path: root/doc/development/i18n/externalization.md

# Internationalization for GitLab

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/merge_requests/10669) in GitLab 9.2.

For working with internationalization (i18n),
[GNU gettext](https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/) is used given it's the most
used tool for this task and there are a lot of applications that will help us to
work with it.

## Setting up GitLab Development Kit (GDK)

In order to be able to work on the [GitLab Community Edition](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss)
project you must download and configure it through [GDK](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-development-kit/blob/master/doc/set-up-gdk.md).

Once you have the GitLab project ready, you can start working on the translation.

## Tools

The following tools are used:

1. [`gettext_i18n_rails`](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails): this
   gem allow us to translate content from models, views and controllers. Also
   it gives us access to the following Rake tasks:
   - `rake gettext:find`: Parses almost all the files from the
     Rails application looking for content that has been marked for
     translation. Finally, it updates the PO files with the new content that
     it has found.
   - `rake gettext:pack`: Processes the PO files and generates the
     MO files that are binary and are finally used by the application.

1. [`gettext_i18n_rails_js`](https://github.com/webhippie/gettext_i18n_rails_js):
   this gem is useful to make the translations available in JavaScript. It
   provides the following Rake task:
   - `rake gettext:po_to_json`: Reads the contents from the PO files and
     generates JSON files containing all the available translations.

1. PO editor: there are multiple applications that can help us to work with PO
   files, a good option is [Poedit](https://poedit.net/download) which is
   available for macOS, GNU/Linux and Windows.

## Preparing a page for translation

We basically have 4 types of files:

1. Ruby files: basically Models and Controllers.
1. HAML files: these are the view files.
1. ERB files: used for email templates.
1. JavaScript files: we mostly need to work with Vue templates.

### Ruby files

If there is a method or variable that works with a raw string, for instance:

```ruby
def hello
  "Hello world!"
end
```

Or:

```ruby
hello = "Hello world!"
```

You can easily mark that content for translation with:

```ruby
def hello
  _("Hello world!")
end
```

Or:

```ruby
hello = _("Hello world!")
```

Be careful when translating strings at the class or module level since these would only be
evaluated once at class load time.

For example:

```ruby
validates :group_id, uniqueness: { scope: [:project_id], message: _("already shared with this group") }
```

This would be translated when the class is loaded and result in the error message
always being in the default locale.

Active Record's `:message` option accepts a `Proc`, so we can do this instead:

```ruby
validates :group_id, uniqueness: { scope: [:project_id], message: -> (object, data) { _("already shared with this group") } }
```

NOTE: **Note:**
Messages in the API (`lib/api/` or `app/graphql`) do
not need to be externalised.

### HAML files

Given the following content in HAML:

```haml
%h1 Hello world!
```

You can mark that content for translation with:

```haml
%h1= _("Hello world!")
```

### ERB files

Given the following content in ERB:

```erb
<h1>Hello world!</h1>
```

You can mark that content for translation with:

```erb
<h1><%= _("Hello world!") %></h1>
```

### JavaScript files

In JavaScript we added the `__()` (double underscore parenthesis) function that
you can import from the `~/locale` file. For instance:

```javascript
import { __ } from '~/locale';
const label = __('Subscribe');
```

In order to test JavaScript translations you have to change the GitLab
localization to other language than English and you have to generate JSON files
using `bin/rake gettext:po_to_json` or `bin/rake gettext:compile`.

### Dynamic translations

Sometimes there are some dynamic translations that can't be found by the
parser when running `bin/rake gettext:find`. For these scenarios you can
use the [`N_` method](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#unfound-translations-with-rake-gettextfind).

There is also and alternative method to [translate messages from validation errors](https://github.com/grosser/gettext_i18n_rails/blob/c09e38d481e0899ca7d3fc01786834fa8e7aab97/Readme.md#option-a).

## Working with special content

### Interpolation

Placeholders in translated text should match the code style of the respective source file.
For example use `%{created_at}` in Ruby but `%{createdAt}` in JavaScript. Make sure to [avoid splitting sentences when adding links](#avoid-splitting-sentences-when-adding-links).

