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---
status: ongoing
creation-date: "2021-01-21"
authors: [ "@grzesiek" ]
coach: "@grzesiek"
approvers: [ "@cheryl.li", "@jreporter" ]
owning-stage: "~devops::verify"
---
# CI/CD Scaling
## Summary
GitLab CI/CD is one of the most data and compute intensive components of GitLab.
Since its [initial release in November 2012](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2012/11/13/continuous-integration-server-from-gitlab/),
the CI/CD subsystem has evolved significantly. It was [integrated into GitLab in September 2015](https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2015/09/22/gitlab-8-0-released/)
and has become [one of the most beloved CI/CD solutions](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2017/09/27/gitlab-leader-continuous-integration-forrester-wave/).
GitLab CI/CD has come a long way since the initial release, but the design of
the data storage for pipeline builds remains almost the same since 2012. We
store all the builds in PostgreSQL in `ci_builds` table, and because we are
creating more than 5 million builds each day on GitLab.com we are reaching
database limits that are slowing our development velocity down.
On February 1st, 2021, GitLab.com surpassed 1 billion CI/CD builds created. In
February 2022 we reached 2 billion of CI/CD build stored in the database. The
number of builds continues to grow exponentially.
The screenshot below shows our forecast created at the beginning of 2021, that
turned out to be quite accurate.
## Goals
**Enable future growth by making processing 20M builds in a day possible.**
## Challenges
The current state of CI/CD product architecture needs to be updated if we want
to sustain future growth.
### We were running out of the capacity to store primary keys: DONE
The primary key in `ci_builds` table is an integer value, generated in a sequence.
Historically, Rails used to use [integer](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/14/datatype-numeric.html)
type when creating primary keys for a table. We did use the default when we
[created the `ci_builds` table in 2012](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/046b28312704f3131e72dcd2dbdacc5264d4aa62/db/ci/migrate/20121004165038_create_builds.rb).
[The behavior of Rails has changed](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26266)
since the release of Rails 5. The framework is now using `bigint` type that is 8
bytes long, however we have not migrated primary keys for `ci_builds` table to
`bigint` yet.
In early 2021 we had estimated that would run out of the capacity of the integer
type to store primary keys in `ci_builds` table before December 2021. If it had
happened without a viable workaround or an emergency plan, GitLab.com would go
down. `ci_builds` was just one of many tables that were running out of the
primary keys available in Int4 sequence.
Before October 2021, our Database team had managed to migrate all the risky
tables' primary keys to big integers.
See the [related Epic](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/5657) for more details.
### Some CI/CD database tables are too large: IN PROGRESS
There is more than two billion rows in `ci_builds` table. We store many
terabytes of data in that table, and the total size of indexes is measured in
terabytes as well.
This amount of data contributes to a significant number of performance
problems we experience on our CI PostgreSQL database.
Most of the problems are related to how PostgreSQL database works internally,
and how it is making use of resources on a node the database runs on. We are at
the limits of vertical scaling of the CI primary database nodes and we
frequently see a negative impact of the `ci_builds` table on the overall
performance, stability, scalability and predictability of the CI database
GitLab.com depends on.
The size of the table also hinders development velocity because queries that
seem fine in the development environment may not work on GitLab.com. The
difference in the dataset size between the environments makes it difficult to
predict the performance of even the most simple queries.
Team members and the wider community members are struggling to contribute the
Verify area, because we restricted the possibility of extending `ci_builds`
even further. Our static analysis tools prevent adding more columns to this
table. Adding new queries is unpredictable because of the size of the dataset
and the amount of queries executed using the table. This significantly hinders
the development velocity and contributes to incidents on the production
environment.
We also expect a significant, exponential growth in the upcoming years.
One of the forecasts done using [Facebook's Prophet](https://facebook.github.io/prophet/)
shows that in the first half of 2024 we expect seeing 20M builds created on
GitLab.com each day. In comparison to around 5M we see created today. This is
10x growth from numbers we saw in 2021.
**Status**: As of October 2021 we reduced the growth rate of `ci_builds` table
by writing build options and variables to `ci_builds_metadata` table. We are
also working on partitioning the largest CI/CD database tables using
[time decay pattern](../ci_data_decay/index.md).
