 1) + (skip-chars-forward " '") + (buffer-substring (point) + (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))))) + ((and (memq major-mode '(c-mode c++-mode c++-c-mode objc-mode)) + (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) + ;; Use eq instead of = here to avoid + ;; error when at bob and char-after + ;; returns nil. + (while (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\) + (forward-line -1)) + (looking-at "[ \t]*#[ \t]*define[ \t]"))) + ;; Handle a C macro definition. + (beginning-of-line) + (while (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\) ;not =; note above + (forward-line -1)) + (search-forward "define") + (skip-chars-forward " \t") + (buffer-substring (point) + (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))) + ((memq major-mode '(c-mode c++-mode c++-c-mode objc-mode)) + (beginning-of-line) + ;; See if we are in the beginning part of a function, + ;; before the open brace. If so, advance forward. + (while (not (looking-at "{\\|\\(\\s *$\\)")) + (forward-line 1)) + (or (eobp) + (forward-char 1)) + (beginning-of-defun) + (if (progn (end-of-defun) + (< location (point))) + (progn + (backward-sexp 1) + (let (beg tem) + + (forward-line -1) + ;; Skip back over typedefs of arglist. + (while (and (not (bobp)) + (looking-at "[ \t\n]")) + (forward-line -1)) + ;; See if this is using the DEFUN macro used in Emacs, + ;; or the DEFUN macro used by the C library. + (if (condition-case nil + (and (save-excursion + (end-of-line) + (while (= (preceding-char) ?\\) + (end-of-line 2)) + (backward-sexp 1) + (beginning-of-line) + (setq tem (point)) + (looking-at "DEFUN\\b")) + (>= location tem)) + (error nil)) + (progn + (goto-char tem) + (down-list 1) + (if (= (char-after (point)) ?\") + (progn + (forward-sexp 1) + (skip-chars-forward " ,"))) + (buffer-substring (point) + (progn (forward-sexp 1) (point)))) + (if (looking-at "^[+-]") + (get-method-definition) + ;; Ordinary C function syntax. + (setq beg (point)) + (if (and (condition-case nil + ;; Protect against "Unbalanced parens" error. + (progn + (down-list 1) ; into arglist + (backward-up-list 1) + (skip-chars-backward " \t") + t) + (error nil)) + ;; Verify initial pos was after + ;; real start of function. + (save-excursion + (goto-char beg) + ;; For this purpose, include the line + ;; that has the decl keywords. This + ;; may also include some of the + ;; comments before the function. + (while (and (not (bobp)) + (save-excursion + (forward-line -1) + (looking-at "[^\n\f]"))) + (forward-line -1)) + (>= location (point))) + ;; Consistency check: going down and up + ;; shouldn't take us back before BEG. + (> (point) beg)) + (let (end middle) + ;; Don't include any final newline + ;; in the name we use. + (if (= (preceding-char) ?\n) + (forward-char -1)) + (setq end (point)) + (backward-sexp 1) + ;; Now find the right beginning of the name. + ;; Include certain keywords if they + ;; precede the name. + (setq middle (point)) + (forward-word -1) + ;; Ignore these subparts of a class decl + ;; and move back to the class name itself. + (while (looking-at "public \\|private ") + (skip-chars-backward " \t:") + (setq end (point)) + (backward-sexp 1) + (setq middle (point)) + (forward-word -1)) + (and (bolp) + (looking-at "struct \\|union \\|class ") + (setq middle (point))) + (buffer-substring middle end))))))))) + ((memq major-mode + '(TeX-mode plain-TeX-mode LaTeX-mode;; tex-mode.el + plain-tex-mode latex-mode;; cmutex.el + )) + (if (re-search-backward + "\\\\\\(sub\\)*\\(section\\|paragraph\\|chapter\\)" nil t) + (progn + (goto-char (match-beginning 0)) + (buffer-substring (1+ (point));; without initial backslash + (progn + (end-of-line) + (point)))))) + ((eq major-mode 'texinfo-mode) + (if (re-search-backward "^@node[ \t]+\\([^,\n]+\\)" nil t) + (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) + (match-end 1)))) + ((eq major-mode 'perl-mode) + (if (re-search-backward "^sub[ \t]+\\([^ \t\n]+\\)" nil t) + (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) + (match-end 1)))) + ((eq major-mode 'fortran-mode) + ;; must be inside function body for this to work + (beginning-of-fortran-subprogram) + (let ((case-fold-search t)) ; case-insensitive + ;; search for fortran subprogram start + (if (re-search-forward + "^[ \t]*\\(program\\|subroutine\\|function\ +\\|[ \ta-z0-9*]*[ \t]+function\\)" + nil t) + (progn + ;; move to EOL or before first left paren + (if (re-search-forward "[(\n]" nil t) + (progn (forward-char -1) + (skip-chars-backward " \t")) + (end-of-line)) + ;; Use the name preceding that. + (buffer-substring (point) + (progn (forward-sexp -1) + (point))))))) + (t + ;; If all else fails, try heuristics + (let (case-fold-search) + (end-of-line) + (if (re-search-backward add-log-current-defun-header-regexp + (- (point) 10000) + t) + (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) + (match-end 1)))))))) + (error nil))) + +(defvar get-method-definition-md) + +;; Subroutine used within get-method-definition. +;; Add the last match in the buffer to the end of `md', +;; followed by the string END; move to the end of that match. +(defun get-method-definition-1 (end) + (setq get-method-definition-md + (concat get-method-definition-md + (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)) + end)) + (goto-char (match-end 0))) + +;; For objective C, return the method name if we are in a method. +(defun get-method-definition () + (let ((get-method-definition-md "[")) + (save-excursion + (if (re-search-backward "^@implementation\\s-*\\([A-Za-z_]*\\)" nil t) + (get-method-definition-1 " "))) + (save-excursion + (cond + ((re-search-forward "^\\([-+]\\)[ \t\n\f\r]*\\(([^)]*)\\)?\\s-*" nil t) + (get-method-definition-1 "") + (while (not (looking-at "[{;]")) + (looking-at + "\\([A-Za-z_]*:?\\)\\s-*\\(([^)]*)\\)?[A-Za-z_]*[ \t\n\f\r]*") + (get-method-definition-1 "")) + (concat get-method-definition-md "]")))))) + + +(provide 'add-log) + +;;; add-log.el ends here diff --git a/etc/add-log.vi b/etc/add-log.vi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..efb8c77aa2b --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/add-log.vi @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Here is a vi macro to create entries in the recommended format for +GDB's ChangeLogs. + +map 1GO:r !date '+\%Y-\%m-\%d'2GA Jason Molenda (:r !whoamikJxA@:r !hostnameA)kJxkddjO
*
k$ + +It contains control and escape sequences, so don't just cut and paste it. +You'll need to change the "Jason Molenda" bit, of course. :-) Put this +in your $HOME/.exrc and when you type control-X in move-around-mode, +you'll have a changelog template inserted. + +--- Jason Molenda diff --git a/etc/configbuild.ein b/etc/configbuild.ein new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7a0e214f2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configbuild.ein @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: configbuild.fig +%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 1 +%%CreationDate: Fri Jun 12 20:13:16 1998 +%%For: ian@tito.cygnus.com (Ian Lance Taylor) +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 322 173 +%%Pages: 0 +%%BeginSetup +%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter +%%EndSetup +%%EndComments +/$F2psDict 200 dict def +$F2psDict begin +$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put +/col-1 {} def +/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col3 {0.000 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5100 autoconf\001 diff --git a/etc/configdev.jin b/etc/configdev.jin Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9b11a71acd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configdev.jin diff --git a/etc/configdev.tin b/etc/configdev.tin new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c9b6f34f4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configdev.tin @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + acconfig.h configure.in Makefile.am + | | | + | --------------+---------------------- | + | | | | | + v v | acinclude.m4 | | + *autoheader* | | v v + | | v --->*automake* + v |--->*aclocal* | | + config.in | | | v + | v | Makefile.in + | aclocal.m4--- + | | + v v + *autoconf* + | + v + configure diff --git a/etc/configure b/etc/configure new file mode 100755 index 00000000000..101fcefecfc --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configure @@ -0,0 +1,862 @@ +#! /bin/sh + +# Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. +# Generated automatically using autoconf version 2.12.1 +# Copyright (C) 1992, 93, 94, 95, 96 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# +# This configure script is free software; the Free Software Foundation +# gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. + +# Defaults: +ac_help= +ac_default_prefix=/usr/local +# Any additions from configure.in: + +# Initialize some variables set by options. +# The variables have the same names as the options, with +# dashes changed to underlines. +build=NONE +cache_file=./config.cache +exec_prefix=NONE +host=NONE +no_create= +nonopt=NONE +no_recursion= +prefix=NONE +program_prefix=NONE +program_suffix=NONE +program_transform_name=s,x,x, +silent= +site= +srcdir= +target=NONE +verbose= +x_includes=NONE +x_libraries=NONE +bindir='${exec_prefix}/bin' +sbindir='${exec_prefix}/sbin' +libexecdir='${exec_prefix}/libexec' +datadir='${prefix}/share' +sysconfdir='${prefix}/etc' +sharedstatedir='${prefix}/com' +localstatedir='${prefix}/var' +libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib' +includedir='${prefix}/include' +oldincludedir='/usr/include' +infodir='${prefix}/info' +mandir='${prefix}/man' + +# Initialize some other variables. +subdirs= +MFLAGS= MAKEFLAGS= +SHELL=${CONFIG_SHELL-/bin/sh} +# Maximum number of lines to put in a shell here document. +ac_max_here_lines=12 + +ac_prev= +for ac_option +do + + # If the previous option needs an argument, assign it. + if test -n "$ac_prev"; then + eval "$ac_prev=\$ac_option" + ac_prev= + continue + fi + + case "$ac_option" in + -*=*) ac_optarg=`echo "$ac_option" | sed 's/[-_a-zA-Z0-9]*=//'` ;; + *) ac_optarg= ;; + esac + + # Accept the important Cygnus configure options, so we can diagnose typos. + + case "$ac_option" in + + -bindir | --bindir | --bindi | --bind | --bin | --bi) + ac_prev=bindir ;; + -bindir=* | --bindir=* | --bindi=* | --bind=* | --bin=* | --bi=*) + bindir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -build | --build | --buil | --bui | --bu) + ac_prev=build ;; + -build=* | --build=* | --buil=* | --bui=* | --bu=*) + build="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -cache-file | --cache-file | --cache-fil | --cache-fi \ + | --cache-f | --cache- | --cache | --cach | --cac | --ca | --c) + ac_prev=cache_file ;; + -cache-file=* | --cache-file=* | --cache-fil=* | --cache-fi=* \ + | --cache-f=* | --cache-=* | --cache=* | --cach=* | --cac=* | --ca=* | --c=*) + cache_file="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -datadir | --datadir | --datadi | --datad | --data | --dat | --da) + ac_prev=datadir ;; + -datadir=* | --datadir=* | --datadi=* | --datad=* | --data=* | --dat=* \ + | --da=*) + datadir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -disable-* | --disable-*) + ac_feature=`echo $ac_option|sed -e 's/-*disable-//'` + # Reject names that are not valid shell variable names. + if test -n "`echo $ac_feature| sed 's/[-a-zA-Z0-9_]//g'`"; then + { echo "configure: error: $ac_feature: invalid feature name" 1>&2; exit 1; } + fi + ac_feature=`echo $ac_feature| sed 's/-/_/g'` + eval "enable_${ac_feature}=no" ;; + + -enable-* | --enable-*) + ac_feature=`echo $ac_option|sed -e 's/-*enable-//' -e 's/=.*//'` + # Reject names that are not valid shell variable names. + if test -n "`echo $ac_feature| sed 's/[-_a-zA-Z0-9]//g'`"; then + { echo "configure: error: $ac_feature: invalid feature name" 1>&2; exit 1; } + fi + ac_feature=`echo $ac_feature| sed 's/-/_/g'` + case "$ac_option" in + *=*) ;; + *) ac_optarg=yes ;; + esac + eval "enable_${ac_feature}='$ac_optarg'" ;; + + -exec-prefix | --exec_prefix | --exec-prefix | --exec-prefi \ + | --exec-pref | --exec-pre | --exec-pr | --exec-p | --exec- \ + | --exec | --exe | --ex) + ac_prev=exec_prefix ;; + -exec-prefix=* | --exec_prefix=* | --exec-prefix=* | --exec-prefi=* \ + | --exec-pref=* | --exec-pre=* | --exec-pr=* | --exec-p=* | --exec-=* \ + | --exec=* | --exe=* | --ex=*) + exec_prefix="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -gas | --gas | --ga | --g) + # Obsolete; use --with-gas. + with_gas=yes ;; + + -help | --help | --hel | --he) + # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing. + # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh. + cat << EOF +Usage: configure [options] [host] +Options: [defaults in brackets after descriptions] +Configuration: + --cache-file=FILE cache test results in FILE + --help print this message + --no-create do not create output files + --quiet, --silent do not print \`checking...' messages + --version print the version of autoconf that created configure +Directory and file names: + --prefix=PREFIX install architecture-independent files in PREFIX + [$ac_default_prefix] + --exec-prefix=EPREFIX install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX + [same as prefix] + --bindir=DIR user executables in DIR [EPREFIX/bin] + --sbindir=DIR system admin executables in DIR [EPREFIX/sbin] + --libexecdir=DIR program executables in DIR [EPREFIX/libexec] + --datadir=DIR read-only architecture-independent data in DIR + [PREFIX/share] + --sysconfdir=DIR read-only single-machine data in DIR [PREFIX/etc] + --sharedstatedir=DIR modifiable architecture-independent data in DIR + [PREFIX/com] + --localstatedir=DIR modifiable single-machine data in DIR [PREFIX/var] + --libdir=DIR object code libraries in DIR [EPREFIX/lib] + --includedir=DIR C header files in DIR [PREFIX/include] + --oldincludedir=DIR C header files for non-gcc in DIR [/usr/include] + --infodir=DIR info documentation in DIR [PREFIX/info] + --mandir=DIR man documentation in DIR [PREFIX/man] + --srcdir=DIR find the sources in DIR [configure dir or ..] + --program-prefix=PREFIX prepend PREFIX to installed program names + --program-suffix=SUFFIX append SUFFIX to installed program names + --program-transform-name=PROGRAM + run sed PROGRAM on installed program names +EOF + cat << EOF +Host type: + --build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [BUILD=HOST] + --host=HOST configure for HOST [guessed] + --target=TARGET configure for TARGET [TARGET=HOST] +Features and packages: + --disable-FEATURE do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no) + --enable-FEATURE[=ARG] include FEATURE [ARG=yes] + --with-PACKAGE[=ARG] use PACKAGE [ARG=yes] + --without-PACKAGE do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no) + --x-includes=DIR X include files are in DIR + --x-libraries=DIR X library files are in DIR +EOF + if test -n "$ac_help"; then + echo "--enable and --with options recognized:$ac_help" + fi + exit 0 ;; + + -host | --host | --hos | --ho) + ac_prev=host ;; + -host=* | --host=* | --hos=* | --ho=*) + host="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -includedir | --includedir | --includedi | --included | --include \ + | --includ | --inclu | --incl | --inc) + ac_prev=includedir ;; + -includedir=* | --includedir=* | --includedi=* | --included=* | --include=* \ + | --includ=* | --inclu=* | --incl=* | --inc=*) + includedir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -infodir | --infodir | --infodi | --infod | --info | --inf) + ac_prev=infodir ;; + -infodir=* | --infodir=* | --infodi=* | --infod=* | --info=* | --inf=*) + infodir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -libdir | --libdir | --libdi | --libd) + ac_prev=libdir ;; + -libdir=* | --libdir=* | --libdi=* | --libd=*) + libdir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -libexecdir | --libexecdir | --libexecdi | --libexecd | --libexec \ + | 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no_create=yes ;; + + -no-recursion | --no-recursion | --no-recursio | --no-recursi \ + | --no-recurs | --no-recur | --no-recu | --no-rec | --no-re | --no-r) + no_recursion=yes ;; + + -oldincludedir | --oldincludedir | --oldincludedi | --oldincluded \ + | --oldinclude | --oldinclud | --oldinclu | --oldincl | --oldinc \ + | --oldin | --oldi | --old | --ol | --o) + ac_prev=oldincludedir ;; + -oldincludedir=* | --oldincludedir=* | --oldincludedi=* | --oldincluded=* \ + | --oldinclude=* | --oldinclud=* | --oldinclu=* | --oldincl=* | --oldinc=* \ + | --oldin=* | --oldi=* | --old=* | --ol=* | --o=*) + oldincludedir="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -prefix | --prefix | --prefi | --pref | --pre | --pr | --p) + ac_prev=prefix ;; + -prefix=* | --prefix=* | --prefi=* | --pref=* | --pre=* | --pr=* | --p=*) + prefix="$ac_optarg" ;; + + -program-prefix | --program-prefix | --program-prefi | --program-pref \ + | --program-pre | --program-pr | --program-p) + ac_prev=program_prefix ;; + -program-prefix=* | 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You can give configure +# the --cache-file=FILE option to use a different cache file; that is +# what configure does when it calls configure scripts in +# subdirectories, so they share the cache. +# Giving --cache-file=/dev/null disables caching, for debugging configure. +# config.status only pays attention to the cache file if you give it the +# --recheck option to rerun configure. +# +EOF +# The following way of writing the cache mishandles newlines in values, +# but we know of no workaround that is simple, portable, and efficient. +# So, don't put newlines in cache variables' values. +# Ultrix sh set writes to stderr and can't be redirected directly, +# and sets the high bit in the cache file unless we assign to the vars. +(set) 2>&1 | + case `(ac_space=' '; set) 2>&1 | grep ac_space` in + *ac_space=\ *) + # `set' does not quote correctly, so add quotes (double-quote substitution + # turns \\\\ into \\, and sed turns \\ into \). + sed -n \ + -e "s/'/'\\\\''/g" \ + -e "s/^\\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*_cv_[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\\)=\\(.*\\)/\\1=\${\\1='\\2'}/p" + ;; + *) + # `set' quotes correctly as required by POSIX, so do not add quotes. + sed -n -e 's/^\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*_cv_[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\)=\(.*\)/\1=${\1=\2}/p' + ;; + esac >> confcache +if cmp -s $cache_file confcache; then + : +else + if test -w $cache_file; then + echo "updating cache $cache_file" + cat confcache > $cache_file + else + echo "not updating unwritable cache $cache_file" + fi +fi +rm -f confcache + +trap 'rm -fr conftest* confdefs* core core.* *.core $ac_clean_files; exit 1' 1 2 15 + +test "x$prefix" = xNONE && prefix=$ac_default_prefix +# Let make expand exec_prefix. +test "x$exec_prefix" = xNONE && exec_prefix='${prefix}' + +# Any assignment to VPATH causes Sun make to only execute +# the first set of double-colon rules, so remove it if not needed. +# If there is a colon in the path, we need to keep it. +if test "x$srcdir" = x.; then + ac_vpsub='/^[ ]*VPATH[ ]*=[^:]*$/d' +fi + +trap 'rm -f $CONFIG_STATUS conftest*; exit 1' 1 2 15 + +# Transform confdefs.h into DEFS. +# Protect against shell expansion while executing Makefile rules. +# Protect against Makefile macro expansion. +cat > conftest.defs <<\EOF +s%#define \([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\) *\(.*\)%-D\1=\2%g +s%[ `~#$^&*(){}\\|;'"<>?]%\\&%g +s%\[%\\&%g +s%\]%\\&%g +s%\$%$$%g +EOF +DEFS=`sed -f conftest.defs confdefs.h | tr '\012' ' '` +rm -f conftest.defs + + +# Without the "./", some shells look in PATH for config.status. +: ${CONFIG_STATUS=./config.status} + +echo creating $CONFIG_STATUS +rm -f $CONFIG_STATUS +cat > $CONFIG_STATUS <<EOF +#! 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-s conftest.s$ac_file; then + ac_more_lines=false + rm -f conftest.s$ac_file + else + if test -z "$ac_sed_cmds"; then + ac_sed_cmds="sed -f conftest.s$ac_file" + else + ac_sed_cmds="$ac_sed_cmds | sed -f conftest.s$ac_file" + fi + ac_file=`expr $ac_file + 1` + ac_beg=$ac_end + ac_end=`expr $ac_end + $ac_max_sed_cmds` + fi +done +if test -z "$ac_sed_cmds"; then + ac_sed_cmds=cat +fi +EOF + +cat >> $CONFIG_STATUS <<EOF + +CONFIG_FILES=\${CONFIG_FILES-"Makefile"} +EOF +cat >> $CONFIG_STATUS <<\EOF +for ac_file in .. $CONFIG_FILES; do if test "x$ac_file" != x..; then + # Support "outfile[:infile[:infile...]]", defaulting infile="outfile.in". + case "$ac_file" in + *:*) ac_file_in=`echo "$ac_file"|sed 's%[^:]*:%%'` + ac_file=`echo "$ac_file"|sed 's%:.*%%'` ;; + *) ac_file_in="${ac_file}.in" ;; + esac + + # Adjust a relative srcdir, top_srcdir, and INSTALL for subdirectories. + + # Remove last slash and all that follows it. Not all systems have dirname. + ac_dir=`echo $ac_file|sed 's%/[^/][^/]*$%%'` + if test "$ac_dir" != "$ac_file" && test "$ac_dir" != .; then + # The file is in a subdirectory. + test ! -d "$ac_dir" && mkdir "$ac_dir" + ac_dir_suffix="/`echo $ac_dir|sed 's%^\./%%'`" + # A "../" for each directory in $ac_dir_suffix. + ac_dots=`echo $ac_dir_suffix|sed 's%/[^/]*%../%g'` + else + ac_dir_suffix= ac_dots= + fi + + case "$ac_given_srcdir" in + .) srcdir=. + if test -z "$ac_dots"; then top_srcdir=. + else top_srcdir=`echo $ac_dots|sed 's%/$%%'`; fi ;; + /*) srcdir="$ac_given_srcdir$ac_dir_suffix"; top_srcdir="$ac_given_srcdir" ;; + *) # Relative path. + srcdir="$ac_dots$ac_given_srcdir$ac_dir_suffix" + top_srcdir="$ac_dots$ac_given_srcdir" ;; + esac + + case "$ac_given_INSTALL" in + [/$]*) INSTALL="$ac_given_INSTALL" ;; + *) INSTALL="$ac_dots$ac_given_INSTALL" ;; + esac + + echo creating "$ac_file" + rm -f "$ac_file" + configure_input="Generated automatically from `echo $ac_file_in|sed 's%.*/%%'` by configure." + case "$ac_file" in + *Makefile*) ac_comsub="1i\\ +# $configure_input" ;; + *) ac_comsub= ;; + esac + + ac_file_inputs=`echo $ac_file_in|sed -e "s%^%$ac_given_srcdir/%" -e "s%:% $ac_given_srcdir/%g"` + sed -e "$ac_comsub +s%@configure_input@%$configure_input%g +s%@srcdir@%$srcdir%g +s%@top_srcdir@%$top_srcdir%g +s%@INSTALL@%$INSTALL%g +" $ac_file_inputs | (eval "$ac_sed_cmds") > $ac_file +fi; done +rm -f conftest.s* + +EOF +cat >> $CONFIG_STATUS <<EOF + +EOF +cat >> $CONFIG_STATUS <<\EOF + +exit 0 +EOF +chmod +x $CONFIG_STATUS +rm -fr confdefs* $ac_clean_files +test "$no_create" = yes || ${CONFIG_SHELL-/bin/sh} $CONFIG_STATUS || exit 1 + diff --git a/etc/configure.in b/etc/configure.in new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b785068009e --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configure.in @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. +AC_PREREQ(2.5) +AC_INIT(Makefile.in) + +AC_PROG_INSTALL + +AC_OUTPUT(Makefile) diff --git a/etc/configure.texi b/etc/configure.texi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..91401671f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/configure.texi @@ -0,0 +1,2644 @@ +\input texinfo +@c %**start of header +@setfilename configure.info +@settitle The GNU configure and build system +@setchapternewpage off +@c %**end of header + +@dircategory GNU admin +@direntry +* configure: (configure). The GNU configure and build system +@end direntry + +@ifinfo +This file documents the GNU configure and build system. + +Copyright (C) 1998 Cygnus Solutions. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +@ignore +Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the +results, provided the printed document carries copying permission +notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph + + +@end ignore +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved +by the Foundation. +@end ifinfo + +@titlepage +@title The GNU configure and build system +@author Ian Lance Taylor + +@page +@vskip 0pt plus 1filll +Copyright @copyright{} 1998 Cygnus Solutions + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation +approved by the Free Software Foundation. +@end titlepage + +@ifinfo +@node Top +@top GNU configure and build system + +The GNU configure and build system. + +@menu +* Introduction:: Introduction. +* Getting Started:: Getting Started. +* Files:: Files. +* Configuration Names:: Configuration Names. +* Cross Compilation Tools:: Cross Compilation Tools. +* Canadian Cross:: Canadian Cross. +* Cygnus Configure:: Cygnus Configure. +* Multilibs:: Multilibs. +* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions. +* Index:: Index. +@end menu + +@end ifinfo + +@node Introduction +@chapter Introduction + +This document describes the GNU configure and build systems. It +describes how autoconf, automake, libtool, and make fit together. It +also includes a discussion of the older Cygnus configure system. + +This document does not describe in detail how to use each of the tools; +see the respective manuals for that. Instead, it describes which files +the developer must write, which files are machine generated and how they +are generated, and where certain common problems should be addressed. + +@ifnothtml +This document draws on several sources, including the autoconf manual by +David MacKenzie (@pxref{Top, , autoconf overview, autoconf, Autoconf}), +the automake manual by David MacKenzie and Tom Tromey (@pxref{Top, , +automake overview, automake, GNU Automake}), the libtool manual by +Gordon Matzigkeit (@pxref{Top, , libtool overview, libtool, GNU +libtool}), and the Cygnus configure manual by K. Richard Pixley. +@end ifnothtml +@ifhtml +This document draws on several sources, including +@uref{http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/autoconf/autoconf_toc.html, the +autoconf manual} by David MacKenzie, +@uref{http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/automake/automake_toc.html, the +automake manual} by David MacKenzie and Tom Tromey, +@uref{http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/libtool/libtool_toc.html, the +libtool manual} by Gordon Matzigkeit, and the Cygnus configure manual by +K. Richard Pixley. +@end ifhtml + +@menu +* Goals:: Goals. +* Tools:: The tools. +* History:: History. +* Building:: Building. +@end menu + +@node Goals +@section Goals +@cindex goals + +The GNU configure and build system has two main goals. + +The first is to simplify the development of portable programs. The +system permits the developer to concentrate on writing the program, +simplifying many details of portability across Unix and even Windows +systems, and permitting the developer to describe how to build the +program using simple rules rather than complex Makefiles. + +The second is to simplify the building of programs distributed as source +code. All programs are built using a simple, standardized, two step +process. The program builder need not install any special tools in +order to build the program. + +@node Tools +@section Tools + +The GNU configure and build system is comprised of several different +tools. Program developers must build and install all of these tools. + +People who just want to build programs from distributed sources normally +do not need any special tools beyond a Unix shell, a make program, and a +C compiler. + +@table @asis +@item autoconf +provides a general portability framework, based on testing the features +of the host system at build time. +@item automake +a system for describing how to build a program, permitting the developer +to write a simplified @file{Makefile}. +@item libtool +a standardized approach to building shared libraries. +@item gettext +provides a framework for translation of text messages into other +languages; not really discussed in this document. +@item m4 +autoconf requires the GNU version of m4; the standard Unix m4 does not +suffice. +@item perl +automake requires perl. +@end table + +@node History +@section History +@cindex history + +This is a very brief and probably inaccurate history. + +As the number of Unix variants increased during the 1980s, it became +harder to write programs which could run on all variants. While it was +often possible to use @code{#ifdef} to identify particular systems, +developers frequently did not have access to every system, and the +characteristics of some systems changed from version to version. + +By 1992, at least three different approaches had been developed: +@itemize @bullet +@item +The Metaconfig program, by Larry Wall, Harlan Stenn, and Raphael +Manfredi. +@item +The Cygnus configure script, by K. Richard Pixley, and the gcc configure +script, by Richard Stallman. These use essentially the same approach, +and the developers communicated regularly. +@item +The autoconf program, by David MacKenzie. +@end itemize + +The Metaconfig program is still used for Perl and a few other programs. +It is part of the Dist package. I do not know if it is being developed. + +In 1994, David MacKenzie and others modified autoconf to incorporate all +the features of Cygnus configure. Since then, there has been a slow but +steady conversion of GNU programs from Cygnus configure to autoconf. gcc +has been converted, eliminating the gcc configure script. + +GNU autoconf was regularly maintained until late 1996. As of this +writing in June, 1998, it has no public maintainer. + +Most programs are built using the make program, which requires the +developer to write Makefiles describing how to build the programs. +Since most programs are built in pretty much the same way, this led to a +lot of duplication. + +The X Window system is built using the imake tool, which uses a database +of rules to eliminate the duplication. However, building a tool which +was developed using imake requires that the builder have imake +installed, violating one of the goals of the GNU system. + +The new BSD make provides a standard library of Makefile fragments, +which permits developers to write very simple Makefiles. However, this +requires that the builder install the new BSD make program. + +In 1994, David MacKenzie wrote the first version of automake, which +permitted writing a simple build description which was converted into a +Makefile which could be used by the standard make program. In 1995, Tom +Tromey completely rewrote automake in Perl, and he continues to enhance +it. + +Various free packages built libraries, and by around 1995 several +included support to build shared libraries on various platforms. +However, there was no consistent approach. In early 1996, Gordon +Matzigkeit began working on libtool, which provided a standardized +approach to building shared libraries. This was integrated into +automake from the start. + +The development of automake and libtool was driven by the GNITS project, +a group of GNU maintainers who designed standardized tools to help meet +the GNU coding standards. + +@node Building +@section Building + +Most readers of this document should already know how to build a tool by +running @samp{configure} and @samp{make}. This section may serve as a +quick introduction or reminder. + +Building a tool is normally as simple as running @samp{configure} +followed by @samp{make}. You should normally run @samp{configure} from +an empty directory, using some path to refer to the @samp{configure} +script in the source directory. The directory in which you run +@samp{configure} is called the @dfn{object directory}. + +In order to use a object directory which is different from the source +directory, you must be using the GNU version of @samp{make}, which has +the required @samp{VPATH} support. Despite this restriction, using a +different object directory is highly recommended: +@itemize @bullet +@item +It keeps the files generated during the build from cluttering up your +sources. +@item +It permits you to remove the built files by simply removing the entire +build directory. +@item +It permits you to build from the same sources with several sets of +configure options simultaneously. +@end itemize + +If you don't have GNU @samp{make}, you will have to run @samp{configure} +in the source directory. All GNU packages should support this; in +particular, GNU packages should not assume the presence of GNU +@samp{make}. + +After running @samp{configure}, you can build the tools by running +@samp{make}. + +To install the tools, run @samp{make install}. Installing the tools +will copy the programs and any required support files to the +@dfn{installation directory}. The location of the installation +directory is controlled by @samp{configure} options, as described below. + +In the Cygnus tree at present, the info files are built and installed as +a separate step. To build them, run @samp{make info}. To install them, +run @samp{make install-info}. + +All @samp{configure} scripts support a wide variety of options. The +most interesting ones are @samp{--with} and @samp{--enable} options +which are generally specific to particular tools. You can usually use +the @samp{--help} option to get a list of interesting options for a +particular configure script. + +The only generic options you are likely to use are the @samp{--prefix} +and @samp{--exec-prefix} options. These options are used to specify the +installation directory. + +The directory named by the @samp{--prefix} option will hold machine +independent files such as info files. + +The directory named by the @samp{--exec-prefix} option, which is +normally a subdirectory of the @samp{--prefix} directory, will