- In Ruby/HAML:

  ```ruby
  _("Hello %{name}") % { name: 'Joe' } => 'Hello Joe'
  ```

- In Vue:

  See the section on [Vue component interpolation](#vue-components-interpolation).

- In JavaScript (when Vue cannot be used):

  ```javascript
  import { __, sprintf } from '~/locale';

  sprintf(__('Hello %{username}'), { username: 'Joe' }); // => 'Hello Joe'
  ```

  If you want to use markup within the translation and are using Vue, you
  **must** use the [`gl-sprintf`](#vue-components-interpolation) component. If
  for some reason you cannot use Vue, use `sprintf` and stop it from escaping
  placeholder values by passing `false` as its third argument. You **must**
  escape any interpolated dynamic values yourself, for instance using
  `escape` from `lodash`.

  ```javascript
  import { escape } from 'lodash';
  import { __, sprintf } from '~/locale';

  let someDynamicValue = '<script>alert("evil")</script>';

  // Dangerous:
  sprintf(__('This is %{value}'), { value: `<strong>${someDynamicValue}</strong>`, false);
  // => 'This is <strong><script>alert('evil')</script></strong>'

  // Incorrect:
  sprintf(__('This is %{value}'), { value: `<strong>${someDynamicValue}</strong>` });
  // => 'This is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;evil&#x27;)&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;'

  // OK:
  sprintf(__('This is %{value}'), { value: `<strong>${escape(someDynamicValue)}</strong>` }, false);
  // => 'This is <strong>&lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;evil&#x27;)&lt;/script&gt;</strong>'
  ```

### Plurals

- In Ruby/HAML:

  ```ruby
  n_('Apple', 'Apples', 3)
  # => 'Apples'
  ```

  Using interpolation:

  ```ruby
  n_("There is a mouse.", "There are %d mice.", size) % size
  # => When size == 1: 'There is a mouse.'
  # => When size == 2: 'There are 2 mice.'
  ```

  Avoid using `%d` or count variables in singular strings. This allows more natural translation in some languages.

- In JavaScript:

  ```javascript
  n__('Apple', 'Apples', 3)
  // => 'Apples'
  ```

  Using interpolation:

  ```javascript
  n__('Last day', 'Last %d days', x)
  // => When x == 1: 'Last day'
  // => When x == 2: 'Last 2 days'
  ```

The `n_` method should only be used to fetch pluralized translations of the same
string, not to control the logic of showing different strings for different
quantities. Some languages have different quantities of target plural forms -
Chinese (simplified), for example, has only one target plural form in our
translation tool. This means the translator would have to choose to translate
only one of the strings and the translation would not behave as intended in the
other case.

For example, prefer to use:

```ruby
if selected_projects.one?
  selected_projects.first.name
else
  n__("Project selected", "%d projects selected", selected_projects.count)
end
```

rather than:

```ruby
# incorrect usage example
n_("%{project_name}", "%d projects selected", count) % { project_name: 'GitLab' }
```

### Namespaces

A namespace is a way to group translations that belong together. They provide context to our translators by adding a prefix followed by the bar symbol (`|`). For example:

```ruby
'Namespace|Translated string'
```

A namespace provide the following benefits:

- It addresses ambiguity in words, for example: `Promotions|Promote` vs `Epic|Promote`
- It allows translators to focus on translating externalized strings that belong to the same product area rather than arbitrary ones.
- It gives a linguistic context to help the translator.

In some cases, namespaces don't make sense, for example,
for ubiquitous UI words and phrases such as "Cancel" or phrases like "Save changes" a namespace could
be counterproductive.

Namespaces should be PascalCase.

- In Ruby/HAML:

  ```ruby
  s_('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
  ```

  In case the translation is not found it will return `Opened`.

- In JavaScript:

  ```javascript
  s__('OpenedNDaysAgo|Opened')
  ```

Note: The namespace should be removed from the translation. See the [translation
guidelines for more details](translation.md#namespaced-strings).

