path: root/driver_nmea0183.c

/*
 * This file is Copyright (c) 2010-2018 by the GPSD project
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-clause
 */

/* for vsnprintf() FreeBSD wants __ISO_C_VISIBLE >= 1999 */
#define __ISO_C_VISIBLE 1999

#include <ctype.h>       /* for isdigit() */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <time.h>

#include "gpsd.h"
#include "strfuncs.h"

#ifdef NMEA0183_ENABLE
/**************************************************************************
 *
 * Parser helpers begin here
 *
 **************************************************************************/

/* process a pair of latitude/longitude fields starting at field index BEGIN
 * The input fields look like this:
 *     field[0]: 4404.1237962
 *     field[1]: N
 *     field[2]: 12118.8472460
 *     field[3]: W
 * input format of lat/lon is NMEA style  DDDMM.mmmmmmm
 * yes, 7 digits of precision from survey grade GPS
 *
 * return: 0 == OK, non zero is failure.
 */
static int do_lat_lon(char *field[], struct gps_fix_t *out)
{
    double d, m;
    double lon;
    double lat;

    if ('\0' == field[0][0] ||
        '\0' == field[1][0] ||
        '\0' == field[2][0] ||
        '\0' == field[3][0]) {
        return 1;
    }

    lat = safe_atof(field[0]);
    m = 100.0 * modf(lat / 100.0, &d);
    lat = d + m / 60.0;
    if ('S' == field[1][0])
	lat = -lat;

    lon = safe_atof(field[2]);
    m = 100.0 * modf(lon / 100.0, &d);
    lon = d + m / 60.0;
    if ('W' == field[3][0])
	lon = -lon;

    if (0 == isfinite(lat) ||
        0 == isfinite(lon)) {
        return 2;
    }

    out->latitude = lat;
    out->longitude = lon;
    return 0;
}

/* process an FAA mode character
 * return status as in session->gpsdata.status
 */
static int faa_mode(char mode)
{
    int newstatus = STATUS_FIX;

    switch (mode) {
    case '\0':	/* missing */
	newstatus = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	break;
    case 'A':   /* Autonomous */
    default:
	newstatus = STATUS_FIX;
	break;
    case 'D':	/* Differential */
	newstatus = STATUS_DGPS_FIX;
	break;
    case 'E':	/* Estimated dead reckoning */
	newstatus = STATUS_DR;
	break;
    case 'F':	/* Float RTK */
	newstatus = STATUS_RTK_FLT;
	break;
    case 'N':	/* Data Not Valid */
	/* already handled, for paranoia sake also here */
	newstatus = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	break;
    case 'P':	/* Precise (NMEA 4+) */
	newstatus = STATUS_DGPS_FIX;	/* sort of DGPS */
	break;
    case 'R':	/* fixed RTK */
	newstatus = STATUS_RTK_FIX;
	break;
    case 'S':	/* simulator */
	newstatus = STATUS_NO_FIX;      /* or maybe MODE_FIX? */
	break;
    }
    return newstatus;
}

/**************************************************************************
 *
 * Scary timestamp fudging begins here
 *
 * Four sentences, GGA and GLL and RMC and ZDA, contain timestamps.
 * GGA/GLL/RMC timestamps look like hhmmss.ss, with the trailing .ss,
 * or .sss, part optional.
 * RMC has a date field, in the format ddmmyy.  ZDA has separate fields
 * for day/month/year, with a 4-digit year.  This means that for RMC we
 * must supply a century and for GGA and GLL we must supply a century,
 * year, and day.  We get the missing data from a previous RMC or ZDA;
 * century in RMC is supplied from the daemon's context (initialized at
 * startup time) if there has been no previous ZDA.
 *
 **************************************************************************/

#define DD(s)	((int)((s)[0]-'0')*10+(int)((s)[1]-'0'))

/* sentence supplied ddmmyy, but no century part
 *
 * return: 0 == OK,  greater than zero on failure
 */
static int merge_ddmmyy(char *ddmmyy, struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    int yy;
    int mon;
    int mday;
    int year;
    int i;

    if (NULL == ddmmyy) {
        return 1;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        if (0 == isdigit(ddmmyy[i])) {
            /* catches NUL and non-digits */
            /* Telit HE910 can set year to "-1" (1999 - 2000) */
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "merge_ddmmyy(%s), malformed date\n",  ddmmyy);
            return 2;
        }
    }
    /* check for termination */
    if ('\0' != ddmmyy[6]) {
	/* missing NUL */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "merge_ddmmyy(%s), malformed date\n",  ddmmyy);
	return 3;
    }

    /* should be no defects left to segfault DD() */
    yy = DD(ddmmyy + 4);
    mon = DD(ddmmyy + 2);
    mday = DD(ddmmyy);

    /* check for century wrap */
    if (session->nmea.date.tm_year % 100 == 99 && yy == 0)
	gpsd_century_update(session, session->context->century + 100);
    year = (session->context->century + yy);