hold +machine dependent files such as executables. + +The default for @samp{--prefix} is @file{/usr/local}. The default for +@samp{--exec-prefix} is the value used for @samp{--prefix}. + +The convention used in Cygnus releases is to use a @samp{--prefix} +option of @file{/usr/cygnus/@var{release}}, where @var{release} is the +name of the release, and to use a @samp{--exec-prefix} option of +@file{/usr/cygnus/@var{release}/H-@var{host}}, where @var{host} is the +configuration name of the host system (@pxref{Configuration Names}). + +Do not use either the source or the object directory as the installation +directory. That will just lead to confusion. + +@node Getting Started +@chapter Getting Started + +To start using the GNU configure and build system with your software +package, you must write three files, and you must run some tools to +manually generate additional files. + +@menu +* Write configure.in:: Write configure.in. +* Write Makefile.am:: Write Makefile.am. +* Write acconfig.h:: Write acconfig.h. +* Generate files:: Generate files. +* Getting Started Example:: Example. +@end menu + +@node Write configure.in +@section Write configure.in +@cindex @file{configure.in}, writing + +You must first write the file @file{configure.in}. This is an autoconf +input file, and the autoconf manual describes in detail what this file +should look like. + +You will write tests in your @file{configure.in} file to check for +conditions that may change from one system to another, such as the +presence of particular header files or functions. + +For example, not all systems support the @samp{gettimeofday} function. +If you want to use the @samp{gettimeofday} function when it is +available, and to use some other function when it is not, you would +check for this by putting @samp{AC_CHECK_FUNCS(gettimeofday)} in +@file{configure.in}. + +When the configure script is run at build time, this will arrange to +define the preprocessor macro @samp{HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY} to the value 1 if +the @samp{gettimeofday} function is available, and to not define the +macro at all if the function is not available. Your code can then use +@samp{#ifdef} to test whether it is safe to call @samp{gettimeofday}. + +If you have an existing body of code, the @samp{autoscan} program may +help identify potential portability problems, and hence configure tests +that you will want to use. +@ifnothtml +@xref{Invoking autoscan, , , autoconf, the autoconf manual}. +@end ifnothtml +@ifhtml +See @uref{http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/autoconf/autoconf_4.html, the +autoscan documentation}. +@end ifhtml + +Another handy tool for an existing body of code is @samp{ifnames}. This +will show you all the preprocessor conditionals that the code already +uses. +@ifnothtml +@xref{Invoking ifnames, , , autoconf, the autoconf manual}. +@end ifnothtml +@ifhtml +See @uref{http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/autoconf/autoconf_5.html, the +ifnames documentation}. +@end ifhtml + +Besides the portability tests which are specific to your particular +package, every @file{configure.in} file should contain the following +macros. + +@table @samp +@item AC_INIT +@cindex @samp{AC_INIT} +This macro takes a single argument, which is the name of a file in your +package. For example, @samp{AC_INIT(foo.c)}. + +@item AC_PREREQ(@var{VERSION}) +@cindex @samp{AC_PREREQ} +This macro is optional. It may be used to indicate the version of +@samp{autoconf} that you are using. This will prevent users from +running an earlier version of @samp{autoconf} and perhaps getting an +invalid @file{configure} script. For example, @samp{AC_PREREQ(2.12)}. + +@item AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE +@cindex @samp{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} +This macro takes two arguments: the name of the package, and a version +number. For example, @samp{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(foo, 1.0)}. (This macro is +not needed if you are not using automake). + +@item AM_CONFIG_HEADER +@cindex @samp{AM_CONFIG_HEADER} +This macro names the header file which will hold the preprocessor macro +definitions at run time. Normally this should be @file{config.h}. Your +sources would then use @samp{#include "config.h"} to include it. + +This macro may optionally name the input file for that header file; by +default, this is @file{config.h.in}, but that file name works poorly on +DOS filesystems. Therefore, it is often better to name it explicitly as +@file{config.in}. + +This is what you should normally put in @file{configure.in}: +@example +AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h:config.in) +@end example + +@cindex @samp{AC_CONFIG_HEADER} +(If you are not using automake, use @samp{AC_CONFIG_HEADER} rather than +@samp{AM_CONFIG_HEADER}). + +@item AM_MAINTAINER_MODE +@cindex @samp{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} +This macro always appears in Cygnus configure scripts. Other programs +may or may not use it. + +If this macro is used, the @samp{--enable-maintainer-mode} option is +required to enable automatic rebuilding of generated files used by the +configure system. This of course requires that developers be aware of, +and use, that option. + +If this macro is not used, then the generated files will always be +rebuilt automatically. This will cause problems if the wrong versions +of autoconf, automake, or others are in the builder's @samp{PATH}. + +(If you are not using automake, you do not need to use this macro). + +@item AC_EXEEXT +@cindex @samp{AC_EXEEXT} +@cindex @samp{AM_EXEEXT} +Either this macro or @samp{AM_EXEEXT} always appears in Cygnus configure +files. Other programs may or may not use one of them. + +This macro looks for the executable suffix used on the host system. On +Unix systems, this is the empty string. On Windows systems, this is +@samp{.exe}. This macro directs automake to use the executable suffix +as appropriate when creating programs. This macro does not take any +arguments. + +The @samp{AC_EXEEXT} form is new, and is part of a Cygnus patch to +autoconf to support compiling with Visual C++. Older programs use +@samp{AM_EXEEXT} instead. + +(Programs which do not use automake use neither @samp{AC_EXEEXT} nor +@samp{AM_EXEEXT}). + +@item AC_PROG_CC +@cindex @samp{AC_PROG_CC} +If you are writing C code, you will normally want to use this macro. It +locates the C compiler to use. It does not take any arguments. + +However, if this @file{configure.in} file is for a library which is to +be compiled by a cross compiler which may not fully work, then you will +not want to use @samp{AC_PROG_CC}. Instead, you will want to use a +variant which does not call the macro @samp{AC_PROG_CC_WORKS}. Examples +can be found in various @file{configure.in} files for libraries that are +compiled with cross compilers, such as libiberty or libgloss. This is +essentially a bug in autoconf, and there will probably be a better +workaround at some point. + +@item AC_PROG_CXX +@cindex @samp{AC_PROG_CXX} +If you are writing C++ code, you will want to use this macro. It +locates the C++ compiler to use. It does not take any arguments. The +same cross compiler comments apply as for @samp{AC_PROG_CC}. + +@item AM_PROG_LIBTOOL +@cindex @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} +If you want to build libraries, and you want to permit them to be +shared, or you want to link against libraries which were built using +libtool, then you will need this macro. This macro is required in order +to use libtool. + +@cindex @samp{AM_DISABLE_SHARED} +By default, this will cause all libraries to be built as shared +libraries. To prevent this--to change the default--use +@samp{AM_DISABLE_SHARED} before @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL}. The configure +options @samp{--enable-shared} and @samp{--disable-shared} may be used +to override the default at build time. + +@item AC_DEFINE(_GNU_SOURCE) +@cindex @samp{_GNU_SOURCE} +GNU packages should normally include this line before any other feature +tests. This defines the macro @samp{_GNU_SOURCE} when compiling, which +directs the libc header files to provide the standard GNU system +interfaces including all GNU extensions. If this macro is not defined, +certain GNU extensions may not be available. + +@item AC_OUTPUT +@cindex @samp{AC_OUTPUT} +This macro takes a list of file names which the configure process should +produce. This is normally a list of one or more @file{Makefile} files +in different directories. If your package lives entirely in a single +directory, you would use simply @samp{AC_OUTPUT(Makefile)}. If you also +have, for example, a @file{lib} subdirectory, you would use +@samp{AC_OUTPUT(Makefile lib/Makefile)}. +@end table + +If you want to use locally defined macros in your @file{configure.in} +file, then you will need to write a @file{acinclude.m4} file which +defines them (if not using automake, this file is called +@file{aclocal.m4}). Alternatively, you can put separate macros in an +@file{m4} subdirectory, and put @samp{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4} in your +@file{Makefile.am} file so that the @samp{aclocal} program will be able +to find them. + +The different macro prefixes indicate which tool defines the macro. +Macros which start with @samp{AC_} are part of autoconf. Macros which +start with @samp{AM_} are provided by automake or libtool. + +@node Write Makefile.am +@section Write Makefile.am +@cindex @file{Makefile.am}, writing + +You must write the file @file{Makefile.am}. This is an automake input +file, and the automake manual describes in detail what this file should +look like. + +The automake commands in @file{Makefile.am} mostly look like variable +assignments in a @file{Makefile}. automake recognizes special variable +names, and automatically add make rules to the output as needed. + +There will be one @file{Makefile.am} file for each directory in your +package. For each directory with subdirectories, the @file{Makefile.am} +file should contain the line +@smallexample +SUBDIRS = @var{dir} @var{dir} @dots{} +@end smallexample +@noindent +where each @var{dir} is the name of a subdirectory. + +For each @file{Makefile.am}, there should be a corresponding +@file{Makefile} in the @samp{AC_OUTPUT} macro in @file{configure.in}. + +Every @file{Makefile.am} written at Cygnus should contain the line +@smallexample +AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus +@end smallexample +@noindent +This puts automake into Cygnus mode. See the automake manual for +details. + +You may to include the version number of @samp{automake} that you are +using on the @samp{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} line. For example, +@smallexample +AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus 1.3 +@end smallexample +@noindent +This will prevent users from running an earlier version of +@samp{automake} and perhaps getting an invalid @file{Makefile.in}. + +If your package builds a program, then in the directory where that +program is built you will normally want a line like +@smallexample +bin_PROGRAMS = @var{program} +@end smallexample +@noindent +where @var{program} is the name of the program. You will then want a +line like +@smallexample +@var{program}_SOURCES = @var{file} @var{file} @dots{} +@end smallexample +@noindent +where each @var{file} is the name of a source file to link into the +program (e.g., @samp{foo.c}). + +If your package builds a library, and you do not want the library to +ever be built as a shared library, then in the directory where that +library is built you will normally want a line like +@smallexample +lib_LIBRARIES = lib@var{name}.a +@end smallexample +@noindent +where @samp{lib@var{name}.a} is the name of the library. You will then +want a line like +@smallexample +lib@var{name}_a_SOURCES = @var{file} @var{file} @dots{} +@end smallexample +@noindent +where each @var{file} is the name of a source file to add to the +library. + +If your package builds a library, and you want to permit building the +library as a shared library, then in the directory where that library is +built you will normally want a line like +@smallexample +lib_LTLIBRARIES = lib@var{name}.la +@end smallexample +The use of @samp{LTLIBRARIES}, and the @samp{.la} extension, indicate a +library to be built using libtool. As usual, you will then want a line +like +@smallexample +lib@var{name}_la_SOURCES = @var{file} @var{file} @dots{} +@end smallexample + +The strings @samp{bin} and @samp{lib} that appear above in +@samp{bin_PROGRAMS} and @samp{lib_LIBRARIES} are not arbitrary. They +refer to particular directories, which may be set by the @samp{--bindir} +and @samp{--libdir} options to @file{configure}. If those options are +not used, the default values are based on the @samp{--prefix} or +@samp{--exec-prefix} options to @file{configure}. It is possible to use +other names if the program or library should be installed in some other +directory. + +The @file{Makefile.am} file may also contain almost anything that may +appear in a normal @file{Makefile}. automake also supports many other +special variables, as well as conditionals. + +See the automake manual for more information. + +@node Write acconfig.h +@section Write acconfig.h +@cindex @file{acconfig.h}, writing + +If you are generating a portability header file, (i.e., you are using +@samp{AM_CONFIG_HEADER} in @file{configure.in}), then you will have to +write a @file{acconfig.h} file. It will have to contain the following +lines. + +@smallexample +/* Name of package. */ +#undef PACKAGE + +/* Version of package. */ +#undef VERSION +@end smallexample + +This requirement is really a bug in the system, and the requirement may +be eliminated at some later date. + +The @file{acconfig.h} file will also similar comment and @samp{#undef} +lines for any unusual macros in the @file{configure.in} file, including +any macro which appears in a @samp{AC_DEFINE} macro. + +In particular, if you are writing a GNU package and therefore include +@samp{AC_DEFINE(_GNU_SOURCE)} in @file{configure.in} as suggested above, +you will need lines like this in @file{acconfig.h}: +@smallexample +/* Enable GNU extensions. */ +#undef _GNU_SOURCE +@end smallexample + +Normally the @samp{autoheader} program will inform you of any such +requirements by printing an error message when it is run. However, if +you do anything particular odd in your @file{configure.in} file, you +will have to make sure that the right entries appear in +@file{acconfig.h}, since otherwise the results of the tests may not be +available in the @file{config.h} file which your code will use. + +(Thee @samp{PACKAGE} and @samp{VERSION} lines are not required if you +are not using automake, and in that case you may not need a +@file{acconfig.h} file at all). + +@node Generate files +@section Generate files + +Once you have written @file{configure.in}, @file{Makefile.am}, +@file{acconfig.h}, and possibly @file{acinclude.m4}, you must use +autoconf and automake programs to produce the first versions of the +generated files. This is done by executing the following sequence of +commands. + +@smallexample +aclocal +autoconf +autoheader +automake +@end smallexample + +The @samp{aclocal} and @samp{automake} commands are part of the automake +package, and the @samp{autoconf} and @samp{autoheader} commands are part +of the autoconf package. + +If you are using a @file{m4} subdirectory for your macros, you will need +to use the @samp{-I m4} option when you run @samp{aclocal}. + +If you are not using the Cygnus tree, use the @samp{-a} option when +running @samp{automake} command in order to copy the required support +files into your source directory. + +If you are using libtool, you must build and install the libtool package +with the same @samp{--prefix} and @samp{--exec-prefix} options as you +used with the autoconf and automake packages. You must do this before +running any of the above commands. If you are not using the Cygnus +tree, you will need to run the @samp{libtoolize} program to copy the +libtool support files into your directory. + +Once you have managed to run these commands without getting any errors, +you should create a new empty directory, and run the @samp{configure} +script which will have been created by @samp{autoconf} with the +@samp{--enable-maintainer-mode} option. This will give you a set of +Makefiles which will include rules to automatically rebuild all the +generated files. + +After doing that, whenever you have changed some of the input files and +want to regenerated the other files, go to your object directory and run +@samp{make}. Doing this is more reliable than trying to rebuild the +files manually, because there are complex order dependencies and it is +easy to forget something. + +@node Getting Started Example +@section Example + +Let's consider a trivial example. + +Suppose we want to write a simple version of @samp{touch}. Our program, +which we will call @samp{poke}, will take a single file name argument, +and use the @samp{utime} system call to set the modification and access +times of the file to the current time. We want this program to be +highly portable. + +We'll first see what this looks like without using autoconf and +automake, and then see what it looks like with them. + +@menu +* Getting Started Example 1:: First Try. +* Getting Started Example 2:: Second Try. +* Getting Started Example 3:: Third Try. +* Generate Files in Example:: Generate Files. +@end menu + +@node Getting Started Example 1 +@subsection First Try + +Here is our first try at @samp{poke.c}. Note that we've written it +without ANSI/ISO C prototypes, since we want it to be highly portable. + +@example +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <utime.h> + +int +main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; +@{ + if (argc != 2) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Usage: poke file\n"); + exit (1); + @} + + if (utime (argv[1], NULL) < 0) + @{ + perror ("utime"); + exit (1); + @} + + exit (0); +@} +@end example + +We also write a simple @file{Makefile}. + +@example +CC = gcc +CFLAGS = -g -O2 + +all: poke + +poke: poke.o + $(CC) -o poke $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) poke.o +@end example + +So far, so good. + +Unfortunately, there are a few problems. + +On older Unix systems derived from BSD 4.3, the @samp{utime} system call +does not accept a second argument of @samp{NULL}. On those systems, we +need to pass a pointer to @samp{struct utimbuf} structure. +Unfortunately, even older systems don't define that structure; on those +systems, we need to pass an array of two @samp{long} values. + +The header file @file{stdlib.h} was invented by ANSI C, and older +systems don't have a copy. We included it above to get a declaration of +@samp{exit}. + +We can find some of these portability problems by running +@samp{autoscan}, which will create a @file{configure.scan} file which we +can use as a prototype for our @file{configure.in} file. I won't show +the output, but it will notice the potential problems with @samp{utime} +and @file{stdlib.h}. + +In our @file{Makefile}, we don't provide any way to install the program. +This doesn't matter much for such a simple example, but a real program +will need an @samp{install} target. For that matter, we will also want +a @samp{clean} target. + +@node Getting Started Example 2 +@subsection Second Try + +Here is our second try at this program. + +We modify @file{poke.c} to use preprocessor macros to control what +features are available. (I've cheated a bit by using the same macro +names which autoconf will use). + +@example +#include <stdio.h> + +#ifdef STDC_HEADERS +#include <stdlib.h> +#endif + +#include <sys/types.h> + +#ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H +#include <utime.h> +#endif + +#ifndef HAVE_UTIME_NULL + +#include <time.h> + +#ifndef HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF + +struct utimbuf +@{ + long actime; + long modtime; +@}; + +#endif + +static int +utime_now (file) + char *file; +@{ + struct utimbuf now; + + now.actime = now.modtime = time (NULL); + return utime (file, &now); +@} + +#define utime(f, p) utime_now (f) + +#endif /* HAVE_UTIME_NULL */ + +int +main (argc, argv) + int argc; + char **argv; +@{ + if (argc != 2) + @{ + fprintf (stderr, "Usage: poke file\n"); + exit (1); + @} + + if (utime (argv[1], NULL) < 0) + @{ + perror ("utime"); + exit (1); + @} + + exit (0); +@} +@end example + +Here is the associated @file{Makefile}. We've added support for the +preprocessor flags we use. We've also added @samp{install} and +@samp{clean} targets. + +@example +# Set this to your installation directory. +bindir = /usr/local/bin + +# Uncomment this if you have the standard ANSI/ISO C header files. +# STDC_HDRS = -DSTDC_HEADERS + +# Uncomment this if you have utime.h. +# UTIME_H = -DHAVE_UTIME_H + +# Uncomment this if utime (FILE, NULL) works on your system. +# UTIME_NULL = -DHAVE_UTIME_NULL + +# Uncomment this if struct utimbuf is defined in utime.h. +# UTIMBUF = -DHAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF + +CC = gcc +CFLAGS = -g -O2 + +ALL_CFLAGS = $(STDC_HDRS) $(UTIME_H) $(UTIME_NULL) $(UTIMBUF) $(CFLAGS) + +all: poke + +poke: poke.o + $(CC) -o poke $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) poke.o + +.c.o: + $(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) poke.c + +install: poke + cp poke $(bindir)/poke + +clean: + rm poke poke.o +@end example + +Some problems with this approach should be clear. + +Users who want to compile poke will have to know how @samp{utime} works +on their systems, so that they can uncomment the @file{Makefile} +correctly. + +The installation is done using @samp{cp}, but many systems have an +@samp{install} program which may be used, and which supports optional +features such as stripping debugging information out of the installed +binary. + +The use of @file{Makefile} variables like @samp{CC}, @samp{CFLAGS} and +@samp{LDFLAGS} follows the requirements of the GNU standards. This is +convenient for all packages, since it reduces surprises for users. +However, it is easy to get the details wrong, and wind up with a +slightly nonstandard distribution. + +@node Getting Started Example 3 +@subsection Third Try + +For our third try at this program, we will write a @file{configure.in} +script to discover the configuration features on the host system, rather +than requiring the user to edit the @file{Makefile}. We will also write +a @file{Makefile.am} rather than a @file{Makefile}. + +The only change to @file{poke.c} is to add a line at the start of the +file: +@smallexample +#include "config.h" +@end smallexample + +The new @file{configure.in} file is as follows. + +@example +AC_INIT(poke.c) +AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(poke, 1.0) +AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h:config.in) +AC_PROG_CC +AC_HEADER_STDC +AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h) +AC_EGREP_HEADER(utimbuf, utime.h, AC_DEFINE(HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF)) +AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL +AC_OUTPUT(Makefile) +@end example + +The first four macros in this file, and the last one, were described +above; see @ref{Write configure.in}. If we omit these macros, then when +we run @samp{automake} we will get a reminder that we need them. + +The other macros are standard autoconf macros. + +@table @samp +@item AC_HEADER_STDC +Check for standard C headers. +@item AC_CHECK_HEADERS +Check whether a particular header file exists. +@item AC_EGREP_HEADER +Check for a particular string in a particular header file, in this case +checking for @samp{utimbuf} in @file{utime.h}. +@item AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL +Check whether @samp{utime} accepts a NULL second argument to set the +file change time to the current time. +@end table + +See the autoconf manual for a more complete description. + +The new @file{Makefile.am} file is as follows. Note how simple this is +compared to our earlier @file{Makefile}. + +@example +bin_PROGRAMS = poke + +poke_SOURCES = poke.c +@end example + +This means that we should build a single program name @samp{poke}. It +should be installed in the binary directory, which we called +@samp{bindir} earlier. The program @samp{poke} is built from the source +file @file{poke.c}. + +We must also write a @file{acconfig.h} file. Besides @samp{PACKAGE} and +@samp{VERSION}, which must be mentioned for all packages which use +automake, we must include @samp{HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF}, since we mentioned +it in an @samp{AC_DEFINE}. + +@example +/* Name of package. */ +#undef PACKAGE + +/* Version of package. */ +#undef VERSION + +/* Whether utime.h defines struct utimbuf. */ +#undef HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF +@end example + +@node Generate Files in Example +@subsection Generate Files + +We must now generate the other files, using the following commands. + +@smallexample +aclocal +autoconf +autoheader +automake +@end smallexample + +When we run @samp{autoheader}, it will remind us of any macros we forgot +to add to @file{acconfig.h}. + +When we run @samp{automake}, it will want to add some files to our +distribution. It will add them automatically if we use the +@samp{--add-missing} option. + +By default, @samp{automake} will run in GNU mode, which means that it +will want us to create certain additional files; as of this writing, it +will want @file{NEWS}, @file{README}, @file{AUTHORS}, and +@file{ChangeLog}, all of which are files which should appear in a +standard GNU distribution. We can either add those files, or run +@samp{automake} with the @samp{--foreign} option. + +Running these tools will generate the following files, all of which are +described in the next chapter. + +@itemize @bullet +@item +@file{aclocal.m4} +@item +@file{configure} +@item +@file{config.in} +@item +@file{Makefile.in} +@item +@file{stamp-h.in} +@end itemize + +@node Files +@chapter Files + +As was seen in the previous chapter, the GNU configure and build system +uses a number of different files. The developer must write a few files. +The others are generated by various tools. + +The system is rather flexible, and can be used in many different ways. +In describing the files that it uses, I will describe the common case, +and mention some other cases that may arise. + +@menu +* Developer Files:: Developer Files. +* Build Files:: Build Files. +* Support Files:: Support Files. +@end menu + +@node Developer Files +@section Developer Files + +This section describes the files written or generated by the developer +of a package. + +@menu +* Developer Files Picture:: Developer Files Picture. +* Written Developer Files:: Written Developer Files. +* Generated Developer Files:: Generated Developer Files. +@end menu + +@node Developer Files Picture +@subsection Developer Files Picture + +Here is a picture of the files which are written by the developer, the +generated files which would be included with a complete source +distribution, and the tools which create those files. +@ifinfo +The file names are plain text and the tool names are enclosed by +@samp{*} characters +@end ifinfo +@ifnotinfo +The file names are in rectangles with square corners and the tool names +are in rectangles with rounded corners +@end ifnotinfo +(e.g., @samp{autoheader} is the name of a tool, not the name of a file). + +@image{configdev} + +@node Written Developer Files +@subsection Written Developer Files + +The following files would be written by the developer. + +@table @file +@item configure.in +@cindex @file{configure.in} +This is the configuration script. This script contains invocations of +autoconf macros. It may also contain ordinary shell script code. This +file will contain feature tests for portability issues. The last thing +in the file will normally be an @samp{AC_OUTPUT} macro listing which +files to create when the builder runs the configure script. This file +is always required when using the GNU configure system. @xref{Write +configure.in}. + +@item Makefile.am +@cindex @file{Makefile.am} +This is the automake input file. It describes how the code should be +built. It consists of definitions of automake variables. It may also +contain ordinary Makefile targets. This file is only needed when using +automake (newer tools normally use automake, but there are still older +tools which have not been converted, in which the developer writes +@file{Makefile.in} directly). @xref{Write Makefile.am}. + +@item acconfig.h +@cindex @file{acconfig.h} +When the configure script creates a portability header file, by using +@samp{AM_CONFIG_HEADER} (or, if not using automake, +@samp{AC_CONFIG_HEADER}), this file is used to describe macros which are +not recognized by the @samp{autoheader} command. This is normally a +fairly uninteresting file, consisting of a collection of @samp{#undef} +lines with comments. Normally any call to @samp{AC_DEFINE} in +@file{configure.in} will require a line in this file. @xref{Write +acconfig.h}. + +@item acinclude.m4 +@cindex @file{acinclude.m4} +This file is not always required. It defines local autoconf macros. +These macros may then be used in @file{configure.in}. If you don't need +any local autoconf macros, then you don't need this file at all. In +fact, in general, you never need local autoconf macros, since you can +put everything in @file{configure.in}, but sometimes a local macro is +convenient. + +Newer tools may omit @file{acinclude.m4}, and instead use a +subdirectory, typically named @file{m4}, and define +@samp{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4} in @file{Makefile.am} to force +@samp{aclocal} to look there for macro definitions. The macro +definitions are then placed in separate files in that directory. + +The @file{acinclude.m4} file is only used when using automake; in older +tools, the developer writes @file{aclocal.m4} directly, if it is needed. +@end table + +@node Generated Developer Files +@subsection Generated Developer Files + +The following files would be generated by the developer. + +When using automake, these files are normally not generated manually +after the first time. Instead, the generated @file{Makefile} contains +rules to automatically rebuild the files as required. When +@samp{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} is used in @file{configure.in} (the normal +case in Cygnus code), the automatic rebuilding rules will only be +defined if you configure using the @samp{--enable-maintainer-mode} +option. + +When using automatic rebuilding, it is important to ensure that all the +various tools have been built and installed on your @samp{PATH}. Using +automatic rebuilding is highly recommended, so much so that I'm not +going to explain what you have to do if you don't use it. + +@table @file +@item configure +@cindex @file{configure} +This is the configure script which will be run when building the +package. This is generated by @samp{autoconf} from @file{configure.in} +and @file{aclocal.m4}. This is a shell script. + +@item Makefile.in +@cindex @file{Makefile.in} +This is the file which the configure script will turn into the +@file{Makefile} at build time. This file is generated by +@samp{automake} from @file{Makefile.am}. If you aren't using automake, +you must write this file yourself. This file is pretty much a normal +@file{Makefile}, with some configure substitutions for certain +variables. + +@item aclocal.m4 +@cindex @file{aclocal.m4} +This file is created by the @samp{aclocal} program, based on the +contents of @file{configure.in} and @file{acinclude.m4} (or, as noted in +the description of @file{acinclude.m4} above, on the contents of an +@file{m4} subdirectory). This file contains definitions of autoconf +macros which @samp{autoconf} will use when generating the file +@file{configure}. These autoconf macros may be defined by you in +@file{acinclude.m4} or they may be defined by other packages such as +automake, libtool or gettext. If you aren't using automake, you will +normally write this file yourself; in that case, if @file{configure.in} +uses only standard autoconf macros, this file will not be needed at all. + +@item config.in +@cindex @file{config.in} +@cindex @file{config.h.in} +This file is created by @samp{autoheader} based on @file{acconfig.h} and +@file{configure.in}. At build time, the configure script will define +some of the macros in it to create @file{config.h}, which may then be +included by your program. This permits your C code to use preprocessor +conditionals to change its behaviour based on the characteristics of the +host system. This file may also be called @file{config.h.in}. + +@item stamp.h-in +@cindex @file{stamp-h.in} +This rather uninteresting file, which I omitted from the picture, is +generated by @samp{automake}. It always contains the string +@samp{timestamp}. It is used as a timestamp file indicating whether +@file{config.in} is up to date. Using a timestamp file means that +@file{config.in} can be marked as up to date without actually changing +its modification time. This is useful since @file{config.in} depends +upon @file{configure.in}, but it is easy to change @file{configure.in} +in a way which does not affect @file{config.in}. +@end table + +@node Build Files +@section Build Files + +This section describes the files which are created at configure and +build time. These are the files which somebody who builds the package +will see. + +Of course, the developer will also build the package. The distinction +between developer files and build files is not that the developer does +not see the build files, but that somebody who only builds the package +does not have to worry about the developer files. + +@menu +* Build Files Picture:: Build Files Picture. +* Build Files Description:: Build Files Description. +@end menu + +@node Build Files Picture +@subsection Build Files Picture + +Here is a picture of the files which will be created at build time. +@file{config.status} is both a created file and a shell script which is +run to create other files, and the picture attempts to show that. + +@image{configbuild} + +@node Build Files Description +@subsection Build Files Description + +This is a description of the files which are created at build time. + +@table @file +@item config.status +@cindex @file{config.status} +The first step in building a package is to run the @file{configure} +script. The @file{configure} script will create the file +@file{config.status}, which is itself a shell script. When you first +run @file{configure}, it will automatically run @file{config.status}. +An @file{Makefile} derived from an automake generated @file{Makefile.in} +will contain rules to automatically run @file{config.status} again when +necessary to recreate certain files if their inputs change. + +@item Makefile +@cindex @file{Makefile} +This is the file which make will read to build the program. The +@file{config.status} script will transform @file{Makefile.in} into +@file{Makefile}. + +@item config.h +@cindex @file{config.h} +This file defines C preprocessor macros which C code can use to adjust +its behaviour on different systems. The @file{config.status} script +will transform @file{config.in} into @file{config.h}. + +@item config.cache +@cindex @file{config.cache} +This file did not fit neatly into the picture, and I omitted it. It is +used by the @file{configure} script to cache results between runs. This +can be an important speedup. If you modify @file{configure.in} in such +a way that the results of old tests should change (perhaps you have +added a new library to @samp{LDFLAGS}), then you will have to remove +@file{config.cache} to force the tests to be rerun. + +The autoconf manual explains how to set up a site specific cache file. +This can speed up running @file{configure} scripts on your system. + +@item stamp.h +@cindex @file{stamp-h} +This file, which I omitted from the picture, is similar to +@file{stamp-h.in}. It is used as a timestamp file indicating whether +@file{config.h} is up to date. This is useful since @file{config.h} +depends upon @file{config.status}, but it is easy for +@file{config.status} to change in a way which does not affect +@file{config.h}. +@end table + +@node Support Files +@section Support Files + +The GNU configure and build system requires several support files to be +included with your distribution. You do not normally need to concern +yourself with these. If you are using the Cygnus tree, most are already +present. Otherwise, they will be installed with your source by +@samp{automake} (with the @samp{--add-missing} option) and +@samp{libtoolize}. + +You don't have to put the support files in the top level directory. You +can put them in a subdirectory, and use the @samp{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} +macro in @file{configure.in} to tell @samp{automake} and the +@file{configure} script where they are. + +In this section, I describe the support files, so that you can know what +they are and why they are there. + +@table @file +@item ABOUT-NLS +Added by automake if you are using gettext. This is a documentation +file about the gettext project. +@item ansi2knr.c +Used by an automake generated @file{Makefile} if you put @samp{ansi2knr} +in @samp{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} in @file{Makefile.am}. This permits +compiling ANSI C code with a K&R C compiler. +@item ansi2knr.1 +The man page which goes with @file{ansi2knr.c}. +@item config.guess +A shell script which determines the configuration name for the system on +which it is run. +@item config.sub +A shell script which canonicalizes a configuration name entered by a +user. +@item elisp-comp +Used to compile Emacs LISP files. +@item install-sh +A shell script which installs a program. This is used if the configure +script can not find an install binary. +@item ltconfig +Used by libtool. This is a shell script which configures libtool for +the particular system on which it is used. +@item ltmain.sh +Used by libtool. This is the actual libtool script which is used, after +it is configured by @file{ltconfig} to build a library. +@item mdate-sh +A shell script used by an automake generated @file{Makefile} to pretty +print the modification time of a file. This is used to maintain version +numbers for texinfo files. +@item missing +A shell script used if some tool is missing entirely. This is used by +an automake generated @file{Makefile} to avoid certain sorts of +timestamp problems. +@item mkinstalldirs +A shell script which creates a directory, including all parent +directories. This is used by an automake generated @file{Makefile} +during installation. +@item texinfo.tex +Required if you have any texinfo files. This is used when converting +Texinfo files into DVI using @samp{texi2dvi} and @TeX{}. +@item ylwrap +A shell script used by an automake generated @file{Makefile} to run +programs like @samp{bison}, @samp{yacc}, @samp{flex}, and @samp{lex}. +These programs default to producing output files with a fixed name, and +the @file{ylwrap} script runs them in a subdirectory to avoid file name +conflicts when using a parallel make program. +@end table + +@node Configuration Names +@chapter Configuration Names +@cindex configuration names +@cindex configuration triplets +@cindex triplets +@cindex host names +@cindex host triplets +@cindex canonical system names +@cindex system names +@cindex system types + +The GNU configure system names all systems using a @dfn{configuration +name}. All such names used to be triplets (they may now contain four +parts in certain cases), and the term @dfn{configuration triplet} is +still seen. + +@menu +* Configuration Name Definition:: Configuration Name Definition. +* Using Configuration Names:: Using Configuration Names. +@end menu + +@node Configuration Name Definition +@section Configuration Name Definition + +This is a string of the form +@var{cpu}-@var{manufacturer}-@var{operating_system}. In some cases, +this is extended to a four part form: +@var{cpu}-@var{manufacturer}-@var{kernel}-@var{operating_system}. + +When using a configuration name in a configure option, it is normally +not necessary to specify an entire name. In particular, the +@var{manufacturer} field is often omitted, leading to strings such as +@samp{i386-linux} or @samp{sparc-sunos}. The shell script +@file{config.sub} will translate these shortened strings into the +canonical form. autoconf will arrange for @file{config.sub} to be run +automatically when it is needed. + +The fields of a configuration name are as follows: + +@table @var +@item cpu +The type of processor. This is typically something like @samp{i386} or +@samp{sparc}. More specific variants are used as well, such as +@samp{mipsel} to indicate a little endian MIPS processor. +@item manufacturer +A somewhat freeform field which indicates the manufacturer of the +system. This is often simply @samp{unknown}. Other common strings are +@samp{pc} for an IBM PC compatible system, or the name of a workstation +vendor, such as @samp{sun}. +@item operating_system +The name of the operating system which is run on the system. This will +be something like @samp{solaris2.5} or @samp{irix6.3}. There is no +particular restriction on the version number, and strings like +@samp{aix4.1.4.0} are seen. For an embedded system, which has no +operating system, this field normally indicates the type of object file +format, such as @samp{elf} or @samp{coff}. +@item kernel +This is used mainly for GNU/Linux. A typical GNU/Linux configuration +name is @samp{i586-pc-linux-gnulibc1}. In this case the kernel, +@samp{linux}, is separated from the operating system, @samp{gnulibc1}. +@end table + +The shell script @file{config.guess} will normally print the correct +configuration name for the system on which it is run. It does by +running @samp{uname} and by examining other characteristics of the +system. + +Because @file{config.guess} can normally determine the configuration +name for a machine, it is normally only necessary to specify a +configuration name when building a cross-compiler or when building using +a cross-compiler. + +@node Using Configuration Names +@section Using Configuration Names + +A configure script will sometimes have to make a decision based on a +configuration name. You will need to do this if you have to compile +code differently based on something which can not be tested using a +standard autoconf feature test. + +It is normally better to test for particular features, rather than to +test for a particular system. This is because as Unix evolves, +different systems copy features from one another. Even if you need to +determine whether the feature is supported based on a configuration +name, you should define a macro which describes the feature, rather than +defining a macro which describes the particular system you are on. + +Testing for a particular system is normally done using a case statement +in @file{configure.in}. The case statement might look something like +the following, assuming that @samp{host} is a shell variable holding a +canonical configuration name (which will be the case if +@file{configure.in} uses the @samp{AC_CANONICAL_HOST} or +@samp{AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM} macro). + +@smallexample +case "$@{host@}" in +i[3456]86-*-linux-gnu*) do something ;; +sparc*-sun-solaris2.[56789]*) do something ;; +sparc*-sun-solaris*) do something ;; +mips*-*-elf*) do something ;; +esac +@end smallexample + +It is particularly important to use @samp{*} after the operating system +field, in order to match the version number which will be generated by +@file{config.guess}. + +In most cases you must be careful to match a range of processor types. +For most processor families, a trailing @samp{*} suffices, as in +@samp{mips*} above. For the i386 family, something along the lines of +@samp{i[3456]86} suffices at present. For the m68k family, you will +need something like @samp{m68*}. Of course, if you do not need to match +on the processor, it is simpler to just replace the entire field by a +@samp{*}, as in @samp{*-*-irix*}. + +@node Cross Compilation Tools +@chapter Cross Compilation Tools +@cindex cross tools + +The GNU configure and build system can be used to build @dfn{cross +compilation} tools. A cross compilation tool is a tool which runs on +one system and produces code which runs on another system. + +@menu +* Cross Compilation Concepts:: Cross Compilation Concepts. +* Host and Target:: Host and Target. +* Using the Host Type:: Using the Host Type. +* Specifying the Target:: Specifying the Target. +* Using the Target Type:: Using the Target Type. +* Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree:: Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree +@end menu + +@node Cross Compilation Concepts +@section Cross Compilation Concepts + +@cindex cross compiler +A compiler which produces programs which run on a different system is a +cross compilation compiler, or simply a @dfn{cross compiler}. +Similarly, we speak of cross assemblers, cross linkers, etc. + +In the normal case, a compiler produces code which runs on the same +system as the one on which the compiler runs. When it is necessary to +distinguish this case from the cross compilation case, such a compiler +is called a @dfn{native compiler}. Similarly, we speak of native +assemblers, etc. + +Although the debugger is not strictly speaking a compilation tool, it is +nevertheless meaningful to speak of a cross debugger: a debugger which +is used to debug code which runs on another system. Everything that is +said below about configuring cross compilation tools applies to the +debugger as well. + +@node Host and Target +@section Host and Target +@cindex host system +@cindex target system + +When building cross compilation tools, there are two different systems +involved: the system on which the tools will run, and the system for +which the tools generate code. + +The system on which the tools will run is called the @dfn{host} system. + +The system for which the tools generate code is called the @dfn{target} +system. + +For example, suppose you have a compiler which runs on a GNU/Linux +system and generates ELF programs for a MIPS embedded system. In this +case the GNU/Linux system is the host, and the MIPS ELF system is the +target. Such a compiler could be called a GNU/Linux cross MIPS ELF +compiler, or, equivalently, a @samp{i386-linux-gnu} cross +@samp{mips-elf} compiler. + +Naturally, most programs are not cross compilation tools. For those +programs, it does not make sense to speak of a target. It only makes +sense to speak of a target for tools like @samp{gcc} or the +@samp{binutils} which actually produce running code. For example, it +does not make sense to speak of the target of a tool like @samp{bison} +or @samp{make}. + +Most cross compilation tools can also serve as native tools. For a +native compilation tool, it is still meaningful to speak of a target. +For a native tool, the target is the same as the host. For example, for +a GNU/Linux native compiler, the host is GNU/Linux, and the target is +also GNU/Linux. + +@node Using the Host Type +@section Using the Host Type + +In almost all cases the host system is the system on which you run the +@samp{configure} script, and on which you build the tools (for the case +when they differ, @pxref{Canadian Cross}). + +@cindex @samp{AC_CANONICAL_HOST} +If your configure script needs to know the configuration name of the +host system, and the package is not a cross compilation tool and +therefore does not have a target, put @samp{AC_CANONICAL_HOST} in +@file{configure.in}. This macro will arrange to define a few shell +variables when the @samp{configure} script is run. + +@table @samp +@item host +The canonical configuration name of the host. This will normally be +determined by running the @file{config.guess} shell script, although the +user is permitted to override this by using an explicit @samp{--host} +option. +@item host_alias +In the unusual case that the user used an explicit @samp{--host} option, +this will be the argument to @samp{--host}. In the normal case, this +will be the same as the @samp{host} variable. +@item host_cpu +@itemx host_vendor +@itemx host_os +The first three parts of the canonical configuration name. +@end table + +The shell variables may be used by putting shell code in +@file{configure.in}. For an example, see @ref{Using Configuration +Names}. + +@node Specifying the Target +@section Specifying the Target + +By default, the @samp{configure} script will assume that the target is +the same as the host. This is the more common case; for example, it +leads to a native compiler rather than a cross compiler. + +@cindex @samp{--target} option +@cindex target option +@cindex configure target +If you want to build a cross compilation tool, you must specify the +target explicitly by using the @samp{--target} option when you run +@samp{configure}. The argument to @samp{--target} is the configuration +name of the system for which you wish to generate code. +@xref{Configuration Names}. + +For example, to build tools which generate code for a MIPS ELF embedded +system, you would use @samp{--target mips-elf}. + +@node Using the Target Type +@section Using the Target Type + +@cindex @samp{AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM} +When writing @file{configure.in} for a cross compilation tool, you will +need to use information about the target. To do this, put +@samp{AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM} in @file{configure.in}. + +@samp{AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM} will look for a @samp{--target} option and +canonicalize it using the @file{config.sub} shell script. It will also +run @samp{AC_CANONICAL_HOST} (@pxref{Using the Host Type}). + +The target type will be recorded in the following shell variables. Note +that the host versions of these variables will also be defined by +@samp{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}. + +@table @samp +@item target +The canonical configuration name of the target. +@item target_alias +The argument to the @samp{--target} option. If the user did not specify +a @samp{--target} option, this will be the same as @samp{host_alias}. +@item target_cpu +@itemx target_vendor +@itemx target_os +The first three parts of the canonical target configuration name. +@end table + +Note that if @samp{host} and @samp{target} are the same string, you can +assume a native configuration. If they are different, you can assume a +cross configuration. + +It is arguably possible for @samp{host} and @samp{target} to represent +the same system, but for the strings to not be identical. For example, +if @samp{config.guess} returns @samp{sparc-sun-sunos4.1.4}, and somebody +configures with @samp{--target sparc-sun-sunos4.1}, then the slight +differences between the two versions of SunOS may be unimportant for +your tool. However, in the general case it can be quite difficult to +determine whether the differences between two configuration names are +significant or not. Therefore, by convention, if the user specifies a +@samp{--target} option without specifying a @samp{--host} option, it is +assumed that the user wants to configure a cross compilation tool. + +The variables @samp{target} and @samp{target_alias} should be handled +differently. + +In general, whenever the user may actually see a string, +@samp{target_alias} should be used. This includes anything which may +appear in the file system, such as a directory name or part of a tool +name. It also includes any tool output, unless it is clearly labelled +as the canonical target configuration name. This permits the user to +use the @samp{--target} option to specify how the tool will appear to +the outside world. + +On the other hand, when checking for characteristics of the target +system, @samp{target} should be used. This is because a wide variety of +@samp{--target} options may map into the same canonical configuration +name. You should not attempt to duplicate the canonicalization done by +@samp{config.sub} in your own code. + +By convention, cross tools are installed with a prefix of the argument +used with the @samp{--target} option, also known as @samp{target_alias} +(@pxref{Using the Target Type}). If the user does not use the +@samp{--target} option, and thus is building a native tool, no prefix is +used. + +For example, if gcc is configured with @samp{--target mips-elf}, then +the installed binary will be named @samp{mips-elf-gcc}. If gcc is +configured without a @samp{--target} option, then the installed binary +will be named @samp{gcc}. + +The autoconf macro @samp{AC_ARG_PROGRAM} will handle this for you. If +you are using automake, no more need be done; the programs will +automatically be installed with the correct prefixes. Otherwise, see +the autoconf documentation for @samp{AC_ARG_PROGRAM}. + +@node Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree +@section Cross Tools in the Cygnus Tree + +The Cygnus tree is used for various packages including gdb, the GNU +binutils, and egcs. It is also, of course, used for Cygnus releases. + +In the Cygnus tree, the top level @file{configure} script uses the old +Cygnus configure system, not autoconf. The top level @file{Makefile.in} +is written to build packages based on what is in the source tree, and +supports building a large number of tools in a single +@samp{configure}/@samp{make} step. + +The Cygnus tree may be configured with a @samp{--target} option. The +@samp{--target} option applies recursively to every subdirectory, and +permits building an entire set of cross tools at once. + +@menu +* Host and Target Libraries:: Host and Target Libraries. +* Target Library Configure Scripts:: Target Library Configure Scripts. +* Make Targets in Cygnus Tree:: Make Targets in Cygnus Tree. +* Target libiberty:: Target libiberty +@end menu + +@node Host and Target Libraries +@subsection Host and Target Libraries + +The Cygnus tree distinguishes host libraries from target libraries. + +Host libraries are built with the compiler used to build the programs +which run on the host, which is called the host compiler. This includes +libraries such as @samp{bfd} and @samp{tcl}. These libraries are built +with the host compiler, and are linked into programs like the binutils +or gcc which run on the host. + +Target libraries are built with the target compiler. If gcc is present +in the source tree, then the target compiler is the gcc that is built +using the host compiler. Target libraries are libraries such as +@samp{newlib} and @samp{libstdc++}. These libraries are not linked into +the host programs, but are instead made available for use with programs +built with the target compiler. + +For the rest of this section, assume that gcc is present in the source +tree, so that it will be used to build the target libraries. + +There is a complication here. The configure process needs to know which +compiler you are going to use to build a tool; otherwise, the feature +tests will not work correctly. The Cygnus tree handles this by not +configuring the target libraries until the target compiler is built. In +order to permit everything to build using a single +@samp{configure}/@samp{make}, the configuration of the target libraries +is actually triggered during the make step. + +When the target libraries are configured, the @samp{--target} option is +not used. Instead, the @samp{--host} option is used with the argument +of the @samp{--target} option for the overall configuration. If no +@samp{--target} option was used for the overall configuration, the +@samp{--host} option will be passed with the output of the +@file{config.guess} shell script. Any @samp{--build} option is passed +down unchanged. + +This translation of configuration options is done because since the +target libraries are compiled with the target compiler, they are being +built in order to run on the target of the overall configuration. By +the definition of host, this means that their host system is the same as +the target system of the overall configuration. + +The same process is used for both a native configuration and a cross +configuration. Even when using a native configuration, the target +libraries will be configured and built using the newly built compiler. +This is particularly important for the C++ libraries, since there is no +reason to assume that the C++ compiler used to build the host tools (if +there even is one) uses the same ABI as the g++ compiler which will be +used to build the target libraries. + +There is one difference between a native configuration and a cross +configuration. In a native configuration, the target libraries are +normally configured and built as siblings of the host tools. In a cross +configuration, the target libraries are normally built in a subdirectory +whose name is the argument to @samp{--target}. This is mainly for +historical reasons. + +To summarize, running @samp{configure} in the Cygnus tree configures all +the host libraries and tools, but does not configure any of the target +libraries. Running @samp{make} then does the following steps: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Build the host libraries. +@item +Build the host programs, including gcc. Note that we call gcc both a +host program (since it runs on the host) and a target compiler (since it +generates code for the target). +@item +Using the newly built target compiler, configure the target libraries. +@item +Build the target libraries. +@end itemize + +The steps need not be done in precisely this order, since they are +actually controlled by @file{Makefile} targets. + +@node Target Library Configure Scripts +@subsection Target Library Configure Scripts + +There are a few things you must know in order to write a configure +script for a target library. This is just a quick sketch, and beginners +shouldn't worry if they don't follow everything here. + +The target libraries are configured and built using a newly built target +compiler. There may not be any startup files or libraries for this +target compiler. In fact, those files will probably be built as part of +some target library, which naturally means that they will not exist when +your target library is configured. + +This means that the configure script for a target library may not use +any test which requires doing a link. This unfortunately includes many +useful autoconf macros, such as @samp{AC_CHECK_FUNCS}. autoconf macros +which do a compile but not a link, such as @samp{AC_CHECK_HEADERS}, may +be used. + +This is a severe restriction, but normally not a fatal one, as target +libraries can often assume the presence of other target libraries, and +thus know which functions will be available. + +As of this writing, the autoconf macro @samp{AC_PROG_CC} does a link to +make sure that the compiler works. This may fail in a target library, +so target libraries must use a different set of macros to locate the +compiler. See the @file{configure.in} file in a directory like +@file{libiberty} or @file{libgloss} for an example. + +As noted in the previous section, target libraries are sometimes built +in directories which are siblings to the host tools, and are sometimes +built in a subdirectory. The @samp{--with-target-subdir} configure +option will be passed when the library is configured. Its value will be +an empty string if the target library is a sibling. Its value will be +the name of the subdirectory if the target library is in a subdirectory. + +If the overall build is not a native build (i.e., the overall configure +used the @samp{--target} option), then the library will be configured +with the @samp{--with-cross-host} option. The value of this option will +be the host system of the overall build. Recall that the host system of +the library will be the target of the overall build. If the overall +build is a native build, the @samp{--with-cross-host} option will not be +used. + +A library which can be built both standalone and as a target library may +want to install itself into different directories depending upon the +case. When built standalone, or when built native, the library should +be installed in @samp{$(libdir)}. When built as a target library which +is not native, the library should be installed in @samp{$(tooldir)/lib}. +The @samp{--with-cross-host} option may be used to distinguish these +cases. + +This same test of @samp{--with-cross-host} may be used to see whether it +is OK to use link tests in the configure script. If the +@samp{--with-cross-host} option is not used, then the library is being +built either standalone or native, and a link should work. + +@node Make Targets in Cygnus Tree +@subsection Make Targets in Cygnus Tree + +The top level @file{Makefile} in the Cygnus tree defines targets for +every known subdirectory. + +For every subdirectory @var{dir} which holds a host library or program, +the @file{Makefile} target @samp{all-@var{dir}} will build that library +or program. + +There are dependencies among host tools. For example, building gcc +requires first building gas, because the gcc build process invokes the +target assembler. These dependencies are reflected in the top level +@file{Makefile}. + +For every subdirectory @var{dir} which holds a target library, the +@file{Makefile} target @samp{configure-target-@var{dir}} will configure +that library. The @file{Makefile} target @samp{all-target-@var{dir}} +will build that library. + +Every @samp{configure-target-@var{dir}} target depends upon +@samp{all-gcc}, since gcc, the target compiler, is required to configure +the tool. Every @samp{all-target-@var{dir}} target depends upon the +corresponding @samp{configure-target-@var{dir}} target. + +There are several other targets which may be of interest for each +directory: @samp{install-@var{dir}}, @samp{clean-@var{dir}}, and +@samp{check-@var{dir}}. There are also corresponding @samp{target} +versions of these for the target libraries , such as +@samp{install-target-@var{dir}}. + +@node Target libiberty +@subsection Target libiberty + +The @file{libiberty} subdirectory is currently a special case, in that +it is the only directory which is built both using the host compiler and +using the target compiler. + +This is because the files in @file{libiberty} are used when building the +host tools, and they are also incorporated into the @file{libstdc++} +target library as support code. + +This duality does not pose any particular difficulties. It means that +there are targets for both @samp{all-libiberty} and +@samp{all-target-libiberty}. + +In a native configuration, when target libraries are not built in a +subdirectory, the same objects are normally used as both the host build +and the target build. This is normally OK, since libiberty contains +only C code, and in a native configuration the results of the host +compiler and the target compiler are normally interoperable. + +Irix 6 is again an exception here, since the SGI native compiler +defaults to using the @samp{O32} ABI, and gcc defaults to using the +@samp{N32} ABI. On Irix 6, the target libraries are built in a +subdirectory even for a native configuration, avoiding this problem. + +There are currently no other libraries built for both the host and the +target, but there is no conceptual problem with adding more. + +@node Canadian Cross +@chapter Canadian Cross +@cindex canadian cross +@cindex building with a cross compiler +@cindex cross compiler, building with + +It is possible to use the GNU configure and build system to build a +program which will run on a system which is different from the system on +which the tools are built. In other words, it is possible to build +programs using a cross compiler. + +This is referred to as a @dfn{Canadian Cross}. + +@menu +* Canadian Cross Example:: Canadian Cross Example. +* Canadian Cross Concepts:: Canadian Cross Concepts. +* Build Cross Host Tools:: Build Cross Host Tools. +* Build and Host Options:: Build and Host Options. +* CCross not in Cygnus Tree:: Canadian Cross not in Cygnus Tree. +* CCross in Cygnus Tree:: Canadian Cross in Cygnus Tree. +* Supporting Canadian Cross:: Supporting Canadian Cross. +@end menu + +@node Canadian Cross Example +@section Canadian Cross Example + +Here is an example of a Canadian Cross. + +While running on a GNU/Linux, you can build a program which will run on +a Solaris system. You would use a GNU/Linux cross Solaris compiler to +build the program. + +Of course, you could not run the resulting program on your GNU/Linux +system. You would have to copy it over to a Solaris system before you +would run it. + +Of course, you could also simply build the programs on the Solaris +system in the first place. However, perhaps the Solaris system is not +available for some reason; perhaps you actually don't have one, but you +want to build the tools for somebody else to use. Or perhaps your +GNU/Linux system is much faster than your Solaris system. + +A Canadian Cross build is most frequently used when building programs to +run on a non-Unix system, such as DOS or Windows. It may be simpler to +configure and build on a Unix system than to support the configuration +machinery on a non-Unix system. + +@node Canadian Cross Concepts +@section Canadian Cross Concepts + +When building a Canadian Cross, there are at least two different systems +involved: the system on which the tools are being built, and the system +on which the tools will run. + +The system on which the tools are being built is called the @dfn{build} +system. + +The system on which the tools will run is called the host system. + +For example, if you are building a Solaris program on a GNU/Linux +system, as in the previous section, the build system would be GNU/Linux, +and the host system would be Solaris. + +It is, of course, possible to build a cross compiler using a Canadian +Cross (i.e., build a cross compiler using a cross compiler). In this +case, the system for which the resulting cross compiler generates code +is called the target system. (For a more complete discussion of host +and target systems, @pxref{Host and Target}). + +An example of building a cross compiler using a Canadian Cross would be +building a Windows cross MIPS ELF compiler on a GNU/Linux system. In +this case the build system would be GNU/Linux, the host system would be +Windows, and the target system would be MIPS ELF. + +The name Canadian Cross comes from the case when the build, host, and +target systems are all different. At the time that these issues were +all being hashed out, Canada had three national political parties. + +@node Build Cross Host Tools +@section Build Cross Host Tools + +In order to configure a program for a Canadian Cross build, you must +first build and install the set of cross tools you will use to build the +program. + +These tools will be build cross host tools. That is, they will run on +the build system, and will produce code that runs on the host system. + +It is easy to confuse the meaning of build and host here. Always +remember that the build system is where you are doing the build, and the +host system is where the resulting program will run. Therefore, you +need a build cross host compiler. + +In general, you must have a complete cross environment in order to do +the build. This normally means a cross compiler, cross assembler, and +so forth, as well as libraries and include files for the host system. + +@node Build and Host Options +@section Build and Host Options +@cindex configuring a canadian cross +@cindex canadian cross, configuring + +When you run @file{configure}, you must use both the @samp{--build} and +@samp{--host} options. + +@cindex @samp{--build} option +@cindex build option +@cindex configure build system +The @samp{--build} option is used to specify the configuration name of +the build system. This can normally be the result of running the +@file{config.guess} shell script, and it is reasonable to use +@samp{--build=`config.guess`}. + +@cindex @samp{--host} option +@cindex host option +@cindex configure host +The @samp{--host} option is used to specify the configuration name of +the host system. + +As we explained earlier, @file{config.guess} is used to set the default +value for the @samp{--host} option (@pxref{Using the Host Type}). We +can now see that since @file{config.guess} returns the type of system on +which it is run, it really identifies the build system. Since the host +system is normally the same as the build system (i.e., people do not +normally build using a cross compiler), it is reasonable to use the +result of @file{config.guess} as the default for the host system when +the @samp{--host} option is not used. + +It might seem that if the @samp{--host} option were used without the +@samp{--build} option that the configure script could run +@file{config.guess} to determine the build system, and presume a +Canadian Cross if the result of @file{config.guess} differed from the +@samp{--host} option. However, for historical reasons, some configure +scripts are routinely run using an explicit @samp{--host} option, rather +than using the default from @file{config.guess}. As noted earlier, it +is difficult or impossible to reliably compare configuration names +(@pxref{Using the Target Type}). Therefore, by convention, if the +@samp{--host} option is used, but the @samp{--build} option is not used, +then the build system defaults to the host system. + +@node CCross not in Cygnus Tree +@section Canadian Cross not in Cygnus Tree. + +If you are not using the Cygnus tree, you must explicitly specify the +cross tools which you want to use to build the program. This is done by +setting environment variables before running the @file{configure} +script. + +You must normally set at least the environment variables @samp{CC}, +@samp{AR}, and @samp{RANLIB} to the cross tools which you want to use to +build. + +For some programs, you must set additional cross tools as well, such as +@samp{AS}, @samp{LD}, or @samp{NM}. + +You would set these environment variables to the build cross tools which +you are going to use. + +For example, if you are building a Solaris program on a GNU/Linux +system, and your GNU/Linux cross Solaris compiler were named +@samp{solaris-gcc}, then you would set the environment variable +@samp{CC} to @samp{solaris-gcc}. + +@node CCross in Cygnus Tree +@section Canadian Cross in Cygnus Tree +@cindex canadian cross in cygnus tree + +This section describes configuring and building a Canadian Cross when +using the Cygnus tree. + +@menu +* Standard Cygnus CCross:: Building a Normal Program. +* Cross Cygnus CCross:: Building a Cross Program. +@end menu + +@node Standard Cygnus CCross +@subsection Building a Normal Program + +When configuring a Canadian Cross in the Cygnus tree, all the +appropriate environment variables are automatically set to +@samp{@var{host}-@var{tool}}, where @var{host} is the value used for the +@samp{--host} option, and @var{tool} is the name of the tool (e.g., +@samp{gcc}, @samp{as}, etc.). These tools must be on your @samp{PATH}. + +Adding a prefix of @var{host} will give the usual name for the build +cross host tools. To see this, consider that when these cross tools +were built, they were configured to run on the build system and to +produce code for the host system. That is, they were configured with a +@samp{--target} option that is the same as the system which we are now +calling the host. Recall that the default name for installed cross +tools uses the target system as a prefix (@pxref{Using the Target +Type}). Since that is the system which we are now calling the host, +@var{host} is the right prefix to use. + +For example, if you configure with @samp{--build=i386-linux-gnu} and +@samp{--host=solaris}, then the Cygnus tree will automatically default +to using the compiler @samp{solaris-gcc}. You must have previously +built and installed this compiler, probably by doing a build with no +@samp{--host} option and with a @samp{--target} option of +@samp{solaris}. + +@node Cross Cygnus CCross +@subsection Building a Cross Program + +There are additional considerations if you want to build a cross +compiler, rather than a native compiler, in the Cygnus tree using a +Canadian Cross. + +When you build a cross compiler using the Cygnus tree, then the target +libraries will normally be built with the newly built target compiler +(@pxref{Host and Target Libraries}). However, this will not work when +building with a Canadian Cross. This is because the newly built target +compiler will be a program which runs on the host system, and therefore +will not be able to run on the build system. + +Therefore, when building a cross compiler with the Cygnus tree, you must +first install a set of build cross target tools. These tools will be +used when building the target libraries. + +Note that this is not a requirement of a Canadian Cross in general. For +example, it would be possible to build just the host cross target tools +on the build system, to copy the tools to the host system, and to build +the target libraries on the host system. The requirement for build +cross target tools is imposed by the Cygnus tree, which expects to be +able to build both host programs and target libraries in a single +@samp{configure}/@samp{make} step. Because it builds these in a single +step, it expects to be able to build the target libraries on the build +system, which means that it must use a build cross target toolchain. + +For example, suppose you want to build a Windows cross MIPS ELF compiler +on a GNU/Linux system. You must have previously installed both a +GNU/Linux cross Windows compiler and a GNU/Linux cross MIPS ELF +compiler. + +In order to build the Windows (configuration name @samp{i386-cygwin32}) +cross MIPS ELF (configure name @samp{mips-elf}) compiler, you might +execute the following commands (long command lines are broken across +lines with a trailing backslash as a continuation character). + +@example +mkdir linux-x-cygwin32 +cd linux-x-cygwin32 +@var{srcdir}/configure --target i386-cygwin32 --prefix=@var{installdir} \ + --exec-prefix=@var{installdir}/H-i386-linux +make +make install +cd .. +mkdir linux-x-mips-elf +cd linux-x-mips-elf +@var{srcdir}/configure --target mips-elf --prefix=@var{installdir} \ + --exec-prefix=@var{installdir}/H-i386-linux +make +make install +cd .. +mkdir cygwin32-x-mips-elf +cd cygwin32-x-mips-elf +@var{srcdir}/configure --build=i386-linux-gnu --host=i386-cygwin32 \ + --target=mips-elf --prefix=@var{wininstalldir} \ + --exec-prefix=@var{wininstalldir}/H-i386-cygwin32 +make +make install +@end example + +You would then copy the contents of @var{wininstalldir} over to the +Windows machine, and run the resulting programs. + +@node Supporting Canadian Cross +@section Supporting Canadian Cross + +If you want to make it possible to build a program you are developing +using a Canadian Cross, you must take some care when writing your +configure and make rules. Simple cases will normally work correctly. +However, it is not hard to write configure and make tests which will +fail in a Canadian Cross. + +@menu +* CCross in Configure:: Supporting Canadian Cross in Configure Scripts. +* CCross in Make:: Supporting Canadian Cross in Makefiles. +@end menu + +@node CCross in Configure +@subsection Supporting Canadian Cross in Configure Scripts +@cindex canadian cross in configure + +In a @file{configure.in} file, after calling @samp{AC_PROG_CC}, you can +find out whether this is a Canadian Cross configure by examining the +shell variable @samp{cross_compiling}. In a Canadian Cross, which means +that the compiler is a cross compiler, @samp{cross_compiling} will be +@samp{yes}. In a normal configuration, @samp{cross_compiling} will be +@samp{no}. + +You ordinarily do not need to know the type of the build system in a +configure script. However, if you do need that information, you can get +it by using the macro @samp{AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM}, the same macro that is +used to determine the target system. This macro will set the variables +@samp{build}, @samp{build_alias}, @samp{build_cpu}, @samp{build_vendor}, +and @samp{build_os}, which correspond to the similar @samp{target} and +@samp{host} variables, except that they describe the build system. + +When writing tests in @file{configure.in}, you must remember that you +want to test the host environment, not the build environment. + +Macros like @samp{AC_CHECK_FUNCS} which use the compiler will test the +host environment. That is because the tests will be done by running the +compiler, which is actually a build cross host compiler. If the +compiler can find the function, that means that the function is present +in the host environment. + +Tests like @samp{test -f /dev/ptyp0}, on the other hand, will test the +build environment. Remember that the configure script is running on the +build system, not the host system. If your configure scripts examines +files, those files will be on the build system. Whatever you determine +based on those files may or may not be the case on the host system. + +Most autoconf macros will work correctly for a Canadian Cross. The main +exception is @samp{AC_TRY_RUN}. This macro tries to compile and run a +test program. This will fail in a Canadian Cross, because the program +will be compiled for the host system, which means that it will not run +on the build system. + +The @samp{AC_TRY_RUN} macro provides an optional argument to tell the +configure script what to do in a Canadian Cross. If that argument is +not present, you will get a warning when you run @samp{autoconf}: +@smallexample +warning: AC_TRY_RUN called without default to allow cross compiling +@end smallexample +@noindent +This tells you that the resulting @file{configure} script will not work +with a Canadian Cross. + +In some cases while it may better to perform a test at configure time, +it is also possible to perform the test at run time. In such a case you +can use the cross compiling argument to @samp{AC_TRY_RUN} to tell your +program that the test could not be performed at configure time. + +There are a few other autoconf macros which will not work correctly with +a Canadian Cross: a partial list is @samp{AC_FUNC_GETPGRP}, +@samp{AC_FUNC_SETPGRP}, @samp{AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED}, and +@samp{AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS}. The @samp{AC_CHECK_SIZEOF} macro is +generally not very useful with a Canadian Cross; it permits an optional +argument indicating the default size, but there is no way to know what +the correct default should be. + +@node CCross in Make +@subsection Supporting Canadian Cross in Makefiles. +@cindex canadian cross in makefile + +The main Canadian Cross issue in a @file{Makefile} arises when you want +to use a subsidiary program to generate code or data which you will then +include in your real program. + +If you compile this subsidiary program using @samp{$(CC)} in the usual +way, you will not be able to run it. This is because @samp{$(CC)} will +build a program for the host system, but the program is being built on +the build system. + +You must instead use a compiler for the build system, rather than the +host system. In the Cygnus tree, this make variable +@samp{$(CC_FOR_BUILD)} will hold a compiler for the build system. + +Note that you should not include @file{config.h} in a file you are +compiling with @samp{$(CC_FOR_BUILD)}. The @file{configure} script will +build @file{config.h} with information for the host system. However, +you are compiling the file using a compiler for the build system (a +native compiler). Subsidiary programs are normally simple filters which +do no user interaction, and it is normally possible to write them in a +highly portable fashion so that the absence of @file{config.h} is not +crucial. + +@cindex @samp{HOST_CC} +The gcc @file{Makefile.in} shows a complex situation in which certain +files, such as @file{rtl.c}, must be compiled into both subsidiary +programs run on the build system and into the final program. This +approach may be of interest for advanced build system hackers. Note +that the build system compiler is rather confusingly called +@samp{HOST_CC}. + +@node Cygnus Configure +@chapter Cygnus Configure +@cindex cygnus configure + +The Cygnus configure script predates autoconf. All of its interesting +features have been incorporated into autoconf. No new programs should +be written to use the Cygnus configure script. + +However, the Cygnus configure script is still used in a few places: at +the top of the Cygnus tree and in a few target libraries in the Cygnus +tree. Until those uses have been replaced with autoconf, some brief +notes are appropriate here. This is not complete documentation, but it +should be possible to use this as a guide while examining the scripts +themselves. + +@menu +* Cygnus Configure Basics:: Cygnus Configure Basics. +* Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries:: Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries. +@end menu + +@node Cygnus Configure Basics +@section Cygnus Configure Basics + +Cygnus configure does not use any generated files; there is no program +corresponding to @samp{autoconf}. Instead, there is a single shell +script named @samp{configure} which may be found at the top of the +Cygnus tree. This shell script was written by hand; it was not +generated by autoconf, and it is incorrect, and indeed harmful, to run +@samp{autoconf} in the top level of a Cygnus tree. + +Cygnus configure works in a particular directory by examining the file +@file{configure.in} in that directory. That file is broken into four +separate shell scripts. + +The first is the contents of @file{configure.in} up to a line that +starts with @samp{# per-host:}. This is the common part. + +The second is the rest of @file{configure.in} up to a line that starts +with @samp{# per-target:}. This is the per host part. + +The third is the rest of @file{configure.in} up to a line that starts +with @samp{# post-target:}. This is the per target part. + +The fourth is the remainder of @file{configure.in}. This is the post +target part. + +If any of these comment lines are missing, the corresponding shell +script is empty. + +Cygnus configure will first execute the common part. This must set the +shell variable @samp{srctrigger} to the name of a source file, to +confirm that Cygnus configure is looking at the right directory. This +may set the shell variables @samp{package_makefile_frag} and +@samp{package_makefile_rules_frag}. + +Cygnus configure will next set the @samp{build} and @samp{host} shell +variables, and execute the per host part. This may set the shell +variable @samp{host_makefile_frag}. + +Cygnus configure will next set the @samp{target} variable, and execute +the per target part. This may set the shell variable +@samp{target_makefile_frag}. + +Any of these scripts may set the @samp{subdirs} shell variable. This +variable is a list of subdirectories where a @file{Makefile.in} file may +be found. Cygnus configure will automatically look for a +@file{Makefile.in} file in the current directory. The @samp{subdirs} +shell variable is not normally used, and I believe that the only +directory which uses it at present is @file{newlib}. + +For each @file{Makefile.in}, Cygnus configure will automatically create +a @file{Makefile} by adding definitions for @samp{make} variables such +as @samp{host} and @samp{target}, and automatically editing the values +of @samp{make} variables such as @samp{prefix} if they are present. + +Also, if any of the @samp{makefile_frag} shell variables are set, Cygnus +configure will interpret them as file names relative to either the +working directory or the source directory, and will read the contents of +the file into the generated @file{Makefile}. The file contents will be +read in after the first line in @file{Makefile.in} which starts with +@samp{####}. + +These @file{Makefile} fragments are used to customize behaviour for a +particular host or target. They serve to select particular files to +compile, and to define particular preprocessor macros by providing +values for @samp{make} variables which are then used during compilation. +Cygnus configure, unlike autoconf, normally does not do feature tests, +and normally requires support to be added manually for each new host. + +The @file{Makefile} fragment support is similar to the autoconf +@samp{AC_SUBST_FILE} macro. + +After creating each @file{Makefile}, the post target script will be run +(i.e., it may be run several times). This script may further customize +the @file{Makefile}. When it is run, the shell variable @samp{Makefile} +will hold the name of the @file{Makefile}, including the appropriate +directory component. + +Like an autoconf generated @file{configure} script, Cygnus configure +will create a file named @file{config.status} which, when run, will +automatically recreate the configuration. The @file{config.status} file +will simply execute the Cygnus configure script again with the +appropriate arguments. + +Any of the parts of @file{configure.in} may set the shell variables +@samp{files} and @samp{links}. Cygnus configure will set up symlinks +from the names in @samp{links} to the files named in @samp{files}. This +is similar to the autoconf @samp{AC_LINK_FILES} macro. + +Finally, any of the parts of @file{configure.in} may set the shell +variable @samp{configdirs} to a set of subdirectories. If it is set, +Cygnus configure will recursively run the configure process in each +subdirectory. If the subdirectory uses Cygnus configure, it will +contain a @file{configure.in} file but no @file{configure} file, in +which case Cygnus configure will invoke itself recursively. If the +subdirectory has a @file{configure} file, Cygnus configure assumes that +it is an autoconf generated @file{configure} script, and simply invokes +it directly. + +@node Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries +@section Cygnus Configure in C++ Libraries +@cindex @file{libstdc++} configure +@cindex @file{libio} configure +@cindex @file{libg++} configure + +The C++ library configure system, written by Per Bothner, deserves +special mention. It uses Cygnus configure, but it does feature testing +like that done by autoconf generated @file{configure} scripts. This +approach is used in the libraries @file{libio}, @file{libstdc++}, and +@file{libg++}. + +Most of the @file{Makefile} information is written out by the shell +script @file{libio/config.shared}. Each @file{configure.in} file sets +certain shell variables, and then invokes @file{config.shared} to create +two package @file{Makefile} fragments. These fragments are then +incorporated into the resulting @file{Makefile} by the Cygnus configure +script. + +The file @file{_G_config.h} is created in the @file{libio} object +directory by running the shell script @file{libio/gen-params}. This +shell script uses feature tests to define macros and typedefs in +@file{_G_config.h}. + +@node Multilibs +@chapter Multilibs +@cindex multilibs + +For some targets gcc may have different processor requirements depending +upon command line options. An obvious example is the +@samp{-msoft-float} option supported on several processors. This option +means that the floating point registers are not available, which means +that floating point operations must be done by calling an emulation +subroutine rather than by using machine instructions. + +For such options, gcc is often configured to compile target libraries +twice: once with @samp{-msoft-float} and once without. When gcc +compiles target libraries more than once, the resulting libraries are +called @dfn{multilibs}. + +Multilibs are not really part of the GNU configure and build system, but +we discuss them here since they require support in the @file{configure} +scripts and @file{Makefile}s used for target libraries. + +@menu +* Multilibs in gcc:: Multilibs in gcc. +* Multilibs in Target Libraries:: Multilibs in Target Libraries. +@end menu + +@node Multilibs in gcc +@section Multilibs in gcc + +In gcc, multilibs are defined by setting the variable +@samp{MULTILIB_OPTIONS} in the target @file{Makefile} fragment. Several +other @samp{MULTILIB} variables may also be defined there. @xref{Target +Fragment, , The Target Makefile Fragment, gcc, Using and Porting GNU +CC}. + +If you have built gcc, you can see what multilibs it uses by running it +with the @samp{-print-multi-lib} option. The output @samp{.;} means +that no multilibs are used. In general, the output is a sequence of +lines, one per multilib. The first part of each line, up to the +@samp{;}, is the name of the multilib directory. The second part is a +list of compiler options separated by @samp{@@} characters. + +Multilibs are built in a tree of directories. The top of the tree, +represented by @samp{.} in the list of multilib directories, is the +default library to use when no special compiler options are used. The +subdirectories of the tree hold versions of the library to use when +particular compiler options are used. + +@node Multilibs in Target Libraries +@section Multilibs in Target Libraries + +The target libraries in the Cygnus tree are automatically built with +multilibs. That means that each library is built multiple times. + +This default is set in the top level @file{configure.in} file, by adding +@samp{--enable-multilib} to the list of arguments passed to configure +when it is run for the target libraries (@pxref{Host and Target +Libraries}). + +Each target library uses the shell script @file{config-ml.in}, written +by Doug Evans, to prepare to build target libraries. This shell script +is invoked after the @file{Makefile} has been created by the +@file{configure} script. If multilibs are not enabled, it does nothing, +otherwise it modifies the @file{Makefile} to support multilibs. + +The @file{config-ml.in} script makes one copy of the @file{Makefile} for +each multilib in the appropriate subdirectory. When configuring in the +source directory (which is not recommended), it will build a symlink +tree of the sources in each subdirectory. + +The @file{config-ml.in} script sets several variables in the various +@file{Makefile}s. The @file{Makefile.in} must have definitions for +these variables already; @file{config-ml.in} simply changes the existing +values. The @file{Makefile} should use default values for these +variables which will do the right thing in the subdirectories. + +@table @samp +@item MULTISRCTOP +@file{config-ml.in} will set this to a sequence of @samp{../} strings, +where the number of strings is the number of multilib levels in the +source tree. The default value should be the empty string. +@item MULTIBUILDTOP +@file{config-ml.in} will set this to a sequence of @samp{../} strings, +where the number of strings is number of multilib levels in the object +directory. The default value should be the empty string. This will +differ from @samp{MULTISRCTOP} when configuring in the source tree +(which is not recommended). +@item MULTIDIRS +In the top level @file{Makefile} only, @file{config-ml.in} will set this +to the list of multilib subdirectories. The default value should be the +empty string. +@item MULTISUBDIR +@file{config-ml.in} will set this to the installed subdirectory name to +use for this subdirectory, with a leading @samp{/}. The default value +shold be the empty string. +@item MULTIDO +@itemx MULTICLEAN +In the top level @file{Makefile} only, @file{config-ml.in} will set +these variables to commands to use when doing a recursive make. These +variables should both default to the string @samp{true}, so that by +default nothing happens. +@end table + +All references to the parent of the source directory should use the +variable @samp{MULTISRCTOP}. Instead of writing @samp{$(srcdir)/..}, +you must write @samp{$(srcdir)/$(MULTISRCTOP)..}. + +Similarly, references to the parent of the object directory should use +the variable @samp{MULTIBUILDTOP}. + +In the installation target, the libraries should be installed in the +subdirectory @samp{MULTISUBDIR}. Instead of installing +@samp{$(libdir)/libfoo.a}, install +@samp{$(libdir)$(MULTISUBDIR)/libfoo.a}. + +The @file{config-ml.in} script also modifies the top level +@file{Makefile} to add @samp{multi-do} and @samp{multi-clean} targets +which are used when building multilibs. + +The default target of the @file{Makefile} should include the following +command: +@smallexample +@@$(MULTIDO) $(FLAGS_TO_PASS) DO=all multi-do +@end smallexample +@noindent +This assumes that @samp{$(FLAGS_TO_PASS)} is defined as a set of +variables to pass to a recursive invocation of @samp{make}. This will +build all the multilibs. Note that the default value of @samp{MULTIDO} +is @samp{true}, so by default this command will do nothing. It will +only do something in the top level @file{Makefile} if multilibs were +enabled. + +The @samp{install} target of the @file{Makefile} should include the +following command: +@smallexample +@@$(MULTIDO) $(FLAGS_TO_PASS) DO=install multi-do +@end smallexample + +In general, any operation, other than clean, which should be performed +on all the multilibs should use a @samp{$(MULTIDO)} line, setting the +variable @samp{DO} to the target of each recursive call to @samp{make}. + +The @samp{clean} targets (@samp{clean}, @samp{mostlyclean}, etc.) should +use @samp{$(MULTICLEAN)}. For example, the @samp{clean} target should +do this: +@smallexample +@@$(MULTICLEAN) DO=clean multi-clean +@end smallexample + +@node FAQ +@chapter Frequently Asked Questions + +@table @asis +@item Which do I run first, @samp{autoconf} or @samp{automake}? +Except when you first add autoconf or automake support to a package, you +shouldn't run either by hand. Instead, configure with the +@samp{--enable-maintainer-mode} option, and let @samp{make} take care of +it. + +@cindex undefined macros +@item @samp{autoconf} says something about undefined macros. +This means that you have macros in your @file{configure.in} which are +not defined by @samp{autoconf}. You may be using an old version of +@samp{autoconf}; try building and installing a newer one. Make sure the +newly installled @samp{autoconf} is first on your @samp{PATH}. Also, +see the next question. + +@cindex @samp{CY_GNU_GETTEXT} in @file{configure} +@cindex @samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} in @file{configure} +@item My @file{configure} script has stuff like @samp{CY_GNU_GETTEXT} in it. +This means that you have macros in your @file{configure.in} which should +be defined in your @file{aclocal.m4} file, but aren't. This usually +means that @samp{aclocal} was not able to appropriate definitions of the +macros. Make sure that you have installed all the packages you need. +In particular, make sure that you have installed libtool (this is where +@samp{AM_PROG_LIBTOOL} is defined) and gettext (this is where +@samp{CY_GNU_GETTEXT} is defined, at least in the Cygnus version of +gettext). + +@cindex @file{Makefile}, garbage characters +@item My @file{Makefile} has @samp{@@} characters in it. +This may mean that you tried to use an autoconf substitution in your +@file{Makefile.in} without adding the appropriate @samp{AC_SUBST} call +to your @file{configure} script. Or it may just mean that you need to +rebuild @file{Makefile} in your build directory. To rebuild +@file{Makefile} from @file{Makefile.in}, run the shell script +@file{config.status} with no arguments. If you need to force +@file{configure} to run again, first run @samp{config.status --recheck}. +These runs are normally done automatically by @file{Makefile} targets, +but if your @file{Makefile} has gotten messed up you'll need to help +them along. + +@cindex @samp{config.status --recheck} +@item Why do I have to run both @samp{config.status --recheck} and @samp{config.status}? +Normally, you don't; they will be run automatically by @file{Makefile} +targets. If you do need to run them, use @samp{config.status --recheck} +to run the @file{configure} script again with the same arguments as the +first time you ran it. Use @samp{config.status} (with no arguments) to +regenerate all files (@file{Makefile}, @file{config.h}, etc.) based on +the results of the configure script. The two cases are separate because +it isn't always necessary to regenerate all the files after running +@samp{config.status --recheck}. The @file{Makefile} targets generated +by automake will use the environment variables @samp{CONFIG_FILES} and +@samp{CONFIG_HEADERS} to only regenerate files as they are needed. + +@item What is the Cygnus tree? +The Cygnus tree is used for various packages including gdb, the GNU +binutils, and egcs. It is also, of course, used for Cygnus releases. +It is the build system which was developed at Cygnus, using the Cygnus +configure script. It permits building many different packages with a +single configure and make. The configure scripts in the tree are being +converted to autoconf, but the general build structure remains intact. + +@item Why do I have to keep rebuilding and reinstalling the tools? +I know, it's a pain. Unfortunately, there are bugs in the tools +themselves which need to be fixed, and each time that happens everybody +who uses the tools need to reinstall new versions of them. I don't know +if there is going to be a clever fix until the tools stabilize. + +@item Why not just have a Cygnus tree @samp{make} target to update the tools? +The tools unfortunately need to be installed before they can be used. +That means that they must be built using an appropriate prefix, and it +seems unwise to assume that every configuration uses an appropriate +prefix. It might be possible to make them work in place, or it might be +possible to install them in some subdirectory; so far these approaches +have not been implemented. +@end table + +@node Index +@unnumbered Index + +@printindex cp + +@contents +@bye diff --git a/etc/make-stds.texi b/etc/make-stds.texi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2149764b8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/make-stds.texi @@ -0,0 +1,914 @@ +@comment This file is included by both standards.texi and make.texinfo. +@comment It was broken out of standards.texi on 1/6/93 by roland. + +@node Makefile Conventions +@chapter Makefile Conventions +@comment standards.texi does not print an index, but make.texinfo does. +@cindex makefile, conventions for +@cindex conventions for makefiles +@cindex standards for makefiles + +This +@ifinfo +node +@end ifinfo +@iftex +@ifset CODESTD +section +@end ifset +@ifclear CODESTD +chapter +@end ifclear +@end iftex +describes conventions for writing the Makefiles for GNU programs. + +@menu +* Makefile Basics:: General Conventions for Makefiles +* Utilities in Makefiles:: Utilities in Makefiles +* Command Variables:: Variables for Specifying Commands +* Directory Variables:: Variables for Installation Directories +* Standard Targets:: Standard Targets for Users +* Install Command Categories:: Three categories of commands in the `install' + rule: normal, pre-install and post-install. +@end menu + +@node Makefile Basics +@section General Conventions for Makefiles + +Every Makefile should contain this line: + +@example +SHELL = /bin/sh +@end example + +@noindent +to avoid trouble on systems where the @code{SHELL} variable might be +inherited from the environment. (This is never a problem with GNU +@code{make}.) + +Different @code{make} programs have incompatible suffix lists and +implicit rules, and this sometimes creates confusion or misbehavior. So +it is a good idea to set the suffix list explicitly using only the +suffixes you need in the particular Makefile, like this: + +@example +.SUFFIXES: +.SUFFIXES: .c .o +@end example + +@noindent +The first line clears out the suffix list, the second introduces all +suffixes which may be subject to implicit rules in this Makefile. + +Don't assume that @file{.