diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/Makefile | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt | 47 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/config.txt | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/diff-options.txt | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-bisect.txt | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-commit.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-describe.txt | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt | 27 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-pull.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto | 9 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-submodule.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-tag.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-update-index.txt | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git.txt | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/githooks.txt | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt (renamed from Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt) | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/revisions.txt | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/technical/index-format.txt | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/urls.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/user-manual.txt | 140 |
21 files changed, 249 insertions, 106 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 971977b8aa..3c538e3de7 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ MAN1_TXT= \ $(filter-out $(addsuffix .txt, $(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)), \ $(wildcard git-*.txt)) \ - gitk.txt gitweb.txt git.txt + gitk.txt gitweb.txt git.txt gitremote-helpers.txt MAN5_TXT=gitattributes.txt gitignore.txt gitmodules.txt githooks.txt \ gitrepository-layout.txt gitweb.conf.txt MAN7_TXT=gitcli.txt gittutorial.txt gittutorial-2.txt \ @@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ MAN_TXT = $(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT) MAN_XML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT)) MAN_HTML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) -DOC_HTML=$(MAN_HTML) +OBSOLETE_HTML = git-remote-helpers.html +DOC_HTML=$(MAN_HTML) $(OBSOLETE_HTML) ARTICLES = howto-index ARTICLES += everyday @@ -261,6 +262,12 @@ $(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ +$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -f asciidoc.conf \ + $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ + mv $@+ $@ + manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@ diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efa68aef22 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +Git 1.8.1.5 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.4 +-------------------- + + * Given a string with a multi-byte character that begins with '-' on + the command line where an option is expected, the option parser + used just one byte of the unknown letter when reporting an error. + + * In v1.8.1, the attribute parser was tightened too restrictive to + error out upon seeing an entry that begins with an ! (exclamation), + which may confuse users to expect a "negative match", which does + not exist. This has been demoted to a warning; such an entry is + still ignored. + + * "git apply --summary" has been taught to make sure the similarity + value shown in its output is sensible, even when the input had a + bogus value. + + * "git clean" showed what it was going to do, but sometimes ended + up finding that it was not allowed to do so, which resulted in a + confusing output (e.g. after saying that it will remove an + untracked directory, it found an embedded git repository there + which it is not allowed to remove). It now performs the actions + and then reports the outcome more faithfully. + + * "git clone" used to allow --bare and --separate-git-dir=$there + options at the same time, which was nonsensical. + + * "git cvsimport" mishandled timestamps at DST boundary. + + * We used to have an arbitrary 32 limit for combined diff input, + resulting in incorrect number of leading colons shown when showing + the "--raw --cc" output. + + * The smart HTTP clients forgot to verify the content-type that comes + back from the server side to make sure that the request is being + handled properly. + + * "git help remote-helpers" failed to find the documentation. + + * "gitweb" pages served over HTTPS, when configured to show picon or + gravatar, referred to these external resources to be fetched via + HTTP, resulting in mixed contents warning in browsers. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index e452ff89ba..c5f1d68a56 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ advice.*:: Advice shown when linkgit:git-merge[1] refuses to merge to avoid overwriting local changes. resolveConflict:: - Advices shown by various commands when conflicts + Advice shown by various commands when conflicts prevent the operation from being performed. implicitIdentity:: Advice on how to set your identity configuration when @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ core.editor:: `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. See linkgit:git-var[1]. sequence.editor:: - Text editor used by `git rebase -i` for editing the rebase insn file. + Text editor used by `git rebase -i` for editing the rebase instruction file. The value is meant to be interpreted by the shell when it is used. It can be overridden by the `GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR` environment variable. When not configured the default commit message editor is used instead. @@ -1758,7 +1758,8 @@ push.default:: + This is currently the default, but Git 2.0 will change the default to `simple`. -* `upstream` - push the current branch to its upstream branch. +* `upstream` - push the current branch to its upstream branch + (`tracking` is a deprecated synonym for this). With this, `git push` will update the same remote ref as the one which is merged by `git pull`, making `push` and `pull` symmetrical. See "branch.<name>.merge" for how to configure the upstream branch. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index 39f2c5074c..bbfe8f8f35 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ any of those replacements occurred. --color[=<when>]:: Show colored diff. - The value must be `always` (the default for `<when>`), `never`, or `auto`. - The default value is `never`. + `--color` (i.e. without '=<when>') is the same as `--color=always`. + '<when>' can be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto`. ifdef::git-diff[] It can be changed by the `color.ui` and `color.diff` configuration settings. diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index e4f46bc18d..038514b51e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Bisect reset ~~~~~~~~~~~~ After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to -the original HEAD, issue the following command: +the original HEAD (i.e., to quit bisecting), issue the following command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect reset @@ -284,6 +284,7 @@ EXAMPLES ------------ $ git bisect start HEAD v1.2 -- # HEAD is bad, v1.2 is good $ git bisect run make # "make" builds the app +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ * Automatically bisect a test failure between origin and HEAD: @@ -291,6 +292,7 @@ $ git bisect run make # "make" builds the app ------------ $ git bisect start HEAD origin -- # HEAD is bad, origin is good $ git bisect run make test # "make test" builds and tests +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ * Automatically bisect a broken test case: @@ -302,6 +304,7 @@ make || exit 125 # this skips broken builds ~/check_test_case.sh # does the test case pass? $ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 $ git bisect run ~/test.sh +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ + Here we use a "test.sh" custom script. In this script, if "make" @@ -351,6 +354,7 @@ use `git cherry-pick` instead of `git merge`.) ------------ $ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 $ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case.sh" +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ + This shows that you can do without a run script if you write the test @@ -368,6 +372,7 @@ $ git bisect run sh -c ' rm -f tmp.