    /* 32 bit systems will break in 2038.
     * Telix fails on GPS rollover to 2099, which 32 bit system
     * can not handle.  So wrap at 2080.  That way 64 bit systems
     * work until 2080, and 2099 gets reported as 1999.
     * since GPS epoch started in 1980, allows for old NMEA to work.
     */
    if (2080 <= year) {
        year -= 100;
    }

    if ( (1 > mon ) || (12 < mon ) ) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "merge_ddmmyy(%s), malformed month\n",  ddmmyy);
        return 4;
    } else if ( (1 > mday ) || (31 < mday ) ) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "merge_ddmmyy(%s), malformed day\n",  ddmmyy);
        return 5;
    } else {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "merge_ddmmyy(%s) sets year %d\n",
		 ddmmyy, year);
	session->nmea.date.tm_year = year - 1900;
	session->nmea.date.tm_mon = mon - 1;
	session->nmea.date.tm_mday = mday;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* update from a UTC time
 *
 * return: 0 == OK,  greater than zero on failure
 */
static int merge_hhmmss(char *hhmmss, struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    int old_hour = session->nmea.date.tm_hour;
    int i, sublen;

    if (NULL == hhmmss) {
        return 1;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        if (0 == isdigit(hhmmss[i])) {
            /* catches NUL and non-digits */
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "merge_hhmmss(%s), malformed time\n",  hhmmss);
            return 2;
        }
    }
    /* don't check for termination, might have fractional seconds */

    session->nmea.date.tm_hour = DD(hhmmss);
    if (session->nmea.date.tm_hour < old_hour)	/* midnight wrap */
	session->nmea.date.tm_mday++;
    session->nmea.date.tm_min = DD(hhmmss + 2);
    session->nmea.date.tm_sec = DD(hhmmss + 4);

    if ('.' == hhmmss[6] &&
        0 != isdigit(hhmmss[7])) {
	i = atoi(hhmmss + 7);
        sublen = strlen(hhmmss + 7);
	session->nmea.subseconds = i / pow(10.0, sublen);
    } else {
	session->nmea.subseconds = 0.0;
    }

    return 0;
}

static void register_fractional_time(const char *tag, const char *fld,
				     struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    if (fld[0] != '\0') {
	session->nmea.last_frac_time = session->nmea.this_frac_time;
	session->nmea.this_frac_time = safe_atof(fld);
	session->nmea.latch_frac_time = true;
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "%s: registers fractional time %.3f\n",
		 tag, session->nmea.this_frac_time);
    }
}

/**************************************************************************
 *
 * Compare GPS timestamps for equality.  Depends on the fact that the
 * timestamp granularity of GPS is 1/100th of a second.  Use this to avoid
 * naive float comparisons.
 *
 * WARNING: many GPS now report time to .sss.  1/1000th.  But so far
 * no GPS reports fixes faster than 20Hz.
 *
 **************************************************************************/

#define GPS_TIME_EQUAL(a, b) (fabs((a) - (b)) < 0.01)

/**************************************************************************
 *
 * NMEA sentence handling begins here
 *
 **************************************************************************/

/* process xxVTG
 *     $GPVTG,054.7,T,034.4,M,005.5,N,010.2,K
 *     $GPVTG,054.7,T,034.4,M,005.5,N,010.2,K,A
 *
 * where:
 *         1,2     054.7,T      True track made good (degrees)
 *         3,4     034.4,M      Magnetic track made good
 *         5,6     005.5,N      Ground speed, knots
 *         7,8     010.2,K      Ground speed, Kilometers per hour
 *         9       A            Mode Indicator (optional)
 *                                see faa_mode() for possible mode values
 *
 * see also:
 *     http://www.catb.org/gpsd/NMEA.html#_vtg_track_made_good_and_ground_speed
 */
static gps_mask_t processVTG(int count,
                             char *field[],
                             struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if( (field[1][0] == '\0') || (field[5][0] == '\0')){
        return mask;
    }

    /* ignore empty/missing field, fix mode of last resort */
    if ((count > 9) && ('\0' != field[9][0])) {

        switch (field[9][0]) {
        case 'A':
            /* Autonomous, 2D or 3D fix */
            /* FALL THROUGH */
        case 'D':
            /* Differential, 2D or 3D fix */
            // MODE_SET here causes issues
	    // mask |= MODE_SET;
            break;
        case 'E':
            /* Estimated, DR only */
            /* FALL THROUGH */
        case 'N':
            /* Not Valid */
            // MODE_SET here causes issues
	    // mask |= MODE_SET;
            // nothing to use here, leave
            return mask;
        default:
            /* Huh? */
            break;
        }
    }

    // set true track
    session->newdata.track = safe_atof(field[1]);
    mask |= TRACK_SET;

    // set magnetic variation
    if (field[3][0] != '\0'){  // ignore empty fields
        session->newdata.magnetic_track = safe_atof(field[3]);
        mask |= MAGNETIC_TRACK_SET;
    }

    session->newdata.speed = safe_atof(field[5]) * KNOTS_TO_MPS;
    mask |= SPEED_SET;