} is in the path for command execution. When +you need to run programs that are a part of your package during the +make, please make sure that it uses @file{./} if the program is built as +part of the make or @file{$(srcdir)/} if the file is an unchanging part +of the source code. Without one of these prefixes, the current search +path is used. + +The distinction between @file{./} (the @dfn{build directory}) and +@file{$(srcdir)/} (the @dfn{source directory}) is important because +users can build in a separate directory using the @samp{--srcdir} option +to @file{configure}. A rule of the form: + +@smallexample +foo.1 : foo.man sedscript + sed -e sedscript foo.man > foo.1 +@end smallexample + +@noindent +will fail when the build directory is not the source directory, because +@file{foo.man} and @file{sedscript} are in the the source directory. + +When using GNU @code{make}, relying on @samp{VPATH} to find the source +file will work in the case where there is a single dependency file, +since the @code{make} automatic variable @samp{$<} will represent the +source file wherever it is. (Many versions of @code{make} set @samp{$<} +only in implicit rules.) A Makefile target like + +@smallexample +foo.o : bar.c + $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c bar.c -o foo.o +@end smallexample + +@noindent +should instead be written as + +@smallexample +foo.o : bar.c + $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@@ +@end smallexample + +@noindent +in order to allow @samp{VPATH} to work correctly. When the target has +multiple dependencies, using an explicit @samp{$(srcdir)} is the easiest +way to make the rule work well. For example, the target above for +@file{foo.1} is best written as: + +@smallexample +foo.1 : foo.man sedscript + sed -e $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@@ +@end smallexample + +GNU distributions usually contain some files which are not source +files---for example, Info files, and the output from Autoconf, Automake, +Bison or Flex. Since these files normally appear in the source +directory, they should always appear in the source directory, not in the +build directory. So Makefile rules to update them should put the +updated files in the source directory. + +However, if a file does not appear in the distribution, then the +Makefile should not put it in the source directory, because building a +program in ordinary circumstances should not modify the source directory +in any way. + +Try to make the build and installation targets, at least (and all their +subtargets) work correctly with a parallel @code{make}. + +@node Utilities in Makefiles +@section Utilities in Makefiles + +Write the Makefile commands (and any shell scripts, such as +@code{configure}) to run in @code{sh}, not in @code{csh}. Don't use any +special features of @code{ksh} or @code{bash}. + +The @code{configure} script and the Makefile rules for building and +installation should not use any utilities directly except these: + +@c dd find +@c gunzip gzip md5sum +@c mkfifo mknod tee uname + +@example +cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info +ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch true +@end example + +The compression program @code{gzip} can be used in the @code{dist} rule. + +Stick to the generally supported options for these programs. For +example, don't use @samp{mkdir -p}, convenient as it may be, because +most systems don't support it. + +It is a good idea to avoid creating symbolic links in makefiles, since a +few systems don't support them. + +The Makefile rules for building and installation can also use compilers +and related programs, but should do so via @code{make} variables so that the +user can substitute alternatives. Here are some of the programs we +mean: + +@example +ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex +make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc +@end example + +Use the following @code{make} variables to run those programs: + +@example +$(AR) $(BISON) $(CC) $(FLEX) $(INSTALL) $(LD) $(LDCONFIG) $(LEX) +$(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC) +@end example + +When you use @code{ranlib} or @code{ldconfig}, you should make sure +nothing bad happens if the system does not have the program in question. +Arrange to ignore an error from that command, and print a message before +the command to tell the user that failure of this command does not mean +a problem. (The Autoconf @samp{AC_PROG_RANLIB} macro can help with +this.) + +If you use symbolic links, you should implement a fallback for systems +that don't have symbolic links. + +Additional utilities that can be used via Make variables are: + +@example +chgrp chmod chown mknod +@end example + +It is ok to use other utilities in Makefile portions (or scripts) +intended only for particular systems where you know those utilities +exist. + +@node Command Variables +@section Variables for Specifying Commands + +Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands, options, +and so on. + +In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables. +Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named @code{BISON} whose default +value is set with @samp{BISON = bison}, and refer to it with +@code{$(BISON)} whenever you need to use Bison. + +File management utilities such as @code{ln}, @code{rm}, @code{mv}, and +so on, need not be referred to through variables in this way, since users +don't need to replace them with other programs. + +Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that is +used to supply options to the program. Append @samp{FLAGS} to the +program-name variable name to get the options variable name---for +example, @code{BISONFLAGS}. (The names @code{CFLAGS} for the C +compiler, @code{YFLAGS} for yacc, and @code{LFLAGS} for lex, are +exceptions to this rule, but we keep them because they are standard.) +Use @code{CPPFLAGS} in any compilation command that runs the +preprocessor, and use @code{LDFLAGS} in any compilation command that +does linking as well as in any direct use of @code{ld}. + +If there are C compiler options that @emph{must} be used for proper +compilation of certain files, do not include them in @code{CFLAGS}. +Users expect to be able to specify @code{CFLAGS} freely themselves. +Instead, arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler +independently of @code{CFLAGS}, by writing them explicitly in the +compilation commands or by defining an implicit rule, like this: + +@smallexample +CFLAGS = -g +ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) +.c.o: + $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< +@end smallexample + +Do include the @samp{-g} option in @code{CFLAGS}, because that is not +@emph{required} for proper compilation. You can consider it a default +that is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is +compiled with GCC by default, then you might as well include @samp{-O} +in the default value of @code{CFLAGS} as well. + +Put @code{CFLAGS} last in the compilation command, after other variables +containing compiler options, so the user can use @code{CFLAGS} to +override the others. + +@code{CFLAGS} should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, +both those which do compilation and those which do linking. + +Every Makefile should define the variable @code{INSTALL}, which is the +basic command for installing a file into the system. + +Every Makefile should also define the variables @code{INSTALL_PROGRAM} +and @code{INSTALL_DATA}. (The default for each of these should be +@code{$(INSTALL)}.) Then it should use those variables as the commands +for actual installation, for executables and nonexecutables +respectively. Use these variables as follows: + +@example +$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo +$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a +@end example + +Optionally, you may prepend the value of @code{DESTDIR} to the target +filename. Doing this allows the installer to create a snapshot of the +installation to be copied onto the real target filesystem later. Do not +set the value of @code{DESTDIR} in your Makefile, and do not include it +in any installed files. With support for @code{DESTDIR}, the above +examples become: + +@example +$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo +$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a +@end example + +@noindent +Always use a file name, not a directory name, as the second argument of +the installation commands. Use a separate command for each file to be +installed. + +@node Directory Variables +@section Variables for Installation Directories + +Installation directories should always be named by variables, so it is +easy to install in a nonstandard place. The standard names for these +variables are described below. They are based on a standard filesystem +layout; variants of it are used in SVR4, 4.4BSD, Linux, Ultrix v4, and +other modern operating systems. + +These two variables set the root for the installation. All the other +installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these two, +and nothing should be directly installed into these two directories. + +@table @samp +@item prefix +A prefix used in constructing the default values of the variables listed +below. The default value of @code{prefix} should be @file{/usr/local}. +When building the complete GNU system, the prefix will be empty and +@file{/usr} will be a symbolic link to @file{/}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@prefix@@}.) + +Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{prefix} +from the one used to build the program should @var{not} recompile +the program. + +@item exec_prefix +A prefix used in constructing the default values of some of the +variables listed below. The default value of @code{exec_prefix} should +be @code{$(prefix)}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@exec_prefix@@}.) + +Generally, @code{$(exec_prefix)} is used for directories that contain +machine-specific files (such as executables and subroutine libraries), +while @code{$(prefix)} is used directly for other directories. + +Running @samp{make install} with a different value of @code{exec_prefix} +from the one used to build the program should @var{not} recompile the +program. +@end table + +Executable programs are installed in one of the following directories. + +@table @samp +@item bindir +The directory for installing executable programs that users can run. +This should normally be @file{/usr/local/bin}, but write it as +@file{$(exec_prefix)/bin}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@bindir@@}.) + +@item sbindir +The directory for installing executable programs that can be run from +the shell, but are only generally useful to system administrators. This +should normally be @file{/usr/local/sbin}, but write it as +@file{$(exec_prefix)/sbin}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sbindir@@}.) + +@item libexecdir +@comment This paragraph adjusted to avoid overfull hbox --roland 5jul94 +The directory for installing executable programs to be run by other +programs rather than by users. This directory should normally be +@file{/usr/local/libexec}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/libexec}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libexecdir@@}.) +@end table + +Data files used by the program during its execution are divided into +categories in two ways. + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Some files are normally modified by programs; others are never normally +modified (though users may edit some of these). + +@item +Some files are architecture-independent and can be shared by all +machines at a site; some are architecture-dependent and can be shared +only by machines of the same kind and operating system; others may never +be shared between two machines. +@end itemize + +This makes for six different possibilities. However, we want to +discourage the use of architecture-dependent files, aside from object +files and libraries. It is much cleaner to make other data files +architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard. + +Therefore, here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify +directories: + +@table @samp +@item datadir +The directory for installing read-only architecture independent data +files. This should normally be @file{/usr/local/share}, but write it as +@file{$(prefix)/share}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@datadir@@}.) +As a special exception, see @file{$(infodir)} +and @file{$(includedir)} below. + +@item sysconfdir +The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a +single machine--that is to say, files for configuring a host. Mailer +and network configuration files, @file{/etc/passwd}, and so forth belong +here. All the files in this directory should be ordinary ASCII text +files. This directory should normally be @file{/usr/local/etc}, but +write it as @file{$(prefix)/etc}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sysconfdir@@}.) + +Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably belong +in @file{$(libexecdir)} or @file{$(sbindir)}). Also do not install +files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs +whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system excluded). +Those probably belong in @file{$(localstatedir)}. + +@item sharedstatedir +The directory for installing architecture-independent data files which +the programs modify while they run. This should normally be +@file{/usr/local/com}, but write it as @file{$(prefix)/com}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@sharedstatedir@@}.) + +@item localstatedir +The directory for installing data files which the programs modify while +they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users should never +need to modify files in this directory to configure the package's +operation; put such configuration information in separate files that go +in @file{$(datadir)} or @file{$(sysconfdir)}. @file{$(localstatedir)} +should normally be @file{/usr/local/var}, but write it as +@file{$(prefix)/var}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@localstatedir@@}.) + +@item libdir +The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do not +install executables here, they probably ought to go in @file{$(libexecdir)} +instead. The value of @code{libdir} should normally be +@file{/usr/local/lib}, but write it as @file{$(exec_prefix)/lib}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@libdir@@}.) + +@item infodir +The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By +default, it should be @file{/usr/local/info}, but it should be written +as @file{$(prefix)/info}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@infodir@@}.) + +@item lispdir +The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package. By +default, it should be @file{/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp}, but it +should be written as @file{$(prefix)/share/emacs/site-lisp}. + +If you are using Autoconf, write the default as @samp{@@lispdir@@}. +In order to make @samp{@@lispdir@@} work, you need the following lines +in your @file{configure.in} file: + +@example +lispdir='$@{datadir@}/emacs/site-lisp' +AC_SUBST(lispdir) +@end example + +@item includedir +@c rewritten to avoid overfull hbox --roland +The directory for installing header files to be included by user +programs with the C @samp{#include} preprocessor directive. This +should normally be @file{/usr/local/include}, but write it as +@file{$(prefix)/include}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@includedir@@}.) + +Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in directory +@file{/usr/local/include}. So installing the header files this way is +only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem because some +libraries are only really intended to work with GCC. But some libraries +are intended to work with other compilers. They should install their +header files in two places, one specified by @code{includedir} and one +specified by @code{oldincludedir}. + +@item oldincludedir +The directory for installing @samp{#include} header files for use with +compilers other than GCC. This should normally be @file{/usr/include}. +(If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as @samp{@@oldincludedir@@}.) + +The Makefile commands should check whether the value of +@code{oldincludedir} is empty. If it is, they should not try to use +it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files. + +A package should not replace an existing header in this directory unless +the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo package +provides a header file @file{foo.h}, then it should install the header +file in the @code{oldincludedir} directory if either (1) there is no +@file{foo.h} there or (2) the @file{foo.h} that exists came from the Foo +package. + +To tell whether @file{foo.h} came from the Foo package, put a magic +string in the file---part of a comment---and @code{grep} for that string. +@end table + +Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following: + +@table @samp +@item mandir +The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for this +package. It will normally be @file{/usr/local/man}, but you should +write it as @file{$(prefix)/man}. +(If you are using Autoconf, write it as @samp{@@mandir@@}.) + +@item man1dir +The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as +@file{$(mandir)/man1}. +@item man2dir +The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as +@file{$(mandir)/man2} +@item @dots{} + +@strong{Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a +man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just for +the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a secondary +application only.} + +@item manext +The file name extension for the installed man page. This should contain +a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should normally be @samp{.1}. + +@item man1ext +The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages. +@item man2ext +The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages. +@item @dots{} +Use these names instead of @samp{manext} if the package needs to install man +pages in more than one section of the manual. +@end table + +And finally, you should set the following variable: + +@table @samp +@item srcdir +The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this +variable is normally inserted by the @code{configure} shell script. +(If you are using Autconf, use @samp{srcdir = @@srcdir@@}.) +@end table + +For example: + +@smallexample +@c I have changed some of the comments here slightly to fix an overfull +@c hbox, so the make manual can format correctly. --roland +# Common prefix for installation directories. +# NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install. +prefix = /usr/local +exec_prefix = $(prefix) +# Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'. +bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin +# Where to put the directories used by the compiler. +libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec +# Where to put the Info files. +infodir = $(prefix)/info +@end smallexample + +If your program installs a large number of files into one of the +standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them +into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you +should write the @code{install} rule to create these subdirectories. + +Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value of +any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set of +variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to +specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In +order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that +they will work sensibly when the user does so. + +@node Standard Targets +@section Standard Targets for Users + +All GNU programs should have the following targets in their Makefiles: + +@table @samp +@item all +Compile the entire program. This should be the default target. This +target need not rebuild any documentation files; Info files should +normally be included in the distribution, and DVI files should be made +only when explicitly asked for. + +By default, the Make rules should compile and link with @samp{-g}, so +that executable programs have debugging symbols. Users who don't mind +being helpless can strip the executables later if they wish. + +@item install +Compile the program and copy the executables, libraries, and so on to +the file names where they should reside for actual use. If there is a +simple test to verify that a program is properly installed, this target +should run that test. + +Do not strip executables when installing them. Devil-may-care users can +use the @code{install-strip} target to do that. + +If possible, write the @code{install} target rule so that it does not +modify anything in the directory where the program was built, provided +@samp{make all} has just been done. This is convenient for building the +program under one user name and installing it under another. + +The commands should create all the directories in which files are to be +installed, if they don't already exist. This includes the directories +specified as the values of the variables @code{prefix} and +@code{exec_prefix}, as well as all subdirectories that are needed. +One way to do this is by means of an @code{installdirs} target +as described below. + +Use @samp{-} before any command for installing a man page, so that +@code{make} will ignore any errors. This is in case there are systems +that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed. + +The way to install Info files is to copy them into @file{$(infodir)} +with @code{$(INSTALL_DATA)} (@pxref{Command Variables}), and then run +the @code{install-info} program if it is present. @code{install-info} +is a program that edits the Info @file{dir} file to add or update the +menu entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package. +Here is a sample rule to install an Info file: + +@comment This example has been carefully formatted for the Make manual. +@comment Please do not reformat it without talking to roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu. +@smallexample +$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info + $(POST_INSTALL) +# There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir. + -if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \ + else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@@; \ +# Run install-info only if it exists. +# Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the +# line so we notice real errors from install-info. +# We use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not +# fail gracefully when there is an unknown command. + if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \ + >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \ + $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \ + else true; fi +@end smallexample + +When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the +commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} +commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. @xref{Install Command +Categories}. + +@item uninstall +Delete all the installed files---the copies that the @samp{install} +target creates. + +This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done, +only the directories where files are installed. + +The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories, just like +the installation commands. @xref{Install Command Categories}. + +@item install-strip +Like @code{install}, but strip the executable files while installing +them. In many cases, the definition of this target can be very simple: + +@smallexample +install-strip: + $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ + install +@end smallexample + +Normally we do not recommend stripping an executable unless you are sure +the program has no bugs. However, it can be reasonable to install a +stripped executable for actual execution while saving the unstripped +executable elsewhere in case there is a bug. + +@comment The gratuitous blank line here is to make the table look better +@comment in the printed Make manual. Please leave it in. +@item clean + +Delete all files from the current directory that are normally created by +building the program. Don't delete the files that record the +configuration. Also preserve files that could be made by building, but +normally aren't because the distribution comes with them. + +Delete @file{.dvi} files here if they are not part of the distribution. + +@item distclean +Delete all files from the current directory that are created by +configuring or building the program. If you have unpacked the source +and built the program without creating any other files, @samp{make +distclean} should leave only the files that were in the distribution. + +@item mostlyclean +Like @samp{clean}, but may refrain from deleting a few files that people +normally don't want to recompile. For example, the @samp{mostlyclean} +target for GCC does not delete @file{libgcc.a}, because recompiling it +is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time. + +@item maintainer-clean +Delete almost everything from the current directory that can be +reconstructed with this Makefile. This typically includes everything +deleted by @code{distclean}, plus more: C source files produced by +Bison, tags tables, Info files, and so on. + +The reason we say ``almost everything'' is that running the command +@samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete @file{configure} even if +@file{configure} can be remade using a rule in the Makefile. More generally, +@samp{make maintainer-clean} should not delete anything that needs to +exist in order to run @file{configure} and then begin to build the +program. This is the only exception; @code{maintainer-clean} should +delete everything else that can be rebuilt. + +The @samp{maintainer-clean} target is intended to be used by a maintainer of +the package, not by ordinary users. You may need special tools to +reconstruct some of the files that @samp{make maintainer-clean} deletes. +Since these files are normally included in the distribution, we don't +take care to make them easy to reconstruct. If you find you need to +unpack the full distribution again, don't blame us. + +To help make users aware of this, the commands for the special +@code{maintainer-clean} target should start with these two: + +@smallexample +@@echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' +@@echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' +@end smallexample + +@item TAGS +Update a tags table for this program. +@c ADR: how? + +@item info +Generate any Info files needed. The best way to write the rules is as +follows: + +@smallexample +info: foo.info + +foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi + $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi +@end smallexample + +@noindent +You must define the variable @code{MAKEINFO} in the Makefile. It should +run the @code{makeinfo} program, which is part of the Texinfo +distribution. + +Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means the +Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore, the Make +rule for an info file should update it in the source directory. When +users build the package, ordinarily Make will not update the Info files +because they will already be up to date. + +@item dvi +Generate DVI files for all Texinfo documentation. +For example: + +@smallexample +dvi: foo.dvi + +foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi + $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi +@end smallexample + +@noindent +You must define the variable @code{TEXI2DVI} in the Makefile. It should +run the program @code{texi2dvi}, which is part of the Texinfo +distribution.@footnote{@code{texi2dvi} uses @TeX{} to do the real work +of formatting. @TeX{} is not distributed with Texinfo.} Alternatively, +write just the dependencies, and allow GNU @code{make} to provide the command. + +@item dist +Create a distribution tar file for this program. The tar file should be +set up so that the file names in the tar file start with a subdirectory +name which is the name of the package it is a distribution for. This +name can include the version number. + +For example, the distribution tar file of GCC version 1.40 unpacks into +a subdirectory named @file{gcc-1.40}. + +The easiest way to do this is to create a subdirectory appropriately +named, use @code{ln} or @code{cp} to install the proper files in it, and +then @code{tar} that subdirectory. + +Compress the tar file file with @code{gzip}. For example, the actual +distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called @file{gcc-1.40.tar.gz}. + +The @code{dist} target should explicitly depend on all non-source files +that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in the +distribution. +@ifset CODESTD +@xref{Releases, , Making Releases}. +@end ifset +@ifclear CODESTD +@xref{Releases, , Making Releases, standards, GNU Coding Standards}. +@end ifclear + +@item check +Perform self-tests (if any). The user must build the program before +running the tests, but need not install the program; you should write +the self-tests so that they work when the program is built but not +installed. +@end table + +The following targets are suggested as conventional names, for programs +in which they are useful. + +@table @code +@item installcheck +Perform installation tests (if any). The user must build and install +the program before running the tests. You should not assume that +@file{$(bindir)} is in the search path. + +@item installdirs +It's useful to add a target named @samp{installdirs} to create the +directories where files are installed, and their parent directories. +There is a script called @file{mkinstalldirs} which is convenient for +this; you can find it in the Texinfo package. +@c It's in /gd/gnu/lib/mkinstalldirs. +You can use a rule like this: + +@comment This has been carefully formatted to look decent in the Make manual. +@comment Please be sure not to make it extend any further to the right.--roland +@smallexample +# Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) +# actually exist by making them if necessary. +installdirs: mkinstalldirs + $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \ + $(libdir) $(infodir) \ + $(mandir) +@end smallexample + +This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done. +It should do nothing but create installation directories. +@end table + +@node Install Command Categories +@section Install Command Categories + +@cindex pre-installation commands +@cindex post-installation commands +When writing the @code{install} target, you must classify all the +commands into three categories: normal ones, @dfn{pre-installation} +commands and @dfn{post-installation} commands. + +Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their +modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely +from the package they belong to. + +Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other files; +in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data bases. + +Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal +commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the +normal commands. + +The most common use for a post-installation command is to run +@code{install-info}. This cannot be done with a normal command, since +it alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and +solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation +command because it needs to be done after the normal command which +installs the package's Info files. + +Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have the +feature just in case it is needed. + +To classify the commands in the @code{install} rule into these three +categories, insert @dfn{category lines} among them. A category line +specifies the category for the commands that follow. + +A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make +variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three +variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name +specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution +because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you +@emph{should not} define them in the makefile). + +Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that +explains what it means: + +@smallexample + $(PRE_INSTALL) # @r{Pre-install commands follow.} + $(POST_INSTALL) # @r{Post-install commands follow.} + $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} +@end smallexample + +If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the @code{install} +rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category +line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are +classified as normal. + +These are the category lines for @code{uninstall}: + +@smallexample + $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # @r{Pre-uninstall commands follow.} + $(POST_UNINSTALL) # @r{Post-uninstall commands follow.