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-\input texinfo.tex
-@setfilename bfd.info
-@c Copyright 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c
-@tex
-% NOTE LOCAL KLUGE TO AVOID TOO MUCH WHITESPACE
-\global\long\def\example{%
-\begingroup
-\let\aboveenvbreak=\par
-\let\afterenvbreak=\par
-\parskip=0pt
-\lisp}
-\global\long\def\Eexample{%
-\Elisp
-\endgroup
-\vskip -\parskip% to cancel out effect of following \par
-}
-@end tex
-@synindex fn cp
-
-@ifinfo
-@format
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-@end format
-@end ifinfo
-
-@ifinfo
-This file documents the BFD library.
-
-Copyright (C) 1991, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
- Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
- section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-@end ignore
-@end ifinfo
-@iftex
-@c@finalout
-@setchapternewpage on
-@c@setchapternewpage odd
-@settitle LIB BFD, the Binary File Descriptor Library
-@titlepage
-@title{libbfd}
-@subtitle{The Binary File Descriptor Library}
-@sp 1
-@subtitle First Edition---BFD version < 3.0
-@subtitle April 1991
-@author {Steve Chamberlain}
-@author {Cygnus Support}
-@page
-
-@tex
-\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
-\xdef\manvers{\$Revision$} % For use in headers, footers too
-{\parskip=0pt
-\hfill Cygnus Support\par
-\hfill sac\@cygnus.com\par
-\hfill {\it BFD}, \manvers\par
-\hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
-}
-\global\parindent=0pt % Steve likes it this way
-@end tex
-
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
- Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
- section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-
-@end titlepage
-@end iftex
-
-@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
-@ifinfo
-This file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd.
-@end ifinfo
-
-@menu
-* Overview:: Overview of BFD
-* BFD front end:: BFD front end
-* BFD back ends:: BFD back ends
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
-* Index:: Index
-@end menu
-
-@node Overview, BFD front end, Top, Top
-@chapter Introduction
-@cindex BFD
-@cindex what is it?
-BFD is a package which allows applications to use the
-same routines to operate on object files whatever the object file
-format. A new object file format can be supported simply by
-creating a new BFD back end and adding it to the library.
-
-BFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one for
-each object file format).
-@itemize @bullet
-@item The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages
-memory and various canonical data structures. The front end also
-decides which back end to use and when to call back end routines.
-@item The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back
-end provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to maintain
-its canonical form. The back ends also may keep around information for
-their own use, for greater efficiency.
-@end itemize
-@menu
-* History:: History
-* How It Works:: How It Works
-* What BFD Version 2 Can Do:: What BFD Version 2 Can Do
-@end menu
-
-@node History, How It Works, Overview, Overview
-@section History
-
-One spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at
-Intel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and
-b.out file formats. Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and
-was contracted to provide the required functionality.
-
-The name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with Richard
-Stallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite hard---David
-said ``BFD''. Stallman was right, but the name stuck.
-
-At the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for
-different object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k
-coff.
-
-BFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve
-Chamberlain (@code{sac@@cygnus.com}), John Gilmore
-(@code{gnu@@cygnus.com}), K. Richard Pixley (@code{rich@@cygnus.com})
-and David Henkel-Wallace (@code{gumby@@cygnus.com}).
-
-
-
-@node How It Works, What BFD Version 2 Can Do, History, Overview
-@section How To Use BFD
-
-To use the library, include @file{bfd.h} and link with @file{libbfd.a}.
-
-BFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file
-for a calling application.
-
-When an application sucessfully opens a target file (object, archive, or
-whatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned. This pointer
-points to a structure called @code{bfd}, described in
-@file{bfd.h}. Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and
-instances of it within code @code{abfd}. All operations on
-the target object file are applied as methods to the BFD. The mapping is
-defined within @code{bfd.h} in a set of macros, all beginning
-with @samp{bfd_} to reduce namespace pollution.