### HTML

We no longer include HTML directly in the strings that are submitted for translation. This is for a couple of reasons:

1. It introduces a chance for the translated string to accidentally include invalid HTML.
1. It introduces a security risk where translated strings become an attack vector for XSS, as noted by the
   [Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)](https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/xss/).

To include formatting in the translated string, we can do the following:

- In Ruby/HAML:

  ```ruby
    html_escape(_('Some %{strongOpen}bold%{strongClose} text.')) % { strongOpen: '<strong>'.html_safe, strongClose: '</strong>'.html_safe }

    # => 'Some <strong>bold</strong> text.'
  ```

- In JavaScript:

  ```javascript
    sprintf(__('Some %{strongOpen}bold%{strongClose} text.'), { strongOpen: '<strong>', strongClose: '</strong>'}, false);

    // => 'Some <strong>bold</strong> text.'
  ```

- In Vue

  See the section on [interpolation](#interpolation).

When [this translation helper issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/217935) is complete, we'll update the
process of including formatting in translated strings.

#### Including Angle Brackets

If a string contains angles brackets (`<`/`>`) that are not used for HTML, it will still be flagged by the
`rake gettext:lint` linter.
To avoid this error, use the applicable HTML entity code (`&lt;` or `&gt;`) instead:

- In Ruby/HAML:

   ```ruby
   html_escape_once(_('In &lt; 1 hour')).html_safe

   # => 'In < 1 hour'
   ```

- In JavaScript:

  ```javascript
  import sanitize from 'sanitize-html';

  const i18n = { LESS_THAN_ONE_HOUR: sanitize(__('In &lt; 1 hours'), { allowedTags: [] }) };

  // ... using the string
  element.innerHTML = i18n.LESS_THAN_ONE_HOUR;

  // => 'In < 1 hour'
  ```

- In Vue:

  ```vue
  <gl-sprintf :message="s__('In &lt; 1 hours')"/>

  // => 'In < 1 hour'
  ```

### Dates / times

- In JavaScript:

```javascript
import { createDateTimeFormat } from '~/locale';

const dateFormat = createDateTimeFormat({ year: 'numeric', month: 'long', day: 'numeric' });
console.log(dateFormat.format(new Date('2063-04-05'))) // April 5, 2063
```

This makes use of [`Intl.DateTimeFormat`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat).

- In Ruby/HAML, we have two ways of adding format to dates and times:

  1. **Through the `l` helper**, i.e. `l(active_session.created_at, format: :short)`. We have some predefined formats for
     [dates](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/4ab54c2233e91f60a80e5b6fa2181e6899fdcc3e/config/locales/en.yml#L54) and [times](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/4ab54c2233e91f60a80e5b6fa2181e6899fdcc3e/config/locales/en.yml#L262).
     If you need to add a new format, because other parts of the code could benefit from it,
     you'll need to add it to [en.yml](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/config/locales/en.yml) file.
  1. **Through `strftime`**, i.e. `milestone.start_date.strftime('%b %-d')`. We use `strftime` in case none of the formats
     defined on [en.yml](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/config/locales/en.yml) matches the date/time
     specifications we need, and if there is no need to add it as a new format because is very particular (i.e. it's only used in a single view).

## Best practices

### Keep translations dynamic

There are cases when it makes sense to keep translations together within an array or a hash.

Examples:

- Mappings for a dropdown list
- Error messages

To store these kinds of data, using a constant seems like the best choice, however this won't work for translations.

Bad, avoid it:

```ruby
class MyPresenter
  MY_LIST = {
    key_1: _('item 1'),
    key_2: _('item 2'),
    key_3: _('item 3')
  }
end
```

The translation method (`_`) will be called when the class is loaded for the first time and translates the text to the default locale. Regardless of what's the user's locale, these values will not be translated again.

Similar thing happens when using class methods with memoization.

Bad, avoid it:

```ruby
class MyModel
  def self.list
    @list ||= {
      key_1: _('item 1'),
      key_2: _('item 2'),
      key_3: _('item 3')
    }
  end
end
```

This method will memoize the translations using the locale of the user, who first "called" this method.

