path: root/doc/pages/pages_static_sites_domains_dns_records_ssl_tls_certificates.md

# GitLab Pages from A to Z: Part 1

> Type: user guide
>
> Level: beginner

- **Part 1: Static Sites, Domains, DNS Records, and SSL/TLS Certificates**
- _[Part 2: Quick Start Guide - Setting Up GitLab Pages](pages_quick_start_guide.html)_
- _[Part 3: Creating and Tweaking `.gitlab-ci.yml` for GitLab Pages](pages_creating_and_tweaking_gitlab-ci.html)_

----

This is a comprehensive guide, made for those who want to publish a website with GitLab Pages but aren't familiar with the entire process involved.

To **enable** GitLab Pages for GitLab CE (Community Edition) and GitLab EE (Enterprise Edition), please read the [admin documentation](https://docs.gitlab.com/ce/administration/pages/index.html), or watch this [video tutorial](https://youtu.be/dD8c7WNcc6s).

> For this guide, we assume you already have GitLab Pages server up and running for your GitLab instance.

## What you need to know before getting started

Before we begin, let's understand a few concepts first.

### Static Sites

GitLab Pages only supports static websites, meaning, your output files must be HTML, CSS, and JavaScript only.

To create your static site, you can either hardcode in HTML, CSS, and JS, or use a [Static Site Generator (SSG)](https://www.staticgen.com/) to simplify your code and build the static site for you, which is highly recommendable and much faster than hardcoding.

#### Further Reading

- Read through this technical overview on [Static versus Dynamic Websites](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/06/03/ssg-overview-gitlab-pages-part-1-dynamic-x-static/)
- Understand [how modern Static Site Generators work](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/06/10/ssg-overview-gitlab-pages-part-2/) and what you can add to your static site
- You can use [any SSG with GitLab Pages](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/06/17/ssg-overview-gitlab-pages-part-3-examples-ci/)
- Fork an [example project](https://gitlab.com/pages) to build your website based upon

### GitLab Pages Domain

If you set up a GitLab Pages project on GitLab.com, it will automatically be accessible under a [subdomain of `<namespace>.pages.io`](https://docs.gitlab.com/ce/user/project/pages/). The `<namespace>` is defined by your username on GitLab.com, or the group name you created this project under.

> Note: If you use your own GitLab instance to deploy your site with GitLab Pages, check with your sysadmin what's your Pages wildcard domain. This guide is valid for any GitLab instance, you just need to replace Pages wildcard domain on GitLab.com (`*.gitlab.io`) with your own.

#### Practical examples

**Project Websites:**

- You created a project called `blog` under your username `john`, therefore your project URL is `https://gitlab.com/john/blog/`. Once you enable GitLab Pages for this project, and build your site, it will be available under `https://john.gitlab.io/blog/`.
- You created a group for all your websites called `websites`, and a project within this group is called `blog`. Your project URL is `https://gitlab.com/websites/blog/`. Once you enable GitLab Pages for this project, the site will live under `https://websites.gitlab.io/blog/`.

**User and Group Websites:**

- Under your username, `john`, you created a project called `john.gitlab.io`. Your project URL will be `https://gitlab.com/john/john.gitlab.io`. Once you enable GitLab Pages for your project, your website will be published under `https://john.gitlab.io`.
- Under your group `websites`, you created a project called `websites.gitlab.io`. your project's URL will be `https://gitlab.com/websites/websites.gitlab.io`. Once you enable GitLab Pages for your project, your website will be published under `https://websites.gitlab.io`.

**General example:**

- On GitLab.com, a project site will always be available under `https://namespace.gitlab.io/project-name`
- On GitLab.com, a user or group website will be available under `https://namespace.gitlab.io/`
- On your GitLab instance, replace `gitlab.io` above with your Pages server domain. Ask your sysadmin for this information.

### DNS Records

A Domain Name System (DNS) web service routes visitors to websites by translating domain names (such as `www.example.com`) into the numeric IP addresses (such as `192.0.2.1`) that computers use to connect to each other.

A DNS record is created to point a (sub)domain to a certain location, which can be an IP address or another domain. In case you want to use GitLab Pages with your own (sub)domain, you need to access your domain's registrar control panel to add a DNS record pointing it back to your GitLab Pages site.

Note that **how to** add DNS records depends on which server your domain is hosted on. Every control panel has its own place to do it. If you are not an admin of your domain, and don't have access to your registrar, you'll need to ask for the technical support of your hosting service to do it for you.

To help you out, we've gathered some instructions on how to do that for the most popular hosting services:

- [Amazon](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gettingstarted/latest/swh/getting-started-configure-route53.html)
- [Bluehost](https://my.bluehost.com/cgi/help/559)
- [CloudFlare](https://support.cloudflare.com/hc/en-us/articles/200169096-How-do-I-add-A-records-)
- [cPanel](https://documentation.cpanel.net/display/ALD/Edit+DNS+Zone)
- [DreamHost](https://help.dreamhost.com/hc/en-us/articles/215414867-How-do-I-add-custom-DNS-records-)
- [Go Daddy](https://www.godaddy.com/help/add-an-a-record-19238)
- [Hostgator](http://support.hostgator.com/articles/changing-dns-records)
- [Inmotion hosting](https://my.bluehost.com/cgi/help/559)
- [Media Temple](https://mediatemple.net/community/products/dv/204403794/how-can-i-change-the-dns-records-for-my-domain)
- [Microsoft](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb727018.aspx)

If your hosting service is not listed above, you can just try to search the web for "how to add dns record on <my hosting service>".