-
-For example, this sequence does what you would probably expect:
-return the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD
-@code{abfd}.
-
-@lisp
-@c @cartouche
-#include "bfd.h"
-
-unsigned int number_of_sections(abfd)
-bfd *abfd;
-@{
- return bfd_count_sections(abfd);
-@}
-@c @end cartouche
-@end lisp
-
-The abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-a header,
-@item
-a number of sections containing raw data (@pxref{Sections}),
-@item
-a set of relocations (@pxref{Relocations}), and
-@item
-some symbol information (@pxref{Symbols}).
-@end itemize
-@noindent
-Also, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an index
-and contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and coff,
-but loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and
-IEEE-695.
-
-@node What BFD Version 2 Can Do, , How It Works, Overview
-@section What BFD Version 2 Can Do
-@include bfdsumm.texi
-
-@node BFD front end, BFD back ends, Overview, Top
-@chapter BFD front end
-@include bfdt.texi
-
-@menu
-* Memory Usage::
-* Initialization::
-* Sections::
-* Symbols::
-* Archives::
-* Formats::
-* Relocations::
-* Core Files::
-* Targets::
-* Architectures::
-* Opening and Closing::
-* Internal::
-* File Caching::
-* Linker Functions::
-* Hash Tables::
-@end menu
-
-@node Memory Usage, Initialization, BFD front end, BFD front end
-@section Memory usage
-BFD keeps all of its internal structures in obstacks. There is one obstack
-per open BFD file, into which the current state is stored. When a BFD is
-closed, the obstack is deleted, and so everything which has been
-allocated by BFD for the closing file is thrown away.
-
-BFD does not free anything created by an application, but pointers into
-@code{bfd} structures become invalid on a @code{bfd_close}; for example,
-after a @code{bfd_close} the vector passed to
-@code{bfd_canonicalize_symtab} is still around, since it has been
-allocated by the application, but the data that it pointed to are
-lost.
-
-The general rule is to not close a BFD until all operations dependent
-upon data from the BFD have been completed, or all the data from within
-the file has been copied. To help with the management of memory, there
-is a function (@code{bfd_alloc_size}) which returns the number of bytes
-in obstacks associated with the supplied BFD. This could be used to
-select the greediest open BFD, close it to reclaim the memory, perform
-some operation and reopen the BFD again, to get a fresh copy of the data
-structures.
-
-@node Initialization, Sections, Memory Usage, BFD front end
-@include init.texi
-
-@node Sections, Symbols, Initialization, BFD front end
-@include section.texi
-
-@node Symbols, Archives, Sections, BFD front end
-@include syms.texi
-
-@node Archives, Formats, Symbols, BFD front end
-@include archive.texi
-
-@node Formats, Relocations, Archives, BFD front end
-@include format.texi
-
-@node Relocations, Core Files, Formats, BFD front end
-@include reloc.texi
-
-@node Core Files, Targets, Relocations, BFD front end
-@include core.texi
-
-@node Targets, Architectures, Core Files, BFD front end
-@include targets.texi
-
-@node Architectures, Opening and Closing, Targets, BFD front end
-@include archures.texi
-
-@node Opening and Closing, Internal, Architectures, BFD front end
-@include opncls.texi
-
-@node Internal, File Caching, Opening and Closing, BFD front end
-@include libbfd.texi
-
-@node File Caching, Linker Functions, Internal, BFD front end
-@include cache.texi
-
-@node Linker Functions, Hash Tables, File Caching, BFD front end
-@include linker.texi
-
-@node Hash Tables, , Linker Functions, BFD front end
-@include hash.texi
-
-@node BFD back ends, GNU Free Documentation License, BFD front end, Top
-@chapter BFD back ends
-@menu
-* What to Put Where::
-* aout :: a.out backends
-* coff :: coff backends
-* elf :: elf backends
-@ignore
-* oasys :: oasys backends
-* ieee :: ieee backend
-* srecord :: s-record backend
-@end ignore
-@end menu
-@node What to Put Where, aout, BFD back ends, BFD back ends
-All of BFD lives in one directory.
