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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">GnuTLS 3.5.3</h1>
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Preface-1" href="Preface.html#Preface">1 Preface</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-GnuTLS-1" href="Introduction-to-GnuTLS.html#Introduction-to-GnuTLS">2 Introduction to GnuTLS</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Downloading-and-installing-1" href="Downloading-and-installing.html#Downloading-and-installing">2.1 Downloading and installing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Installing-for-a-software-distribution-1" href="Installing-for-a-software-distribution.html#Installing-for-a-software-distribution">2.2 Installing for a software distribution</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Overview" href="Document-overview.html#Document-overview">2.3 Overview</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-TLS-and-DTLS" href="Introduction-to-TLS.html#Introduction-to-TLS">3 Introduction to <acronym>TLS</acronym> and <acronym>DTLS</acronym></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-TLS-Layers" href="TLS-layers.html#TLS-layers">3.1 TLS Layers</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Transport-Layer" href="The-transport-layer.html#The-transport-layer">3.2 The Transport Layer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-TLS-record-protocol-1" href="The-TLS-record-protocol.html#The-TLS-record-protocol">3.3 The TLS record protocol</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Encryption-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer-1" href="Encryption-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer.html#Encryption-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer">3.3.1 Encryption algorithms used in the record layer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Compression-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer-1" href="Compression-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer.html#Compression-algorithms-used-in-the-record-layer">3.3.2 Compression algorithms used in the record layer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Weaknesses-and-countermeasures-1" href="Weaknesses-and-countermeasures.html#Weaknesses-and-countermeasures">3.3.3 Weaknesses and countermeasures</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-On-record-padding" href="On-Record-Padding.html#On-Record-Padding">3.3.4 On record padding</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-TLS-alert-protocol" href="The-TLS-Alert-Protocol.html#The-TLS-Alert-Protocol">3.4 The TLS alert protocol</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-TLS-handshake-protocol" href="The-TLS-Handshake-Protocol.html#The-TLS-Handshake-Protocol">3.5 The TLS handshake protocol</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-TLS-ciphersuites" href="TLS-Cipher-Suites.html#TLS-Cipher-Suites">3.5.1 TLS ciphersuites</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Authentication-1" href="Authentication.html#Authentication">3.5.2 Authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Client-authentication" href="Client-Authentication.html#Client-Authentication">3.5.3 Client authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Resuming-sessions" href="Resuming-Sessions.html#Resuming-Sessions">3.5.4 Resuming sessions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-TLS-extensions" href="TLS-Extensions.html#TLS-Extensions">3.6 TLS extensions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Maximum-fragment-length-negotiation-1" href="Maximum-fragment-length-negotiation.html#Maximum-fragment-length-negotiation">3.6.1 Maximum fragment length negotiation</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Server-name-indication-1" href="Server-name-indication.html#Server-name-indication">3.6.2 Server name indication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Session-tickets-1" href="Session-tickets.html#Session-tickets">3.6.3 Session tickets</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-HeartBeat-1" href="HeartBeat.html#HeartBeat">3.6.4 HeartBeat</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Safe-renegotiation-1" href="Safe-renegotiation.html#Safe-renegotiation">3.6.5 Safe renegotiation</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-OCSP-status-request-1" href="OCSP-status-request.html#OCSP-status-request">3.6.6 OCSP status request</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-SRTP-1" href="SRTP.html#SRTP">3.6.7 SRTP</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-False-Start-1" href="False-Start.html#False-Start">3.6.8 False Start</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Application-Layer-Protocol-Negotiation-_0028ALPN_0029-1" href="Application-Layer-Protocol-Negotiation-_0028ALPN_0029.html#Application-Layer-Protocol-Negotiation-_0028ALPN_0029">3.6.9 Application Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Extensions-and-Supplemental-Data-1" href="Extensions-and-Supplemental-Data.html#Extensions-and-Supplemental-Data">3.6.10 Extensions and Supplemental Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-use-TLS-in-application-protocols-1" href="How-to-use-TLS-in-application-protocols.html#How-to-use-TLS-in-application-protocols">3.7 How to use <acronym>TLS</acronym> in application