#### DNS A record

In case you want to point a root domain (`example.com`) to your GitLab Pages site, deployed to `namespace.gitlab.io`, you need to log into your domain's admin control panel and add a DNS `A` record pointing your domain to Pages' server IP address. For projects on GitLab.com, this IP is `104.208.235.32`. For projects leaving in other GitLab instances (CE or EE), please contact your sysadmin asking for this information (which IP address is Pages server running on your instance).

**Practical Example:**

![DNS A record pointing to GitLab.com Pages server]()

#### DNS CNAME record

In case you want to point a subdomain (`hello-world.example.com`) to your GitLab Pages site initially deployed to `namespace.gitlab.io`, you need to log into your domain's admin control panel and add a DNS `CNAME` record pointing your subdomain to your website URL (`namespace.gitlab.io`) address.

Notice that, despite it's a user or project website, the `CNAME` should point to your Pages domain (`namespace.gitlab.io`), without any `/project-name`.

**Practical Example:**

![DNS CNAME record pointing to GitLab.com project]()

#### TL;DR

| From | DNS Record | To |
| ---- | ---------- | -- |
| domain.com | A | 104.208.235.32 |
| subdomain.domain.com | CNAME | namespace.gitlab.io |

> **Notes**:
>
> - **Do not** use a CNAME record if you want to point your `domain.com` to your GitLab Pages site. Use an `A` record instead.
> - **Do not** add any special chars after the default Pages domain. E.g., **do not** point your `subdomain.domain.com` to `namespace.gitlab.io.` or `namespace.gitlab.io/`.

### SSL/TLS Certificates

Every GitLab Pages project on GitLab.com will be available under HTTPS for the default Pages domain (`*.gitlab.io`). Once you set up your Pages project with your custom (sub)domain, if you want it secured by HTTPS, you will have to issue a certificate for that (sub)domain and install it on your project.

> Note: certificates are NOT required to add to your custom (sub)domain on your GitLab Pages project, though they are highly recommendable.

The importance of having any website securely served under HTTPS is explained on the introductory section of the blog post [Secure GitLab Pages with StartSSL](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/06/24/secure-gitlab-pages-with-startssl/#https-a-quick-overview).

The reason why certificates are so important is that they encrypt the connection between the **client** (you, me, your visitors) and the **server** (where you site lives), through a keychain of authentications and validations.

### Issuing Certificates

GitLab Pages accepts [PEM](https://support.quovadisglobal.com/kb/a37/what-is-pem-format.aspx) certificates issued by [Certificate Authorities (CA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) and self-signed certificates. Of course, [you'd rather issue a certificate than generate a self-signed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-signed_certificate), for security reasons and for having browsers trusting your site's certificate.

There are several different kinds of certificates, each one with certain security level. A static personal website will not require the same security level as an online banking web app, for instance. There are a couple Certificate Authorities that offer free certificates, aiming to make the internet more secure to everyone. The most popular is [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/), which issues certificates trusted by most of browsers, it's open source, and free to use. Please read through this tutorial to understand [how to secure your GitLab Pages website with Let's Encrypt](https://about.gitlab.com/2016/04/11/tutorial-securing-your-gitlab-pages-with-tls-and-letsencrypt/).

With the same popularity, there are [certificates issued by CloudFlare](https://www.cloudflare.com/ssl/), which also offers a [free CDN service](https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflares-free-cdn-and-you/). Their certs are valid up to 15 years. Read through the tutorial on [how to add a CloudFlare Certificate to your GitLab Pages website](https://about.gitlab.com/2017/02/07/setting-up-gitlab-pages-with-cloudflare-certificates/).

### Adding certificates to your project

Regardless the CA you choose, the steps to add your certificate to your Pages project are the same.

#### What do you need

1. A PEM certificate
1. An intermediary certificate
1. A public key

![Pages project - adding certificates]()

These fields are found under your **Project**'s **Settings** > **Pages** > **New Domain**.

#### What's what?

- A PEM certificate is the certificate generated by the CA, which needs to be added to the field **Certificate (PEM)**.
- An [intermediary certificate][] (aka "root certificate") is the part of the encryption keychain that identifies the CA. Usually it's combined with the PEM certificate, but there are some cases in which you need to add them manually. [CloudFlare certs](https://about.gitlab.com/2017/02/07/setting-up-gitlab-pages-with-cloudflare-certificates/) are one of these cases.
- A public key is an encrypted key which validates your PEM against your domain.

#### Now what?

Now that you hopefully understand why you need all of this, it's simple:

- Your PEM certificate needs to be added to the first field
- If your certificate is missing its intermediary, copy and paste the root certificate (usually available from your CA website) and paste it in the [same field as your PEM certificate](https://about.gitlab.com/2017/02/07/setting-up-gitlab-pages-with-cloudflare-certificates/), just jumping a line between them.
- Copy your public key and paste it in the last field

> Note: **do not** open certificates or encryption keys in regular text editors. Always use code editors (such as Sublime Text, Atom, Dreamweaver, Brackets, etc).

## Further Reading

- Read through GitLab Pages from A to Z _[Part 2: Quick Start Guide - Setting Up GitLab Pages](pages_quick_start_guide.html)_
- Read through GitLab Pages from A to Z _[Part 3: Creating and Tweaking `.gitlab-ci.yml` for GitLab Pages](pages_creating_and_tweaking_gitlab-ci.html)_