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module Gitlab
module Database
module MigrationHelpers
# Adds `created_at` and `updated_at` columns with timezone information.
#
# This method is an improved version of Rails' built-in method `add_timestamps`.
#
# Available options are:
# default - The default value for the column.
# null - When set to `true` the column will allow NULL values.
# The default is to not allow NULL values.
def add_timestamps_with_timezone(table_name, options = {})
options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
[:created_at, :updated_at].each do |column_name|
if options[:default] && transaction_open?
raise '`add_timestamps_with_timezone` with default value cannot be run inside a transaction. ' \
'You can disable transactions by calling `disable_ddl_transaction!` ' \
'in the body of your migration class'
end
# If default value is presented, use `add_column_with_default` method instead.
if options[:default]
add_column_with_default(
table_name,
column_name,
:datetime_with_timezone,
default: options[:default],
allow_null: options[:null]
)
else
add_column(table_name, column_name, :datetime_with_timezone, options)
end
end
end
# Creates a new index, concurrently when supported
#
# On PostgreSQL this method creates an index concurrently, on MySQL this
# creates a regular index.
#
# Example:
#
# add_concurrent_index :users, :some_column
#
# See Rails' `add_index` for more info on the available arguments.
def add_concurrent_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})
if transaction_open?
raise 'add_concurrent_index can not be run inside a transaction, ' \
'you can disable transactions by calling disable_ddl_transaction! ' \
'in the body of your migration class'
end
if Database.postgresql?
options = options.merge({ algorithm: :concurrently })
disable_statement_timeout
end
add_index(table_name, column_name, options)
end
# Removes an existed index, concurrently when supported
#
# On PostgreSQL this method removes an index concurrently.
#
# Example:
#
# remove_concurrent_index :users, :some_column
#
# See Rails' `remove_index` for more info on the available arguments.
def remove_concurrent_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})
if transaction_open?
raise 'remove_concurrent_index can not be run inside a transaction, ' \
'you can disable transactions by calling disable_ddl_transaction! ' \
'in the body of your migration class'
end
if supports_drop_index_concurrently?
options = options.merge({ algorithm: :concurrently })
disable_statement_timeout
end
remove_index(table_name, options.merge({ column: column_name }))
end
# Removes an existing index, concurrently when supported
#
# On PostgreSQL this method removes an index concurrently.
#
# Example:
#
# remove_concurrent_index :users, "index_X_by_Y"
#
# See Rails' `remove_index` for more info on the available arguments.
def remove_concurrent_index_by_name(table_name, index_name, options = {})
if transaction_open?
raise 'remove_concurrent_index_by_name can not be run inside a transaction, ' \
'you can disable transactions by calling disable_ddl_transaction! ' \
'in the body of your migration class'
end
if supports_drop_index_concurrently?
options = options.merge({ algorithm: :concurrently })
disable_statement_timeout
end
remove_index(table_name, options.merge({ name: index_name }))
end
# Only available on Postgresql >= 9.2
def supports_drop_index_concurrently?
return false unless Database.postgresql?
version = select_one("SELECT current_setting('server_version_num') AS v")['v'].to_i
version >= 90200
end
# Adds a foreign key with only minimal locking on the tables involved.
#
# This method only requires minimal locking when using PostgreSQL. When
# using MySQL this method will use Rails' default `add_foreign_key`.
#
# source - The source table containing the foreign key.
# target - The target table the key points to.
# column - The name of the column to create the foreign key on.
# on_delete - The action to perform when associated data is removed,
# defaults to "CASCADE".
def add_concurrent_foreign_key(source, target, column:, on_delete: :cascade)
# Transactions would result in ALTER TABLE locks being held for the
# duration of the transaction, defeating the purpose of this method.
if transaction_open?
raise 'add_concurrent_foreign_key can not be run inside a transaction'
end
# While MySQL does allow disabling of foreign keys it has no equivalent
# of PostgreSQL's "VALIDATE CONSTRAINT". As a result we'll just fall
# back to the normal foreign key procedure.
if Database.mysql?
