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diff --git a/doc/gdbm.info b/doc/gdbm.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cea73e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/gdbm.info @@ -0,0 +1,2327 @@ +This is gdbm.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gdbm.texinfo. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming & development tools +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* GDBM: (gdbm). The GNU database manager. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + This file documents the GNU dbm utility. + + Copyright (C) 1989-1999, 2007, 2008, 2009-2011 Free Software +Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being "The GNU Database +Manager," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the +license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation +License." + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and +modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (dir) + +The GNU database manager. +************************* + +GNU `dbm' is a library of functions implementing a hashed database on a +disk file. This manual documents GNU `dbm' Version 1.10 (`gdbm'). The +software was originally written by Philip A. Nelson. This document +was originally written by Pierre Gaumond from texts written by Phil. + +* Menu: + +Introduction: + +* Copying:: Your rights. +* Intro:: Introduction to GNU dbm. +* List:: List of functions. + +Functions: + +* Open:: Opening the database. +* Close:: Closing the database. +* Store:: Inserting and replacing records in the database. +* Fetch:: Searching records in the database. +* Delete:: Removing records from the database. +* Sequential:: Sequential access to records. +* Reorganization:: Database reorganization. +* Sync:: Insure all writes to disk have competed. +* Flat files:: Export and import to Flat file format. +* Errors:: Convert internal error codes into English. +* Options:: Setting internal options. +* Locking:: File locking. + +Programs + +* testgdbm:: Test and modify a GDBM database. +* gdbmexport:: Export a database into a portable format. + +Other topics: + +* Error codes:: Error codes returned by `gdbm' calls. +* Variables:: Two useful variables. +* Compatibility:: Compatibility with UNIX dbm and ndbm. +* Bugs:: Problems and bugs. +* Resources:: Additional resources, + +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Document license. +* Index:: Index + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Copying, Next: Intro, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Copying Conditions. +********************* + +This library is "free"; this means that everyone is free to use it and +free to redistribute it on a free basis. GNU `dbm' (`gdbm') is not in +the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its +distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything +that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed +is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of `gdbm' +that they might get from you. + + Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give +away copies `gdbm', that you receive source code or else can get it if +you want it, that you can change these functions or use pieces of them +in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things. + + To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to +deprive anyone else of these rights. For example, if you distribute +copies `gdbm', you must give the recipients all the rights that you +have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source +code. And you must tell them their rights. + + Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone +finds out that there is no warranty for anything in the `gdbm' +distribution. If these functions are modified by someone else and +passed on, we want their recipients to know that what they have is not +what we distributed, so that any problems introduced by others will not +reflect on our reputation. + + `Gdbm' is currently distributed under the terms of the GNU General +Public License, Version 3. (_NOT_ under the GNU General Library Public +License.) A copy the GNU General Public License is included with the +distribution of `gdbm'. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Intro, Next: List, Prev: Copying, Up: Top + +2 Introduction to GNU `dbm'. +**************************** + +GNU `dbm' (`gdbm') is a library of database functions that use +extensible hashing and works similar to the standard UNIX `dbm' +functions. These routines are provided to a programmer needing to +create and manipulate a hashed database. (`gdbm' is _NOT_ a complete +database package for an end user.) + + The basic use of `gdbm' is to store key/data pairs in a data file. +Each key must be unique and each key is paired with only one data item. +The keys can not be directly accessed in sorted order. The basic unit +of data in `gdbm' is the structure: + + typedef struct { + char *dptr; + int dsize; + } datum; + + This structure allows for arbitrary sized keys and data items. + + The key/data pairs are stored in a `gdbm' disk file, called a `gdbm' +database. An application must open a `gdbm' database to be able +manipulate the keys and data contained in the database. `gdbm' allows +an application to have multiple databases open at the same time. When +an application opens a `gdbm' database, it is designated as a `reader' +or a `writer'. A `gdbm' database can be opened by at most one writer +at a time. However, many readers may open the database simultaneously. +Readers and writers can not open the `gdbm' database at the same time. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: List, Next: Open, Prev: Intro, Up: Top + +3 List of functions. +******************** + +The following is a quick list of the functions contained in the `gdbm' +library. The include file `gdbm.h', that can be included by the user, +contains a definition of these functions. + + #include <gdbm.h> + + GDBM_FILE gdbm_open(name, block_size, flags, mode, fatal_func); + void gdbm_close(dbf); + int gdbm_store(dbf, key, content, flag); + datum gdbm_fetch(dbf, key); + int gdbm_delete(dbf, key); + datum gdbm_firstkey(dbf); + datum gdbm_nextkey(dbf, key); + int gdbm_reorganize(dbf); + void gdbm_sync(dbf); + int gdbm_exists(dbf, key); + char *gdbm_strerror(errno); + int gdbm_setopt(dbf, option, value, size); + int gdbm_fdesc(dbf); + + The `gdbm.h' include file is often in the `/usr/local/include' +directory. (The actual location of `gdbm.h' depends on your local +installation of `gdbm'.) + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Open, Next: Close, Prev: List, Up: Top + +4 Opening the database. +*********************** + + -- gdbm interface: GDBM_FILE gdbm_open (const char *NAME, int + BLOCK_SIZE, int FLAGS, int MODE, void (*fatal_func)(const + char *)) + Initializes `gdbm' system. If the file has a size of zero bytes, + a file initialization procedure is performed, setting up the + initial structure in the file. + + The arguments are: + + NAME + The name of the file (the complete name, `gdbm' does not + append any characters to this name). + + BLOCK_SIZE + It is used during initialization to determine the size of + various constructs. It is the size of a single transfer from + disk to memory. This parameter is ignored if the file has + been previously initialized. The minimum size is 512. If + the value is less than 512, the file system block size is + used, otherwise the value of BLOCK_SIZE is used. + + FLAGS + If `flags' is set to `GDBM_READER', the user wants to just + read the database and any call to `gdbm_store' or + `gdbm_delete' will fail. Many readers can access the + database at the same time. If `flags' is set to + `GDBM_WRITER', the user wants both read and write access to + the database and requires exclusive access. If `flags' is set + to `GDBM_WRCREAT', the user wants both read and write access + to the database and wants it created if it does not already + exist. If `flags' is set to `GDBM_NEWDB', the user want a + new database created, regardless of whether one existed, and + wants read and write access to the new database. + + The following may also be logically or'd into the database + flags: `GDBM_SYNC', which causes all database operations to be + synchronized to the disk, `GDBM_NOLOCK', which prevents the + library from performing any locking on the database file, and + `GDBM_NOMMAP', which disables the memory mapping mechanism. + The option `GDBM_FAST' is now obsolete, since `gdbm' defaults + to no-sync mode. + + If the host `open' call (*note open: (open(2))open.) + supports the `O_CLOEXEC' flag, the `GDBM_CLOEXEC' can be or'd + into the flags, to enable the close-on-exec flag for the + database file descriptor. + + MODE + File mode (see *note change permissions of a file: + (chmod(2))chmod, and *note open a file: (open(2))open.), + which is used if the file is created). + + FATAL_FUNC + A function for `gdbm' to call if it detects a fatal error. + The only parameter of this function is a string. If the + value of `NULL' is provided, `gdbm' will use a default + function. + + The return value, is the pointer needed by all other functions to + access that `gdbm' file. If the return is the `NULL' pointer, + `gdbm_open' was not successful. The errors can be found in + `gdbm_errno' variable (*note gdbm_errno: Variables.). Available + error codes are discussed in *note Error codes::. + + In all of the following calls, the parameter DBF refers to the + pointer returned from `gdbm_open'. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Close, Next: Store, Prev: Open, Up: Top + +5 Closing the database. +*********************** + +It is important that every file opened is also closed. This is needed +to update the reader/writer count on the file: + + -- gdbm interface: void gdbm_close (GDBM_FILE DBF) + This function closes the `gdbm' file and frees all memory + associated with it. The parameter is: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Store, Next: Fetch, Prev: Close, Up: Top + +6 Inserting and replacing records in the database. +************************************************** + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_store (GDBM_FILE DBF, datum KEY, datum + CONTENT, int FLAG) + The function `gdbm_store' inserts or replaces records in the + database. + + The parameters are: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + KEY + The search key. + + CONTENT + The data to be associated with the key. + + FLAG + Defines the action to take when the key is already in the + database. The value `GDBM_REPLACE' (defined in `gdbm.h') + asks that the old data be replaced by the new CONTENT. The + value `GDBM_INSERT' asks that an error be returned and no + action taken if the KEY already exists. + + This function can return the following values: + + -1 + The item was not stored in the database because the caller + was not an official writer or either KEY or CONTENT have a + `NULL' `dptr' field. + + Both KEY and CONTENT must have the `dptr' field be a + non-`NULL' value. Since a `NULL' `dptr' field is used by + other functions to indicate an error, it cannot be valid data. + + +1 + The item was not stored because the argument FLAG was + `GDBM_INSERT' and the KEY was already in the database. + + 0 + No error. The value of CONTENT is keyed by KEY. The file on + disk is updated to reflect the structure of the new database + before returning from this function. + +If you store data for a KEY that is already in the data base, `gdbm' +replaces the old data with the new data if called with `GDBM_REPLACE'. +You do not get two data items for the same `key' and you do not get an +error from `gdbm_store'. + + The size in `gdbm' is not restricted like `dbm' or `ndbm'. Your +data can be as large as you want. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Fetch, Next: Delete, Prev: Store, Up: Top + +7 Searching for records in the database. +**************************************** + + -- gdbm interface: datum gdbm_fetch (GDBM_FILE DBF, datum KEY) + Looks up a given KEY and returns the information associated with + it. The `dptr' field in the structure that is returned points to a + memory block allocated by `malloc'. It is the caller's + responsibility to free it when no longer needed. + + If the `dptr' is `NULL', no data was found. + + The parameters are: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + KEY + The search key. + +An example of using this function: + + content = gdbm_fetch (dbf, key); + if (content.dptr == NULL) + { + fprintf(stderr, "key not found\n"); + } + else + { + /* do something with content.dptr */ + } + + You may also search for a particular key without retrieving it: + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_exists (GDBM_FILE DBF, datum KEY) + Returns `true' (`1') if the KEY exists in DBF and `false' (`0') + otherwise. + + The parameters are: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + KEY + The search key. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Delete, Next: Sequential, Prev: Fetch, Up: Top + +8 Removing records from the database. +************************************* + +To remove some data from the database, use the `gdbm_delete' function. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_delete (GDBM_FILE DBF, datum KEY) + Deletes the data associated with the given KEY, if it exists in + the database DBF. The file on disk is updated to reflect the + structure of the new database before returning from this function. + + The parameters are: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + DATUM KEY + The search key. + + The function returns `-1' if the item is not present or the + requester is a reader. The return of `0' marks a successful + delete. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Sequential, Next: Reorganization, Prev: Delete, Up: Top + +9 Sequential access to records. +******************************* + +The next two functions allow for accessing all items in the database. +This access is not `key' sequential, but it is guaranteed to visit every +`key' in the database once. The order has to do with the hash values. +`gdbm_firstkey' starts the visit of all keys in the database. +`gdbm_nextkey' finds and reads the next entry in the hash structure for +`dbf'. + + -- gdbm interface: datum gdbm_firstkey (GDBM_FILE DBF) + Initiate sequential access to the database DBF. The returned + value is the first key accessed in the database. If the `dptr' + field in the returned datum is `NULL', the database contains no + data. + + Otherwise, `dptr' points to a memory block obtained from `malloc', + which holds the key value. The caller is responsible for freeing + this memory block when no longer needed. + + -- gdbm interface: datum gdbm_nextkey (GDBM_FILE DBF, datum PREV) + This function continues the iteration over the keys in DBF, + initiated by `gdbm_firstkey'. The parameter PREV holds the value + returned from a previous call to `gdbm_nextkey' or `gdbm_firstkey'. + + The function returns next key from the database. If the `dptr' + field in the returned datum is `NULL', all keys in the database + has been visited. + + Otherwise, `dptr' points to a memory block obtained from `malloc', + which holds the key value. The caller is responsible for freeing + this memory block when no longer needed. + + These functions were intended to visit the database in read-only +algorithms, for instance, to validate the database or similar +operations. The usual algorithm for sequential access is: + + key = gdbm_firstkey (dbf); + while (key.dptr) + { + datum nextkey; + + /* do something with the key */ + ... + + /* Obtain the next key */ + nextkey = gdbm_nextkey (dbf, key); + /* Reclaim the memory used by the key */ + free (key.dptr); + /* Use nextkey in the next iteration. */ + key = nextkey; + } + + Care should be taken when the `gdbm_delete' function is used in such +a loop. File visiting is based on a "hash table". The `gdbm_delete' +function re-arranges the hash table to make sure that any collisions in +the table do not leave some item "un-findable". The original key order +is _not_ guaranteed to remain unchanged in all instances. So it is +possible that some key will not be visited if a loop like the following +is executed: + + key = gdbm_firstkey (dbf); + while (key.dptr) + { + datum nextkey; + if (some condition) + { + gdbm_delete (dbf, key); + } + nextkey = gdbm_nextkey (dbf, key); + free (key.dptr); + key = nextkey; + } + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Reorganization, Next: Sync, Prev: Sequential, Up: Top + +10 Database reorganization. +*************************** + +The following function should be used very seldom. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_reorganize (GDBM_FILE DBF) + Reorganizes the database. + + The parameter is: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + If you have had a lot of deletions and would like to shrink the space +used by the `gdbm' file, this function will reorganize the database. +This results, in particular, in shortening the length of a `gdbm' file +by removing the space occupied by deleted records. + + This reorganization requires creating a new file and inserting all +the elements in the old file DBF into the new file. The new file is +then renamed to the same name as the old file and DBF is updated to +contain all the correct information about the new file. If an error is +detected, the return value is negative. The value zero is returned +after a successful reorganization. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Sync, Next: Flat files, Prev: Reorganization, Up: Top + +11 Database Synchronization +*************************** + +Unless your database was opened with the `GDBM_SYNC' flag, `gdbm' does +not wait for writes to be flushed to the disk before continuing. This +allows for faster writing of databases at the risk of having a +corrupted database if the application terminates in an abnormal +fashion. The following function allows the programmer to make sure the +disk version of the database has been completely updated with all +changes to the current time. + + -- gdbm interface: void gdbm_sync (GDBM_FILE DBF) + Synchronizes the changes in DBF with its disk file. The parameter + is a pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + This function would usually be called after a complete set of + changes have been made to the database and before some long + waiting time. The `gdbm_close' function automatically calls the + equivalent of `gdbm_sync' so no call is needed if the database is + to be closed immediately after the set of changes have been made. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Flat files, Next: Errors, Prev: Sync, Up: Top + +12 Export and Import +******************** + +`Gdbm' databases can be converted into a portable "flat format". This +format can be used, for example, to migrate between the different +versions of `gdbm' databases. Generally speaking, flat files are safe +to send over the network, and can be used to recreate the database on +another machine. The recreated database is guaranteed to be a +byte-to-byte equivalent of the database from which the flat file was +created. This does not necessarily mean, however, that this file can +be used in the same way as the original one. For example, if the +original database contained non-ASCII data (e.g. C structures, +integers etc.), the recreated database can be of any use only if the +target machine has the same integer size and byte ordering as the +source one and if its C compiler uses the same packing conventions as +the one which generated C which populated the original database. In +general, such binary databases are not portable between machines, +unless you follow some stringent rules on what data is written to them +and how it is interpreted. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_export (GDBM_FILE DBF, const char + *EXPORTFILE, int FLAG, int MODE) + Create a flat file from the `gdbm' database. The parameters are: + + DBF + A pointer to the source database, returned by a call to + `gdbm_open'. The database must be open in `GDBM_WRITER' mode. + + EXPORTFILE + The name of the output file. + + FLAG + How to create the output file. If FLAG is `GDBM_WRCREAT', + the file will be created if it does not exist already. + Otherwise, if it is `GDBM_NEWDB', it will be created if it + does not exist, and truncated otherwise. + + MODE + The permissions to use when creating the output file. See + *note open a file: (open(2))open, for a detailed discussion. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_import (GDBM_FILE DBF, const char + *IMPORTFILE, int FLAG) + Populates the database from an existing flat file. + + DBF + A pointer to the source database, returned by a call to + `gdbm_open'. The database must be open in `GDBM_WRITER' mode. + + IMPORTFILE + The name of the input flat file. The file must exist. + + FLAG + The FLAG argument to be passed to `gdbm_store' function when + adding new records. *Note Store::, for a description of its + effect. + + See also *note gdbmexport::, *note testgdbm export::, and *note +testgdbm import::. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Errors, Next: Options, Prev: Flat files, Up: Top + +13 Error strings. +***************** + +To convert a `gdbm' error code into English text, use this routine: + + -- gdbm interface: const char * gdbm_strerror (gdbm_error ERRNO) + Converts ERRNO (which is an integer value) into a human-readable + descriptive text. Returns a pointer to a static string. The + caller must not alter or free the returned pointer. + + The ERRNO argument is usually the value of the global variable + `gdbm_errno'. *Note gdbm_errno: Variables. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Options, Next: Locking, Prev: Errors, Up: Top + +14 Setting options +****************** + +`Gdbm' supports the ability to set certain options on an already open +database. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_setopt (GDBM_FILE DBF, int OPTION, void + *VALUE, int SIZE) + Sets an option on the database or returns the value of an option. + + The parameters are: + + DBF + The pointer returned by `gdbm_open'. + + OPTION + The option to be set or retreived. + + VALUE + A pointer to the value to which OPTION will be set or where to + place the option value (depending on the option). + + SIZE + The length of the data pointed to by VALUE. + + The valid options are: + +GDBM_SETCACHESIZE +GDBM_CACHESIZE + Set the size of the internal bucket cache. This option may only be + set once on each GDBM_FILE descriptor, and is set automatically to + 100 upon the first access to the database. The VALUE should point + to a `size_t' holding the desired cache size. + + The `GDBM_CACHESIZE' option is provided for compatibility with + earlier versions. + +GDBM_GETCACHESIZE + Return the size of the internal bucket cache. The VALUE should + point to a `size_t' variable, where the size will be stored. + +GDBM_GETFLAGS + Return the flags describing the state of the database. The VALUE + should point to a `int' variable where to store the flags. The + return is the same as the flags used when opening the database + (*note gdbm_open: Open.), except that it reflects the current + state (which may have been altered by another calls to + `gdbm_setopt'. + +GDBM_FASTMODE + Enable or disable the "fast writes mode", i.e. writes without + subsequent synchronization. The VALUE should point to an integer: + `TRUE' to enable fast mode, and `FALSE' to disable it. + + This option is retained for compatibility with previous versions of + `gdbm'. Its effect is the reverse of `GDBM_SETSYNCMODE' (see + below). + +GDBM_SETSYNCMODE +GDBM_SYNCMODE + Turn on or off file system synchronization operations. This + setting defaults to off. The VALUE should point to an integer: + `TRUE' to turn synchronization on, and `FALSE' to turn it off. + + Note, that this option is a reverse of `GDBM_FASTMODE', i.e. + calling `GDBM_SETSYNCMODE' with `TRUE' has the same effect as + calling `GDBM_FASTMODE' with `FALSE'. + + The `GDBM_SYNCMODE' option is provided for compatibility with + earlier versions. + +GDBM_GETSYNCMODE + Return the current synchronization status. The VALUE should point + to an `int' where the status will be stored. + +GDBM_SETCENTFREE +GDBM_CENTFREE + _NOTICE: This feature is still under study._ + + Set central free block pool to either on or off. The default is + off, which is how previous versions of `gdbm' handled free blocks. + If set, this option causes all subsequent free blocks to be placed + in the _global_ pool, allowing (in theory) more file space to be + reused more quickly. The VALUE should point to an integer: `TRUE' + to turn central block pool on, and `FALSE' to turn it off. + + The `GDBM_CENTFREE' option is provided for compatibility with + earlier versions. + +GDBM_SETCOALESCEBLKS +GDBM_COALESCEBLKS + _NOTICE: This feature is still under study._ + + Set free block merging to either on or off. The default is off, + which is how previous versions of `gdbm' handled free blocks. If + set, this option causes adjacent free blocks to be merged. This + can become a CPU expensive process with time, though, especially if + used in conjunction with GDBM_CENTFREE. The VALUE should point to + an integer: `TRUE' to turn free block merging on, and `FALSE' to + turn it off. + +GDBM_GETCOALESCEBLKS + Return the current status of free block merging. The VALUE should + point to an `int' where the status will be stored. + +GDBM_SETMAXMAPSIZE + Sets maximum size of a memory mapped region. The VALUE should + point to a value of type `size_t', `unsigned long' or `unsigned'. + The actual value is rounded to the nearest page boundary (the page + size is obtained from `sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)'). + +GDBM_GETMAXMAPSIZE + Return the maximum size of a memory mapped region. The VALUE + should point to a value of type `size_t' where to return the data. + +GDBM_SETMMAP + Enable or disable memory mapping mode. The VALUE should point to + an integer: `TRUE' to enable memory mapping or `FALSE' to disable + it. + +GDBM_GETMMAP + Check whether memory mapping is enabled. The VALUE should point + to an integer where to return the status. + +GDBM_GETDBNAME + Return the name of the database disk file. The VALUE should point + to a variable of type `char**'. A pointer to the newly allocated + copy of the file name will be placed there. The caller is + responsible for freeing this memory when no longer needed. For + example: + + char *name; + + if (gdbm_setopt (dbf, GDBM_GETDBNAME, &name, sizeof (name))) + { + fprintf (stderr, "gdbm_setopt failed: %s\n", + gdbm_strerror (gdbm_errno)); + } + else + { + printf ("database name: %s\n", name); + free (name); + } + + + The return value will be `-1' upon failure, or `0' upon success. +The global variable `gdbm_errno' will be set upon failure. + + For instance, to set a database to use a cache of 10, after opening +it with `gdbm_open', but prior to accessing it in any way, the following +code could be used: + + int value = 10; + ret = gdbm_setopt (dbf, GDBM_CACHESIZE, &value, sizeof (int)); + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Locking, Next: testgdbm, Prev: Options, Up: Top + +15 File Locking. +**************** + +With locking disabled (if `gdbm_open' was called with `GDBM_NOLOCK'), +the user may want to perform their own file locking on the database file +in order to prevent multiple writers operating on the same file +simultaneously. + + In order to support this, the `gdbm_fdesc' routine is provided. + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_fdesc (GDBM_FILE DBF) + Returns the file descriptor of the database DBF. This value can + be used as an argument to `flock', `lockf' or similar calls. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: testgdbm, Next: gdbmexport, Prev: Locking, Up: Top + +16 Test and modify a GDBM database. +*********************************** + +The `testgdbm' utility allows you to view and modify an existing GDBM +database or to create a new one. + + When invoked without options, it tries to open a database file called +`junk.gdbm', located in the current working directory. You can change +this default using the `-g' command line option. This option takes a +single argument, specifying the file name to open, e.g.: + + $ testgdbm -g file.db + + The database will be opened in read-write mode, unless the `-r' +option is specified, in which case it will be opened only for reading. + + If the database does not exist, `testgdbm' will create it. There is +a special option `-n', which instructs the utility to create a new +database. If it is used and if the database already exists, it will be +deleted, so use it sparingly. + +* Menu: + +* invocation:: +* shell:: + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: invocation, Next: shell, Up: testgdbm + +16.1 testgdbm invocation +======================== + +The following table summarizes all `testgdbm' command line options: + +`-b SIZE' + Set block size. + +`-c SIZE' + Set cache size. + +`-g FILE' + Operate on FILE instead of the default `junk.gdbm'. + +`-h' + Print a concise help summary. + +`-n' + Create the database. + +`-r' + Open the database in read-only mode. + +`-s' + Synchronize to the disk after each write. + +`-v' + Print program version and licensing information and exit. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: shell, Prev: invocation, Up: testgdbm + +16.2 testgdbm interactive mode +============================== + +After successful startup, `testgdbm' starts a loop, in which it reads +commands from the user, executes them and prints the results on the +standard output. If the standard input is attached to a console, +`testgdbm' runs in interactive mode, which is indicated by its "prompt": + + testgdbm> _ + + The utility finishes when it reads the `quit' command (see below) or +detects end-of-file on its standard input, whichever occurs first. + + A `testgdbm' command consists of a "command verb", optionally +followed by one or two "arguments", separated by any amount of white +space. A command verb can be entered either in full or in an +abbreviated form, as long as that abbreviation does not match any other +verb. For example, `co' can be used instead of `count' and `ca' +instead of `cache'. Furthermore, many command verbs also have +single-letter forms, called "command letters". + + An argument is any sequence of non-whitespace characters. Notice, +that currently there is no way to enter arguments containing white +space. This limitation will be removed in future releases. + + Each command takes at most two "formal parameters", which can be +optional or mandatory. If the number of actual arguments is less than +the number of mandatory parameters, `testgdbm' will prompt you to +supply missing arguments. For example, the `store' command takes two +mandatory parameters, so if you invoked it with no arguments, you would +be prompted twice to supply the necessary data, as shown in example +below: + + testgdbm> store + key> three + data> 3 + + However, such prompting is possible only in interactive mode. In +non-interactive mode (e.g. when running a script), all arguments must +be supplied with each command, otherwise `testgdbm' will report an +error and exit immediately. + + Some commands produce excessive amounts of output. To help you +follow it, `testgdbm' uses a pager utility to display such output. The +name of the pager utility is taken from the environment variable +`PAGER'. The pager is invoked only in interactive mode and only if the +estimated number of output lines is greater then the number of lines on +your screen. + + Many of the `testgdbm' commands operate on database key and data +values. The utility assumes that both keys and data are ASCII strings, +either nul-terminated or not. By default, it is assumed that strings +are nul-terminated. You can change this by using `z' (`key-zero', for +keys) and `Z' (`data-zero', for data) commands. + + The following table summarizes all available commands: + + -- command verb: count + -- command abbrev: co + -- command letter: c + Print the number of entries in the database. + + -- command verb: delete KEY + -- command abbrev: de KEY + -- command letter: d KEY + Delete entry with a given KEY + + -- command verb: export FILE-NAME [truncate] + -- command abbrev: e FILE-NAME [truncate] + Export the database to the flat file FILE-NAME. *Note Flat + files::, for a description of the flat file format and its + purposes. This command will not overwrite an existing file, + unless the word `truncate' is given as its second argument. + + See also *note gdbmexport::. + + -- command verb: fetch KEY + -- command abbrev: fe KEY + -- command letter: f KEY + Fetch and display a record with the given KEY. + + -- command verb: import FILE-NAME [replace] + -- command abbrev: i FILE-NAME [replace] + Import data from a flat dump file FILE-NAME (*note Flat files::). + If the word `replace' is given as the second argument, any records + with the same keys as the already existing ones will replace them. + + -- command verb: list + -- command abbrev: l + List the contents of the database (*note pager::). + + -- command verb: next [KEY] + -- command abbrev: n [KEY] + Sequential access: fetch and display a next record. If KEY is + given, a record following one with this key will be fetched. + Otherwise, the key supplied by the latest `1', `2' or N command + will be used. + + See also `first', below. + + *Note Sequential::, for more information on sequential access. + + -- command verb: quit + -- command abbrev: q + Close the database and quit the utility. + + -- command verb: store KEY DATA + -- command abbrev: sto KEY DATA + -- command letter: s KEY DATA + Store the DATA with KEY in the database. If KEY already exists, + its data will be replaced. + + -- command verb: first + -- command abbrev: fi + -- command letter: 1 + Fetch and display the first record in the database. Subsequent + records can be fetched using `next' command (see above). *Note + Sequential::, for more information on sequential access. + + -- command verb: read FILE [replace] + -- command abbrev: rea FILE [replace] + -- command letter: < FILE [replace] + Read entries from FILE and store them in the database. If the + word `replace' is given as the second