Added FromUnion to easily select from a UNION

This commit adds the module `FromUnion`, which provides the class method
`from_union`. This simplifies the process of selecting data from the
result of a UNION, and reduces the likelihood of making mistakes. As a
result, instead of this:

    union = Gitlab::SQL::Union.new([foo, bar])

    Foo.from("(#{union.to_sql}) #{Foo.table_name}")

We can now write this instead:

    Foo.from_union([foo, bar])

This commit also includes some changes to make this new setup work
properly. For example, a bug in Rails 4
(https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/24193) would break the use of
`from("sub-query-here").includes(:relation)` in certain cases. There was
also a CI query which appeared to repeat a lot of conditions from an
outer query on an inner query, which isn't necessary.

Finally, we include a RuboCop cop to ensure developers use this new
module, instead of using Gitlab::SQL::Union directly.

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/51307

1 files changed, 2 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/app/models/badge.rb b/app/models/badge.rb
index 7e3b6b659e4..f016654206b 100644
--- a/app/models/badge.rb
+++ b/app/models/badge.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Badge < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include FromUnion
+
   # This structure sets the placeholders that the urls
   # can have. This hash also sets which action to ask when
   # the placeholder is found.