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
             "VTG: course(T)=%.2f, course(M)=%.2f, speed=%.2f",
             session->newdata.track, session->newdata.magnetic_track,
             session->newdata.speed);
    return mask;
}

/* Recommend Minimum Course Specific GPS/TRANSIT Data */
static gps_mask_t processRMC(int count, char *field[],
                             struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * RMC,225446.33,A,4916.45,N,12311.12,W,000.5,054.7,191194,020.3,E,A*68
     * 1     225446.33    Time of fix 22:54:46 UTC
     * 2     A            Status of Fix:
     *                     A = Autonomous, valid;
     *                     D = Differential, valid;
     *                     V = invalid
     * 3,4   4916.45,N    Latitude 49 deg. 16.45 min North
     * 5,6   12311.12,W   Longitude 123 deg. 11.12 min West
     * 7     000.5        Speed over ground, Knots
     * 8     054.7        Course Made Good, True north
     * 9     181194       Date of fix  18 November 1994
     * 10,11 020.3,E      Magnetic variation 20.3 deg East
     * 12    A            FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later)
     *                     see faa_mode() for possible mode values
     * 13    V            Nav Status (NMEA 4.1 and later)
     *                     A=autonomous,
     *                     D=differential,
     *                     E=Estimated,
     *                     M=Manual input mode
     *                     N=not valid,
     *                     S=Simulator,
     *                     V = Valid
     * *68        mandatory nmea_checksum
     *
     * SiRF chipsets don't return either Mode Indicator or magnetic variation.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    char status = field[2][0];
    int newstatus;

    switch (status) {
    default:
        /* missing */
        /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case 'V':
        /* Invalid */
	session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= STATUS_SET | MODE_SET;
        break;
    case 'D':
        /* Differential Fix */
        /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case 'A':
        /* Valid Fix */
	/*
	 * The MTK3301, Royaltek RGM-3800, and possibly other
	 * devices deliver bogus time values when the navigation
	 * warning bit is set.
	 */
	if ('\0' != field[1][0] &&
	    9 < count &&
	    '\0' !=  field[9][0]) {
	    if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[1], session) &&
		0 == merge_ddmmyy(field[9], session)) {
		/* got a good data/time */
		mask |= TIME_SET;
		register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);
	    }
        }
        /* else, no point to the time only case, no regressions with that */

	if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[3], &session->newdata)) {
	    newstatus = STATUS_FIX;
	    mask |= LATLON_SET;
            if (MODE_2D >= session->gpsdata.fix.mode) {
		/* we have at least a 2D fix */
		/* might cause blinking */
		session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
		mask |= MODE_SET;
            }
        } else {
	    newstatus = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
        }
	if ('\0' != field[7][0]) {
	    session->newdata.speed = safe_atof(field[7]) * KNOTS_TO_MPS;
	    mask |= SPEED_SET;
        }
	if ('\0' != field[8][0]) {
	    session->newdata.track = safe_atof(field[8]);
	    mask |= TRACK_SET;
        }

	if (count >= 12) {
	    newstatus = faa_mode(field[12][0]);
        }

	/*
	 * This copes with GPSes like the Magellan EC-10X that *only* emit
	 * GPRMC. In this case we set mode and status here so the client
	 * code that relies on them won't mistakenly believe it has never
	 * received a fix.
	 */
	if (3 < session->gpsdata.satellites_used) {
            /* 4 sats used means 3D */
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
        } else if (0 != isfinite(session->gpsdata.fix.altitude)) {
            /* we probably have at least a 3D fix */
            /* this handles old GPS that do not report 3D */
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
        }
	session->gpsdata.status = newstatus;
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "RMC: ddmmyy=%s hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f "
	     "speed=%.2f track=%.2f mode=%d status=%d\n",
	     field[9], field[1],
	     session->newdata.latitude,
	     session->newdata.longitude,
	     session->newdata.speed,
	     session->newdata.track,
	     session->newdata.mode,
	     session->gpsdata.status);
    return mask;
}