To avoid these problems, keep the translations dynamic.

Good:

```ruby
class MyPresenter
  def self.my_list
    {
      key_1: _('item 1'),
      key_2: _('item 2'),
      key_3: _('item 3')
    }.freeze
  end
end
```

### Splitting sentences

Please never split a sentence as that would assume the sentence grammar and
structure is the same in all languages.

For instance, the following:

```javascript
{{ s__("mrWidget|Set by") }}
{{ author.name }}
{{ s__("mrWidget|to be merged automatically when the pipeline succeeds") }}
```

should be externalized as follows:

```javascript
{{ sprintf(s__("mrWidget|Set by %{author} to be merged automatically when the pipeline succeeds"), { author: author.name }) }}
```

#### Avoid splitting sentences when adding links

This also applies when using links in between translated sentences, otherwise these texts are not translatable in certain languages.

- In Ruby/HAML, instead of:

  ```haml
  - zones_link = link_to(s_('ClusterIntegration|zones'), 'https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones', target: '_blank', rel: 'noopener noreferrer')
  = s_('ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{zones_link}').html_safe % { zones_link: zones_link }
  ```

  Set the link starting and ending HTML fragments as variables like so:

  ```haml
  - zones_link_url = 'https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones'
  - zones_link_start = '<a href="%{url}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">'.html_safe % { url: zones_link_url }
  = s_('ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{zones_link_start}zones%{zones_link_end}').html_safe % { zones_link_start: zones_link_start, zones_link_end: '</a>'.html_safe }
  ```

- In Vue, instead of:

  ```html
  <template>
    <div>
      <gl-sprintf :message="s__('ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{link}')">
        <template #link>
          <gl-link
            href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones"
            target="_blank"
          >zones</gl-link>
        </template>
      </gl-sprintf>
    </div>
  </template>
  ```

  Set the link starting and ending HTML fragments as placeholders like so:

  ```html
  <template>
    <div>
      <gl-sprintf :message="s__('ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{linkStart}zones%{linkEnd}')">
        <template #link="{ content }">
          <gl-link
            href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones"
            target="_blank"
          >{{ content }}</gl-link>
        </template>
      </gl-sprintf>
    </div>
  </template>
  ```

- In JavaScript (when Vue cannot be used), instead of:

  ```javascript
  {{
      sprintf(s__("ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{link}"), {
          link: '<a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">zones</a>'
      })
  }}
  ```

  Set the link starting and ending HTML fragments as placeholders like so:

  ```javascript
  {{
      sprintf(s__("ClusterIntegration|Learn more about %{linkStart}zones%{linkEnd}"), {
          linkStart: '<a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">',
          linkEnd: '</a>',
      })
  }}
  ```

The reasoning behind this is that in some languages words change depending on context. For example in Japanese は is added to the subject of a sentence and を to the object. This is impossible to translate correctly if we extract individual words from the sentence.

When in doubt, try to follow the best practices described in this [Mozilla
Developer documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Localization/Localization_content_best_practices#Splitting).

##### Vue components interpolation

When translating UI text in Vue components, you might want to include child components inside
the translation string.
You could not use a JavaScript-only solution to render the translation,
because Vue would not be aware of the child components and would render them as plain text.

For this use case, you should use the `gl-sprintf` component which is maintained
in **GitLab UI**.

The `gl-sprintf` component accepts a `message` property, which is the translatable string,
and it exposes a named slot for every placeholder in the string, which lets you include Vue
components easily.

Assume you want to print the translatable string
`Pipeline %{pipelineId} triggered %{timeago} by %{author}`. To replace the `%{timeago}` and
`%{author}` placeholders with Vue components, here's how you would do that with `gl-sprintf`:

```html
<template>
  <div>
    <gl-sprintf :message="__('Pipeline %{pipelineId} triggered %{timeago} by %{author}')">
      <template #pipelineId>{{ pipeline.id }}</template>
      <template #timeago>
        <timeago :time="pipeline.triggerTime" />
      </template>
      <template #author>
        <gl-avatar-labeled
          :src="pipeline.triggeredBy.avatarPath"
          :label="pipeline.triggeredBy.name"
        />
      </template>
    </gl-sprintf>
  </div>
</template>
```

For more information, see the [`gl-sprintf`](https://gitlab-org.gitlab.io/gitlab-ui/?path=/story/base-sprintf--default) documentation.