### Queuing mechanisms were using the large table: DONE
Because of how large the table is, mechanisms that we used to build queues of
pending builds (there is more than one queue), were not very efficient. Pending
builds represented a small fraction of what we store in the `ci_builds` table,
yet we needed to find them in this big dataset to determine an order in which we
wanted to process them.
This mechanism was very inefficient, and it had been causing problems on the
production environment frequently. This usually resulted in a significant drop
of the CI/CD Apdex score, and sometimes even caused a significant performance
degradation in the production environment.
There were multiple other strategies that we considered to improve performance and
reliability. We evaluated using [Redis queuing](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/322972), or
[a separate table that would accelerate SQL queries used to build queues](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/322766).
We decided to proceed with the latter.
In October 2021 we finished shipping the new architecture of builds queuing
[on GitLab.com](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/5909#note_680407908).
We then made the new architecture [generally available](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/6954).
### Moving big amounts of data is challenging: IN PROGRESS
We store a significant amount of data in `ci_builds` table. Some of the columns
in that table store a serialized user-provided data. Column `ci_builds.options`
stores more than 600 gigabytes of data, and `ci_builds.yaml_variables` more
than 300 gigabytes (as of February 2021).
It is a lot of data that needs to be reliably moved to a different place.
Unfortunately, right now, our [background migrations](../../../development/database/background_migrations.md)
are not reliable enough to migrate this amount of data at scale. We need to
build mechanisms that will give us confidence in moving this data between
columns, tables, partitions or database shards.
Effort to improve background migrations will be owned by our Database Team.
**Status**: In progress. We plan to ship further improvements that will be
described in a separate architectural blueprint.
## Proposal
Below you can find the original proposal made in early 2021 about how we want
to move forward with CI Scaling effort:
> Making GitLab CI/CD product ready for the scale we expect to see in the
> upcoming years is a multi-phase effort.
>
> First, we want to focus on things that are urgently needed right now. We need
> to fix primary keys overflow risk and unblock other teams that are working on
> database partitioning and sharding.
>
> We want to improve known bottlenecks, like
> builds queuing mechanisms that is using the large table, and other things that
> are holding other teams back.
>
> Extending CI/CD metrics is important to get a better sense of how the system
> performs and to what growth should we expect. This will make it easier for us
> to identify bottlenecks and perform more advanced capacity planning.
>
> Next step is to better understand how we can leverage strong time-decay
> characteristic of CI/CD data. This might help us to partition CI/CD dataset to
> reduce the size of CI/CD database tables.
## Iterations
Work required to achieve our next CI/CD scaling target is tracked in the
[CI/CD Scaling](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/5745) epic.
1. ✓ Migrate primary keys to big integers on GitLab.com.
1. ✓ Implement the new architecture of builds queuing on GitLab.com.
1. ✓ [Make the new builds queuing architecture generally available](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/6954).
1. [Partition CI/CD data using time-decay pattern](../ci_data_decay/index.md).
## Status
Created at 21.01.2021, approved at 26.04.2021.
Status: In progress.
## Who
Proposal:
<!-- vale gitlab.Spelling = NO -->
| Role | Who
|------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Author | Grzegorz Bizon |
| Architecture Evolution Coach | Kamil Trzciński |
| Engineering Leader | Cheryl Li |
| Product Manager | Jackie Porter |
| Domain Expert / Verify | Fabio Pitino |
| Domain Expert / Database | Jose Finotto |
| Domain Expert / PostgreSQL | Nikolay Samokhvalov |
DRIs:
| Role | Who
|------------------------------|------------------------|
| Leadership | Cheryl Li |
| Product | Jackie Porter |
| Engineering | Grzegorz Bizon |
Domain experts:
| Area | Who
|------------------------------|------------------------|
| Domain Expert / Verify | Fabio Pitino |
| Domain Expert / Verify | Marius Bobin |
| Domain Expert / Database | Jose Finotto |
| Domain Expert / PostgreSQL | Nikolay Samokhvalov |
<!-- vale gitlab.Spelling = YES -->
|