/* Geographic position - Latitude, Longitude */
static gps_mask_t processGLL(int count, char *field[],
			     struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /* Introduced in NMEA 3.0.
     *
     * $GPGLL,4916.45,N,12311.12,W,225444,A,A*5C
     *
     * 1,2: 4916.46,N    Latitude 49 deg. 16.45 min. North
     * 3,4: 12311.12,W   Longitude 123 deg. 11.12 min. West
     * 5:   225444       Fix taken at 22:54:44 UTC
     * 6:   A            Data valid
     * 7:   A            Autonomous mode
     * 8:   *5C          Mandatory NMEA checksum
     *
     * 1,2 Latitude, N (North) or S (South)
     * 3,4 Longitude, E (East) or W (West)
     * 5 UTC of position
     * 6 A = Active, V = Invalid data
     * 7 Mode Indicator
     *    See faa_mode() for possible mode values.
     *
     * I found a note at <http://www.secoh.ru/windows/gps/nmfqexep.txt>
     * indicating that the Garmin 65 does not return time and status.
     * SiRF chipsets don't return the Mode Indicator.
     * This code copes gracefully with both quirks.
     *
     * Unless you care about the FAA indicator, this sentence supplies nothing
     * that GPRMC doesn't already.  But at least two (Garmin GPS 48 and
     * Magellan Triton 400) actually ship updates in GLL that aren't redundant.
     *
     */
    char *status = field[7];
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if (field[5][0] != '\0') {
	if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[5], session)) {
	    register_fractional_time(field[0], field[5], session);
	    if (session->nmea.date.tm_year == 0)
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
			 "can't use GLL time until after ZDA or RMC"
			 " has supplied a year.\n");
	    else {
		mask = TIME_SET;
	    }
        }
    }
    if ('\0' == field[6][0] ||
        'V' == field[6][0]) {
        /* Invalid */
	session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= STATUS_SET | MODE_SET;
    } else if ('A' == field[6][0] &&
        (count < 8 || *status != 'N') &&
	0 == do_lat_lon(&field[1], &session->newdata)) {
	int newstatus;

	mask |= LATLON_SET;

	newstatus = STATUS_FIX;
	if (count >= 8) {
	    newstatus = faa_mode(*status);
        }
	/*
         * This is a bit dodgy.  Technically we shouldn't set the mode
         * bit until we see GSA, or similar.  But it may be later in the
         * cycle, some devices like the FV-18 don't send it by default,
         * and elsewhere in the code we want to be able to test for the
         * presence of a valid fix with mode > MODE_NO_FIX.
	 */
	if (0 != isfinite(session->gpsdata.fix.altitude)) {
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
	} else if (3 < session->gpsdata.satellites_used) {
            /* 4 sats used means 3D */
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
	} else if (MODE_2D > session->gpsdata.fix.mode ||
	    0 == isfinite(session->oldfix.altitude)) {
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
	}
	session->gpsdata.status = newstatus;
    } else {
	session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= STATUS_SET | MODE_SET;
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "GLL: hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f mode=%d status=%d\n",
	     field[5],
	     session->newdata.latitude,
	     session->newdata.longitude,
	     session->newdata.mode,
	     session->gpsdata.status);
    return mask;
}

/* Geographic position - Latitude, Longitude, and more */
static gps_mask_t processGNS(int count UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /* Introduced in NMEA 4.0?
     *
     * This mostly duplicates RMC, except for the multi GNSS mode
     * indicatore.
     *
     * Example.  Ignore the line break.
     * $GPGNS,224749.00,3333.4268304,N,11153.3538273,W,D,19,0.6,406.110,
     *        -26.294,6.0,0138,S,*6A
     *
     * 1:  224749.00     UTC HHMMSS.SS.  22:47:49.00
     * 2:  3333.4268304  Latitude DDMM.MMMMM. 33 deg. 33.4268304 min
     * 3:  N             Latitude North
     * 4:  12311.12      Longitude 111 deg. 53.3538273 min
     * 5:  W             Longitude West
     * 6:  D             FAA mode indicator
     *                     see faa_mode() for possible mode values
     *                     May be one to four characters.
     *                       Char 1 = GPS
     *                       Char 2 = GLONASS
     *                       Char 3 = ?
     *                       Char 4 = ?
     * 7:  19           Number of Satellites used in solution
     * 8:  0.6          HDOP
     * 9:  406110       Altitude in meters
     * 10: -26.294      Geoid separation in meters
     * 11: 6.0          Age of differential corrections, in seconds
     * 12: 0138         Differential reference station ID
     * 13: S            NMEA 4.1+ Navigation status
     *                   S = Safe
     *                   C = Caution
     *                   U = Unsafe
     *                   V = Not valid for navigation
     * 8:   *6A          Mandatory NMEA checksum
     *
     */
    int newstatus;
    int satellites_used;
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if (field[1][0] != '\0') {
	if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[1], session)) {
	    register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);
	    if (session->nmea.date.tm_year == 0) {
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
			 "can't use GNS time until after ZDA or RMC"
			 " has supplied a year.\n");
	    } else {
		mask = TIME_SET;
	    }
        }
    }

    /* FAA mode: not valid, ignore
     * Yes, in 2019 a GLONASS only fix may be valid, but not worth
     * the confusion */
    if ('\0' == field[6][0] ||      /* FAA mode: missing */
        'N' == field[6][0]) {       /* FAA mode: not valid */
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
        mask |= MODE_SET;
        return mask;
    }
    /* navigation status, assume S=safe and C=caution are OK */
    /* can be missing on valid fix */
    if ('U' == field[13][0] ||      /* Unsafe */
        'V' == field[13][0]) {      /* not valid */
        return mask;
    }

    satellites_used = atoi(field[7]);

    if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[2], &session->newdata)) {
	mask |= LATLON_SET;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;

	if ('\0' != field[9][0]) {
	    session->newdata.altitude = safe_atof(field[9]);
	    if (0 != isfinite(session->newdata.altitude)) {
		mask |= ALTITUDE_SET;
		if (3 < satellites_used) {
		    /* more than 3 sats used means 3D */
		    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
                }
            }
	}
    } else {
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
        mask |= MODE_SET;
    }

    if (field[8][0] != '\0') {
	session->gpsdata.dop.hdop = safe_atof(field[8]);
    }

    newstatus = faa_mode(field[6][0]);

    session->gpsdata.status = newstatus;
    mask |= MODE_SET;