} + $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # @r{Normal commands follow.} +@end smallexample + +Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries +from the Info directory. + +If the @code{install} or @code{uninstall} target has any dependencies +which act as subroutines of installation, then you should start +@emph{each} dependency's commands with a category line, and start the +main target's commands with a category line also. This way, you can +ensure that each command is placed in the right category regardless of +which of the dependencies actually run. + +Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any +programs except for these: + +@example +[ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo +egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip +hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum +mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee +test touch true uname xargs yes +@end example + +@cindex binary packages +The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the sake +of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains all the +executables and other files that need to be installed, and has its own +method of installing them---so it does not need to run the normal +installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to +execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands. + +Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the +pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of +extracting the pre-installation commands: + +@smallexample +make -n install -o all \ + PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \ + POST_INSTALL=post-install \ + NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \ + | gawk -f pre-install.awk +@end smallexample + +@noindent +where the file @file{pre-install.awk} could contain this: + +@smallexample +$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*(normal_install|post_install)[ \t]*$/ @{on = 0@} +on @{print $0@} +$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*pre_install[ \t]*$/ @{on = 1@} +@end smallexample + +The resulting file of pre-installation commands is executed as a shell +script as part of installing the binary package. diff --git a/etc/standards.texi b/etc/standards.texi new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..910bf8b0479 --- /dev/null +++ b/etc/standards.texi @@ -0,0 +1,3093 @@ +\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- +@c %**start of header +@setfilename standards.info +@settitle GNU Coding Standards +@c This date is automagically updated when you save this file: +@set lastupdate March 13, 1998 +@c %**end of header + +@ifinfo +@format +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Standards: (standards). GNU coding standards. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +@end format +@end ifinfo + +@c @setchapternewpage odd +@setchapternewpage off + +@c This is used by a cross ref in make-stds.texi +@set CODESTD 1 +@iftex +@set CHAPTER chapter +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@set CHAPTER node +@end ifinfo + +@ifinfo +GNU Coding Standards +Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +@ignore +Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the +results, provided the printed document carries copying permission +notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph +(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). +@end ignore + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved +by the Free Software Foundation. +@end ifinfo + +@titlepage +@title GNU Coding Standards +@author Richard Stallman +@author last updated @value{lastupdate} +@page + +@vskip 0pt plus 1filll +Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved +by the Free Software Foundation. +@end titlepage + +@ifinfo +@node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir) +@top Version + +Last updated @value{lastupdate}. +@end ifinfo + +@menu +* Preface:: About the GNU Coding Standards +* Intellectual Property:: Keeping Free Software Free +* Design Advice:: General Program Design +* Program Behavior:: Program Behavior for All Programs +* Writing C:: Making The Best Use of C +* Documentation:: Documenting Programs +* Managing Releases:: The Release Process +@end menu + +@node Preface +@chapter About the GNU Coding Standards + +The GNU Coding Standards were written by Richard Stallman and other GNU +Project volunteers. Their purpose is to make the GNU system clean, +consistent, and easy to install. This document can also be read as a +guide to writing portable, robust and reliable programs. It focuses on +programs written in C, but many of the rules and principles are useful +even if you write in another programming language. The rules often +state reasons for writing in a certain way. + +Corrections or suggestions for this document should be sent to +@email{gnu@@gnu.org}. If you make a suggestion, please include a +suggested new wording for it; our time is limited. We prefer a context +diff to the @file{standards.texi} or @file{make-stds.texi} files, but if +you don't have those files, please mail your suggestion anyway. + +This release of the GNU Coding Standards was last updated +@value{lastupdate}. + +@node Intellectual Property +@chapter Keeping Free Software Free + +This @value{CHAPTER} discusses how you can make sure that GNU software +remains unencumbered. + +@menu +* Reading Non-Free Code:: Referring to Proprietary Programs +* Contributions:: Accepting Contributions +@end menu + +@node Reading Non-Free Code +@section Referring to Proprietary Programs + +Don't in any circumstances refer to Unix source code for or during +your work on GNU! (Or to any other proprietary programs.) + +If you have a vague recollection of the internals of a Unix program, +this does not absolutely mean you can't write an imitation of it, but +do try to organize the imitation internally along different lines, +because this is likely to make the details of the Unix version +irrelevant and dissimilar to your results. + +For example, Unix utilities were generally optimized to minimize +memory use; if you go for speed instead, your program will be very +different. You could keep the entire input file in core and scan it +there instead of using stdio. Use a smarter algorithm discovered more +recently than the Unix program. Eliminate use of temporary files. Do +it in one pass instead of two (we did this in the assembler). + +Or, on the contrary, emphasize simplicity instead of speed. For some +applications, the speed of today's computers makes simpler algorithms +adequate. + +Or go for generality. For example, Unix programs often have static +tables or fixed-size strings, which make for arbitrary limits; use +dynamic allocation instead. Make sure your program handles NULs and +other funny characters in the input files. Add a programming language +for extensibility and write part of the program in that language. + +Or turn some parts of the program into independently usable libraries. +Or use a simple garbage collector instead of tracking precisely when +to free memory, or use a new GNU facility such as obstacks. + + +@node Contributions +@section Accepting Contributions + +If someone else sends you a piece of code to add to the program you are +working on, we need legal papers to use it---the same sort of legal +papers we will need to get from you. @emph{Each} significant +contributor to a program must sign some sort of legal papers in order +for us to have clear title to the program. The main author alone is not +enough. + +So, before adding in any contributions from other people, please tell +us, so we can arrange to get the papers. Then wait until we tell you +that we have received the signed papers, before you actually use the +contribution. + +This applies both before you release the program and afterward. If +you receive diffs to fix a bug, and they make significant changes, we +need legal papers for that change. + +This also applies to comments and documentation files. For copyright +law, comments and code are just text. Copyright applies to all kinds of +text, so we need legal papers for all kinds. + +You don't need papers for changes of a few lines here or there, since +they are not significant for copyright purposes. Also, you don't need +papers if all you get from the suggestion is some ideas, not actual code +which you use. For example, if you write a different solution to the +problem, you don't need to get papers. + +We know this is frustrating; it's frustrating for us as well. But if +you don't wait, you are going out on a limb---for example, what if the +contributor's employer won't sign a disclaimer? You might have to take +that code out again! + +The very worst thing is if you forget to tell us about the other +contributor. We could be very embarrassed in court some day as a +result. + +We have more detailed advice for maintainers of programs; if you have +reached the stage of actually maintaining a program for GNU (whether +released or not), please ask us for a copy. + +@node Design Advice +@chapter General Program Design + +This @value{CHAPTER} discusses some of the issues you should take into +account when designing your program. + +@menu +* Compatibility:: Compatibility with other implementations +* Using Extensions:: Using non-standard features +* ANSI C:: Using ANSI C features +* Source Language:: Using languages other than C +@end menu + +@node Compatibility +@section Compatibility with Other Implementations + +With occasional exceptions, utility programs and libraries for GNU +should be upward compatible with those in Berkeley Unix, and upward +compatible with @sc{ansi} C if @sc{ansi} C specifies their behavior, and +upward compatible with @sc{POSIX} if @sc{POSIX} specifies their +behavior. + +When these standards conflict, it is useful to offer compatibility +modes for each of them. + +@sc{ansi} C and @sc{POSIX} prohibit many kinds of extensions. Feel free +to make the extensions anyway, and include a @samp{--ansi}, +@samp{--posix}, or @samp{--compatible} option to turn them off. +However, if the extension has a significant chance of breaking any real +programs or scripts, then it is not really upward compatible. Try to +redesign its interface. + +Many GNU programs suppress extensions that conflict with POSIX if the +environment variable @code{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is defined (even if it is +defined with a null value). Please make your program recognize this +variable if appropriate. + +When a feature is used only by users (not by programs or command +files), and it is done poorly in Unix, feel free to replace it +completely with something totally different and better. (For example, +@code{vi} is replaced with Emacs.) But it is nice to offer a compatible +feature as well. (There is a free @code{vi} clone, so we offer it.) + +Additional useful features not in Berkeley Unix are welcome. + +@node Using Extensions +@section Using Non-standard Features + +Many GNU facilities that already exist support a number of convenient +extensions over the comparable Unix facilities. Whether to use these +extensions in implementing your program is a difficult question. + +On the one hand, using the extensions can make a cleaner program. +On the other hand, people will not be able to build the program +unless the other GNU tools are available. This might cause the +program to work on fewer kinds of machines. + +With some extensions, it might be easy to provide both alternatives. +For example, you can define functions with a ``keyword'' @code{INLINE} +and define that as a macro to expand into either @code{inline} or +nothing, depending on the compiler. + +In general, perhaps it is best not to use the extensions if you can +straightforwardly do without them, but to use the extensions if they +are a big improvement. + +An exception to this rule are the large, established programs (such as +Emacs) which run on a great variety of systems. Such programs would +be broken by use of GNU extensions. + +Another exception is for programs that are used as part of +compilation: anything that must be compiled with other compilers in +order to bootstrap the GNU compilation facilities. If these require +the GNU compiler, then no one can compile them without having them +installed already. That would be no good. + +@node ANSI C +@section @sc{ansi} C and pre-@sc{ansi} C + +Do not ever use the ``trigraph'' feature of @sc{ansi} C. + +@sc{ansi} C is widespread enough now that it is ok to write new programs +that use @sc{ansi} C features (and therefore will not work in +non-@sc{ansi} compilers). And if a program is already written in +@sc{ansi} C, there's no need to convert it to support non-@sc{ansi} +compilers. + +However, it is easy to support non-@sc{ansi} compilers in most programs, +so you might still consider doing so when you write a program. Instead +of writing function definitions in @sc{ansi} prototype form, + +@example +int +foo (int x, int y) +@dots{} +@end example + +@noindent +write the definition in pre-@sc{ansi} style like this, + +@example +int +foo (x, y) + int x, y; +@dots{} +@end example + +@noindent +and use a separate declaration to specify the argument prototype: + +@example +int foo (int, int); +@end example + +You need such a declaration anyway, in a header file, to get the benefit +of @sc{ansi} C prototypes in all the files where the function is called. +And once you have it, you lose nothing by writing the function +definition in the pre-@sc{ansi} style. + +If you don't know non-@sc{ansi} C, there's no need to learn it; just +write in @sc{ansi} C. + +@node Source Language +@section Using Languages Other Than C + +Using a language other than C is like using a non-standard feature: it +will cause trouble for users. Even if GCC supports the other language, +users may find it inconvenient to have to install the compiler for that +other language in order to build your program. For example, if you +write your program in C++, people will have to install the C++ compiler +in order to compile your program. Thus, it is better if you write in C. + +But there are three situations when there is no disadvantage in using +some other language: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +It is okay to use another language if your program contains an +interpreter for that language. + +For example, if your program links with GUILE, it is ok to write part of +the program in Scheme or another language supported by GUILE. + +@item +It is okay to use another language in a tool specifically intended for +use with that language. + +This is okay because the only people who want to build the tool will be +those who have installed the other language anyway. + +@item +If an application is of interest to a narrow community, then perhaps +it's not important if the application is inconvenient to install. +@end itemize + +C has one other advantage over C++ and other compiled languages: more +people know C, so more people will find it easy to read and modify the +program if it is written in C. + +@node Program Behavior +@chapter Program Behavior for All Programs + +This @value{CHAPTER} describes how to write robust software. It also +describes general standards for error messages, the command line interface, +and how libraries should behave. + +@menu +* Semantics:: Writing robust programs +* Libraries:: Library behavior +* Errors:: Formatting error messages +* User Interfaces:: Standards for command line interfaces +* Option Table:: Table of long options. +* Memory Usage:: When and how to care about memory needs +@end menu + +@node Semantics +@section Writing Robust Programs + +Avoid arbitrary limits on the length or number of @emph{any} data +structure, including file names, lines, files, and symbols, by allocating +all data structures dynamically. In most Unix utilities, ``long lines +are silently truncated''. This is not acceptable in a GNU utility. + +Utilities reading files should not drop NUL characters, or any other +nonprinting characters @emph{including those with codes above 0177}. The +only sensible exceptions would be utilities specifically intended for +interface to certain types of printers that can't handle those characters. + +Check every system call for an error return, unless you know you wish to +ignore errors. Include the system error text (from @code{perror} or +equivalent) in @emph{every} error message resulting from a failing +system call, as well as the name of the file if any and the name of the +utility. Just ``cannot open foo.c'' or ``stat failed'' is not +sufficient. + +Check every call to @code{malloc} or @code{realloc} to see if it +returned zero. Check @code{realloc} even if you are making the block +smaller; in a system that rounds block sizes to a power of 2, +@code{realloc} may get a different block if you ask for less space. + +In Unix, @code{realloc} can destroy the storage block if it returns +zero. GNU @code{realloc} does not have this bug: if it fails, the +original block is unchanged. Feel free to assume the bug is fixed. If +you wish to run your program on Unix, and wish to avoid lossage in this +case, you can use the GNU @code{malloc}. + +You must expect @code{free} to alter the contents of the block that was +freed. Anything you want to fetch from the block, you must fetch before +calling @code{free}. + +If @code{malloc} fails in a noninteractive program, make that a fatal +error. In an interactive program (one that reads commands from the +user), it is better to abort the command and return to the command +reader loop. This allows the user to kill other processes to free up +virtual memory, and then try the command again. + +Use @code{getopt_long} to decode arguments, unless the argument syntax +makes this unreasonable. + +When static storage is to be written in during program execution, use +explicit C code to initialize it. Reserve C initialized declarations +for data that will not be changed. +@c ADR: why? + +Try to avoid low-level interfaces to obscure Unix data structures (such +as file directories, utmp, or the layout of kernel memory), since these +are less likely to work compatibly. If you need to find all the files +in a directory, use @code{readdir} or some other high-level interface. +These will be supported compatibly by GNU. + +By default, the GNU system will provide the signal handling functions of +@sc{BSD} and of @sc{POSIX}. So GNU software should be written to use +these. + +In error checks that detect ``impossible'' conditions, just abort. +There is usually no point in printing any message. These checks +indicate the existence of bugs. Whoever wants to fix the bugs will have +to read the source code and run a debugger. So explain the problem with +comments in the source. The relevant data will be in variables, which +are easy to examine with the debugger, so there is no point moving them +elsewhere. + +Do not use a count of errors as the exit status for a program. +@emph{That does not work}, because exit status values are limited to 8 +bits (0 through 255). A single run of the program might have 256 +errors; if you try to return 256 as the exit status, the parent process +will see 0 as the status, and it will appear that the program succeeded. + +If you make temporary files, check the @code{TMPDIR} environment +variable; if that variable is defined, use the specified directory +instead of @file{/tmp}. + +@node Libraries +@section Library Behavior + +Try to make library functions reentrant. If they need to do dynamic +storage allocation, at least try to avoid any nonreentrancy aside from +that of @code{malloc} itself. + +Here are certain name conventions for libraries, to avoid name +conflicts. + +Choose a name prefix for the library, more than two characters long. +All external function and variable names should start with this +prefix. In addition, there should only be one of these in any given +library member. This usually means putting each one in a separate +source file. + +An exception can be made when two external symbols are always used +together, so that no reasonable program could use one without the +other; then they can both go in the same file. + +External symbols that are not documented entry points for the user +should have names beginning with @samp{_}. They should also contain +the chosen name prefix for the library, to prevent collisions with +other libraries. These can go in the same files with user entry +points if you like. + +Static functions and variables can be used as you like and need not +fit any naming convention. + +@node Errors +@section Formatting Error Messages + +Error messages from compilers should look like this: + +@example +@var{source-file-name}:@var{lineno}: @var{message} +@end example + +Error messages from other noninteractive programs should look like this: + +@example +@var{program}:@var{source-file-name}:@var{lineno}: @var{message} +@end example + +@noindent +when there is an appropriate source file, or like this: + +@example +@var{program}: @var{message} +@end example + +@noindent +when there is no relevant source file. + +In an interactive program (one that is reading commands from a +terminal), it is better not to include the program name in an error +message. The place to indicate which program is running is in the +prompt or with the screen layout. (When the same program runs with +input from a source other than a terminal, it is not interactive and +would do best to print error messages using the noninteractive style.) + +The string @var{message} should not begin with a capital letter when +it follows a program name and/or file name. Also, it should not end +with a period. + +Error messages from interactive programs, and other messages such as +usage messages, should start with a capital letter. But they should not +end with a period. + +@node User Interfaces +@section Standards for Command Line Interfaces + +Please don't make the behavior of a utility depend on the name used +to invoke it. It is useful sometimes to make a link to a utility +with a different name, and that should not change what it does. + +Instead, use a run time option or a compilation switch or both +to select among the alternate behaviors. + +Likewise, please don't make the behavior of the program depend on the +type of output device it is used with. Device independence is an +important principle of the system's design; do not compromise it +merely to save someone from typing an option now and then. + +If you think one behavior is most useful when the output is to a +terminal, and another is most useful when the output is a file or a +pipe, then it is usually best to make the default behavior the one that +is useful with output to a terminal, and have an option for the other +behavior. + +Compatibility requires certain programs to depend on the type of output +device. It would be disastrous if @code{ls} or @code{sh} did not do so +in the way all users expect. In some of these cases, we supplement the +program with a preferred alternate version that does not depend on the +output device type. For example, we provide a @code{dir} program much +like @code{ls} except that its default output format is always +multi-column format. + +It is a good idea to follow the @sc{POSIX} guidelines for the +command-line options of a program. The easiest way to do this is to use +@code{getopt} to parse them. Note that the GNU version of @code{getopt} +will normally permit options anywhere among the arguments unless the +special argument @samp{--} is used. This is not what @sc{POSIX} +specifies; it is a GNU extension. + +Please define long-named options that are equivalent to the +single-letter Unix-style options. We hope to make GNU more user +friendly this way. This is easy to do with the GNU function +@code{getopt_long}. + +One of the advantages of long-named options is that they can be +consistent from program to program. For example, users should be able +to expect the ``verbose'' option of any GNU program which has one, to be +spelled precisely @samp{--verbose}. To achieve this uniformity, look at +the table of common long-option names when you choose the option names +for your program (@pxref{Option Table}). + +It is usually a good idea for file names given as ordinary arguments to +be input files only; any output files would be specified using options +(preferably @samp{-o} or @samp{--output}). Even if you allow an output +file name as an ordinary argument for compatibility, try to provide an +option as another way to specify it. This will lead to more consistency +among GNU utilities, and fewer idiosyncracies for users to remember. + +All programs should support two standard options: @samp{--version} +and @samp{--help}. + +@table @code +@item --version +This option should direct the program to information about its name, +version, origin and legal status, all on standard output, and then exit +successfully. Other options and arguments should be ignored once this +is seen, and the program should not perform its normal function. + +The first line is meant to be easy for a program to parse; the version +number proper starts after the last space. In addition, it contains +the canonical name for this program, in this format: + +@example +GNU Emacs 19.30 +@end example + +@noindent +The program's name should be a constant string; @emph{don't} compute it +from @code{argv[0]}. The idea is to state the standard or canonical +name for the program, not its file name. There are other ways to find +out the precise file name where a command is found in @code{PATH}. + +If the program is a subsidiary part of a larger package, mention the +package name in parentheses, like this: + +@example +emacsserver (GNU Emacs) 19.30 +@end example + +@noindent +If the package has a version number which is different from this +program's version number, you can mention the package version number +just before the close-parenthesis. + +If you @strong{need} to mention the version numbers of libraries which +are distributed separately from the package which contains this program, +you can do so by printing an additional line of version info for each +library you want to mention. Use the same format for these lines as for +the first line. + +Please do not mention all of the libraries that the program uses ``just +for completeness''---that would produce a lot of unhelpful clutter. +Please mention library version numbers only if you find in practice that +they are very important to you in debugging. + +The following line, after the version number line or lines, should be a +copyright notice. If more than one copyright notice is called for, put +each on a separate line. + +Next should follow a brief statement that the program is free software, +and that users are free to copy and change it on certain conditions. If +the program is covered by the GNU GPL, say so here. Also mention that +there is no warranty, to the extent permitted by law. + +It is ok to finish the output with a list of the major authors of the +program, as a way of giving credit. + +Here's an example of output that follows these rules: + +@smallexample +GNU Emacs 19.34.5 +Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +GNU Emacs comes with NO WARRANTY, +to the extent permitted by law. +You may redistribute copies of GNU Emacs +under the terms of the GNU General Public License. +For more information about these matters, +see the files named COPYING. +@end smallexample + +You should adapt this to your program, of course, filling in the proper +year, copyright holder, name of program, and the references to +distribution terms, and changing the rest of the wording as necessary. + +This copyright notice only needs to mention the most recent year in +which changes were made---there's no need to list the years for previous +versions' changes. You don't have to mention the name of the program in +these notices, if that is inconvenient, since it appeared in the first +line. + +@item --help +This option should output brief documentation for how to invoke the +program, on standard output, then exit successfully. Other options and +arguments should be ignored once this is seen, and the program should +not perform its normal function. + +Near the end of the @samp{--help} option's output there should be a line +that says where to mail bug reports. It should have this format: + +@example +Report bugs to @var{mailing-address}. +@end example +@end table + +@node Option Table +@section Table of Long Options + +Here is a table of long options used by GNU programs. It is surely +incomplete, but we aim to list all the options that a new program might +want to be compatible with. If you use names not already in the table, +please send @email{gnu@@gnu.org} a list of them, with their +meanings, so we can update the table. + +@c Please leave newlines between items in this table; it's much easier +@c to update when it isn't completely squashed together and unreadable. +@c When there is more than one short option for a long option name, put +@c a semicolon between the lists of the programs that use them, not a +@c period. --friedman + +@table @samp +@item after-date +@samp{-N} in @code{tar}. + +@item all +@samp{-a} in @code{du}, @code{ls}, @code{nm}, @code{stty}, @code{uname}, +and @code{unexpand}. + +@item all-text +@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. + +@item almost-all +@samp{-A} in @code{ls}. + +@item append +@samp{-a} in @code{etags}, @code{tee}, @code{time}; +@samp{-r} in @code{tar}. + +@item archive +@samp{-a} in @code{cp}. + +@item archive-name +@samp{-n} in @code{shar}. + +@item arglength +@samp{-l} in @code{m4}. + +@item ascii +@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. + +@item assign +@samp{-v} in @code{gawk}. + +@item assume-new +@samp{-W} in Make. + +@item assume-old +@samp{-o} in Make. + +@item auto-check +@samp{-a} in @code{recode}. + +@item auto-pager +@samp{-a} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item auto-reference +@samp{-A} in @code{ptx}. + +@item avoid-wraps +@samp{-n} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item backward-search +@samp{-B} in @code{ctags}. + +@item basename +@samp{-f} in @code{shar}. + +@item batch +Used in GDB. + +@item baud +Used in GDB. + +@item before +@samp{-b} in @code{tac}. + +@item binary +@samp{-b} in @code{cpio} and @code{diff}. + +@item bits-per-code +@samp{-b} in @code{shar}. + +@item block-size +Used in @code{cpio} and @code{tar}. + +@item blocks +@samp{-b} in @code{head} and @code{tail}. + +@item break-file +@samp{-b} in @code{ptx}. + +@item brief +Used in various programs to make output shorter. + +@item bytes +@samp{-c} in @code{head}, @code{split}, and @code{tail}. + +@item c@t{++} +@samp{-C} in @code{etags}. + +@item catenate +@samp{-A} in @code{tar}. + +@item cd +Used in various programs to specify the directory to use. + +@item changes +@samp{-c} in @code{chgrp} and @code{chown}. + +@item classify +@samp{-F} in @code{ls}. + +@item colons +@samp{-c} in @code{recode}. + +@item command +@samp{-c} in @code{su}; +@samp{-x} in GDB. + +@item compare +@samp{-d} in @code{tar}. + +@item compat +Used in @code{gawk}. + +@item compress +@samp{-Z} in @code{tar} and @code{shar}. + +@item concatenate +@samp{-A} in @code{tar}. + +@item confirmation +@samp{-w} in @code{tar}. + +@item context +Used in @code{diff}. + +@item copyleft +@samp{-W copyleft} in @code{gawk}. + +@item copyright +@samp{-C} in @code{ptx}, @code{recode}, and @code{wdiff}; +@samp{-W copyright} in @code{gawk}. + +@item core +Used in GDB. + +@item count +@samp{-q} in @code{who}. + +@item count-links +@samp{-l} in @code{du}. + +@item create +Used in @code{tar} and @code{cpio}. + +@item cut-mark +@samp{-c} in @code{shar}. + +@item cxref +@samp{-x} in @code{ctags}. + +@item date +@samp{-d} in @code{touch}. + +@item debug +@samp{-d} in Make and @code{m4}; +@samp{-t} in Bison. + +@item define +@samp{-D} in @code{m4}. + +@item defines +@samp{-d} in Bison and @code{ctags}. + +@item delete +@samp{-D} in @code{tar}. + +@item dereference +@samp{-L} in @code{chgrp}, @code{chown}, @code{cpio}, @code{du}, +@code{ls}, and @code{tar}. + +@item dereference-args +@samp{-D} in @code{du}. + +@item diacritics +@samp{-d} in @code{recode}. + +@item dictionary-order +@samp{-d} in @code{look}. + +@item diff +@samp{-d} in @code{tar}. + +@item digits +@samp{-n} in @code{csplit}. + +@item directory +Specify the directory to use, in various programs. In @code{ls}, it +means to show directories themselves rather than their contents. In +@code{rm} and @code{ln}, it means to not treat links to directories +specially. + +@item discard-all +@samp{-x} in @code{strip}. + +@item discard-locals +@samp{-X} in @code{strip}. + +@item dry-run +@samp{-n} in Make. + +@item ed +@samp{-e} in @code{diff}. + +@item elide-empty-files +@samp{-z} in @code{csplit}. + +@item end-delete +@samp{-x} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item end-insert +@samp{-z} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item entire-new-file +@samp{-N} in @code{diff}. + +@item environment-overrides +@samp{-e} in Make. + +@item eof +@samp{-e} in @code{xargs}. + +@item epoch +Used in GDB. + +@item error-limit +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item error-output +@samp{-o} in @code{m4}. + +@item escape +@samp{-b} in @code{ls}. + +@item