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---
stage: Verify
group: Continuous Integration
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#designated-technical-writers
type: howto
---
# Building images with kaniko and GitLab CI/CD
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/45512) in GitLab 11.2. Requires GitLab Runner 11.2 and above.
[kaniko](https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/kaniko) is a tool to build
container images from a Dockerfile, inside a container or Kubernetes cluster.
kaniko solves two problems with using the
[Docker-in-Docker
build](using_docker_build.md#use-docker-in-docker-workflow-with-docker-executor) method:
- Docker-in-Docker requires [privileged mode](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#runtime-privilege-and-linux-capabilities)
to function, which is a significant security concern.
- Docker-in-Docker generally incurs a performance penalty and can be quite slow.
## Requirements
To use kaniko with GitLab, [a runner](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/) with one
of the following executors is required:
- [Kubernetes](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/kubernetes.html).
- [Docker](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html).
- [Docker Machine](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker_machine.html).
## Building a Docker image with kaniko
When building an image with kaniko and GitLab CI/CD, you should be aware of a
few important details:
- The kaniko debug image is recommended (`gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:debug`)
because it has a shell, and a shell is required for an image to be used with
GitLab CI/CD.
- The entrypoint will need to be [overridden](using_docker_images.md#overriding-the-entrypoint-of-an-image),
otherwise the build script will not run.
- A Docker `config.json` file needs to be created with the authentication
information for the desired container registry.
In the following example, kaniko is used to:
1. Build a Docker image.
1. Then push it to [GitLab Container Registry](../../user/packages/container_registry/index.md).
The job will run only when a tag is pushed. A `config.json` file is created under
`/kaniko/.docker` with the needed GitLab Container Registry credentials taken from the
[environment variables](../variables/README.md#predefined-environment-variables)
GitLab CI/CD provides.
In the last step, kaniko uses the `Dockerfile` under the
root directory of the project, builds the Docker image and pushes it to the
project's Container Registry while tagging it with the Git tag:
```yaml
build:
stage: build
image:
name: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:debug
entrypoint: [""]
script:
- mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
- echo "{\"auths\":{\"$CI_REGISTRY\":{\"username\":\"$CI_REGISTRY_USER\",\"password\":\"$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD\"}}}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
- /kaniko/executor --context $CI_PROJECT_DIR --dockerfile $CI_PROJECT_DIR/Dockerfile --destination $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_TAG
only:
- tags
```
## Using a registry with a custom certificate
When trying to push to a Docker registry that uses a certificate that is signed
by a custom CA, you might get the following error:
```shell
$ /kaniko/executor --context $CI_PROJECT_DIR --dockerfile $CI_PROJECT_DIR/Dockerfile --no-push
INFO[0000] Downloading base image registry.gitlab.example.com/group/docker-image
error building image: getting stage builder for stage 0: Get https://registry.gitlab.example.com/v2/: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority
```
This can be solved by adding your CA's certificate to the kaniko certificate
store:
```yaml
before_script:
- mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
- echo "{\"auths\":{\"$CI_REGISTRY\":{\"username\":\"$CI_REGISTRY_USER\",\"password\":\"$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD\"}}}" > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
- |
echo "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----" >> /kaniko/ssl/certs/additional-ca-cert-bundle.crt
```
## Video walkthrough of a working example
The [Least Privilege Container Builds with Kaniko on GitLab](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d96ybcELpFs)
video is a walkthrough of the [Kaniko Docker Build](https://gitlab.com/guided-explorations/containers/kaniko-docker-build)
Guided Exploration project pipeline. It was tested on:
- [GitLab.com shared runners](../../user/gitlab_com/index.md#shared-runners)
- [The Kubernetes runner executor](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/kubernetes.html)
The example can be copied to your own group or instance for testing. More details
on what other GitLab CI patterns are demonstrated are available at the project page.
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