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "GNS: hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f mode=%d status=%d\n",
	     field[1],
	     session->newdata.latitude,
	     session->newdata.longitude,
	     session->newdata.mode,
	     session->gpsdata.status);
    return mask;
}

/* Global Positioning System Fix Data */
static gps_mask_t processGGA(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * GGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.324,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M, , *42
     * 1     123519       Fix taken at 12:35:19 UTC
     * 2,3   4807.038,N   Latitude 48 deg 07.038' N
     * 4,5   01131.324,E  Longitude 11 deg 31.324' E
     * 6     1            Fix quality:
     *                     0 = invalid,
     *                     1 = GPS,
     *                         u-blox may use 1 for Estimated
     *                     2 = DGPS,
     *                     3 = PPS (Precise Position Service),
     *                     4 = RTK (Real Time Kinematic) with fixed integers,
     *                     5 = Float RTK,
     *                     6 = Estimated,
     *                     7 = Manual,
     *                     8 = Simulator
     * 7     08           Number of satellites in use
     * 8     0.9          Horizontal dilution of position
     * 9,10  545.4,M      Altitude, Metres above mean sea level
     * 11,12 46.9,M       Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84
     *                    ellipsoid, in Meters
     * 13    33           time in seconds since last DGPS update
     *                    usually empty
     * 14    1023         DGPS station ID number (0000-1023)
     *                    usually empty
     *
     * Some GPS, like the SiRFstarV in NMEA mode, send both GPGSA and
     * GLGPSA with identical data.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    int newstatus;
    char last_last_gga_talker = session->nmea.last_gga_talker;
    int fix;
    char *altitude = field[9];
    int satellites_visible;
    session->nmea.last_gga_talker = field[0][1];

    if (0 == strlen(field[6])) {
	/* no data is no data, assume no fix
         * the test/daemon/myguide-3100.log shows lat/lon/alt but
         * no status, and related RMC shows no fix. */
	fix = -1;
    } else {
        fix = atoi(field[6]);
    }
    switch (fix) {
    case 0:	/* no fix */
	newstatus = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	break;
    case 1:
        /* could be 2D, 3D, GNSSDR */
	newstatus = STATUS_FIX;
	break;
    case 2:	/* differential */
	newstatus = STATUS_DGPS_FIX;
	break;
    case 3:
        /* GPS PPS, fix valid, could be 2D, 3D, GNSSDR */
	newstatus = STATUS_FIX;
	break;
    case 4:	/* RTK integer */
	newstatus = STATUS_RTK_FIX;
	break;
    case 5:	/* RTK float */
	newstatus = STATUS_RTK_FLT;
	break;
    case 6:
        /* dead reckoning, could be valid or invalid */
	newstatus = STATUS_DR;
	break;
    case 7:
        /* manual input, surveyed */
	newstatus = STATUS_TIME;
	break;
    case 8:
        /* simulated mode */
        /* Garmin GPSMAP and Gecko sends an 8, but undocumented why */
	newstatus = STATUS_SIM;
	break;
    default:
	newstatus = -1;
	break;
    }
    if (0 <= newstatus) {
	session->gpsdata.status = newstatus;
	mask = STATUS_SET;
    }
    /*
     * There are some receivers (the Trimble Placer 450 is an example) that
     * don't ship a GSA with mode 1 when they lose satellite lock. Instead
     * they just keep reporting GGA and GSA on subsequent cycles with the
     * timestamp not advancing and a bogus mode.
     *
     * On the assumption that GGA is only issued once per cycle we can
     * detect this here (it would be nicer to do it on GSA but GSA has
     * no timestamp).
     *
     * SiRFstarV breaks this assumption, sending GGA with different
     * talker IDs.
     */
    if ('\0' != last_last_gga_talker &&
        last_last_gga_talker != session->nmea.last_gga_talker) {
        /* skip the time check */
        session->nmea.latch_mode = 0;
    } else {
        session->nmea.latch_mode = strncmp(field[1],
                          session->nmea.last_gga_timestamp,
			  sizeof(session->nmea.last_gga_timestamp))==0;
    }

    if (session->nmea.latch_mode) {
	session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
        gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
                 "xxGGA: latch mode\n");
    } else
	(void)strlcpy(session->nmea.last_gga_timestamp, field[1],
		      sizeof(session->nmea.last_gga_timestamp));