## Updating the PO files with the new content

Now that the new content is marked for translation, we need to update
`locale/gitlab.pot` files with the following command:

```shell
bin/rake gettext:regenerate
```

This command will update `locale/gitlab.pot` file with the newly externalized
strings and remove any strings that aren't used anymore. You should check this
file in. Once the changes are on master, they will be picked up by
[CrowdIn](https://translate.gitlab.com) and be presented for
translation.

We don't need to check in any changes to the `locale/[language]/gitlab.po` files.
They are updated automatically when [translations from CrowdIn are merged](merging_translations.md).

If there are merge conflicts in the `gitlab.pot` file, you can delete the file
and regenerate it using the same command.

### Validating PO files

To make sure we keep our translation files up to date, there's a linter that is
running on CI as part of the `static-analysis` job.

To lint the adjustments in PO files locally you can run `rake gettext:lint`.

The linter will take the following into account:

- Valid PO-file syntax
- Variable usage
  - Only one unnamed (`%d`) variable, since the order of variables might change
    in different languages
  - All variables used in the message ID are used in the translation
  - There should be no variables used in a translation that aren't in the
    message ID
- Errors during translation.
- Presence of angle brackets (`<` or `>`)

The errors are grouped per file, and per message ID:

```plaintext
Errors in `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po`:
  PO-syntax errors
    SimplePoParser::ParserErrorSyntax error in lines
    Syntax error in msgctxt
    Syntax error in msgid
    Syntax error in msgstr
    Syntax error in message_line
    There should be only whitespace until the end of line after the double quote character of a message text.
    Parsing result before error: '{:msgid=>["", "You are going to delete %{project_name_with_namespace}.\\n", "Deleted projects CANNOT be restored!\\n", "Are you ABSOLUTELY sure?"]}'
    SimplePoParser filtered backtrace: SimplePoParser::ParserError
Errors in `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po`:
  1 pipeline
    <%d 條流水線> is using unknown variables: [%d]
    Failure translating to zh_TW with []: too few arguments
```

In this output the `locale/zh_HK/gitlab.po` has syntax errors.
The `locale/zh_TW/gitlab.po` has variables that are used in the translation that
aren't in the message with ID `1 pipeline`.

## Adding a new language

NOTE: **Note:**
[Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/221012) in GitLab 13.3:
Languages with less than 2% of translations won't be available in the UI.

Let's suppose you want to add translations for a new language, let's say French.

1. The first step is to register the new language in `lib/gitlab/i18n.rb`:

   ```ruby
   ...
   AVAILABLE_LANGUAGES = {
     ...,
     'fr' => 'Français'
   }.freeze
   ...
   ```

1. Next, you need to add the language:

   ```shell
   bin/rake gettext:add_language[fr]
   ```

   If you want to add a new language for a specific region, the command is similar,
   you just need to separate the region with an underscore (`_`). For example:

   ```shell
   bin/rake gettext:add_language[en_GB]
   ```

   Please note that you need to specify the region part in capitals.

1. Now that the language is added, a new directory has been created under the
   path: `locale/fr/`. You can now start using your PO editor to edit the PO file
   located in: `locale/fr/gitlab.edit.po`.

1. After you're done updating the translations, you need to process the PO files
   in order to generate the binary MO files and finally update the JSON files
   containing the translations:

   ```shell
   bin/rake gettext:compile
   ```

1. In order to see the translated content we need to change our preferred language
   which can be found under the user's **Settings** (`/profile`).

1. After checking that the changes are ok, you can proceed to commit the new files.
   For example:

   ```shell
   git add locale/fr/ app/assets/javascripts/locale/fr/
   git commit -m "Add French translations for Value Stream Analytics page"
   ```