protocols</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Separate-ports-1" href="Separate-ports.html#Separate-ports">3.7.1 Separate ports</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Upward-negotiation-1" href="Upward-negotiation.html#Upward-negotiation">3.7.2 Upward negotiation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-On-SSL-2-and-older-protocols-1" href="On-SSL-2-and-older-protocols.html#On-SSL-2-and-older-protocols">3.8 On SSL 2 and older protocols</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Authentication-methods-1" href="Authentication-methods.html#Authentication-methods">4 Authentication methods</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Certificate-authentication-1" href="Certificate-authentication.html#Certificate-authentication">4.1 Certificate authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-certificates-1" href="X_002e509-certificates.html#X_002e509-certificates">4.1.1 <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-certificate-structure-1" href="X_002e509-certificate-structure.html#X_002e509-certificate-structure">4.1.1.1 <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate structure</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Importing-an-X_002e509-certificate-1" href="Importing-an-X_002e509-certificate.html#Importing-an-X_002e509-certificate">4.1.1.2 Importing an X.509 certificate</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-certificate-names-1" href="X_002e509-certificate-names.html#X_002e509-certificate-names">4.1.1.3 X.509 certificate names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-distinguished-names-1" href="X_002e509-distinguished-names.html#X_002e509-distinguished-names">4.1.1.4 X.509 distinguished names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-extensions-1" href="X_002e509-extensions.html#X_002e509-extensions">4.1.1.5 X.509 extensions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Accessing-public-and-private-keys" href="X_002e509-public-and-private-keys.html#X_002e509-public-and-private-keys">4.1.1.6 Accessing public and private keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-X_002e509-certificate-paths-1" href="Verifying-X_002e509-certificate-paths.html#Verifying-X_002e509-certificate-paths">4.1.1.7 Verifying <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate paths</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-in-the-context-of-TLS-session-1" href="Verifying-a-certificate-in-the-context-of-TLS-session.html#Verifying-a-certificate-in-the-context-of-TLS-session">4.1.1.8 Verifying a certificate in the context of TLS session</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-using-PKCS-_002311" href="Verification-using-PKCS11.html#Verification-using-PKCS11">4.1.1.9 Verifying a certificate using PKCS #11</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-OpenPGP-certificates-1" href="OpenPGP-certificates.html#OpenPGP-certificates">4.1.2 <acronym>OpenPGP</acronym> certificates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-OpenPGP-certificate-structure" href="OpenPGP-certificates.html#OpenPGP-certificate-structure">4.1.2.1 <acronym>OpenPGP</acronym> certificate structure</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-an-OpenPGP-certificate" href="OpenPGP-certificates.html#Verifying-an-OpenPGP-certificate">4.1.2.2 Verifying an <acronym>OpenPGP</acronym> certificate</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-in-the-context-of-a-TLS-session" href="OpenPGP-certificates.html#Verifying-a-certificate-in-the-context-of-a-TLS-session">4.1.2.3 Verifying a certificate in the context of a TLS session</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Advanced-certificate-verification-1" href="Advanced-certificate-verification.html#Advanced-certificate-verification">4.1.3 Advanced certificate verification</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-using-trust-on-first-use-authentication-1" href="Verifying-a-certificate-using-trust-on-first-use-authentication.html#Verifying-a-certificate-using-trust-on-first-use-authentication">4.1.3.1 Verifying a certificate using trust on first use authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-using-DANE-_0028DNSSEC_0029" href="Verifying-a-certificate-using-DANE.html#Verifying-a-certificate-using-DANE">4.1.3.2 Verifying a certificate using DANE (DNSSEC)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Digital-signatures-1" href="Digital-signatures.html#Digital-signatures">4.1.4 Digital signatures</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Trading-security-for-interoperability" href="Digital-signatures.html#Trading-security-for-interoperability">4.1.4.1 Trading security for interoperability</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-More-on-certificate-authentication-1" href="More-on-certificate-authentication.html#More-on-certificate-authentication">4.2 More on certificate authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-PKCS-_002310-certificate-requests" href="PKCS-10-certificate-requests.html#PKCS-10-certificate-requests">4.2.1 <acronym>PKCS</acronym> #10 certificate requests</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-PKIX-certificate-revocation-lists-1" href="PKIX-certificate-revocation-lists.html#PKIX-certificate-revocation-lists">4.2.2 PKIX certificate revocation