-
-@node aout, coff, What to Put Where, BFD back ends
-@include aoutx.texi
-
-@node coff, elf, aout, BFD back ends
-@include coffcode.texi
-
-@node elf, , coff, BFD back ends
-@include elf.texi
-@c Leave this out until the file has some actual contents...
-@c @include elfcode.texi
-
-@node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, BFD back ends, Top
-@chapter GNU Free Documentation License
-@cindex GNU Free Documentation License
-
- GNU Free Documentation License
-
- Version 1.1, March 2000
-
- Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
-
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-
-
-0. PREAMBLE
-
-The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
-written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
-the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
-modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
-this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
-credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
-modifications made by others.
-
-This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
-works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
-complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
-license designed for free software.
-
-We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
-software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
-program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
-software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
-it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
-whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
-principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-
-
-1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-
-This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
-notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
-under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
-such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
-addressed as "you".
-
-A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
-Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
-modifications and/or translated into another language.
-
-A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
-the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
-publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
-(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
-within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
-textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
-mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
-connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
-commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
-them.
-
-The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
-are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
-that says that the Document is released under this License.
-
-The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
-as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
-the Document is released under this License.
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-The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
-plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
-this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
-formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
-the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
-preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
-
-
-2. VERBATIM COPYING
-
-You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
-commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
-copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
-to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
-conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
-technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
-copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
-compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
-number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
-
-You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
-you may publicly display copies.
-
-
-3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
-
-If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
-and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
-the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
-Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
-the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
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-the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
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-Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
-the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
-as verbatim copying in other respects.
-
-If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
-legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
-reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
-pages.
-
-If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
-more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
-copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
-a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
-Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
-general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
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-until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
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-
-It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
-Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
-them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
-
-
-4. MODIFICATIONS
-
-You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
-the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
-the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
-Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
-and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
-of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
-
-A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
- from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
- (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
- of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
- if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
-B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
- responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
- Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
- Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
-C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
- Modified Version, as the publisher.
-D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
-E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
- adjacent to the other copyright notices.
-F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
- giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
- terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
-G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
- and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
-H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
-I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
- it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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- there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
- stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
- given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
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-J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
- public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
- the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
- it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
- You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
- least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
- publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
-K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
- preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
- substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
- and/or dedications given therein.
-L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
-M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
- may not be included in the Modified Version.
-N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
- or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
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-If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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-copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
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-You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
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-passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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-imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
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-5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
-
-You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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-In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
-in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
-"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
-and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
-entitled "Endorsements."
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-6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
-
-You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
-released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
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-You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
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-7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
-
-A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
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-distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
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-8. TRANSLATION
-
-Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
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-Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
-permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
-translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
-original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
-translation of this License provided that you also include the
-original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
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-License, the original English version will prevail.
-
-
-9. TERMINATION
-
-You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
-as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
-copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
-automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
-parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
-License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
-parties remain in full compliance.
-
-
-10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
-
-The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
-of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
-versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
-differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
-http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
-
-Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
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-number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
-as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
-
-
-ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
-
-To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
-the License in the document and put the following copyright and
-license notices just after the title page:
-
-@smallexample
- Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
- Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
- Free Documentation License".
-@end smallexample
-
-If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
-instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
-Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
-"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
-
-If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
-to permit their use in free software.
-
-@node Index, , GNU Free Documentation License , Top
-@unnumbered Index
-@printindex cp
-
-@tex
-% I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the
-% meantime:
-\long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
-\centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
-\centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}
-\centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}
-\centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}
-\centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/} and}
-\centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
-\centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
-\page\colophon
-% Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 28mar91.
-@end tex
-
-@contents
-@bye