    /* satellites_visible is used as an accumulator in xxGSV
     * so if we set it here we break xxGSV
     * Some GPS, like SiRFstarV NMEA, report per GNSS used
     * counts in GPGGA and GLGGA.
     * session->gpsdata.satellites_visible = atoi(field[7]);
     */
    satellites_visible = atoi(field[7]);

    if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[1], session)) {
	register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);
	if (session->nmea.date.tm_year == 0)
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "can't use GGA time until after ZDA or RMC"
		     " has supplied a year.\n");
	else {
	    mask |= TIME_SET;
	}
    }

    if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[2], &session->newdata)) {
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	mask |= LATLON_SET;
	if ('\0' == field[11][0]) {
	    session->gpsdata.separation =
		wgs84_separation(session->newdata.latitude,
				 session->newdata.longitude);
	} else {
	    session->gpsdata.separation = safe_atof(field[11]);
	}
	/*
	 * SiRF chipsets up to version 2.2 report a null altitude field.
	 * See <http://www.sirf.com/Downloads/Technical/apnt0033.pdf>.
	 * If we see this, force mode to 2D at most.
	 */
	if ('\0' != altitude[0]) {
	    session->newdata.altitude = safe_atof(altitude);
	    mask |= ALTITUDE_SET;
	    /*
	     * This is a bit dodgy.  Technically we shouldn't set the mode
	     * bit until we see GSA.  But it may be later in the cycle,
	     * some devices like the FV-18 don't send it by default, and
	     * elsewhere in the code we want to be able to test for the
	     * presence of a valid fix with mode > MODE_NO_FIX.
	     *
	     * Use satellites_visible as double check on MODE_3D
	     */
	    if (4 <= satellites_visible) {
		session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    }
	}
	if (3 > satellites_visible) {
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	}
    } else {
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
    }
    mask |= MODE_SET;

    if ('\0' != field[8][0]) {
	session->gpsdata.dop.hdop = safe_atof(field[8]);
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "GGA: hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f alt=%.2f mode=%d status=%d\n",
	     field[1],
	     session->newdata.latitude,
	     session->newdata.longitude,
	     session->newdata.altitude,
	     session->newdata.mode,
	     session->gpsdata.status);
    return mask;
}


static gps_mask_t processGST(int count, char *field[],
                             struct gps_device_t *session)
/* GST - GPS Pseudorange Noise Statistics */
{
    /*
     * GST,hhmmss.ss,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,*hh
     * 1 UTC time of associated GGA fix
     * 2 Total RMS standard deviation of ranges inputs to the nav solution
     * 3 Standard deviation (meters) of semi-major axis of error ellipse
     * 4 Standard deviation (meters) of semi-minor axis of error ellipse
     * 5 Orientation of semi-major axis of error ellipse (true north degrees)
     * 6 Standard deviation (meters) of latitude error
     * 7 Standard deviation (meters) of longitude error
     * 8 Standard deviation (meters) of altitude error
     * 9 Checksum
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    if (count < 8) {
      return mask;
    }

#define PARSE_FIELD(n) (*field[n]!='\0' ? safe_atof(field[n]) : NAN)
    /* note this is not full UTC, just HHMMSS.ss */
    /* this is not the current time,
     * it references another GPA of the same stamp. So do not set
     * any time stamps with it */
    session->gpsdata.gst.utctime             = PARSE_FIELD(1);
    session->gpsdata.gst.rms_deviation       = PARSE_FIELD(2);
    session->gpsdata.gst.smajor_deviation    = PARSE_FIELD(3);
    session->gpsdata.gst.sminor_deviation    = PARSE_FIELD(4);
    session->gpsdata.gst.smajor_orientation  = PARSE_FIELD(5);
    session->gpsdata.gst.lat_err_deviation   = PARSE_FIELD(6);
    session->gpsdata.gst.lon_err_deviation   = PARSE_FIELD(7);
    session->gpsdata.gst.alt_err_deviation   = PARSE_FIELD(8);
#undef PARSE_FIELD
    /* add in the time of start of today */
    /* since it is NOT current time, do not register_fractional_time() */
    session->gpsdata.gst.utctime += mkgmtime(&session->nmea.date);

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "GST: utc = %.3f, rms = %.2f, maj = %.2f, min = %.2f,"
             " ori = %.2f, lat = %.2f, lon = %.2f, alt = %.2f\n",
	     session->gpsdata.gst.utctime,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.rms_deviation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.smajor_deviation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.sminor_deviation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.smajor_orientation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.lat_err_deviation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.lon_err_deviation,
	     session->gpsdata.gst.alt_err_deviation);

    mask = GST_SET | ONLINE_SET;
    return mask;
}

/* convert NMEA sigid to ublox sigid */
static unsigned char nmea_sigid_to_ubx(unsigned char nmea_sigid)
{
    unsigned char ubx_sigid = 0;