lists</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-OCSP-certificate-status-checking-1" href="OCSP-certificate-status-checking.html#OCSP-certificate-status-checking">4.2.3 <acronym>OCSP</acronym> certificate status checking</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-OCSP-stapling-1" href="OCSP-stapling.html#OCSP-stapling">4.2.4 OCSP stapling</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Managing-encrypted-keys-1" href="Managing-encrypted-keys.html#Managing-encrypted-keys">4.2.5 Managing encrypted keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-certtool" href="certtool-Invocation.html#certtool-Invocation">4.2.6 Invoking certtool</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-ocsptool" href="ocsptool-Invocation.html#ocsptool-Invocation">4.2.7 Invoking ocsptool</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-danetool" href="danetool-Invocation.html#danetool-Invocation">4.2.8 Invoking danetool</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Shared_002dkey-and-anonymous-authentication-1" href="Shared_002dkey-and-anonymous-authentication.html#Shared_002dkey-and-anonymous-authentication">4.3 Shared-key and anonymous authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-SRP-authentication-1" href="SRP-authentication.html#SRP-authentication">4.3.1 SRP authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Authentication-using-SRP-1" href="Authentication-using-SRP.html#Authentication-using-SRP">4.3.1.1 Authentication using <acronym>SRP</acronym></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-srptool" href="srptool-Invocation.html#srptool-Invocation">4.3.1.2 Invoking srptool</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-PSK-authentication-1" href="PSK-authentication.html#PSK-authentication">4.3.2 PSK authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Authentication-using-PSK-1" href="Authentication-using-PSK.html#Authentication-using-PSK">4.3.2.1 Authentication using <acronym>PSK</acronym></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-psktool" href="psktool-Invocation.html#psktool-Invocation">4.3.2.2 Invoking psktool</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Anonymous-authentication-1" href="Anonymous-authentication.html#Anonymous-authentication">4.3.3 Anonymous authentication</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method-1" href="Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method.html#Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method">4.4 Selecting an appropriate authentication method</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Two-peers-with-an-out_002dof_002dband-channel" href="Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method.html#Two-peers-with-an-out_002dof_002dband-channel">4.4.1 Two peers with an out-of-band channel</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Two-peers-without-an-out_002dof_002dband-channel" href="Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method.html#Two-peers-without-an-out_002dof_002dband-channel">4.4.2 Two peers without an out-of-band channel</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Two-peers-and-a-trusted-third-party" href="Selecting-an-appropriate-authentication-method.html#Two-peers-and-a-trusted-third-party">4.4.3 Two peers and a trusted third party</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Abstract-keys-types-and-Hardware-security-modules" href="Hardware-security-modules-and-abstract-key-types.html#Hardware-security-modules-and-abstract-key-types">5 Abstract keys types and Hardware security modules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Abstract-key-types-1" href="Abstract-key-types.html#Abstract-key-types">5.1 Abstract key types</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Public-keys" href="Abstract-public-keys.html#Abstract-public-keys">5.1.1 Public keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Private-keys" href="Abstract-private-keys.html#Abstract-private-keys">5.1.2 Private keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Operations-1" href="Operations.html#Operations">5.1.3 Operations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-System-and-application_002dspecific-keys" href="Application_002dspecific-keys.html#Application_002dspecific-keys">5.2 System and application-specific keys</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-System_002dspecific-keys" href="Application_002dspecific-keys.html#System_002dspecific-keys">5.2.1 System-specific keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Application_002dspecific-keys-1" href="Application_002dspecific-keys.html#Application_002dspecific-keys-1">5.2.2 Application-specific keys</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Smart-cards-and-HSMs-1" href="Smart-cards-and-HSMs.html#Smart-cards-and-HSMs">5.3 Smart cards and HSMs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Initialization-1" href="PKCS11-Initialization.html#PKCS11-Initialization">5.3.1 Initialization</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Manual-initialization-of-user_002dspecific-modules" href="PKCS11-Manual-Initialization.html#PKCS11-Manual-Initialization">5.3.2 Manual initialization of user-specific modules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Accessing-objects-that-require-a-PIN-1" href="Accessing-objects-that-require-a-PIN.html#Accessing-objects-that-require-a-PIN">5.3.3 Accessing objects that