argument, any existing + records with matching keys will be replaced. + + -- command verb: reorganize + -- command abbrev: reo + -- command letter: r + Reorganize the database (*note Reorganization::). + + -- command verb: key-zero + -- command abbrev: k + -- command letter: z + Toggle key nul-termination. Use `status' to inspect the current + state. *Note nul-termination::. + + -- command verb: avail + -- command abbrev: a + -- command letter: A + Print the "avail list". + + -- command verb: bucket + -- command abbrev: b + -- command letter: B + Print the bucket number NUM. + + -- command verb: current + -- command abbrev: cu + -- command letter: C + Print the current bucket. + + -- command verb: dir + -- command abbrev: di + -- command letter: D + Print hash directory. + + -- command verb: header + -- command abbrev: hea + -- command letter: F + Print file header. + + -- command verb: hash KEY + -- command abbrev: ha KEY + -- command letter: H KEY + Compute and display the hash value for the given KEY. + + -- command verb: cache + -- command abbrev: ca + -- command letter: K + Print the bucket cache. + + -- command verb: status + -- command abbrev: sta + -- command letter: S + Print current program status. The following example shows the + information displayed: + + Database file: junk.gdbm + Zero terminated keys: yes + Zero terminated data: yes + + -- command verb: version + -- command abbrev: v + Print the version of `gdbm'. + + -- command verb: data-zero + -- command abbrev: da + -- command letter: Z + Toggle data nul-termination. Use `status' to examine the current + status. + + *Note nul-termination::. + + -- command verb: help + -- command abbrev: hel + -- command letter: ? + Print a concise command summary, showing each command letter and + verb with its parameters and a short description of what it does. + Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: gdbmexport, Next: Error codes, Prev: testgdbm, Up: Top + +17 Export a database into a portable format. +******************************************** + +The `gdbmexport' utility converts the database into a portable "flat +format". Files in this format can be used to populate databases using +the `gdbm_import' function (*note gdbm_import: Flat files.) or the `i' +command of `testgdbm' utility (*note testgdbm import::). In many cases +files in this format are suitable for sending over the network to +populate the database on another machine. The only exception to this +are databases whose records contain non-ASCII data (e.g. C structures, +integers etc.). For such databases you will be better off by writing a +specialized utility to convert them to an architecture-independent +format. + + If `gdbmexport' is linked with `libgdbm' version 1.8.3, it can be +used to convert databases from old to new format. + + The utility takes two mandatory arguments: the name of the database +file to convert and the output file name, e.g.: + + $ gdbmexport junk.gdbm junk.flat + + In addition two options are understood: + +`-h' + Display short usage summary and exit. + +`-v' + Display program version and licensing information, and exit. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Variables, Next: Compatibility, Prev: Error codes, Up: Top + +18 Useful global variables. +*************************** + +The following global variables and constants are available: + + -- Variable: gdbm_error gdbm_errno + This variable contains error code from the last failed `gdbm' + call. *Note Error codes::, for a list of available error codes and + their descriptions. + + Use `gdbm_strerror' (*note Errors::) to convert it to a + descriptive text. + + -- Variable: const char * gdbm_errlist[] + This variable is an array of error descriptions, which is used by + `gdbm_strerror' to convert error codes to human-readable text + (*note Errors::). You can access it directly, if you wish so. It + contains `_GDBM_MAX_ERRNO + 1' elements and can be directly + indexed by the error code to obtain a corresponding descriptive + text. + + -- Constant: _GDBM_MIN_ERRNO + The minimum error code used by `gdbm'. + + -- Constant: _GDBM_MAX_ERRNO + The maximum error code used by `gdbm'. + + -- Variable: const char * gdbm_version + A string containing the version information. + + -- Variable: int const gdbm_version_number[3] + This variable contains the `gdbm' version numbers: + + Index Meaning + --------------------------------------------------------------- + 0 Major number + 1 Minor number + 2 Patchlevel number + + Additionally, the following constants are defined in the `gdbm.h' + file: + + GDBM_VERSION_MAJOR + Major number. + + GDBM_VERSION_MINOR + Minor number. + + GDBM_VERSION_PATCH + Patchlevel number. + + These can be used to verify whether the header file matches the + library. + + To compare two split-out version numbers, use the following function: + + -- gdbm interface: int gdbm_version_cmp (int const A[3], int const + B[3]) + Compare two version numbers. Return `-1' if A is less than B, `1' + if A is greater than B and `0' if they are equal. + + Comparison is done from left to right, so that: + + a = { 1, 8, 3 }; + b = { 1, 8, 3 }; + gdbm_version_cmp (a, b) => 0 + + a = { 1, 8, 3 }; + b = { 1, 8, 2 }; + gdbm_version_cmp (a, b) => 1 + + a = { 1, 8, 3 }; + b = { 1, 9. 0 }; + gdbm_version_cmp (a, b) => -1 + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Error codes, Next: Variables, Prev: gdbmexport, Up: Top + +19 Error codes +************** + +This chapter summarizes the error codes which can be set by the +functions in `gdbm' library. + +GDBM_NO_ERROR + No error occurred. + +GDBM_MALLOC_ERROR + Memory allocation failed. Not enough memory. + +GDBM_BLOCK_SIZE_ERROR + This error is set by the `gdbm_open' function (*note Open::), if + the value of its BLOCK_SIZE argument is incorrect. + +GDBM_FILE_OPEN_ERROR + The library was not able to open a disk file. This can be set by + `gdbm_open' (*note Open::), `gdbm_export' and `gdbm_import' + functions (*note Flat files::). + + Inspect the value of the system `errno' variable to get more + detailed diagnostics. + +GDBM_FILE_WRITE_ERROR + Writing to a disk file failed. This can be set by `gdbm_open' + (*note Open::), `gdbm_export' and `gdbm_import' functions. + + Inspect the value of the system `errno' variable to get more + detailed diagnostics. + +GDBM_FILE_SEEK_ERROR + Positioning in a disk file failed. This can be set by `gdbm_open' + (*note Open::) function. + + Inspect the value of the system `errno' variable to get a more + detailed diagnostics. + +GDBM_FILE_READ_ERROR + Reading from a disk file failed. This can be set by `gdbm_open' + (*note Open::), `gdbm_export' and `gdbm_import' functions. + + Inspect the value of the system `errno' variable to get a more + detailed diagnostics. + +GDBM_BAD_MAGIC_NUMBER + The file given as argument to `gdbm_open' function is not a valid + `gdbm' file: it has a wrong magic number. + +GDBM_EMPTY_DATABASE + The file given as argument to `gdbm_open' function is not a valid + `gdbm' file: it has zero length. + +GDBM_CANT_BE_READER + This error code is set by the `gdbm_open' function if it is not + able to lock file when called in `GDBM_READER' mode (*note + GDBM_READER: Open.). + +GDBM_CANT_BE_WRITER + This error code is set by the `gdbm_open' function if it is not + able to lock file when called in writer mode (*note Open::). + +GDBM_READER_CANT_DELETE + Set by the `gdbm_delete' (*note Delete::) if it attempted to + operate on a database that is open in read-only mode (*note + GDBM_READER: Open.). + +GDBM_READER_CANT_STORE + Set by the `gdbm_store' (*note Store::) if it attempted to operate + on a database that is open in read-only mode (*note GDBM_READER: + Open.). + +GDBM_READER_CANT_REORGANIZE + Set by the `gdbm_reorganize' (*note Reorganization::) if it + attempted to operate on a database that is open in read-only mode + (*note GDBM_READER: Open.). + +GDBM_UNKNOWN_UPDATE + Currently unused. Reserved for future uses. + +GDBM_ITEM_NOT_FOUND + Requested item was not found. This error is set by `gdbm_delete' + (*note Delete::) and `gdbm_fetch' (*note Fetch::) when the + requested KEY value is not found in the database. + +GDBM_REORGANIZE_FAILED + The `gdbm_reorganize' function is not able to create a temporary + database. *Note Reorganization::. + +GDBM_CANNOT_REPLACE + Cannot replace existing item. This error is set by the + `gdbm_store' if the requested KEY value is found in the database + and the FLAG parameter is not `GDBM_REPLACE'. *Note Store::, for + a detailed discussion. + +GDBM_ILLEGAL_DATA + Either KEY or CONTENT parameter was wrong in a call