    switch (nmea_sigid) {
    default:
        /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case 0:
        /* missing, assume GPS L1 */
	ubx_sigid = 0;
        break;
    case 1:
        /* L1 */
	ubx_sigid = 0;
        break;
    case 2:
        /* E5, could be 5 or 6. */
	ubx_sigid = 5;
        break;
    case 3:
        /* B2 or L2, could be 2 or 3. */
	ubx_sigid = 2;
        break;
    case 5:
        /* L2 */
	ubx_sigid = 4;
        break;
    case 6:
        /* L2CL */
	ubx_sigid = 3;
        break;
    case 7:
        /* E1, could be 0 or 1. */
	ubx_sigid = 0;
        break;
    }

    return ubx_sigid;
}

/* Deal with range-mapping attempts to use IDs 1-32 by Beidou, etc.
 *
 * See struct satellite_t in gps.h for ubx and nmea gnssid and svid mappings
 *
 * char *talker              -- NMEA talker string
 * int nmea_satnum           -- NMEA (All ver) satellite number (kinda the PRN)
 * int nmea_gnssid           -- NMEA 4.10 gnssid, if known, otherwise zero
 * unsigned char *ubx_gnssid -- returned u-blox gnssid
 * unsigned char *ubx_svid   -- returned u-blox gnssid
 *
 * Return the NMEA 2.x to 4.0 extended PRN
 */
static int nmeaid_to_prn(char *talker, int nmea_satnum,
                         int nmea_gnssid,
                         unsigned char *ubx_gnssid,
                         unsigned char *ubx_svid)
{
    /*
     * According to https://github.com/mvglasow/satstat/wiki/NMEA-IDs
     * and u-blox documentation.
     * NMEA IDs can be roughly divided into the following ranges:
     *
     *   1..32:  GPS
     *   33..64: Various SBAS systems (EGNOS, WAAS, SDCM, GAGAN, MSAS)
     *   65..96: GLONASS
     *   152..158: Various SBAS systems (EGNOS, WAAS, SDCM, GAGAN, MSAS)
     *   173..182: IMES
     *   193..197: QZSS   (undocumented u-blox goes to 199)
     *   201..235: Beidou (not NMEA, not u-blox?)
     *   301..336: Galileo
     *   401..437: Beidou
     *   null: GLONASS unused
     *
     * The issue is what to do when GPSes from these different systems
     * fight for IDs in the  1-32 range, as in this pair of Beidou sentences
     *
     * $BDGSV,2,1,07,01,00,000,45,02,13,089,35,03,00,000,37,04,00,000,42*6E
     * $BDGSV,2,2,07,05,27,090,,13,19,016,,11,07,147,*5E
     *
     * Because the PRNs are only used for generating a satellite
     * chart, mistakes here aren't dangerous.  The code will record
     * and use multiple sats with the same ID in one skyview; in
     * effect, they're recorded by the order in which they occur
     * rather than by PRN.
     */
    int nmea2_prn = nmea_satnum;

    *ubx_gnssid = 0;   /* default to ubx_gnssid is GPS */
    *ubx_svid = 0;     /* default to unnknown ubx_svid */

    if (1 > nmea_satnum) {
        /* uh, oh... */
        nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (0 < nmea_gnssid) {
	/* this switch handles case where nmea_gnssid is known */
	switch (nmea_gnssid) {
	default:
	    /* x = IMES                Not defined by NMEA 4.10 */
	    /* FALLTHROUGH */
	case 0:
	    /* none given, ignore */
	    nmea2_prn = 0;
	    break;
	case 1:
	    if (33 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* 1 = GPS       1-32 */
		*ubx_gnssid = 0;
		*ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
	    } else if (65 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* 1 = SBAS      33-64 */
		*ubx_gnssid = 1;
		*ubx_svid = 87 + nmea_satnum;
	    } else if (152 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* Huh? */
		*ubx_gnssid = 0;
		*ubx_svid = 0;
		nmea2_prn = 0;
	    } else if (158 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* 1 = SBAS      152-158 */
		*ubx_gnssid = 1;
		*ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
	    } else if (193 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* Huh? */
		*ubx_gnssid = 0;
		*ubx_svid = 0;
		nmea2_prn = 0;
	    } else if (200 > nmea_satnum) {
		/* 1 = QZSS      193-197 */
                /* undocumented u-blox goes to 199 */
		*ubx_gnssid = 3;
		*ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 192;
	    } else {
		/* Huh? */
		*ubx_gnssid = 0;
		*ubx_svid = 0;
		nmea2_prn = 0;
	    }
	    break;
	case 2:
	    /*  2 = GLONASS   65-96, nul */
	    *ubx_gnssid = 6;
	    *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
            break;
	case 3:
	    /*  3 = Galileo   1-36 */
	    *ubx_gnssid = 2;
	    *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
	    nmea2_prn = 300 + nmea_satnum;
	    break;
	case 4:
	    /*  4 - BeiDou    1-37 */
	    *ubx_gnssid = 3;
	    *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
	    nmea2_prn = 300 + nmea_satnum;
	    break;
	}