require a PIN</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Reading-objects-1" href="Reading-objects.html#Reading-objects">5.3.4 Reading objects</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Writing-objects-1" href="Writing-objects.html#Writing-objects">5.3.5 Writing objects</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-a-PKCS-_002311-token-with-TLS" href="Using-a-PKCS11-token-with-TLS.html#Using-a-PKCS11-token-with-TLS">5.3.6 Using a <acronym>PKCS</acronym> #11 token with TLS</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-p11tool" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#p11tool-Invocation">5.3.7 Invoking p11tool</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-p11tool-help_002fusage-_0028_002d_002dhelp_0029" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#p11tool-help_002fusage-_0028_002d_002dhelp_0029">5.3.8 p11tool help/usage (<samp>--help</samp>)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-token_002drelated_002doptions-options" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#token_002drelated_002doptions-options">5.3.9 token-related-options options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-object_002dlist_002drelated_002doptions-options" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#object_002dlist_002drelated_002doptions-options">5.3.10 object-list-related-options options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-keygen_002drelated_002doptions-options" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#keygen_002drelated_002doptions-options">5.3.11 keygen-related-options options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-write_002dobject_002drelated_002doptions-options" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#write_002dobject_002drelated_002doptions-options">5.3.12 write-object-related-options options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-other_002doptions-options" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#other_002doptions-options">5.3.13 other-options options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-p11tool-exit-status-1" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#p11tool-exit-status-1">5.3.14 p11tool exit status</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-p11tool-See-Also-1" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#p11tool-See-Also-1">5.3.15 p11tool See Also</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-p11tool-Examples-1" href="p11tool-Invocation.html#p11tool-Examples-1">5.3.16 p11tool Examples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Trusted-Platform-Module-_0028TPM_0029" href="Trusted-Platform-Module.html#Trusted-Platform-Module">5.4 Trusted Platform Module (TPM)</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Keys-in-TPM-1" href="Keys-in-TPM.html#Keys-in-TPM">5.4.1 Keys in TPM</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Key-generation-1" href="Key-generation.html#Key-generation">5.4.2 Key generation</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-keys-1" href="Using-keys.html#Using-keys">5.4.3 Using keys</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-tpmtool" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#tpmtool-Invocation">5.4.4 Invoking tpmtool</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tpmtool-help_002fusage-_0028_002d_002dhelp_0029" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#tpmtool-help_002fusage-_0028_002d_002dhelp_0029">5.4.5 tpmtool help/usage (<samp>--help</samp>)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-debug-option-_0028_002dd_0029" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#debug-option-_0028_002dd_0029">5.4.6 debug option (-d)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-generate_002drsa-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#generate_002drsa-option">5.4.7 generate-rsa option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-user-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#user-option">5.4.8 user option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-system-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#system-option">5.4.9 system option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-test_002dsign-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#test_002dsign-option">5.4.10 test-sign option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-sec_002dparam-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#sec_002dparam-option">5.4.11 sec-param option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-inder-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#inder-option">5.4.12 inder option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-outder-option" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#outder-option">5.4.13 outder option</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tpmtool-exit-status-1" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#tpmtool-exit-status-1">5.4.14 tpmtool exit status</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tpmtool-See-Also-1" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#tpmtool-See-Also-1">5.4.15 tpmtool See Also</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-tpmtool-Examples-1" href="tpmtool-Invocation.html#tpmtool-Examples-1">5.4.16 tpmtool