return add_foreign_key(source, target,
column: column,
on_delete: on_delete)
end
disable_statement_timeout
key_name = concurrent_foreign_key_name(source, column)
# Using NOT VALID allows us to create a key without immediately
# validating it. This means we keep the ALTER TABLE lock only for a
# short period of time. The key _is_ enforced for any newly created
# data.
execute <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
ALTER TABLE #{source}
ADD CONSTRAINT #{key_name}
FOREIGN KEY (#{column})
REFERENCES #{target} (id)
#{on_delete ? "ON DELETE #{on_delete}" : ''}
NOT VALID;
EOF
# Validate the existing constraint. This can potentially take a very
# long time to complete, but fortunately does not lock the source table
# while running.
execute("ALTER TABLE #{source} VALIDATE CONSTRAINT #{key_name};")
end
# Returns the name for a concurrent foreign key.
#
# PostgreSQL constraint names have a limit of 63 bytes. The logic used
# here is based on Rails' foreign_key_name() method, which unfortunately
# is private so we can't rely on it directly.
def concurrent_foreign_key_name(table, column)
"fk_#{Digest::SHA256.hexdigest("#{table}_#{column}_fk").first(10)}"
end
# Long-running migrations may take more than the timeout allowed by
# the database. Disable the session's statement timeout to ensure
# migrations don't get killed prematurely. (PostgreSQL only)
def disable_statement_timeout
execute('SET statement_timeout TO 0') if Database.postgresql?
end
def true_value
Database.true_value
end
def false_value
Database.false_value
end
# Updates the value of a column in batches.
#
# This method updates the table in batches of 5% of the total row count.
# This method will continue updating rows until no rows remain.
#
# When given a block this method will yield two values to the block:
#
# 1. An instance of `Arel::Table` for the table that is being updated.
# 2. The query to run as an Arel object.
#
# By supplying a block one can add extra conditions to the queries being
# executed. Note that the same block is used for _all_ queries.
#
# Example:
#
# update_column_in_batches(:projects, :foo, 10) do |table, query|
# query.where(table[:some_column].eq('hello'))
# end
#
# This would result in this method updating only rows where
# `projects.some_column` equals "hello".
#
# table - The name of the table.
# column - The name of the column to update.
# value - The value for the column.
#
# Rubocop's Metrics/AbcSize metric is disabled for this method as Rubocop
# determines this method to be too complex while there's no way to make it
# less "complex" without introducing extra methods (which actually will
# make things _more_ complex).
#
# rubocop: disable Metrics/AbcSize
def update_column_in_batches(table, column, value)
table = Arel::Table.new(table)
count_arel = table.project(Arel.star.count.as('count'))
count_arel = yield table, count_arel if block_given?
total = exec_query(count_arel.to_sql).to_hash.first['count'].to_i
return if total == 0
# Update in batches of 5% until we run out of any rows to update.
batch_size = ((total / 100.0) * 5.0).ceil
max_size = 1000
# The upper limit is 1000 to ensure we don't lock too many rows. For
# example, for "merge_requests" even 1% of the table is around 35 000
# rows for GitLab.com.
batch_size = max_size if batch_size > max_size
start_arel = table.project(table[:id]).order(table[:id].asc).take(1)
start_arel = yield table, start_arel if block_given?
start_id = exec_query(start_arel.to_sql).to_hash.first['id'].to_i
loop do
stop_arel = table.project(table[:id]).
where(table[:id].gteq(start_id)).
order(table[:id].asc).
take(1).
skip(batch_size)
stop_arel = yield table, stop_arel if block_given?
stop_row = exec_query(stop_arel.to_sql).to_hash.first
update_arel = Arel::UpdateManager.new(ActiveRecord::Base).
table(table).
set([[table[column], value]]).
where(table[:id].gteq(start_id))
if stop_row
stop_id = stop_row['id'].to_i
start_id = stop_id
update_arel = update_arel.where(table[:id].lt(stop_id))
end
update_arel = yield table, update_arel if block_given?