$$ test $rc = 0' +$ git bisect reset # quit the bisect session ------------ + In this case, when 'git bisect run' finishes, bisect/bad will refer to a commit that diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 7bdb039d5e..2105638191 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ OPTIONS -m <msg>:: --message=<msg>:: Use the given <msg> as the commit message. + If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are + concatenated as separate paragraphs. -t <file>:: --template=<file>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index 72d6bb612b..711040d2f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -81,8 +81,9 @@ OPTIONS that points at object deadbee....). --match <pattern>:: - Only consider tags matching the given pattern (can be used to avoid - leaking private tags made from the repository). + Only consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, + excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to avoid + leaking private tags from the repository. --always:: Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback. diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index e2301f5c01..69a40b2107 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -64,8 +64,11 @@ argument is always evaluated in the shell context using the 'eval' command Prior to that, the $GIT_COMMIT environment variable will be set to contain the id of the commit being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL, -and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are set according to the current commit. The values -of these variables after the filters have run, are used for the new commit. +and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to +the environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of +the replacement commit created by linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] after the +filters have run. + If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole operation will be aborted. @@ -329,6 +332,26 @@ git filter-branch --msg-filter ' ' HEAD~10..HEAD -------------------------------------------------------- +The `--env-filter` option can be used to modify committer and/or author +identity. For example, if you found out that your commits have the wrong +identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a correction, +before publishing the project, like this: + +-------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --env-filter ' + if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" + then + GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com + export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL + fi + if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" + then + GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com + export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL + fi +' -- --all +-------------------------------------------------------- + To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index 67fa5ee195..638456b68c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ $ git merge origin/next ------------------------------------------------ -If you tried a pull which resulted in a complex conflicts and +If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and would want to start over, you can recover with 'git reset'. diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..49233f5d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +git-remote-helpers +================== + +This document has been moved to linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1]. + +Please let the owners of the referring site know so that they can update the +link you clicked to get here. + +Thanks. diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt index 2a67d456a3..4c871b92e9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The best way to learn more is to read the comments and source code in SEE ALSO -------- -linkgit:git-remote-helpers[1] +linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index b1de3bade7..349378448c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--reference <repository>] [--] <repository> [<path>] 'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase] +'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [-f|--force] [--rebase] [--reference <repository>] [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 6470cffd32..ea28e39c1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -126,6 +126,12 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks may restrict the characters allowed in a tag name. +<commit>:: +<object>:: + The object that the new tag will refer to, usually a commit. + Defaults to HEAD. + + CONFIGURATION ------------- By default, 'git tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 9d0b1515c5..dd36d13285 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -145,7 +145,15 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. --index-version <n>:: Write the resulting index out in the named on-disk format version. - The current default version is 2. + Supported versions are 2, 3 and 4. The current default version is 2 + or 3, depending on whether extra features are used, such as + `git add -N`. ++ +Version 4 performs a simple pathname compression that reduces index +size by 30%-50% on large repositories, which results in faster load +time. Version 4 is relatively young (first released in in 1.8.0 in +October 2012). Other Git implementations such as JGit and libgit2 +may not support it yet. -z:: Only meaningful with `--stdin` or `--index-info`; paths are diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index da0115f3d0..98a45addf5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -43,9 +43,10 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: -* link:v1.8.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.4] +* link:v1.8.1.