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# Managing PostgreSQL extensions
This guide documents how to manage PostgreSQL extensions for installations with an external
PostgreSQL database.
GitLab requires certain extensions to be installed into the GitLab database. For example,
GitLab relies on `pg_trgm` and the `btree_gist` extensions.
In order to install extensions, PostgreSQL requires the user to have superuser privileges.
Typically, the GitLab database user is not a superuser. Therefore, regular database migrations
cannot be used in installing extensions and instead, extensions have to be installed manually
prior to upgrading GitLab to a newer version.
## Installing PostgreSQL extensions manually
In order to install a PostgreSQL extension, this procedure should be followed:
1. Connect to the GitLab PostgreSQL database using a superuser, for example:
```shell
sudo gitlab-psql -d gitlabhq_production
```
1. Install the extension (`btree_gist` in this example) using [`CREATE EXTENSION`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/sql-createextension.html):
```sql
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS btree_gist
```
1. Verify installed extensions:
```shell
gitlabhq_production=# \dx
List of installed extensions
Name | Version | Schema | Description
------------+---------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------
btree_gist | 1.5 | public | support for indexing common datatypes in GiST
pg_trgm | 1.4 | public | text similarity measurement and index searching based on trigrams
plpgsql | 1.0 | pg_catalog | PL/pgSQL procedural language
(3 rows)
```
On some systems you may need to install an additional package (for example,
`postgresql-contrib`) for certain extensions to become available.
## A typical migration failure scenario
The following is an example of a situation when the extension hasn't been installed before running migrations.
In this scenario, the database migration fails to create the extension `btree_gist` because of insufficient
privileges.
```shell
== 20200515152649 EnableBtreeGistExtension: migrating =========================
-- execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS btree_gist")
GitLab requires the PostgreSQL extension 'btree_gist' installed in database 'gitlabhq_production', but
the database user is not allowed to install the extension.
You can either install the extension manually using a database superuser:
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS btree_gist
Or, you can solve this by logging in to the GitLab database (gitlabhq_production) using a superuser and running:
ALTER regular WITH SUPERUSER
This query will grant the user superuser permissions, ensuring any database extensions
can be installed through migrations.
```
In order to recover from this situation, the extension needs to be installed manually using a superuser, and
the database migration (or GitLab upgrade) can be retried afterwards.
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