to to + `gdbm_store' (*note Store::). + +GDBM_OPT_ALREADY_SET + Requested option can be set only once and was already set. This + error is returned by the `gdbm_setopt' function. *Note + GDBM_CACHESIZE: Options. + +GDBM_OPT_ILLEGAL + The OPTION argument is not valid or the VALUE argument points to + an invalid value in a call to `gdbm_setopt' function. *Note + Options::. + +GDBM_BYTE_SWAPPED + The `gdbm_open' function (*note Open::) attempts to open a + database which is created on a machine with different byte + ordering. + +GDBM_BAD_FILE_OFFSET + The `gdbm_open' function (*note Open::) sets this error code if + the file it tries to open has a wrong magic number. + +GDBM_BAD_OPEN_FLAGS + Set by the `gdbm_export' function if supplied an invalid FLAGS + argument. *Note Flat files::. + +GDBM_FILE_STAT_ERROR + Getting information about a disk file failed. The system `errno' + will give more details about the error. + + This error can be set by the following functions: `gdbm_open', + `gdbm_reorganize'. + +GDBM_FILE_EOF + End of file was encountered where more data was expected to be + present. This error can occur when fetching data from the database + and usually means that the database is truncated or otherwise + corrupted. + + This error can be set by any GDBM function that does I/O. Some of + these functions are: `gdbm_delete', `gdbm_exists', `gdbm_fetch', + `gdbm_export', `gdbm_import', `gdbm_reorganize', `gdbm_firstkey', + `gdbm_nextkey', `gdbm_store'. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Compatibility, Next: Bugs, Prev: Variables, Up: Top + +20 Compatibility with standard `dbm' and `ndbm'. +************************************************ + +`Gdbm' includes a compatibility layer, which provides traditional +`ndbm' and older `dbm' functions. The layer is compiled and installed +if the `--enable-libgdbm-compat' option is used when configuring the +package. + + The compatibility layer consists of two header files: `ndbm.h' and +`dbm.h' and the `libgdbm_compat' library. + + Older programs using `ndbm' or `dbm' interfaces can use +`libgdbm_compat' without any changes. To link a program with the +compatibility library, add the following two options to the `cc' +invocation: `-lgdbm -lgdbm_compat'. The `-L' option may also be +required, depending on where `gdbm' is installed, e.g.: + + cc ... -L/usr/local/lib -lgdbm -lgdbm_compat + + Databases created and manipulated by the compatibility interfaces +consist of two different files: `FILE.dir' and `FILE.pag'. This is +required by the POSIX specification and corresponds to the traditional +usage. Note, however, that despite the similarity of the naming +convention, actual data stored in these files has not the same format as +in the databases created by other `dbm' or `ndbm' libraries. In other +words, you cannot access a standard UNIX `dbm' file with GNU `dbm'! + + GNU `dbm' files are not `sparse'. You can copy them with the usual +`cp' command and they will not expand in the copying process. + +* Menu: + +* ndbm:: NDBM interface functions. +* dbm:: DBM interface functions. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: ndbm, Next: dbm, Up: Compatibility + +20.1 NDBM interface functions. +============================== + +The functions below implement the POSIX `ndbm' interface: + + -- ndbm: DBM * dbm_open (char *FILE, int FLAGS, int MODE) + Opens a database. The FILE argument is the full name of the + database file to be opened. The function opens two files: + `FILE.pag' and `FILE.dir'. The FLAGS and MODE arguments have the + same meaning as the second and third arguments of `open' (*note + open a file: (open(2))open.), except that a database opened for + write-only access opens the files for read and write access and + the behavior of the `O_APPEND' flag is unspecified. + + The function returns a pointer to the `DBM' structure describing + the database. This pointer is used to refer to this database in + all operations described below. + + Any error detected will cause a return value of `NULL' and an + appropriate value will be stored in `gdbm_errno' (*note + Variables::). + + -- ndbm: void dbm_close (DBM *DBF) + Closes the database. The DBF argument must be a pointer returned + by an earlier call to `dbm_open'. + + -- ndbm: datum dbm_fetch (DBM *DBF, datum KEY) + Reads a record from the database with the matching key. The KEY + argument supplies the key that is being looked for. + + If no matching record is found, the `dptr' member of the returned + datum is `NULL'. Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the returned + datum points to the memory managed by the compatibility library. + The application should never free it. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_store (DBM *DBF, datum KEY, datum CONTENT, int MODE) + Writes a key/value pair to the database. The argument DBF is a + pointer to the `DBM' structure returned from a call to `dbm_open'. + The KEY and CONTENT provide the values for the record key and + content. The MODE argument controls the behavior of `dbm_store' + in case a matching record already exists in the database. It can + have one of the following two values: + + `DBM_REPLACE' + Replace existing record with the new one. + + `DBM_INSERT' + The existing record is left unchanged, and the function + returns `1'. + + If no matching record exists in the database, new record will be + inserted no matter what the value of the MODE is. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_delete (DBM *DBF, datum KEY) + Deletes the record with the matching key from the database. If the + function succeeds, `0' is returned. Otherwise, if no matching + record is found or if an error occurs, `-1' is returned. + + -- ndbm: datum dbm_firstkey (DBM *DBF) + Initializes iteration over the keys from the database and returns + the first key. Note, that the word `first' does not imply any + specific ordering of the keys. + + If there are no records in the database, the `dptr' member of the + returned datum is `NULL'. Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the + returned datum points to the memory managed by the compatibility + library. The application should never free it. + + -- ndbm: datum dbm_nextkey (DBM *DBF) + Continues the iteration started by `dbm_firstkey'. Returns the + next key in the database. If the iteration covered all keys in the + database, the `dptr' member of the returned datum is `NULL'. + Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the returned datum points to the + memory managed by the compatibility library. The application + should never free it. + + The usual way of iterating over all the records in the database is: + + for (key = dbm_firstkey (dbf); + key.ptr; + key = dbm_nextkey (dbf)) + { + /* do something with the key */ + } + + The loop above should not try to delete any records from the + database, otherwise the iteration is not guaranteed to cover all + the keys. *Note Sequential::, for a detailed discussion of this. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_error (DBM *DBF) + Returns the error condition of the database: `0' if no errors + occurred so far while manipulating the database, and a non-zero + value otherwise. + + -- ndbm: void dbm_clearerr (DBM *DBF) + Clears the error condition of the database. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_dirfno (DBM *DBF) + Returns the file descriptor of the `dir' file of the database. It + is guaranteed to be different from the descriptor returned by the + `dbm_pagfno' function (see below). + + The application can lock this descriptor to serialize accesses to + the database. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_pagfno (DBM *DBF) + Returns the file descriptor of the `pag' file of the database. + See also `dbm_dirfno'. + + -- ndbm: int dbm_rdonly (DBM *DBF) + Returns `1' if the database DBF is open in a read-only mode and + `0' otherwise. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: dbm, Prev: ndbm, Up: Compatibility + +20.2 DBM interface functions. +============================= + +The functions below are provided for compatibility with the old UNIX +`DBM' interface. Only one database at a time can be manipulated using +them. + + -- dbm: int dbminit (char *FILE) + Opens a database. The FILE argument is the full name of the + database file to be opened. The function opens two files: + `FILE.pag' and `FILE.dir'. If any of them does not exist, the + function fails. It never attempts to create the files. + + The database is opened in the read-write mode, if its disk + permissions permit. + + The application must ensure that the functions described below in + this section are called only after a successful call to `dbminit'. + + -- dbm: int dbmclose (void) + Closes the database opened by an earlier call to `dbminit'. + + -- dbm: datum fetch (datum KEY) + Reads a record from the database with the matching key. The KEY + argument supplies the key that is being looked for. + + If no matching record is found, the `dptr' member of the returned + datum is `NULL'. Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the returned + datum points to the memory managed by the compatibility library. + The application should never free it. + + -- dbm: int store (datum KEY, datum CONTENT) + Stores the key/value pair in the database. If a record with the + matching key already exists, its content will be replaced with the + new one. + + Returns `0' on success and `-1' on error. + + -- dbm: int delete (datum KEY) + Deletes a record with the matching key. + + If the function succeeds, `0' is returned. Otherwise, if no + matching record is found or if an error occurs, `-1' is returned. + + -- dbm: datum firstkey (void) + Initializes iteration over the keys from the database and returns + the first key. Note, that the word `first' does not imply any + specific ordering of the keys. + + If there are no records in the database, the `dptr' member of the + returned datum is `NULL'. Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the + returned datum points to the memory managed by the compatibility + library. The application should never free it. + + -- dbm: datum nextkey (datum KEY) + Continues the iteration started by a call to `firstkey'. Returns + the next key in the database. If the iteration covered all keys + in the database, the `dptr' member of the returned datum is `NULL'. + Otherwise, the `dptr' member of the returned datum points to the + memory managed by the compatibility library. The application + should never free it. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Resources, Prev: Compatibility, Up: Top + +21 Problems and bugs. +********************* + +If you have problems with GNU `dbm' or think you've found a bug, please +report it. Before reporting a bug, make sure you've actually found a +real bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it really says +you can do what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you +should be able to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in +the documentation! + + Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate +it to the smallest possible input file that reproduces the problem. +Then send us the input file and the exact results `gdbm' gave you. Also +say what you expected to occur; this will help us decide whether the +problem was really in the documentation. + + Once you've got a precise problem, send e-mail to <bug-gdbm@gnu.org>. + + Please include the version number of GNU `dbm' you are using. You +can get this information by printing the variable `gdbm_version' (*note +Variables::). + + Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have +questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are +just obscure features, please report them too. + + You may contact the authors and maintainers by e-mail: + <phil@cs.wwu.edu>, <downsj@downsj.com>, <gray@gnu.org.ua> + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Resources, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top + +22 Additional resources +*********************** + +For the latest updates and pointers to additional resources, visit +`http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm'. + + In particular, a copy of `gdbm' documentation in various formats is +available online at `http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/manual'. + + Latest versions of `gdbm' can be downloaded from anonymous FTP: +`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm', or via HTTP from +`http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm', or from any GNU mirror worldwide. See +`http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html', for a list of mirrors. + + To track `gdbm' development, visit +`http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/projects/gdbm'. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: Resources, Up: Top + +Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2011 Free Software + Foundation, Inc. + `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. But this License is not limited to + software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless + of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. + We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is + instruction or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, + that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it + can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice + grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, + to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The + "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member + of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". 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Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in + the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a + work that was published at least four years before the + Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version + it refers to gives permission. + + K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the + section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section + titles. + + M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". 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COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination + all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all + their Warranty Disclaimers. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. 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AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of + a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the + copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the + legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual + works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this + License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which + are not themselves derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half + of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed + on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the + electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic + form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket + the whole aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License, and all the license notices in the + Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also + include the original English version of this License and the + original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original version of + this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will + prevail. + + If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", + "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to + Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the + actual title. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt + otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, + and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your + license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) + provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly + and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the + copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some + reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is + reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the + violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have + received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from + that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days + after your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate + the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from + you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and + not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of + the same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy + can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: gdbm.