execute(update_arel.to_sql)
# There are no more rows left to update.
break unless stop_row
end
end
# Adds a column with a default value without locking an entire table.
#
# This method runs the following steps:
#
# 1. Add the column with a default value of NULL.
# 2. Change the default value of the column to the specified value.
# 3. Update all existing rows in batches.
# 4. Set a `NOT NULL` constraint on the column if desired (the default).
#
# These steps ensure a column can be added to a large and commonly used
# table without locking the entire table for the duration of the table
# modification.
#
# table - The name of the table to update.
# column - The name of the column to add.
# type - The column type (e.g. `:integer`).
# default - The default value for the column.
# limit - Sets a column limit. For example, for :integer, the default is
# 4-bytes. Set `limit: 8` to allow 8-byte integers.
# allow_null - When set to `true` the column will allow NULL values, the
# default is to not allow NULL values.
#
# This method can also take a block which is passed directly to the
# `update_column_in_batches` method.
def add_column_with_default(table, column, type, default:, limit: nil, allow_null: false, &block)
if transaction_open?
raise 'add_column_with_default can not be run inside a transaction, ' \
'you can disable transactions by calling disable_ddl_transaction! ' \
'in the body of your migration class'
end
disable_statement_timeout
transaction do
if limit
add_column(table, column, type, default: nil, limit: limit)
else
add_column(table, column, type, default: nil)
end
# Changing the default before the update ensures any newly inserted
# rows already use the proper default value.
change_column_default(table, column, default)
end
begin
update_column_in_batches(table, column, default, &block)
change_column_null(table, column, false) unless allow_null
# We want to rescue _all_ exceptions here, even those that don't inherit
# from StandardError.
rescue Exception => error # rubocop: disable all
remove_column(table, column)
raise error
end
end
# Renames a column without requiring downtime.
#
# Concurrent renames work by using database triggers to ensure both the
# old and new column are in sync. However, this method will _not_ remove
# the triggers or the old column automatically; this needs to be done
# manually in a post-deployment migration. This can be done using the
# method `cleanup_concurrent_column_rename`.
#
# table - The name of the database table containing the column.
# old - The old column name.
# new - The new column name.
# type - The type of the new column. If no type is given the old column's
# type is used.
def rename_column_concurrently(table, old, new, type: nil)
if transaction_open?
raise 'rename_column_concurrently can not be run inside a transaction'
end
old_col = column_for(table, old)
new_type = type || old_col.type
add_column(table, new, new_type,
limit: old_col.limit,
precision: old_col.precision,
scale: old_col.scale)
# We set the default value _after_ adding the column so we don't end up
# updating any existing data with the default value. This isn't
# necessary since we copy over old values further down.
change_column_default(table, new, old_col.default) if old_col.default
trigger_name = rename_trigger_name(table, old, new)
quoted_table = quote_table_name(table)
quoted_old = quote_column_name(old)
quoted_new = quote_column_name(new)
if Database.postgresql?
install_rename_triggers_for_postgresql(trigger_name, quoted_table,
quoted_old, quoted_new)
else
install_rename_triggers_for_mysql(trigger_name, quoted_table,
quoted_old, quoted_new)
end
update_column_in_batches(table, new, Arel::Table.new(table)[old])
change_column_null(table, new, false) unless old_col.null
copy_indexes(table, old, new)
copy_foreign_keys(table, old, new)
end
# Changes the type of a column concurrently.
#
# table - The table containing the column.
# column - The name of the column to change.
# new_type - The new column type.
def change_column_type_concurrently(table, column, new_type)
temp_column = "#{column}_for_type_change"
rename_column_concurrently(table, column, temp_column, type: new_type)
end
# Performs cleanup of a concurrent type change.
#
# table - The table containing the column.
# column - The name of the column to change.
# new_type - The new column type.
def cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change(table, column)
temp_column = "#{column}_for_type_change"
transaction do
# This has to be performed in a transaction as otherwise we might have
# inconsistent data.
cleanup_concurrent_column_rename(table, column, temp_column)
rename_column(table, temp_column, column)
end
end
# Cleans up a concurrent column name.
#
# This method takes care of removing previously installed triggers as well
# as removing the old column.
#
# table - The name of the database table.
# old - The name of the old column.
# new - The name of the new column.
def cleanup_concurrent_column_rename(table, old, new)
trigger_name = rename_trigger_name(table, old, new)
if Database.postgresql?