exclude-from +@samp{-X} in @code{tar}. + +@item exec +Used in GDB. + +@item exit +@samp{-x} in @code{xargs}. + +@item exit-0 +@samp{-e} in @code{unshar}. + +@item expand-tabs +@samp{-t} in @code{diff}. + +@item expression +@samp{-e} in @code{sed}. + +@item extern-only +@samp{-g} in @code{nm}. + +@item extract +@samp{-i} in @code{cpio}; +@samp{-x} in @code{tar}. + +@item faces +@samp{-f} in @code{finger}. + +@item fast +@samp{-f} in @code{su}. + +@item fatal-warnings +@samp{-E} in @code{m4}. + +@item file +@samp{-f} in @code{info}, @code{gawk}, Make, @code{mt}, and @code{tar}; +@samp{-n} in @code{sed}; +@samp{-r} in @code{touch}. + +@item field-separator +@samp{-F} in @code{gawk}. + +@item file-prefix +@samp{-b} in Bison. + +@item file-type +@samp{-F} in @code{ls}. + +@item files-from +@samp{-T} in @code{tar}. + +@item fill-column +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item flag-truncation +@samp{-F} in @code{ptx}. + +@item fixed-output-files +@samp{-y} in Bison. + +@item follow +@samp{-f} in @code{tail}. + +@item footnote-style +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item force +@samp{-f} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}, and @code{rm}. + +@item force-prefix +@samp{-F} in @code{shar}. + +@item format +Used in @code{ls}, @code{time}, and @code{ptx}. + +@item freeze-state +@samp{-F} in @code{m4}. + +@item fullname +Used in GDB. + +@item gap-size +@samp{-g} in @code{ptx}. + +@item get +@samp{-x} in @code{tar}. + +@item graphic +@samp{-i} in @code{ul}. + +@item graphics +@samp{-g} in @code{recode}. + +@item group +@samp{-g} in @code{install}. + +@item gzip +@samp{-z} in @code{tar} and @code{shar}. + +@item hashsize +@samp{-H} in @code{m4}. + +@item header +@samp{-h} in @code{objdump} and @code{recode} + +@item heading +@samp{-H} in @code{who}. + +@item help +Used to ask for brief usage information. + +@item here-delimiter +@samp{-d} in @code{shar}. + +@item hide-control-chars +@samp{-q} in @code{ls}. + +@item idle +@samp{-u} in @code{who}. + +@item ifdef +@samp{-D} in @code{diff}. + +@item ignore +@samp{-I} in @code{ls}; +@samp{-x} in @code{recode}. + +@item ignore-all-space +@samp{-w} in @code{diff}. + +@item ignore-backups +@samp{-B} in @code{ls}. + +@item ignore-blank-lines +@samp{-B} in @code{diff}. + +@item ignore-case +@samp{-f} in @code{look} and @code{ptx}; +@samp{-i} in @code{diff} and @code{wdiff}. + +@item ignore-errors +@samp{-i} in Make. + +@item ignore-file +@samp{-i} in @code{ptx}. + +@item ignore-indentation +@samp{-I} in @code{etags}. + +@item ignore-init-file +@samp{-f} in Oleo. + +@item ignore-interrupts +@samp{-i} in @code{tee}. + +@item ignore-matching-lines +@samp{-I} in @code{diff}. + +@item ignore-space-change +@samp{-b} in @code{diff}. + +@item ignore-zeros +@samp{-i} in @code{tar}. + +@item include +@samp{-i} in @code{etags}; +@samp{-I} in @code{m4}. + +@item include-dir +@samp{-I} in Make. + +@item incremental +@samp{-G} in @code{tar}. + +@item info +@samp{-i}, @samp{-l}, and @samp{-m} in Finger. + +@item initial +@samp{-i} in @code{expand}. + +@item initial-tab +@samp{-T} in @code{diff}. + +@item inode +@samp{-i} in @code{ls}. + +@item interactive +@samp{-i} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}, @code{rm}; +@samp{-e} in @code{m4}; +@samp{-p} in @code{xargs}; +@samp{-w} in @code{tar}. + +@item intermix-type +@samp{-p} in @code{shar}. + +@item jobs +@samp{-j} in Make. + +@item just-print +@samp{-n} in Make. + +@item keep-going +@samp{-k} in Make. + +@item keep-files +@samp{-k} in @code{csplit}. + +@item kilobytes +@samp{-k} in @code{du} and @code{ls}. + +@item language +@samp{-l} in @code{etags}. + +@item less-mode +@samp{-l} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item level-for-gzip +@samp{-g} in @code{shar}. + +@item line-bytes +@samp{-C} in @code{split}. + +@item lines +Used in @code{split}, @code{head}, and @code{tail}. + +@item link +@samp{-l} in @code{cpio}. + +@item lint +@itemx lint-old +Used in @code{gawk}. + +@item list +@samp{-t} in @code{cpio}; +@samp{-l} in @code{recode}. + +@item list +@samp{-t} in @code{tar}. + +@item literal +@samp{-N} in @code{ls}. + +@item load-average +@samp{-l} in Make. + +@item login +Used in @code{su}. + +@item machine +No listing of which programs already use this; +someone should check to +see if any actually do, and tell @email{gnu@@gnu.org}. + +@item macro-name +@samp{-M} in @code{ptx}. + +@item mail +@samp{-m} in @code{hello} and @code{uname}. + +@item make-directories +@samp{-d} in @code{cpio}. + +@item makefile +@samp{-f} in Make. + +@item mapped +Used in GDB. + +@item max-args +@samp{-n} in @code{xargs}. + +@item max-chars +@samp{-n} in @code{xargs}. + +@item max-lines +@samp{-l} in @code{xargs}. + +@item max-load +@samp{-l} in Make. + +@item max-procs +@samp{-P} in @code{xargs}. + +@item mesg +@samp{-T} in @code{who}. + +@item message +@samp{-T} in @code{who}. + +@item minimal +@samp{-d} in @code{diff}. + +@item mixed-uuencode +@samp{-M} in @code{shar}. + +@item mode +@samp{-m} in @code{install}, @code{mkdir}, and @code{mkfifo}. + +@item modification-time +@samp{-m} in @code{tar}. + +@item multi-volume +@samp{-M} in @code{tar}. + +@item name-prefix +@samp{-a} in Bison. + +@item nesting-limit +@samp{-L} in @code{m4}. + +@item net-headers +@samp{-a} in @code{shar}. + +@item new-file +@samp{-W} in Make. + +@item no-builtin-rules +@samp{-r} in Make. + +@item no-character-count +@samp{-w} in @code{shar}. + +@item no-check-existing +@samp{-x} in @code{shar}. + +@item no-common +@samp{-3} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item no-create +@samp{-c} in @code{touch}. + +@item no-defines +@samp{-D} in @code{etags}. + +@item no-deleted +@samp{-1} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item no-dereference +@samp{-d} in @code{cp}. + +@item no-inserted +@samp{-2} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item no-keep-going +@samp{-S} in Make. + +@item no-lines +@samp{-l} in Bison. + +@item no-piping +@samp{-P} in @code{shar}. + +@item no-prof +@samp{-e} in @code{gprof}. + +@item no-regex +@samp{-R} in @code{etags}. + +@item no-sort +@samp{-p} in @code{nm}. + +@item no-split +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item no-static +@samp{-a} in @code{gprof}. + +@item no-time +@samp{-E} in @code{gprof}. + +@item no-timestamp +@samp{-m} in @code{shar}. + +@item no-validate +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item no-wait +Used in @code{emacsclient}. + +@item no-warn +Used in various programs to inhibit warnings. + +@item node +@samp{-n} in @code{info}. + +@item nodename +@samp{-n} in @code{uname}. + +@item nonmatching +@samp{-f} in @code{cpio}. + +@item nstuff +@samp{-n} in @code{objdump}. + +@item null +@samp{-0} in @code{xargs}. + +@item number +@samp{-n} in @code{cat}. + +@item number-nonblank +@samp{-b} in @code{cat}. + +@item numeric-sort +@samp{-n} in @code{nm}. + +@item numeric-uid-gid +@samp{-n} in @code{cpio} and @code{ls}. + +@item nx +Used in GDB. + +@item old-archive +@samp{-o} in @code{tar}. + +@item old-file +@samp{-o} in Make. + +@item one-file-system +@samp{-l} in @code{tar}, @code{cp}, and @code{du}. + +@item only-file +@samp{-o} in @code{ptx}. + +@item only-prof +@samp{-f} in @code{gprof}. + +@item only-time +@samp{-F} in @code{gprof}. + +@item output +In various programs, specify the output file name. + +@item output-prefix +@samp{-o} in @code{shar}. + +@item override +@samp{-o} in @code{rm}. + +@item overwrite +@samp{-c} in @code{unshar}. + +@item owner +@samp{-o} in @code{install}. + +@item paginate +@samp{-l} in @code{diff}. + +@item paragraph-indent +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item parents +@samp{-p} in @code{mkdir} and @code{rmdir}. + +@item pass-all +@samp{-p} in @code{ul}. + +@item pass-through +@samp{-p} in @code{cpio}. + +@item port +@samp{-P} in @code{finger}. + +@item portability +@samp{-c} in @code{cpio} and @code{tar}. + +@item posix +Used in @code{gawk}. + +@item prefix-builtins +@samp{-P} in @code{m4}. + +@item prefix +@samp{-f} in @code{csplit}. + +@item preserve +Used in @code{tar} and @code{cp}. + +@item preserve-environment +@samp{-p} in @code{su}. + +@item preserve-modification-time +@samp{-m} in @code{cpio}. + +@item preserve-order +@samp{-s} in @code{tar}. + +@item preserve-permissions +@samp{-p} in @code{tar}. + +@item print +@samp{-l} in @code{diff}. + +@item print-chars +@samp{-L} in @code{cmp}. + +@item print-data-base +@samp{-p} in Make. + +@item print-directory +@samp{-w} in Make. + +@item print-file-name +@samp{-o} in @code{nm}. + +@item print-symdefs +@samp{-s} in @code{nm}. + +@item printer +@samp{-p} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item prompt +@samp{-p} in @code{ed}. + +@item query-user +@samp{-X} in @code{shar}. + +@item question +@samp{-q} in Make. + +@item quiet +Used in many programs to inhibit the usual output. @strong{Note:} every +program accepting @samp{--quiet} should accept @samp{--silent} as a +synonym. + +@item quiet-unshar +@samp{-Q} in @code{shar} + +@item quote-name +@samp{-Q} in @code{ls}. + +@item rcs +@samp{-n} in @code{diff}. + +@item re-interval +Used in @code{gawk}. + +@item read-full-blocks +@samp{-B} in @code{tar}. + +@item readnow +Used in GDB. + +@item recon +@samp{-n} in Make. + +@item record-number +@samp{-R} in @code{tar}. + +@item recursive +Used in @code{chgrp}, @code{chown}, @code{cp}, @code{ls}, @code{diff}, +and @code{rm}. + +@item reference-limit +Used in @code{makeinfo}. + +@item references +@samp{-r} in @code{ptx}. + +@item regex +@samp{-r} in @code{tac} and @code{etags}. + +@item release +@samp{-r} in @code{uname}. + +@item reload-state +@samp{-R} in @code{m4}. + +@item relocation +@samp{-r} in @code{objdump}. + +@item rename +@samp{-r} in @code{cpio}. + +@item replace +@samp{-i} in @code{xargs}. + +@item report-identical-files +@samp{-s} in @code{diff}. + +@item reset-access-time +@samp{-a} in @code{cpio}. + +@item reverse +@samp{-r} in @code{ls} and @code{nm}. + +@item reversed-ed +@samp{-f} in @code{diff}. + +@item right-side-defs +@samp{-R} in @code{ptx}. + +@item same-order +@samp{-s} in @code{tar}. + +@item same-permissions +@samp{-p} in @code{tar}. + +@item save +@samp{-g} in @code{stty}. + +@item se +Used in GDB. + +@item sentence-regexp +@samp{-S} in @code{ptx}. + +@item separate-dirs +@samp{-S} in @code{du}. + +@item separator +@samp{-s} in @code{tac}. + +@item sequence +Used by @code{recode} to chose files or pipes for sequencing passes. + +@item shell +@samp{-s} in @code{su}. + +@item show-all +@samp{-A} in @code{cat}. + +@item show-c-function +@samp{-p} in @code{diff}. + +@item show-ends +@samp{-E} in @code{cat}. + +@item show-function-line +@samp{-F} in @code{diff}. + +@item show-tabs +@samp{-T} in @code{cat}. + +@item silent +Used in many programs to inhibit the usual output. +@strong{Note:} every program accepting +@samp{--silent} should accept @samp{--quiet} as a synonym. + +@item size +@samp{-s} in @code{ls}. + +@item sort +Used in @code{ls}. + +@item source +@samp{-W source} in @code{gawk}. + +@item sparse +@samp{-S} in @code{tar}. + +@item speed-large-files +@samp{-H} in @code{diff}. + +@item split-at +@samp{-E} in @code{unshar}. + +@item split-size-limit +@samp{-L} in @code{shar}. + +@item squeeze-blank +@samp{-s} in @code{cat}. + +@item start-delete +@samp{-w} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item start-insert +@samp{-y} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item starting-file +Used in @code{tar} and @code{diff} to specify which file within +a directory to start processing with. + +@item statistics +@samp{-s} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item stdin-file-list +@samp{-S} in @code{shar}. + +@item stop +@samp{-S} in Make. + +@item strict +@samp{-s} in @code{recode}. + +@item strip +@samp{-s} in @code{install}. + +@item strip-all +@samp{-s} in @code{strip}. + +@item strip-debug +@samp{-S} in @code{strip}. + +@item submitter +@samp{-s} in @code{shar}. + +@item suffix +@samp{-S} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}. + +@item suffix-format +@samp{-b} in @code{csplit}. + +@item sum +@samp{-s} in @code{gprof}. + +@item summarize +@samp{-s} in @code{du}. + +@item symbolic +@samp{-s} in @code{ln}. + +@item symbols +Used in GDB and @code{objdump}. + +@item synclines +@samp{-s} in @code{m4}. + +@item sysname +@samp{-s} in @code{uname}. + +@item tabs +@samp{-t} in @code{expand} and @code{unexpand}. + +@item tabsize +@samp{-T} in @code{ls}. + +@item terminal +@samp{-T} in @code{tput} and @code{ul}. +@samp{-t} in @code{wdiff}. + +@item text +@samp{-a} in @code{diff}. + +@item text-files +@samp{-T} in @code{shar}. + +@item time +Used in @code{ls} and @code{touch}. + +@item to-stdout +@samp{-O} in @code{tar}. + +@item total +@samp{-c} in @code{du}. + +@item touch +@samp{-t} in Make, @code{ranlib}, and @code{recode}. + +@item trace +@samp{-t} in @code{m4}. + +@item traditional +@samp{-t} in @code{hello}; +@samp{-W traditional} in @code{gawk}; +@samp{-G} in @code{ed}, @code{m4}, and @code{ptx}. + +@item tty +Used in GDB. + +@item typedefs +@samp{-t} in @code{ctags}. + +@item typedefs-and-c++ +@samp{-T} in @code{ctags}. + +@item typeset-mode +@samp{-t} in @code{ptx}. + +@item uncompress +@samp{-z} in @code{tar}. + +@item unconditional +@samp{-u} in @code{cpio}. + +@item undefine +@samp{-U} in @code{m4}. + +@item undefined-only +@samp{-u} in @code{nm}. + +@item update +@samp{-u} in @code{cp}, @code{ctags}, @code{mv}, @code{tar}. + +@item usage +Used in @code{gawk}; same as @samp{--help}. + +@item uuencode +@samp{-B} in @code{shar}. + +@item vanilla-operation +@samp{-V} in @code{shar}. + +@item verbose +Print more information about progress. Many programs support this. + +@item verify +@samp{-W} in @code{tar}. + +@item version +Print the version number. + +@item version-control +@samp{-V} in @code{cp}, @code{ln}, @code{mv}. + +@item vgrind +@samp{-v} in @code{ctags}. + +@item volume +@samp{-V} in @code{tar}. + +@item what-if +@samp{-W} in Make. + +@item whole-size-limit +@samp{-l} in @code{shar}. + +@item width +@samp{-w} in @code{ls} and @code{ptx}. + +@item word-regexp +@samp{-W} in @code{ptx}. + +@item writable +@samp{-T} in @code{who}. + +@item zeros +@samp{-z} in @code{gprof}. +@end table + +@node Memory Usage +@section Memory Usage + +If it typically uses just a few meg of memory, don't bother making any +effort to reduce memory usage. For example, if it is impractical for +other reasons to operate on files more than a few meg long, it is +reasonable to read entire input files into core to operate on them. + +However, for programs such as @code{cat} or @code{tail}, that can +usefully operate on very large files, it is important to avoid using a +technique that would artificially limit the size of files it can handle. +If a program works by lines and could be applied to arbitrary +user-supplied input files, it should keep only a line in memory, because +this is not very hard and users will want to be able to operate on input +files that are bigger than will fit in core all at once. + +If your program creates complicated data structures, just make them in +core and give a fatal error if @code{malloc} returns zero. + +@node Writing C +@chapter Making The Best Use of C + +This @value{CHAPTER} provides advice on how best to use the C language +when writing GNU software. + +@menu +* Formatting:: Formatting Your Source Code +* Comments:: Commenting Your Work +* Syntactic Conventions:: Clean Use of C Constructs +* Names:: Naming Variables and Functions +* System Portability:: Portability between different operating systems +* CPU Portability:: Supporting the range of CPU types +* System Functions:: Portability and ``standard'' library functions +* Internationalization:: Techniques for internationalization +* Mmap:: How you can safely use @code{mmap}. +@end menu + +@node Formatting +@section Formatting Your Source Code + +It is important to put the open-brace that starts the body of a C +function in column zero, and avoid putting any other open-brace or +open-parenthesis or open-bracket in column zero. Several tools look +for open-braces in column zero to find the beginnings of C functions. +These tools will not work on code not formatted that way. + +It is also important for function definitions to start the name of the +function in column zero. This helps people to search for function +definitions, and may also help certain tools recognize them. Thus, +the proper format is this: + +@example +static char * +concat (s1, s2) /* Name starts in column zero here */ + char *s1, *s2; +@{ /* Open brace in column zero here */ + @dots{} +@} +@end example + +@noindent +or, if you want to use @sc{ansi} C, format the definition like this: + +@example +static char * +concat (char *s1, char *s2) +@{ + @dots{} +@} +@end example + +In @sc{ansi} C, if the arguments don't fit nicely on one line, +split it like this: + +@example +int +lots_of_args (int an_integer, long a_long, short a_short, + double a_double, float a_float) +@dots{} +@end example + +For the body of the function, we prefer code formatted like this: + +@example +if (x < foo (y, z)) + haha = bar[4] + 5; +else + @{ + while (z) + @{ + haha += foo (z, z); + z--; + @} + return ++x + bar (); + @} +@end example + +We find it easier to read a program when it has spaces before the +open-parentheses and after the commas. Especially after the commas. + +When you split an expression into multiple lines, split it +before an operator, not after one. Here is the right way: + +@example +if (foo_this_is_long && bar > win (x, y, z) + && remaining_condition) +@end example + +Try to avoid having two operators of different precedence at the same +level of indentation. For example, don't write this: + +@example +mode = (inmode[j] == VOIDmode + || GET_MODE_SIZE (outmode[j]) > GET_MODE_SIZE (inmode[j]) + ? outmode[j] : inmode[j]); +@end example + +Instead, use extra parentheses so that the indentation shows the nesting: + +@example +mode = ((inmode[j] == VOIDmode + || (GET_MODE_SIZE (outmode[j]) > GET_MODE_SIZE (inmode[j]))) + ? outmode[j] : inmode[j]); +@end example + +Insert extra parentheses so that Emacs will indent the code properly. +For example, the following indentation looks nice if you do it by hand, +but Emacs would mess it up: + +@example +v = rup->ru_utime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_utime.tv_usec/1000 + + rup->ru_stime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_stime.tv_usec/1000; +@end example + +But adding a set of parentheses solves the problem: + +@example +v = (rup->ru_utime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_utime.tv_usec/1000 + + rup->ru_stime.tv_sec*1000 + rup->ru_stime.tv_usec/1000); +@end example + +Format do-while statements like this: + +@example +do + @{ + a = foo (a); + @} +while (a > 0); +@end example + +Please use formfeed characters (control-L) to divide the program into +pages at logical places (but not within a function). It does not matter +just how long the pages are, since they do not have to fit on a printed +page. The formfeeds should appear alone on lines by themselves. + + +@node Comments +@section Commenting Your Work + +Every program should start with a comment saying briefly what it is for. +Example: @samp{fmt - filter for simple filling of text}. + +Please write the comments in a GNU program in English, because English +is the one language that nearly all programmers in all countries can +read. If you do not write English well, please write comments in +English as well as you can, then ask other people to help rewrite them. +If you can't write comments in English, please find someone to work with +you and translate your comments into English. + +Please put a comment on each function saying what the function does, +what sorts of arguments it gets, and what the possible values of +arguments mean and are used for. It is not necessary to duplicate in +words the meaning of the C argument declarations, if a C type is being +used in its customary fashion. If there is anything nonstandard about +its use (such as an argument of type @code{char *} which is really the +address of the second character of a string, not the first), or any +possible values that would not work the way one would expect (such as, +that strings containing newlines are not guaranteed to work), be sure +to say so. + +Also explain the significance of the return value, if there is one. + +Please put two spaces after the end of a sentence in your comments, so +that the Emacs sentence commands will work. Also, please write +complete sentences and capitalize the first word. If a lower-case +identifier comes at the beginning of a sentence, don't capitalize it! +Changing the spelling makes it a different identifier. If you don't +like starting a sentence with a lower case letter, write the sentence +differently (e.g., ``The identifier lower-case is @dots{}''). + +The comment on a function is much clearer if you use the argument +names to speak about the argument values. The variable name itself +should be lower case, but write it in upper case when you are speaking +about the value rather than the variable itself. Thus, ``the inode +number NODE_NUM'' rather than ``an inode''. + +There is usually no purpose in restating the name of the function in +the comment before it, because the reader can see that for himself. +There might be an exception when the comment is so long that the function +itself would be off the bottom of the screen. + +There should be a comment on each static variable as well, like this: + +@example +/* Nonzero means truncate lines in the display; + zero means continue them. */ +int truncate_lines; +@end example + +Every @samp{#endif} should have a comment, except in the case of short +conditionals (just a few lines) that are not nested. The comment should +state the condition of the conditional that is ending, @emph{including +its sense}. @samp{#else} should have a comment describing the condition +@emph{and sense} of the code that follows. For example: + +@example +@group +#ifdef foo + @dots{} +#else /* not foo */ + @dots{} +#endif /* not foo */ +@end group +@group +#ifdef foo + @dots{} +#endif /* foo */ +@end group +@end example + +@noindent +but, by contrast, write the comments this way for a @samp{#ifndef}: + +@example +@group +#ifndef foo + @dots{} +#else /* foo */ + @dots{} +#endif /* foo */ +@end group +@group +#ifndef foo + @dots{} +#endif /* not foo */ +@end group +@end example + +@node Syntactic Conventions +@section Clean Use of C Constructs + +Please explicitly declare all arguments to functions. +Don't omit them just because they are @code{int}s. + +Declarations of external functions and functions to appear later in the +source file should all go in one place near the beginning of the file +(somewhere before the first function definition in the file), or else +should go in a header file. Don't put @code{extern} declarations inside +functions. + +It used to be common practice to use the same local variables (with +names like @code{tem}) over and over for different values within one +function. Instead of doing this, it is better declare a separate local +variable for each distinct purpose, and give it a name which is +meaningful. This not only makes programs easier to understand, it also +facilitates optimization by good compilers. You can also move the +declaration of each local variable into the smallest scope that includes +all its uses. This makes the program even cleaner. + +Don't use local variables or parameters that shadow global identifiers. + +Don't declare multiple variables in one declaration that spans lines. +Start a new declaration on each line, instead. For example, instead +of this: + +@example +@group +int foo, + bar; +@end group +@end example + +@noindent +write either this: + +@example +int foo, bar; +@end example + +@noindent +or this: + +@example +int foo; +int bar; +@end example + +@noindent +(If they are global variables, each should have a comment preceding it +anyway.) + +When you have an @code{if}-@code{else} statement nested in another +@code{if} statement, always put braces around the @code{if}-@code{else}. +Thus, never write like this: + +@example +if (foo) + if (bar) + win (); + else + lose (); +@end example + +@noindent +always like this: + +@example +if (foo) + @{ + if (bar) + win (); + else + lose (); + @} +@end example + +If you have an @code{if} statement nested inside of an @code{else} +statement, either write @code{else if} on one line, like this, + +@example +if (foo) + @dots{} +else if (bar) + @dots{} +@end example + +@noindent +with its @code{then}-part indented like the preceding @code{then}-part, +or write the nested @code{if} within braces like this: + +@example +if (foo) + @dots{} +else + @{ + if (bar) + @dots{} + @} +@end example + +Don't declare both a structure tag and variables or typedefs in the +same declaration. Instead, declare the structure tag separately +and then use it to declare the variables or typedefs. + +Try to avoid assignments inside @code{if}-conditions. For example, +don't write this: + +@example +if ((foo = (char *) malloc (sizeof *foo)) == 0) + fatal ("virtual memory exhausted"); +@end example + +@noindent +instead, write this: + +@example +foo = (char *) malloc (sizeof *foo); +if (foo == 0) + fatal ("virtual memory exhausted"); +@end example + +Don't make the program ugly to placate @code{lint}. Please don't insert any +casts to @code{void}. Zero without a cast is perfectly fine as a null +pointer constant, except when calling a varargs function. + +@node Names +@section Naming Variables and Functions + +The names of global variables and functions in a program serve as +comments of a sort. So don't choose terse names---instead, look for +names that give useful information about the meaning of the variable or +function. In a GNU program, names should be English, like other +comments. + +Local variable names can be shorter, because they are used only within +one context, where (presumably) comments explain their purpose. + +Please use underscores to separate words in a name, so that the Emacs +word commands can be useful within them. Stick to lower case; reserve +upper case for macros and @code{enum} constants, and for name-prefixes +that follow a uniform convention. + +For example, you should use names like @code{ignore_space_change_flag}; +don't use names like @code{iCantReadThis}. + +Variables that indicate whether command-line options have been +specified should be named after the meaning of the option, not after +the option-letter. A comment should state both the exact meaning of +the option and its letter. For example, + +@example +@group +/* Ignore changes in horizontal whitespace (-b). */ +int ignore_space_change_flag; +@end group +@end example + +When you want to define names with constant integer values, use +@code{enum} rather than @samp{#define}. GDB knows about enumeration +constants. + +Use file names of 14 characters or less, to avoid creating gratuitous +problems on older System V systems. You can use the program +@code{doschk} to test for this. @code{doschk} also tests for potential +name conflicts if the files were loaded onto an MS-DOS file +system---something you may or may not care about. + +@node System Portability +@section Portability between System Types + +In the Unix world, ``portability'' refers to porting to different Unix +versions. For a GNU program, this kind of portability is desirable, but +not paramount. + +The primary purpose of GNU software is to run on top of the GNU kernel, +compiled with the GNU C compiler, on various types of @sc{cpu}. The +amount and kinds of variation among GNU systems on different @sc{cpu}s +will be comparable to the variation among Linux-based GNU systems or +among BSD systems today. So the kinds of portability that are absolutely +necessary are quite limited. + +But many users do run GNU software on non-GNU Unix or Unix-like systems. +So supporting a variety of Unix-like systems is desirable, although not +paramount. + +The easiest way to achieve portability to most Unix-like systems is to +use Autoconf. It's unlikely that your program needs to know more +information about the host platform than Autoconf can provide, simply +because most of the programs that need such knowledge have already been +written. + +Avoid using the format of semi-internal data bases (e.g., directories) +when there is a higher-level alternative (@code{readdir}). + +As for systems that are not like Unix, such as MSDOS, Windows, the +Macintosh, VMS, and MVS, supporting them is usually so much work that it +is better if you don't. + +The planned GNU kernel is not finished yet, but you can tell which +facilities it will provide by looking at the GNU C Library Manual. The +GNU kernel is based on Mach, so the features of Mach will also be +available. However, if you use Mach features, you'll probably have +trouble debugging your program today. + +@node CPU Portability +@section Portability between @sc{cpu}s + +Even GNU systems will differ because of differences among @sc{cpu} +types---for example, difference in byte ordering and alignment +requirements. It is absolutely essential to handle these differences. +However, don't make any effort to cater to the possibility that an +@code{int} will be less than 32 bits. We don't support 16-bit machines +in GNU. + +Don't assume that the address of an @code{int} object is also the +address of its least-significant byte. This is false on big-endian +machines. Thus, don't make the following mistake: + +@example +int c; +@dots{} +while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) + write(file_descriptor, &c, 1); +@end example + +When calling functions, you need not worry about the difference between +pointers of various types, or between pointers and integers. On most +machines, there's no difference anyway. As for the few machines where +there is a difference, all of them support @sc{ansi} C, so you can use +prototypes (conditionalized to be active only in @sc{ansi} C) to make +the code work on those systems. + +In certain cases, it is ok to pass integer and pointer arguments +indiscriminately to the same function, and use no prototype on any +system. For example, many GNU programs have error-reporting functions +that pass their arguments along to @code{printf} and friends: + +@example +error (s, a1, a2, a3) + char *s; + int a1, a2, a3; +@{ + fprintf (stderr, "error: "); + fprintf (stderr, s, a1, a2, a3); +@} +@end example + +@noindent +In practice, this works on all machines, and it is much simpler than any +``correct'' alternative. Be sure @emph{not} to use a prototype +for such functions. + +However, avoid casting pointers to integers unless you really need to. +These assumptions really reduce portability, and in most programs they +are easy to avoid. In the cases where casting pointers to integers is +essential---such as, a Lisp interpreter which stores type information as +well as an address in one word---it is ok to do so, but you'll have to +make explicit provisions to handle different word sizes. + +@node System Functions +@section Calling System Functions + +C implementations differ substantially. @sc{ansi} C reduces but does not +eliminate the incompatibilities; meanwhile, many users wish to compile +GNU software with pre-@sc{ansi} compilers. This chapter gives +recommendations for how to use the more or less standard C library +functions to avoid unnecessary loss of portability. + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Don't use the value of @code{sprintf}. It returns the number of +characters written on some systems, but not on all systems. + +@item +@code{main} should be declared to return type @code{int}. It should +terminate either by calling @code{exit} or by returning the integer +status code; make sure it cannot ever return an undefined value. + +@item +Don't declare system functions explicitly. + +Almost any declaration for a system function is wrong on some system. +To minimize conflicts, leave it to the system header files to declare +system functions. If the headers don't declare a function, let it +remain undeclared. + +While it may seem unclean to use a function without declaring it, in +practice this works fine for most system library functions on the +systems where this really happens; thus, the disadvantage is only +theoretical. By contrast, actual declarations have frequently caused +actual conflicts. + +@item +If you must declare a system function, don't specify the argument types. +Use an old-style declaration, not an @sc{ansi} prototype. The more you +specify about the function, the more likely a conflict. + +@item +In particular, don't unconditionally declare @code{malloc} or +@code{realloc}. + +Most GNU programs use those functions just once, in functions +conventionally named @code{xmalloc} and @code{xrealloc}. These +functions call @code{malloc} and @code{realloc}, respectively, and +check the results. + +Because @code{xmalloc} and @code{xrealloc} are defined in your program, +you can declare them in other files without any risk of type conflict. + +On most systems, @code{int} is the same length as a pointer; thus, the +calls to @code{malloc} and @code{realloc} work fine. For the few +exceptional systems (mostly 64-bit machines), you can use +@strong{conditionalized} declarations of @code{malloc} and +@code{realloc}---or put these declarations in configuration files +specific to those systems. + +@item +The string functions require special treatment. Some Unix systems have +a header file @file{string.h}; others have @file{strings.h}. Neither +file name is portable. There are two things you can do: use Autoconf to +figure out which file to include, or don't include either file. + +@item +If you don't include either strings file, you can't get declarations for +the string functions from the header file in the usual way. + +That causes less of a problem than you might think. The newer @sc{ansi} +string functions should be avoided anyway because many systems still +don't support them. The string functions you can use are these: + +@example +strcpy strncpy strcat strncat +strlen strcmp strncmp +strchr strrchr +@end example + +The copy and concatenate functions work fine without a declaration as +long as you don't use their values. Using their values without a +declaration fails on systems where the width of a pointer differs from +the width of @code{int}, and perhaps in other cases. It is trivial to +avoid using their values, so do that. + +The compare functions and @code{strlen} work fine without a declaration +on most systems, possibly all the ones that GNU software runs on. +You may find it necessary to declare them @strong{conditionally} on a +few systems. + +The search functions must be declared to return @code{char *}. Luckily, +there is no variation in the data type they return. But there is +variation in their names. Some systems give these functions the names +@code{index} and @code{rindex}; other systems use the names +@code{strchr} and @code{strrchr}. Some systems support both pairs of +names, but neither pair works on all systems. + +You should pick a single pair of names and use it throughout your +program. (Nowadays, it is better to choose @code{strchr} and +@code{strrchr} for new programs, since those are the standard @sc{ansi} +names.) Declare both of those names as functions returning @code{char +*}. On systems which don't support those names, define them as macros +in terms of the other pair. For example, here is what to put at the +beginning of your file (or in a header) if you want to use the names +@code{strchr} and @code{strrchr} throughout: + +@example +#ifndef HAVE_STRCHR +#define strchr index +#endif +#ifndef HAVE_STRRCHR +#define strrchr rindex +#endif + +char *strchr (); +char *strrchr (); +@end example +@end itemize + +Here we assume that @code{HAVE_STRCHR} and @code{HAVE_STRRCHR} are +macros defined in systems where the corresponding functions exist. +One way to get them properly defined is to use Autoconf. + +@node Internationalization +@section Internationalization + +GNU has a library called GNU gettext that makes it easy to translate the +messages in a program into various languages. You should use this +library in every program. Use English for the messages as they appear +in the program, and let gettext provide the way to translate them into +other languages. + +Using GNU gettext involves putting a call to the @code{gettext} macro +around each string that might need translation---like this: + +@example +printf (gettext ("Processing file `%s'...")); +@end example + +@noindent +This permits GNU gettext to replace the string @code{"Processing file +`%s'..."