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Index +***** + + +* Menu: + +* -g, testgdbm option: testgdbm. (line 9) +* -n, testgdbm option: testgdbm. (line 19) +* -r, testgdbm option: testgdbm. (line 16) +* 1: shell. (line 118) +* <: shell. (line 125) +* ?: shell. (line 200) +* _GDBM_MAX_ERRNO: Variables. (line 28) +* _GDBM_MIN_ERRNO: Variables. (line 25) +* A: shell. (line 143) +* a: shell. (line 142) +* avail: shell. (line 141) +* B: shell. (line 148) +* b: shell. (line 147) +* bucket: shell. (line 146) +* C: shell. (line 153) +* c: shell. (line 63) +* ca: shell. (line 172) +* cache: shell. (line 171) +* close-on-exec: Open. (line 48) +* closing database: Close. (line 6) +* co: shell. (line 62) +* command line options, testgdbm: invocation. (line 6) +* compatibility layer: Compatibility. (line 6) +* count: shell. (line 61) +* creating a database, testgdbm: testgdbm. (line 19) +* cu: shell. (line 152) +* current: shell. (line 151) +* D: shell. (line 158) +* d: shell. (line 68) +* da: shell. (line 191) +* data-zero: shell. (line 190) +* database options: Options. (line 6) +* database reorganization: Reorganization. (line 6) +* database synchronization: Sync. (line 6) +* database, closing: Close. (line 6) +* database, opening or creating: Open. (line 6) +* DBM functions: dbm. (line 6) +* dbm.h: Compatibility. (line 11) +* dbm_clearerr: ndbm. (line 98) +* dbm_close: ndbm. (line 26) +* dbm_delete: ndbm. (line 57) +* dbm_dirfno: ndbm. (line 101) +* dbm_error: ndbm. (line 93) +* dbm_fetch: ndbm. (line 30) +* dbm_firstkey: ndbm. (line 62) +* DBM_INSERT: ndbm. (line 49) +* dbm_nextkey: ndbm. (line 72) +* dbm_open: ndbm. (line 9) +* dbm_pagfno: ndbm. (line 109) +* dbm_rdonly: ndbm. (line 113) +* DBM_REPLACE: ndbm. (line 46) +* dbm_store: ndbm. (line 39) +* dbmclose: dbm. (line 23) +* dbminit: dbm. (line 11) +* de: shell. (line 67) +* default database, testgdbm: testgdbm. (line 9) +* delete <1>: dbm. (line 42) +* delete: shell. (line 66) +* deleting records: Delete. (line 6) +* deletion in iteration loops: Sequential. (line 56) +* di: shell. (line 157) +* dir: shell. (line 156) +* dir file: Compatibility. (line 22) +* e: shell. (line 72) +* error codes: Error codes. (line 6) +* error strings: Errors. (line 6) +* export <1>: shell. (line 71) +* export: Flat files. (line 6) +* F: shell. (line 163) +* f: shell. (line 82) +* fe: shell. (line 81) +* fetch <1>: dbm. (line 26) +* fetch: shell. (line 80) +* fetching records: Fetch. (line 6) +* fi: shell. (line 117) +* first: shell. (line 116) +* firstkey: dbm. (line 48) +* Flat file format: Flat files. (line 6) +* GDBM_BAD_FILE_OFFSET: Error codes. (line 117) +* GDBM_BAD_MAGIC_NUMBER: Error codes. (line 48) +* GDBM_BAD_OPEN_FLAGS: Error codes. (line 121) +* GDBM_BLOCK_SIZE_ERROR: Error codes. (line 15) +* GDBM_BYTE_SWAPPED: Error codes. (line 112) +* GDBM_CACHESIZE: Options. (line 30) +* GDBM_CANNOT_REPLACE: Error codes. (line 92) +* GDBM_CANT_BE_READER: Error codes. (line 56) +* GDBM_CANT_BE_WRITER: Error codes. (line 61) +* GDBM_CENTFREE: Options. (line 78) +* GDBM_CLOEXEC: Open. (line 48) +* gdbm_close: Close. (line 10) +* GDBM_COALESCEBLKS: Options. (line 92) +* gdbm_delete: Delete. (line 9) +* gdbm_delete and sequential access: Sequential. (line 56) +* GDBM_EMPTY_DATABASE: Error codes. (line 52) +* gdbm_errlist: Variables. (line 17) +* gdbm_errno: Variables. (line 9) +* gdbm_exists: Fetch. (line 37) +* gdbm_export: Flat files. (line 25) +* GDBM_FASTMODE: Options. (line 52) +* gdbm_fdesc: Locking. (line 14) +* gdbm_fetch: Fetch. (line 7) +* GDBM_FILE_EOF: Error codes. (line 132) +* GDBM_FILE_OPEN_ERROR: Error codes. (line 19) +* GDBM_FILE_READ_ERROR: Error codes. (line 41) +* GDBM_FILE_SEEK_ERROR: Error codes. (line 34) +* GDBM_FILE_STAT_ERROR: Error codes. (line 125) +* GDBM_FILE_WRITE_ERROR: Error codes. (line 27) +* gdbm_firstkey: Sequential. (line 14) +* GDBM_GETCACHESIZE: Options. (line 40) +* GDBM_GETCOALESCEBLKS: Options. (line 104) +* GDBM_GETDBNAME: Options. (line 127) +* GDBM_GETFLAGS: Options. (line 44) +* GDBM_GETMAXMAPSIZE: Options. (line 114) +* GDBM_GETMMAP: Options. (line 123) +* GDBM_GETSYNCMODE: Options. (line 74) +* GDBM_ILLEGAL_DATA: Error codes. (line 98) +* gdbm_import: Flat files. (line 46) +* GDBM_INSERT: Store. (line 23) +* GDBM_ITEM_NOT_FOUND: Error codes. (line 83) +* GDBM_MALLOC_ERROR: Error codes. (line 12) +* GDBM_NEWDB <1>: Flat files. (line 35) +* GDBM_NEWDB: Open. (line 28) +* gdbm_nextkey: Sequential. (line 24) +* GDBM_NO_ERROR: Error codes. (line 9) +* GDBM_NOLOCK <1>: Locking. (line 6) +* GDBM_NOLOCK: Open. (line 40) +* GDBM_NOMMAP: Open. (line 40) +* gdbm_open: Open. (line 9) +* GDBM_OPT_ALREADY_SET: Error codes. (line 102) +* GDBM_OPT_ILLEGAL: Error codes. (line 107) +* GDBM_READER: Open. (line 28) +* GDBM_READER_CANT_DELETE: Error codes. (line 65) +* GDBM_READER_CANT_REORGANIZE: Error codes. (line 75) +* GDBM_READER_CANT_STORE: Error codes. (line 70) +* gdbm_reorganize: Reorganization. (line 9) +* GDBM_REORGANIZE_FAILED: Error codes. (line 88) +* GDBM_REPLACE: Store. (line 23) +* GDBM_SETCACHESIZE: Options. (line 30) +* GDBM_SETCENTFREE: Options. (line 78) +* GDBM_SETCOALESCEBLKS: Options. (line 92) +* GDBM_SETMAXMAPSIZE: Options. (line 108) +* GDBM_SETMMAP: Options. (line 118) +* gdbm_setopt: Options. (line 11) +* GDBM_SETSYNCMODE: Options. (line 61) +* gdbm_store: Store. (line 8) +* gdbm_strerror: Errors. (line 9) +* gdbm_sync: Sync. (line 15) +* GDBM_SYNC <1>: Sync. (line 6) +* GDBM_SYNC: Open. (line 40) +* GDBM_SYNCMODE: Options. (line 61) +* GDBM_UNKNOWN_UPDATE: Error codes. (line 80) +* gdbm_version: Variables. (line 31) +* gdbm_version_cmp: Variables. (line 61) +* GDBM_VERSION_MAJOR: Variables. (line 45) +* GDBM_VERSION_MINOR: Variables. (line 48) +* gdbm_version_number: Variables. (line 34) +* GDBM_VERSION_PATCH: Variables. (line 51) +* GDBM_WRCREAT <1>: Flat files. (line 35) +* GDBM_WRCREAT: Open. (line 28) +* GDBM_WRITER: Open. (line 28) +* gdbmexport: gdbmexport. (line 6) +* H: shell. (line 168) +* ha: shell. (line 167) +* hash: shell. (line 166) +* hea: shell. (line 162) +* header: shell. (line 161) +* hel: shell. (line 199) +* help: shell. (line 198) +* i: shell. (line 86) +* import <1>: shell. (line 85) +* import: Flat files. (line 6) +* interactive mode, testgdbm: shell. (line 6) +* iterating over records: Sequential. (line 6) +* iteration and gdbm_delete: Sequential. (line 56) +* iteration loop: Sequential. (line 36) +* iteration loop, using NDBM: ndbm. (line 79) +* junk.gdbm: testgdbm. (line 9) +* K: shell. (line 173) +* k: shell. (line 136) +* key-zero: shell. (line 135) +* l: shell. (line 92) +* libgdbm_compat: Compatibility. (line 11) +* list: shell. (line 91) +* locking: Locking. (line 6) +* looking up records: Fetch. (line 6) +* n: shell. (line 96) +* NDBM functions: ndbm. (line 6) +* ndbm.h: Compatibility. (line 11) +* next: shell. (line 95) +* nextkey: dbm. (line 58) +* opening the database: Open. (line 6) +* options, database: Options. (line 6) +* pag file: Compatibility. (line 22) +* PAGER: shell. (line 45) +* pager, testgdbm: shell. (line 45) +* q: shell. (line 107) +* quit: shell. (line 106) +* r: shell. (line 132) +* rea: shell. (line 124) +* read: shell. (line 123) +* read-only mode, testgdbm: testgdbm. (line 16) +* record, deleting: Delete. (line 6) +* record, fetching: Fetch. (line 6) +* records, iterating over: Sequential. (line 6) +* records, storing: Store. (line 6) +* records, testing existence: Fetch. (line 34) +* reo: shell. (line 131) +* reorganization, database: Reorganization. (line 6) +* reorganize: shell. (line 130) +* S: shell. (line 178) +* s: shell. (line 112) +* sequential access: Sequential. (line 6) +* sequential access, using NDBM: ndbm. (line 79) +* sta: shell. (line 177) +* status: shell. (line 176) +* sto: shell. (line 111) +* store <1>: dbm. (line 35) +* store: shell. (line 110) +* storing records: Store. (line 6) +* synchronization, database: Sync. (line 6) +* testgdbm: testgdbm. (line 6) +* v: shell. (line 187) +* version: shell. (line 186) +* version number: Variables. (line 30) +* Z: shell. (line 192) +* z: shell. (line 137) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top969 +Node: Copying2861 +Node: Intro4644 +Node: List6064 +Node: Open7013 +Node: Close10327 +Node: Store10781 +Node: Fetch12757 +Node: Delete13979 +Node: Sequential14745 +Node: Reorganization17736 +Node: Sync18745 +Node: Flat files19835 +Node: Errors22437 +Node: Options23001 +Node: Locking28728 +Node: testgdbm29321 +Node: invocation30295 +Node: shell30857 +Ref: pager32774 +Ref: nul-termination33136 +Ref: testgdbm export33763 +Ref: testgdbm import34282 +Node: gdbmexport37790 +Node: Variables39049 +Node: Error codes41480 +Node: Compatibility46416 +Node: ndbm47990 +Node: dbm52828 +Node: Bugs55488 +Node: Resources56843 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License57557 +Node: Index82729 + +End Tag Table |