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.5] * release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], @@ -531,10 +532,9 @@ include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] Configuration Mechanism ----------------------- -Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file -is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a -simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some -people. Here is an example: +Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per +repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look +like this: ------------ # @@ -549,13 +549,13 @@ people. Here is an example: ; user identity [user] name = "Junio C Hamano" - email = "junkio@twinsun.com" + email = "gitster@pobox.com" ------------ Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a -list. +list and more details about the configuration mechanism. Identifier Terminology @@ -674,12 +674,19 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc. The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value. 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES':: - This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. - If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir - up into while looking for a repository directory. - It will not exclude the current working directory or - a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. - (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.) + This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If + set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir up + into while looking for a repository directory (useful for + excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not + exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the + command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read + the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that + might be present in order to compare them with the current + directory. However, if even this access is slow, you + can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the + subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; + e.g., + 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'. 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM':: When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository @@ -757,9 +764,12 @@ other If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch' and 'git push' will use this command instead of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. - The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: - the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the - shell command to execute on that remote system. + The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or + four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host') + from the URL and the shell command to execute on that + remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and + the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other + than the default SSH port. + To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script, diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index b9003fed24..4eed86b2a4 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -140,9 +140,11 @@ the outcome of 'git commit'. pre-rebase ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is called by 'git rebase' and can be used to prevent a branch -from getting rebased. - +This hook is called by 'git rebase' and can be used to prevent a +branch from getting rebased. The hook may be called with one or +two parameters. The first parameter is the upstream from which +the series was forked. The second parameter is the branch being +rebased, and is not set when rebasing the current branch. post-checkout ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -336,7 +338,7 @@ preceding SP is also omitted. Currently, no commands pass any 'extra-info'. The hook always runs after the automatic note copying (see -"notes.rewrite.<command>" in linkgit:git-config.txt) has happened, and +"notes.rewrite.<command>" in linkgit:git-config.txt[1]) has happened, and thus has access to these notes. The following command-specific comments apply: diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 6d696e0f90..0f21367ca5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -git-remote-helpers(1) -===================== +gitremote-helpers(1) +==================== NAME ---- -git-remote-helpers - Helper programs to interact with remote repositories +gitremote-helpers - Helper programs to interact with remote repositories SYNOPSIS -------- diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index 991fcd8f3f..013f0de798 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. The construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out before the current one. -'<refname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: - The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a ref (short form '<refname>@\{u\}') refers to - the branch the ref is set to build on top of. A missing ref defaults - to the current branch. +'<branchname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: + The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a branchname (short form '<branchname>@\{u\}') + refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on + top of. A missing branchname defaults to the current one. '<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0':: A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index 7324154838..dcd51b97d9 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ GIT index format The signature is { 'D', 'I', 'R', 'C' } (stands for "dircache") 4-byte version number: - The current supported versions are 2 and 3. + The current supported versions are 2, 3 and 4. 32-bit number of index entries. @@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ GIT index format 12-bit name length if the length is less than 0xFFF; otherwise 0xFFF is stored in this field. - (Version 3) A 16-bit field, only applicable if the "extended flag" - above is 1, split into (high to low bits). + (Version 3 or later) A 16-bit field, only applicable if the + "extended flag" above is 1, split into (high to low bits). 1-bit reserved for future diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt index 1d15ee7e52..cea5462ff8 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls.txt @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ may be used: where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being -invoked. See linkgit:git-remote-helpers[1] for details. +invoked. See linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] for details. If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 52c8523c7d..988c13ff4c 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -2004,9 +2004,10 @@ handling this case. Note that the target of a "push" is normally a <<def_bare_repository,bare>> repository. You can also push to a -repository that has a checked-out working tree, but the working tree -will not be updated by the push. This may lead to unexpected results if -the branch you push to is the currently checked-out branch! +repository that has a checked-out working tree, but a push to update the +currently checked-out branch is denied by default to prevent confusion. +See the description of the receive.denyCurrentBranch option +in linkgit:git-config[1] for details. As with `git fetch`, you may also set up configuration options to save typing; so, for example: @@ -2305,17 +2306,13 @@ branch and then merge into each of the test and release branches. For these changes, just apply directly to the "release" branch, and then merge that into the "test" branch. -To create diffstat and shortlog summaries of changes to include in a "please -pull" request to Linus