Examples</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-use-GnuTLS-in-applications-1" href="How-to-use-GnuTLS-in-applications.html#How-to-use-GnuTLS-in-applications">6 How to use <acronym>GnuTLS</acronym> in applications</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Introduction" href="Introduction-to-the-library.html#Introduction-to-the-library">6.1 Introduction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-General-idea-1" href="General-idea.html#General-idea">6.1.1 General idea</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Error-handling-1" href="Error-handling.html#Error-handling">6.1.2 Error handling</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Common-types-1" href="Common-types.html#Common-types">6.1.3 Common types</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Debugging-and-auditing-1" href="Debugging-and-auditing.html#Debugging-and-auditing">6.1.4 Debugging and auditing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Thread-safety-1" href="Thread-safety.html#Thread-safety">6.1.5 Thread safety</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Running-in-a-sandbox-1" href="Running-in-a-sandbox.html#Running-in-a-sandbox">6.1.6 Running in a sandbox</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Sessions-and-fork-1" href="Sessions-and-fork.html#Sessions-and-fork">6.1.7 Sessions and fork</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Callback-functions-1" href="Callback-functions.html#Callback-functions">6.1.8 Callback functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Preparation-1" href="Preparation.html#Preparation">6.2 Preparation</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Headers-1" href="Headers.html#Headers">6.2.1 Headers</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Initialization-2" href="Initialization.html#Initialization">6.2.2 Initialization</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Version-check-1" href="Version-check.html#Version-check">6.2.3 Version check</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Building-the-source-1" href="Building-the-source.html#Building-the-source">6.2.4 Building the source</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Session-initialization-1" href="Session-initialization.html#Session-initialization">6.3 Session initialization</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Associating-the-credentials-1" href="Associating-the-credentials.html#Associating-the-credentials">6.4 Associating the credentials</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Certificates" href="Certificate-credentials.html#Certificate-credentials">6.4.1 Certificates</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-SRP" href="SRP-credentials.html#SRP-credentials">6.4.2 SRP</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-PSK" href="PSK-credentials.html#PSK-credentials">6.4.3 PSK</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Anonymous" href="Anonymous-credentials.html#Anonymous-credentials">6.4.4 Anonymous</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Setting-up-the-transport-layer-1" href="Setting-up-the-transport-layer.html#Setting-up-the-transport-layer">6.5 Setting up the transport layer</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Asynchronous-operation-1" href="Asynchronous-operation.html#Asynchronous-operation">6.5.1 Asynchronous operation</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-TLS-protocol" href="Asynchronous-operation.html#TLS-protocol">6.5.1.1 TLS protocol</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Datagram-TLS-protocol" href="Asynchronous-operation.html#Datagram-TLS-protocol">6.5.1.2 Datagram TLS protocol</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Reducing-round_002dtrips-1" href="Reducing-round_002dtrips.html#Reducing-round_002dtrips">6.5.2 Reducing round-trips</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DTLS-sessions-1" href="DTLS-sessions.html#DTLS-sessions">6.5.3 DTLS sessions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DTLS-and-SCTP-1" href="DTLS-and-SCTP.html#DTLS-and-SCTP">6.5.4 DTLS and SCTP</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-TLS-handshake-1" href="TLS-handshake.html#TLS-handshake">6.6 TLS handshake</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Data-transfer-and-termination-1" href="Data-transfer-and-termination.html#Data-transfer-and-termination">6.7 Data transfer and termination</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Buffered-data-transfer-1" href="Buffered-data-transfer.html#Buffered-data-transfer">6.8 Buffered data transfer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Handling-alerts-1" href="Handling-alerts.html#Handling-alerts">6.9 Handling alerts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Priority-strings" href="Priority-Strings.html#Priority-Strings">6.10 Priority strings</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Selecting-cryptographic-key-sizes-1" href="Selecting-cryptographic-key-sizes.html#Selecting-cryptographic-key-sizes">6.11 Selecting cryptographic key sizes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Advanced-topics-1" href="Advanced-topics.html#Advanced-topics">6.12 Advanced topics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Session-resumption-1" href="Session-resumption.html#Session-resumption">6.12.1 Session resumption</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Certificate-verification-1" href="Certificate-verification.html#Certificate-verification">6.12.2 