} with a translated version. + +Once a program uses gettext, please make a point of writing calls to +@code{gettext} when you add new strings that call for translation. + +Using GNU gettext in a package involves specifying a @dfn{text domain +name} for the package. The text domain name is used to separate the +translations for this package from the translations for other packages. +Normally, the text domain name should be the same as the name of the +package---for example, @samp{fileutils} for the GNU file utilities. + +To enable gettext to work well, avoid writing code that makes +assumptions about the structure of words or sentences. When you want +the precise text of a sentence to vary depending on the data, use two or +more alternative string constants each containing a complete sentences, +rather than inserting conditionalized words or phrases into a single +sentence framework. + +Here is an example of what not to do: + +@example +printf ("%d file%s processed", nfiles, + nfiles != 1 ? "s" : ""); +@end example + +@noindent +The problem with that example is that it assumes that plurals are made +by adding `s'. If you apply gettext to the format string, like this, + +@example +printf (gettext ("%d file%s processed"), nfiles, + nfiles != 1 ? "s" : ""); +@end example + +@noindent +the message can use different words, but it will still be forced to use +`s' for the plural. Here is a better way: + +@example +printf ((nfiles != 1 ? "%d files processed" + : "%d file processed"), + nfiles); +@end example + +@noindent +This way, you can apply gettext to each of the two strings +independently: + +@example +printf ((nfiles != 1 ? gettext ("%d files processed") + : gettext ("%d file processed")), + nfiles); +@end example + +@noindent +This can be any method of forming the plural of the word for ``file'', and +also handles languages that require agreement in the word for +``processed''. + +A similar problem appears at the level of sentence structure with this +code: + +@example +printf ("# Implicit rule search has%s been done.\n", + f->tried_implicit ? "" : " not"); +@end example + +@noindent +Adding @code{gettext} calls to this code cannot give correct results for +all languages, because negation in some languages requires adding words +at more than one place in the sentence. By contrast, adding +@code{gettext} calls does the job straightfowardly if the code starts +out like this: + +@example +printf (f->tried_implicit + ? "# Implicit rule search has been done.\n", + : "# Implicit rule search has not been done.\n"); +@end example + +@node Mmap +@section Mmap + +Don't assume that @code{mmap} either works on all files or fails +for all files. It may work on some files and fail on others. + +The proper way to use @code{mmap} is to try it on the specific file for +which you want to use it---and if @code{mmap} doesn't work, fall back on +doing the job in another way using @code{read} and @code{write}. + +The reason this precaution is needed is that the GNU kernel (the HURD) +provides a user-extensible file system, in which there can be many +different kinds of ``ordinary files.'' Many of them support +@code{mmap}, but some do not. It is important to make programs handle +all these kinds of files. + +@node Documentation +@chapter Documenting Programs + +@menu +* GNU Manuals:: Writing proper manuals. +* Manual Structure Details:: Specific structure conventions. +* NEWS File:: NEWS files supplement manuals. +* Change Logs:: Recording Changes +* Man Pages:: Man pages are secondary. +* Reading other Manuals:: How far you can go in learning + from other manuals. +@end menu + +@node GNU Manuals +@section GNU Manuals + +The preferred way to document part of the GNU system is to write a +manual in the Texinfo formatting language. See the Texinfo manual, +either the hardcopy, or the on-line version available through +@code{info} or the Emacs Info subsystem (@kbd{C-h i}). + +Programmers often find it most natural to structure the documentation +following the structure of the implementation, which they know. But +this structure is not necessarily good for explaining how to use the +program; it may be irrelevant and confusing for a user. + +At every level, from the sentences in a paragraph to the grouping of +topics into separate manuals, the right way to structure documentation +is according to the concepts and questions that a user will have in mind +when reading it. Sometimes this structure of ideas matches the +structure of the implementation of the software being documented---but +often they are different. Often the most important part of learning to +write good documentation is learning to notice when you are structuring +the documentation like the implementation, and think about better +alternatives. + +For example, each program in the GNU system probably ought to be +documented in one manual; but this does not mean each program should +have its own manual. That would be following the structure of the +implementation, rather than the structure that helps the user +understand. + +Instead, each manual should cover a coherent @emph{topic}. For example, +instead of a manual for @code{diff} and a manual for @code{diff3}, we +have one manual for ``comparison of files'' which covers both of those +programs, as well as @code{cmp}. By documenting these programs +together, we can make the whole subject clearer. + +The manual which discusses a program should document all of the +program's command-line options and all of its commands. It should give +examples of their use. But don't organize the manual as a list of +features. Instead, organize it logically, by subtopics. Address the +questions that a user will ask when thinking about the job that the +program does. + +In general, a GNU manual should serve both as tutorial and reference. +It should be set up for convenient access to each topic through Info, +and for reading straight through (appendixes aside). A GNU manual +should give a good introduction to a beginner reading through from the +start, and should also provide all the details that hackers want. + +That is not as hard as it first sounds. Arrange each chapter as a +logical breakdown of its topic, but order the sections, and write their +text, so that reading the chapter straight through makes sense. Do +likewise when structuring the book into chapters, and when structuring a +section into paragraphs. The watchword is, @emph{at each point, address +the most fundamental and important issue raised by the preceding text.} + +If necessary, add extra chapters at the beginning of the manual which +are purely tutorial and cover the basics of the subject. These provide +the framework for a beginner to understand the rest of the manual. The +Bison manual provides a good example of how to do this. + +Don't use Unix man pages as a model for how to write GNU documentation; +most of them are terse, badly structured, and give inadequate +explanation of the underlying concepts. (There are, of course +exceptions.) Also Unix man pages use a particular format which is +different from what we use in GNU manuals. + +Please do not use the term ``pathname'' that is used in Unix +documentation; use ``file name'' (two words) instead. We use the term +``path'' only for search paths, which are lists of file names. + +Please do not use the term ``illegal'' to refer to erroneous input to a +computer program. Please use ``invalid'' for this, and reserve the term +``illegal'' for violations of law. + +@node Manual Structure Details +@section Manual Structure Details + +The title page of the manual should state the version of the programs or +packages documented in the manual. The Top node of the manual should +also contain this information. If the manual is changing more +frequently than or independent of the program, also state a version +number for the manual in both of these places. + +Each program documented in the manual should should have a node named +@samp{@var{program} Invocation} or @samp{Invoking @var{program}}. This +node (together with its subnodes, if any) should describe the program's +command line arguments and how to run it (the sort of information people +would look in a man page for). Start with an @samp{@@example} +containing a template for all the options and arguments that the program +uses. + +Alternatively, put a menu item in some menu whose item name fits one of +the above patterns. This identifies the node which that item points to +as the node for this purpose, regardless of the node's actual name. + +There will be automatic features for specifying a program name and +quickly reading just this part of its manual. + +If one manual describes several programs, it should have such a node for +each program described. + +@node NEWS File +@section The NEWS File + +In addition to its manual, the package should have a file named +@file{NEWS} which contains a list of user-visible changes worth +mentioning. In each new release, add items to the front of the file and +identify the version they pertain to. Don't discard old items; leave +them in the file after the newer items. This way, a user upgrading from +any previous version can see what is new. + +If the @file{NEWS} file gets very long, move some of the older items +into a file named @file{ONEWS} and put a note at the end referring the +user to that file. + +@node Change Logs +@section Change Logs + +Keep a change log to describe all the changes made to program source +files. The purpose of this is so that people investigating bugs in the +future will know about the changes that might have introduced the bug. +Often a new bug can be found by looking at what was recently changed. +More importantly, change logs can help you eliminate conceptual +inconsistencies between different parts of a program, by giving you a +history of how the conflicting concepts arose and who they came from. + +@menu +* Change Log Concepts:: +* Style of Change Logs:: +* Simple Changes:: +* Conditional Changes:: +@end menu + +@node Change Log Concepts +@subsection Change Log Concepts + +You can think of the change log as a conceptual ``undo list'' which +explains how earlier versions were different from the current version. +People can see the current version; they don't need the change log +to tell them what is in it. What they want from a change log is a +clear explanation of how the earlier version differed. + +The change log file is normally called @file{ChangeLog} and covers an +entire directory. Each directory can have its own change log, or a +directory can use the change log of its parent directory--it's up to +you. + +Another alternative is to record change log information with a version +control system such as RCS or CVS. This can be converted automatically +to a @file{ChangeLog} file. + +There's no need to describe the full purpose of the changes or how they +work together. If you think that a change calls for explanation, you're +probably right. Please do explain it---but please put the explanation +in comments in the code, where people will see it whenever they see the +code. For example, ``New function'' is enough for the change log when +you add a function, because there should be a comment before the +function definition to explain what it does. + +However, sometimes it is useful to write one line to describe the +overall purpose of a batch of changes. + +The easiest way to add an entry to @file{ChangeLog} is with the Emacs +command @kbd{M-x add-change-log-entry}. An entry should have an +asterisk, the name of the changed file, and then in parentheses the name +of the changed functions, variables or whatever, followed by a colon. +Then describe the changes you made to that function or variable. + +@node Style of Change Logs +@subsection Style of Change Logs + +Here are some examples of change log entries: + +@example +* register.el (insert-register): Return nil. +(jump-to-register): Likewise. + +* sort.el (sort-subr): Return nil. + +* tex-mode.el (tex-bibtex-file, tex-file, tex-region): +Restart the tex shell if process is gone or stopped. +(tex-shell-running): New function. + +* expr.c (store_one_arg): Round size up for move_block_to_reg. +(expand_call): Round up when emitting USE insns. +* stmt.c (assign_parms): Round size up for move_block_from_reg. +@end example + +It's important to name the changed function or variable in full. Don't +abbreviate function or variable names, and don't combine them. +Subsequent maintainers will often search for a function name to find all +the change log entries that pertain to it; if you abbreviate the name, +they won't find it when they search. + +For example, some people are tempted to abbreviate groups of function +names by writing @samp{* register.el (@{insert,jump-to@}-register)}; +this is not a good idea, since searching for @code{jump-to-register} or +@code{insert-register} would not find that entry. + +Separate unrelated change log entries with blank lines. When two +entries represent parts of the same change, so that they work together, +then don't put blank lines between them. Then you can omit the file +name and the asterisk when successive entries are in the same file. + +@node Simple Changes +@subsection Simple Changes + +Certain simple kinds of changes don't need much detail in the change +log. + +When you change the calling sequence of a function in a simple fashion, +and you change all the callers of the function, there is no need to make +individual entries for all the callers that you changed. Just write in +the entry for the function being called, ``All callers changed.'' + +@example +* keyboard.c (Fcommand_execute): New arg SPECIAL. +All callers changed. +@end example + +When you change just comments or doc strings, it is enough to write an +entry for the file, without mentioning the functions. Just ``Doc +fixes'' is enough for the change log. + +There's no need to make change log entries for documentation files. +This is because documentation is not susceptible to bugs that are hard +to fix. Documentation does not consist of parts that must interact in a +precisely engineered fashion. To correct an error, you need not know +the history of the erroneous passage; it is enough to compare what the +documentation says with the way the program actually works. + +@node Conditional Changes +@subsection Conditional Changes + +C programs often contain compile-time @code{#if} conditionals. Many +changes are conditional; sometimes you add a new definition which is +entirely contained in a conditional. It is very useful to indicate in +the change log the conditions for which the change applies. + +Our convention for indicating conditional changes is to use square +brackets around the name of the condition. + +Here is a simple example, describing a change which is conditional but +does not have a function or entity name associated with it: + +@example +* xterm.c [SOLARIS2]: Include string.h. +@end example + +Here is an entry describing a new definition which is entirely +conditional. This new definition for the macro @code{FRAME_WINDOW_P} is +used only when @code{HAVE_X_WINDOWS} is defined: + +@example +* frame.h [HAVE_X_WINDOWS] (FRAME_WINDOW_P): Macro defined. +@end example + +Here is an entry for a change within the function @code{init_display}, +whose definition as a whole is unconditional, but the changes themselves +are contained in a @samp{#ifdef HAVE_LIBNCURSES} conditional: + +@example +* dispnew.c (init_display) [HAVE_LIBNCURSES]: If X, call tgetent. +@end example + +Here is an entry for a change that takes affect only when +a certain macro is @emph{not} defined: + +@example +(gethostname) [!HAVE_SOCKETS]: Replace with winsock version. +@end example + +@node Man Pages +@section Man Pages + +In the GNU project, man pages are secondary. It is not necessary or +expected for every GNU program to have a man page, but some of them do. +It's your choice whether to include a man page in your program. + +When you make this decision, consider that supporting a man page +requires continual effort each time the program is changed. The time +you spend on the man page is time taken away from more useful work. + +For a simple program which changes little, updating the man page may be +a small job. Then there is little reason not to include a man page, if +you have one. + +For a large program that changes a great deal, updating a man page may +be a substantial burden. If a user offers to donate a man page, you may +find this gift costly to accept. It may be better to refuse the man +page unless the same person agrees to take full responsibility for +maintaining it---so that you can wash your hands of it entirely. If +this volunteer later ceases to do the job, then don't feel obliged to +pick it up yourself; it may be better to withdraw the man page from the +distribution until someone else agrees to update it. + +When a program changes only a little, you may feel that the +discrepancies are small enough that the man page remains useful without +updating. If so, put a prominent note near the beginning of the man +page explaining that you don't maintain it and that the Texinfo manual +is more authoritative. The note should say how to access the Texinfo +documentation. + +@node Reading other Manuals +@section Reading other Manuals + +There may be non-free books or documentation files that describe the +program you are documenting. + +It is ok to use these documents for reference, just as the author of a +new algebra textbook can read other books on algebra. A large portion +of any non-fiction book consists of facts, in this case facts about how +a certain program works, and these facts are necessarily the same for +everyone who writes about the subject. But be careful not to copy your +outline structure, wording, tables or examples from preexisting non-free +documentation. Copying from free documentation may be ok; please check +with the FSF about the individual case. + +@node Managing Releases +@chapter The Release Process + +Making a release is more than just bundling up your source files in a +tar file and putting it up for FTP. You should set up your software so +that it can be configured to run on a variety of systems. Your Makefile +should conform to the GNU standards described below, and your directory +layout should also conform to the standards discussed below. Doing so +makes it easy to include your package into the larger framework of +all GNU software. + +@menu +* Configuration:: How Configuration Should Work +* Makefile Conventions:: Makefile Conventions +* Releases:: Making Releases +@end menu + +@node Configuration +@section How Configuration Should Work + +Each GNU distribution should come with a shell script named +@code{configure}. This script is given arguments which describe the +kind of machine and system you want to compile the program for. + +The @code{configure} script must record the configuration options so +that they affect compilation. + +One way to do this is to make a link from a standard name such as +@file{config.h} to the proper configuration file for the chosen system. +If you use this technique, the distribution should @emph{not} contain a +file named @file{config.h}. This is so that people won't be able to +build the program without configuring it first. + +Another thing that @code{configure} can do is to edit the Makefile. If +you do this, the distribution should @emph{not} contain a file named +@file{Makefile}. Instead, it should include a file @file{Makefile.in} which +contains the input used for editing. Once again, this is so that people +won't be able to build the program without configuring it first. + +If @code{configure} does write the @file{Makefile}, then @file{Makefile} +should have a target named @file{Makefile} which causes @code{configure} +to be rerun, setting up the same configuration that was set up last +time. The files that @code{configure} reads should be listed as +dependencies of @file{Makefile}. + +All the files which are output from the @code{configure} script should +have comments at the beginning explaining that they were generated +automatically using @code{configure}. This is so that users won't think +of trying to edit them by hand. + +The @code{configure} script should write a file named @file{config.status} +which describes which configuration options were specified when the +program was last configured. This file should be a shell script which, +if run, will recreate the same configuration. + +The @code{configure} script should accept an option of the form +@samp{--srcdir=@var{dirname}} to specify the directory where sources are found +(if it is not the current directory). This makes it possible to build +the program in a separate directory, so that the actual source directory +is not modified. + +If the user does not specify @samp{--srcdir}, then @code{configure} should +check both @file{.} and @file{..} to see if it can find the sources. If +it finds the sources in one of these places, it should use them from +there. Otherwise, it should report that it cannot find the sources, and +should exit with nonzero status. + +Usually the easy way to support @samp{--srcdir} is by editing a +definition of @code{VPATH} into the Makefile. Some rules may need to +refer explicitly to the specified source directory. To make this +possible, @code{configure} can add to the Makefile a variable named +@code{srcdir} whose value is precisely the specified directory. + +The @code{configure} script should also take an argument which specifies the +type of system to build the program for. This argument should look like +this: + +@example +@var{cpu}-@var{company}-@var{system} +@end example + +For example, a Sun 3 might be @samp{m68k-sun-sunos4.1}. + +The @code{configure} script needs to be able to decode all plausible +alternatives for how to describe a machine. Thus, @samp{sun3-sunos4.1} +would be a valid alias. For many programs, @samp{vax-dec-ultrix} would +be an alias for @samp{vax-dec-bsd}, simply because the differences +between Ultrix and @sc{BSD} are rarely noticeable, but a few programs +might need to distinguish them. +@c Real 4.4BSD now runs on some Suns. + +There is a shell script called @file{config.sub} that you can use +as a subroutine to validate system types and canonicalize aliases. + +Other options are permitted to specify in more detail the software +or hardware present on the machine, and include or exclude optional +parts of the package: + +@table @samp +@item --enable-@var{feature}@r{[}=@var{parameter}@r{]} +Configure the package to build and install an optional user-level +facility called @var{feature}. This allows users to choose which +optional features to include. Giving an optional @var{parameter} of +@samp{no} should omit @var{feature}, if it is built by default. + +No @samp{--enable} option should @strong{ever} cause one feature to +replace another. No @samp{--enable} option should ever substitute one +useful behavior for another useful behavior. The only proper use for +@samp{--enable} is for questions of whether to build part of the program +or exclude it. + +@item --with-@var{package} +@c @r{[}=@var{parameter}@r{]} +The package @var{package} will be installed, so configure this package +to work with @var{package}. + +@c Giving an optional @var{parameter} of +@c @samp{no} should omit @var{package}, if it is used by default. + +Possible values of @var{package} include +@samp{gnu-as} (or @samp{gas}), @samp{gnu-ld}, @samp{gnu-libc}, +@samp{gdb}, +@samp{x}, +and +@samp{x-toolkit}. + +Do not use a @samp{--with} option to specify the file name to use to +find certain files. That is outside the scope of what @samp{--with} +options are for. + +@item --nfp +The target machine has no floating point processor. + +@item --gas +The target machine assembler is GAS, the GNU assembler. +This is obsolete; users should use @samp{--with-gnu-as} instead. + +@item --x +The target machine has the X Window System installed. +This is obsolete; users should use @samp{--with-x} instead. +@end table + +All @code{configure} scripts should accept all of these ``detail'' +options, whether or not they make any difference to the particular +package at hand. In particular, they should accept any option that +starts with @samp{--with-} or @samp{--enable-}. This is so users will +be able to configure an entire GNU source tree at once with a single set +of options. + +You will note that the categories @samp{--with-} and @samp{--enable-} +are narrow: they @strong{do not} provide a place for any sort of option +you might think of. That is deliberate. We want to limit the possible +configuration options in GNU software. We do not want GNU programs to +have idiosyncratic configuration options. + +Packages that perform part of the compilation process may support cross-compilation. +In such a case, the host and target machines for the program may be +different. The @code{configure} script should normally treat the +specified type of system as both the host and the target, thus producing +a program which works for the same type of machine that it runs on. + +The way to build a cross-compiler, cross-assembler, or what have you, is +to specify the option @samp{--host=@var{hosttype}} when running +@code{configure}. This specifies the host system without changing the +type of target system. The syntax for @var{hosttype} is the same as +described above. + +Bootstrapping a cross-compiler requires compiling it on a machine other +than the host it will run on. Compilation packages accept a +configuration option @samp{--build=@var{hosttype}} for specifying the +configuration on which you will compile them, in case that is different +from the host. + +Programs for which cross-operation is not meaningful need not accept the +@samp{--host} option, because configuring an entire operating system for +cross-operation is not a meaningful thing. + +Some programs have ways of configuring themselves automatically. If +your program is set up to do this, your @code{configure} script can simply +ignore most of its arguments. + +@comment The makefile standards are in a separate file that is also +@comment included by make.texinfo. Done by roland@gnu.ai.mit.edu on 1/6/93. +@comment For this document, turn chapters into sections, etc. +@lowersections +@include make-stds.texi +@raisesections + +@node Releases +@section Making Releases + +Package the distribution of @code{Foo version 69.96} up in a gzipped tar +file with the name @file{foo-69.96.tar.gz}. It should unpack into a +subdirectory named @file{foo-69.96}. + +Building and installing the program should never modify any of the files +contained in the distribution. This means that all the files that form +part of the program in any way must be classified into @dfn{source +files} and @dfn{non-source files}. Source files are written by humans +and never changed automatically; non-source files are produced from +source files by programs under the control of the Makefile. + +Naturally, all the source files must be in the distribution. It is okay +to include non-source files in the distribution, provided they are +up-to-date and machine-independent, so that building the distribution +normally will never modify them. We commonly include non-source files +produced by Bison, @code{lex}, @TeX{}, and @code{makeinfo}; this helps avoid +unnecessary dependencies between our distributions, so that users can +install whichever packages they want to install. + +Non-source files that might actually be modified by building and +installing the program should @strong{never} be included in the +distribution. So if you do distribute non-source files, always make +sure they are up to date when you make a new distribution. + +Make sure that the directory into which the distribution unpacks (as +well as any subdirectories) are all world-writable (octal mode 777). +This is so that old versions of @code{tar} which preserve the +ownership and permissions of the files from the tar archive will be +able to extract all the files even if the user is unprivileged. + +Make sure that all the files in the distribution are world-readable. + +Make sure that no file name in the distribution is more than 14 +characters long. Likewise, no file created by building the program +should have a name longer than 14 characters. The reason for this is +that some systems adhere to a foolish interpretation of the POSIX +standard, and refuse to open a longer name, rather than truncating as +they did in the past. + +Don't include any symbolic links in the distribution itself. If the tar +file contains symbolic links, then people cannot even unpack it on +systems that don't support symbolic links. Also, don't use multiple +names for one file in different directories, because certain file +systems cannot handle this and that prevents unpacking the +distribution. + +Try to make sure that all the file names will be unique on MS-DOS. A +name on MS-DOS consists of up to 8 characters, optionally followed by a +period and up to three characters. MS-DOS will truncate extra +characters both before and after the period. Thus, +@file{foobarhacker.c} and @file{foobarhacker.o} are not ambiguous; they +are truncated to @file{foobarha.c} and @file{foobarha.o}, which are +distinct. + +Include in your distribution a copy of the @file{texinfo.tex} you used +to test print any @file{*.texinfo} or @file{*.texi} files. + +Likewise, if your program uses small GNU software packages like regex, +getopt, obstack, or termcap, include them in the distribution file. +Leaving them out would make the distribution file a little smaller at +the expense of possible inconvenience to a user who doesn't know what +other files to get. + +@contents + +@bye +Local variables: +update-date-leading-regexp: "@c This date is automagically updated when you save this file:\n@set lastupdate " +update-date-trailing-regexp: "" +eval: (load "/gd/gnuorg/update-date.el") +eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'update-date) +End: |