remove_rename_triggers_for_postgresql(table, trigger_name)
else
remove_rename_triggers_for_mysql(trigger_name)
end
remove_column(table, old)
end
# Performs a concurrent column rename when using PostgreSQL.
def install_rename_triggers_for_postgresql(trigger, table, old, new)
execute <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION #{trigger}()
RETURNS trigger AS
$BODY$
BEGIN
NEW.#{new} := NEW.#{old};
RETURN NEW;
END;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
VOLATILE
EOF
execute <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
CREATE TRIGGER #{trigger}
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
ON #{table}
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE #{trigger}()
EOF
end
# Installs the triggers necessary to perform a concurrent column rename on
# MySQL.
def install_rename_triggers_for_mysql(trigger, table, old, new)
execute <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
CREATE TRIGGER #{trigger}_insert
BEFORE INSERT
ON #{table}
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.#{new} = NEW.#{old}
EOF
execute <<-EOF.strip_heredoc
CREATE TRIGGER #{trigger}_update
BEFORE UPDATE
ON #{table}
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.#{new} = NEW.#{old}
EOF
end
# Removes the triggers used for renaming a PostgreSQL column concurrently.
def remove_rename_triggers_for_postgresql(table, trigger)
execute("DROP TRIGGER #{trigger} ON #{table}")
execute("DROP FUNCTION #{trigger}()")
end
# Removes the triggers used for renaming a MySQL column concurrently.
def remove_rename_triggers_for_mysql(trigger)
execute("DROP TRIGGER #{trigger}_insert")
execute("DROP TRIGGER #{trigger}_update")
end
# Returns the (base) name to use for triggers when renaming columns.
def rename_trigger_name(table, old, new)
'trigger_' + Digest::SHA256.hexdigest("#{table}_#{old}_#{new}").first(12)
end
# Returns an Array containing the indexes for the given column
def indexes_for(table, column)
column = column.to_s
indexes(table).select { |index| index.columns.include?(column) }
end
# Returns an Array containing the foreign keys for the given column.
def foreign_keys_for(table, column)
column = column.to_s
foreign_keys(table).select { |fk| fk.column == column }
end
# Copies all indexes for the old column to a new column.
#
# table - The table containing the columns and indexes.
# old - The old column.
# new - The new column.
def copy_indexes(table, old, new)
old = old.to_s
new = new.to_s
indexes_for(table, old).each do |index|
new_columns = index.columns.map do |column|
column == old ? new : column
end
# This is necessary as we can't properly rename indexes such as
# "ci_taggings_idx".
unless index.name.include?(old)
raise "The index #{index.name} can not be copied as it does not "\
"mention the old column. You have to rename this index manually first."
end
name = index.name.gsub(old, new)
options = {
unique: index.unique,
name: name,
length: index.lengths,
order: index.orders
}
# These options are not supported by MySQL, so we only add them if
# they were previously set.
options[:using] = index.using if index.using
options[:where] = index.where if index.where
unless index.opclasses.blank?
opclasses = index.opclasses.dup
# Copy the operator classes for the old column (if any) to the new
# column.
opclasses[new] = opclasses.delete(old) if opclasses[old]
options[:opclasses] = opclasses
end
add_concurrent_index(table, new_columns, options)
end
end
# Copies all foreign keys for the old column to the new column.
#
# table - The table containing the columns and indexes.
# old - The old column.
# new - The new column.
def copy_foreign_keys(table, old, new)
foreign_keys_for(table, old).each do |fk|
add_concurrent_foreign_key(fk.from_table,
fk.to_table,
column: new,
on_delete: fk.on_delete)
end
end
# Returns the column for the given table and column name.
def column_for(table, name)
name = name.to_s
columns(table).find { |column| column.name == name }
end
# This will replace the first occurance of a string in a column with
# the replacement
# On postgresql we can use `regexp_replace` for that.
# On mysql we find the location of the pattern, and overwrite it
# with the replacement
def replace_sql(column, pattern, replacement)
quoted_pattern = Arel::Nodes::Quoted.new(pattern.to_s)
quoted_replacement = Arel::Nodes::Quoted.new(replacement.to_s)
if Database.mysql?
locate = Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.
new('locate', [quoted_pattern, column])
insert_in_place = Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.
new('insert', [column, locate, pattern.size, quoted_replacement])
Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(insert_in_place.to_sql)
else
replace = Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.
new("regexp_replace", [column, quoted_pattern, quoted_replacement])
Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(replace.to_sql)
end
end
end
end
end
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