Certificate verification</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Trust-on-first-use" href="Certificate-verification.html#Trust-on-first-use">6.12.2.1 Trust on first use</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DANE-verification" href="Certificate-verification.html#DANE-verification">6.12.2.2 DANE verification</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Re_002dauthentication-1" href="Re_002dauthentication.html#Re_002dauthentication">6.12.3 Re-authentication</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Client-side" href="Re_002dauthentication.html#Client-side">6.12.3.1 Client side</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Server-side" href="Re_002dauthentication.html#Server-side">6.12.3.2 Server side</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Parameter-generation-1" href="Parameter-generation.html#Parameter-generation">6.12.4 Parameter generation</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Deriving-keys-for-other-applications_002fprotocols-1" href="Deriving-keys-for-other-applications_002fprotocols.html#Deriving-keys-for-other-applications_002fprotocols">6.12.5 Deriving keys for other applications/protocols</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Channel-bindings" href="Channel-Bindings.html#Channel-Bindings">6.12.6 Channel bindings</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Interoperability-1" href="Interoperability.html#Interoperability">6.12.7 Interoperability</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Compatibility-with-the-OpenSSL-library-1" href="Compatibility-with-the-OpenSSL-library.html#Compatibility-with-the-OpenSSL-library">6.12.8 Compatibility with the OpenSSL library</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-GnuTLS-application-examples-1" href="GnuTLS-application-examples.html#GnuTLS-application-examples">7 GnuTLS application examples</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Client-examples-1" href="Client-examples.html#Client-examples">7.1 Client examples</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Simple-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support-1" href="Simple-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support.html#Simple-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support">7.1.1 Simple client example with <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate support</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-client-example-with-SSH_002dstyle-certificate-verification-1" href="Simple-client-example-with-SSH_002dstyle-certificate-verification.html#Simple-client-example-with-SSH_002dstyle-certificate-verification">7.1.2 Simple client example with SSH-style certificate verification</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-client-example-with-anonymous-authentication-1" href="Simple-client-example-with-anonymous-authentication.html#Simple-client-example-with-anonymous-authentication">7.1.3 Simple client example with anonymous authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-datagram-TLS-client-example" href="Simple-Datagram-TLS-client-example.html#Simple-Datagram-TLS-client-example">7.1.4 Simple datagram <acronym>TLS</acronym> client example</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Obtaining-session-information-1" href="Obtaining-session-information.html#Obtaining-session-information">7.1.5 Obtaining session information</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-a-callback-to-select-the-certificate-to-use-1" href="Using-a-callback-to-select-the-certificate-to-use.html#Using-a-callback-to-select-the-certificate-to-use">7.1.6 Using a callback to select the certificate to use</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-a-certificate-1" href="Verifying-a-certificate.html#Verifying-a-certificate">7.1.7 Verifying a certificate</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-a-smart-card-with-TLS" href="Client-using-a-smart-card-with-TLS.html#Client-using-a-smart-card-with-TLS">7.1.8 Using a smart card with TLS</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Client-with-resume-capability-example" href="Client-with-Resume-capability-example.html#Client-with-Resume-capability-example">7.1.9 Client with resume capability example</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-client-example-with-SRP-authentication-1" href="Simple-client-example-with-SRP-authentication.html#Simple-client-example-with-SRP-authentication">7.1.10 Simple client example with <acronym>SRP</acronym> authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Legacy-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support-1" href="Legacy-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support.html#Legacy-client-example-with-X_002e509-certificate-support">7.1.11 Legacy client example with <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate support</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-client-example-using-the-C_002b_002b-API" href="Simple-client-example-in-C_002b_002b.html#Simple-client-example-in-C_002b_002b">7.1.12 Simple client example using the C++ API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Helper-functions-for-TCP-connections-1" href="Helper-functions-for-TCP-connections.html#Helper-functions-for-TCP-connections">7.1.13 Helper functions