you can use: +After pushing your work to `mytree`, you can use +linkgit:git-request-pull[1] to prepare a "please pull" request message +to send to Linus: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git diff --stat origin..release -------------------------------------------------- - -and - -------------------------------------------------- -$ git log -p origin..release | git shortlog +$ git push mytree +$ git request-pull origin mytree release ------------------------------------------------- Here are some of the scripts that simplify all this even further. @@ -2556,6 +2553,12 @@ return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase: $ git rebase --abort ------------------------------------------------- +If you need to reorder or edit a number of commits in a branch, it may +be easier to use `git rebase -i`, which allows you to reorder and +squash commits, as well as marking them for individual editing during +the rebase. See <<interactive-rebase>> for details, and +<<reordering-patch-series>> for alternatives. + [[rewriting-one-commit]] Rewriting a single commit ------------------------- @@ -2569,72 +2572,89 @@ $ git commit --amend which will replace the old commit by a new commit incorporating your changes, giving you a chance to edit the old commit message first. +This is useful for fixing typos in your last commit, or for adjusting +the patch contents of a poorly staged commit. -You can also use a combination of this and linkgit:git-rebase[1] to -replace a commit further back in your history and recreate the -intervening changes on top of it. First, tag the problematic commit -with +If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can +use <<interactive-rebase,interactive rebase's `edit` instruction>>. -------------------------------------------------- -$ git tag bad mywork~5 -------------------------------------------------- - -(Either gitk or `git log` may be useful for finding the commit.) +[[reordering-patch-series]] +Reordering or selecting from a patch series +------------------------------------------- -Then check out that commit, edit it, and rebase the rest of the series -on top of it (note that we could check out the commit on a temporary -branch, but instead we're using a <<detached-head,detached head>>): +Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One +approach is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches +and then reset the state to before the patches: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout bad -$ # make changes here and update the index -$ git commit --amend -$ git rebase --onto HEAD bad mywork +$ git format-patch origin +$ git reset --hard origin ------------------------------------------------- -When you're done, you'll be left with mywork checked out, with the top -patches on mywork reapplied on top of your modified commit. You can -then clean up with +Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as needed before applying +them again with linkgit:git-am[1]: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git tag -d bad +$ git am *.patch ------------------------------------------------- -Note that the immutable nature of git history means that you haven't really -"modified" existing commits; instead, you have replaced the old commits with -new commits having new object names. +[[interactive-rebase]] +Using interactive rebases +------------------------- -[[reordering-patch-series]] -Reordering or selecting from a patch series -------------------------------------------- +You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is +the same as <<reordering-patch-series,reordering a patch series using +`format-patch`>>, so use whichever interface you like best. -Given one existing commit, the linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1] command -allows you to apply the change introduced by that commit and create a -new commit that records it. So, for example, if "mywork" points to a -series of patches on top of "origin", you might do something like: +Rebase your current HEAD on the last commit you want to retain as-is. +For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, use: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b mywork-new origin -$ gitk origin..mywork & +$ git rebase -i HEAD~5 ------------------------------------------------- -and browse through the list of patches in the mywork branch using gitk, -applying them (possibly in a different order) to mywork-new using -cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using `git commit --amend`. -The linkgit:git-gui[1] command may also help as it allows you to -individually select diff hunks for inclusion in the index (by -right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk for Commit"). - -Another technique is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of -patches, then reset the state to before the patches: +This will open your editor with a list of steps to be taken to perform +your rebase. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git format-patch origin -$ git reset --hard origin -------------------------------------------------- +pick deadbee The oneline of this commit +pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit +... -Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as preferred before applying -them again with linkgit:git-am[1]. +# Rebase c0ffeee..deadbee onto c0ffeee +# +# Commands: +# p, pick = use commit +# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message +# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending +# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit +# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message +# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell +# +# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom. +# +# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST. +# +# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted. +# +# Note that empty commits are commented out +------------------------------------------------- + +As explained in the comments, you can reorder commits, squash them +together, edit commit messages, etc. by editing the list. Once you +are satisfied, save the list and close your editor, and the rebase +will begin. + +The rebase will stop where `pick` has been replaced with `edit` or +when a step in the list fails to mechanically resolve conflicts and +needs your help. When you are done editing and/or resolving conflicts +you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. If you decide that +things are getting too hairy, you can always bail out with `git rebase +--abort`. Even after the rebase is complete, you can still recover +the original branch by using the <<reflogs,reflog>>. + +For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, +see the "INTERACTIVE MODE" section of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. [[patch-series-tools]] Other tools @@ -3720,7 +3740,9 @@ module a NOTE: The changes are still visible in the submodule's reflog. -This is not the case if you did not commit your changes. +If you have uncommitted changes in your submodule working tree, `git +submodule update` will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual +warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch. [[low-level-operations]] Low-level git operations |