for TCP connections</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Helper-functions-for-UDP-connections-1" href="Helper-functions-for-UDP-connections.html#Helper-functions-for-UDP-connections">7.1.14 Helper functions for UDP connections</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Server-examples-1" href="Server-examples.html#Server-examples">7.2 Server examples</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication-1" href="Echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication.html#Echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication">7.2.1 Echo server with <acronym>X.509</acronym> authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Echo-server-with-SRP-authentication-1" href="Echo-server-with-SRP-authentication.html#Echo-server-with-SRP-authentication">7.2.2 Echo server with <acronym>SRP</acronym> authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Echo-server-with-anonymous-authentication-1" href="Echo-server-with-anonymous-authentication.html#Echo-server-with-anonymous-authentication">7.2.3 Echo server with anonymous authentication</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DTLS-echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication-1" href="DTLS-echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication.html#DTLS-echo-server-with-X_002e509-authentication">7.2.4 DTLS echo server with <acronym>X.509</acronym> authentication</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-OCSP-example-1" href="OCSP-example.html#OCSP-example">7.3 OCSP example</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Miscellaneous-examples-1" href="Miscellaneous-examples.html#Miscellaneous-examples">7.4 Miscellaneous examples</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Checking-for-an-alert-1" href="Checking-for-an-alert.html#Checking-for-an-alert">7.4.1 Checking for an alert</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-certificate-parsing-example-1" href="X_002e509-certificate-parsing-example.html#X_002e509-certificate-parsing-example">7.4.2 <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate parsing example</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Listing-the-ciphersuites-in-a-priority-string-1" href="Listing-the-ciphersuites-in-a-priority-string.html#Listing-the-ciphersuites-in-a-priority-string">7.4.3 Listing the ciphersuites in a priority string</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-PKCS-_002312-structure-generation-example" href="PKCS12-structure-generation-example.html#PKCS12-structure-generation-example">7.4.4 PKCS #12 structure generation example</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-GnuTLS-as-a-cryptographic-library-1" href="Using-GnuTLS-as-a-cryptographic-library.html#Using-GnuTLS-as-a-cryptographic-library">8 Using GnuTLS as a cryptographic library</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Symmetric-algorithms-1" href="Symmetric-algorithms.html#Symmetric-algorithms">8.1 Symmetric algorithms</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Public-key-algorithms-1" href="Public-key-algorithms.html#Public-key-algorithms">8.2 Public key algorithms</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-PKCS-_00237-signing" href="Public-key-algorithms.html#PKCS-_00237-signing">8.2.1 PKCS #7 signing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Hash-and-MAC-functions-1" href="Hash-and-MAC-functions.html#Hash-and-MAC-functions">8.3 Hash and MAC functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Random-number-generation-1" href="Random-number-generation.html#Random-number-generation">8.4 Random number generation</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Overriding-algorithms-1" href="Overriding-algorithms.html#Overriding-algorithms">8.5 Overriding algorithms</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Other-included-programs-1" href="Other-included-programs.html#Other-included-programs">9 Other included programs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-gnutls_002dcli" href="gnutls_002dcli-Invocation.html#gnutls_002dcli-Invocation">9.1 Invoking gnutls-cli</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-gnutls_002dserv" href="gnutls_002dserv-Invocation.html#gnutls_002dserv-Invocation">9.2 Invoking gnutls-serv</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-gnutls_002dcli_002ddebug" href="gnutls_002dcli_002ddebug-Invocation.html#gnutls_002dcli_002ddebug-Invocation">9.3 Invoking gnutls-cli-debug</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Internal-Architecture-of-GnuTLS" href="Internal-architecture-of-GnuTLS.html#Internal-architecture-of-GnuTLS">10 Internal Architecture of GnuTLS</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-The-TLS-Protocol-1" href="The-TLS-Protocol.html#The-TLS-Protocol">10.1 The TLS Protocol</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TLS-Handshake-Protocol-1" href="TLS-Handshake-Protocol.html#TLS-Handshake-Protocol">10.2 TLS Handshake Protocol</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TLS-Authentication-Methods-1" href="TLS-Authentication-Methods.html#TLS-Authentication-Methods">10.3 TLS Authentication Methods</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TLS-Extension-Handling-1" href="TLS-Extension-Handling.html#TLS-Extension-Handling">10.4 TLS Extension Handling</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Cryptographic-Backend-1" href="Cryptographic-Backend.html#Cryptographic-Backend">10.5 Cryptographic Backend</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Upgrading-from-previous-versions-1" href="Upgrading-from-previous-versions.html#Upgrading-from-previous-versions">Appendix A Upgrading from previous versions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Support-1" href="Support.html#Support">Appendix B Support</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Getting-Help" href="Getting-help.html#Getting-help">B.1 Getting Help</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Commercial-Support-1" href="Commercial-Support.html#Commercial-Support">B.2 Commercial Support</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Bug-Reports-1" href="Bug-Reports.html#Bug-Reports">B.3 Bug Reports</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Contributing-1" href="Contributing.html#Contributing">B.4 Contributing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Certification-1" href="Certification.html#Certification">B.5 Certification</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Error-Codes-and-Descriptions" href="Error-codes.html#Error-codes">Appendix C Error Codes and Descriptions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Supported-Ciphersuites" href="Supported-ciphersuites.html#Supported-ciphersuites">Appendix D Supported Ciphersuites</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-API-reference-1" href="API-reference.html#API-reference">Appendix E API reference</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Core-TLS-API-1" href="Core-TLS-API.html#Core-TLS-API">E.1 Core TLS API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Datagram-TLS-API-1" href="Datagram-TLS-API.html#Datagram-TLS-API">E.2 Datagram TLS API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-X_002e509-certificate-API" href="X509-certificate-API.html#X509-certificate-API">E.3 <acronym>X.509</acronym> certificate API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-PKCS-7-API-1" href="PKCS-7-API.html#PKCS-7-API">E.4 <acronym>PKCS</acronym> 7 API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-OCSP-API-1" href="OCSP-API.html#OCSP-API">E.5 <acronym>OCSP</acronym> API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-OpenPGP-API-1" href="OpenPGP-API.html#OpenPGP-API">E.6 <acronym>OpenPGP</acronym> API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-PKCS-12-API-1" href="PKCS-12-API.html#PKCS-12-API">E.7 PKCS 12 API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Hardware-token-via-PKCS-11-API" href="PKCS-11-API.html#PKCS-11-API">E.8 Hardware token via PKCS 11 API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TPM-API-1" href="TPM-API.html#TPM-API">E.9 TPM API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Abstract-key-API-1" href="Abstract-key-API.html#Abstract-key-API">E.10 Abstract key API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Socket-specific-API-1" href="Socket-specific-API.html#Socket-specific-API">E.11 Socket specific API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DANE-API-1" href="DANE-API.html#DANE-API">E.12 DANE API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Cryptographic-API-1" href="Cryptographic-API.html#Cryptographic-API">E.13 Cryptographic API</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Compatibility-API-1" href="Compatibility-API.html#Compatibility-API">E.14 Compatibility API</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Copying-Information-1" href="Copying-Information.html#Copying-Information">Appendix F Copying Information</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Bibliography-1" href="Bibliography.html#Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Function-and-Data-Index-1" href="Function-and-Data-Index.html#Function-and-Data-Index">Function and Data Index</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
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<hr>
<a name="GnuTLS"></a>
<h1 class="top">GnuTLS</h1>
<p>This manual is last updated 4 March 2015 for version
3.5.3 of GnuTLS.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2001-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\\
Copyright © 2001-2015 Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free
Documentation License”.
</p></blockquote>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-GnuTLS-as-a-cryptographic-library.html#Using-GnuTLS-as-a-cryptographic-library" accesskey="8">Using GnuTLS as a cryptographic library</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Internal-architecture-of-GnuTLS.html#Internal-architecture-of-GnuTLS">Internal architecture of GnuTLS</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Upgrading-from-previous-versions.html#Upgrading-from-previous-versions">Upgrading from previous versions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="API-reference.html#API-reference">API reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Copying-Information.html#Copying-Information">Copying Information</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Bibliography.html#Bibliography">Bibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Function-and-Data-Index.html#Function-and-Data-Index">Function and Data Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
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