    /* left with NMEA 2.x to NMEA 4.0 satnums
     * use talker ID to disambiguate */
    } else if (32 >= nmea_satnum) {
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
	switch (talker[0]) {
        case 'G':
	    if (talker[1] == 'A') {
		/* Galileo */
		nmea2_prn = 300 + nmea_satnum;
		*ubx_gnssid = 2;
	    } else if (talker[1] == 'B') {
		/* map Beidou IDs 1..37 to 401..437 */
		*ubx_gnssid = 3;
		nmea2_prn = 400 + nmea_satnum;
	    } else if (talker[1] == 'L') {
		/* GLONASS GL doesn't seem to do this, better safe than sorry */
		nmea2_prn = 64 + nmea_satnum;
		*ubx_gnssid = 6;
	    } else if (talker[1] == 'N') {
                /* all of them, but only GPS is 0 < PRN < 33 */
	    } else if (talker[1] == 'P') {
                /* GPS,SBAS,QZSS, but only GPS is 0 < PRN < 33 */
            } /* else ?? */
            break;
	case 'B':
            if (talker[1] == 'D') {
		/* map Beidou IDs */
		nmea2_prn = 400 + nmea_satnum;
		*ubx_gnssid = 3;
            } /* else ?? */
            break;
	case 'Q':
            if (talker[1] == 'Z') {
		/* QZSS */
		nmea2_prn = 192 + nmea_satnum;
		*ubx_gnssid = 5;
            } /* else ? */
            break;
        default:
            /* huh? */
            break;
        }
    } else if (64 >= nmea_satnum) {
        // NMEA-ID (33..64) to SBAS PRN 120-151.
        /* SBAS */
        *ubx_gnssid = 1;
        *ubx_svid = 87 + nmea_satnum;
    } else if (96 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* GLONASS 65..96  */
        *ubx_gnssid = 6;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 64;
    } else if (120 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (158 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* SBAS 120..158 */
        *ubx_gnssid = 1;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum;
    } else if (173 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (182 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* IMES 173..182 */
        *ubx_gnssid = 4;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 172;
    } else if (193 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (197 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* QZSS 193..197 */
	/* undocumented u-blox goes to 199 */
        *ubx_gnssid = 5;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 192;
    } else if (201 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (237 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* BeiDou, non-standard, some SiRF put BeiDou 201-237 */
        /* $GBGSV,2,2,05,209,07,033,*62 */
        *ubx_gnssid = 3;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 200;
	nmea2_prn += 200;           /* move up to 400 where NMEA 2.x wants it. */
    } else if (301 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (356 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* Galileo 301..356 */
        *ubx_gnssid = 2;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 300;
    } else if (401 > nmea_satnum) {
	/* Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    } else if (437 >= nmea_satnum) {
        /* BeiDou */
        *ubx_gnssid = 3;
        *ubx_svid = nmea_satnum - 400;
    } else {
	/* greater than 437 Huh? */
	*ubx_gnssid = 0;
	*ubx_svid = 0;
	nmea2_prn = 0;
    }

    return nmea2_prn;
}

static gps_mask_t processGSA(int count, char *field[],
			     struct gps_device_t *session)
/* GPS DOP and Active Satellites */
{
#define GSA_TALKER	field[0][1]
    /*
     * eg1. $GPGSA,A,3,,,,,,16,18,,22,24,,,3.6,2.1,2.2*3C
     * eg2. $GPGSA,A,3,19,28,14,18,27,22,31,39,,,,,1.7,1.0,1.3*35
     * NMEA 4.10: $GNGSA,A,3,13,12,22,19,08,21,,,,,,,1.05,0.64,0.83,4*0B
     * 1    = Mode:
     *         M=Manual, forced to operate in 2D or 3D
     *         A=Automatic, 3D/2D
     * 2    = Mode:
     *         1=Fix not available,
     *         2=2D,
     *         3=3D
     * 3-14 = PRNs of satellites used in position fix (null for unused fields)
     * 15   = PDOP
     * 16   = HDOP
     * 17   = VDOP
     * 18   - NMEA 4.1+ GNSS System ID, u-blox extended
     *             1 = GPS L1C/A, L2CL, L2CM
     *             2 = GLONASS L1 OF, L2 OF
     *             3 = Galileo E1C, E1B, E5 bl, E5 bQ
     *             4 = BeiDou B1I D1, B1I D2, B2I D1, B2I D12
     *
     * Not all documentation specifies the number of PRN fields, it
     * may be variable.  Most doc that specifies says 12 PRNs.
     *
     * The Navior-24 CH-4701 outputs 30 fields, 24 PRNs!
     * GPGSA,A,3,27,23,13,07,25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,07.9,06.0,05.2
     *
     * The Skytraq S2525F8-BD-RTK output both GPGSA and BDGSA in the
     * same cycle:
     * $GPGSA,A,3,23,31,22,16,03,07,,,,,,,1.8,1.1,1.4*3E
     * $BDGSA,A,3,214,,,,,,,,,,,,1.8,1.1,1.4*18
     * These need to be combined like GPGSV and BDGSV
     *
     * Some GPS emit GNGSA.  So far we have not seen a GPS emit GNGSA
     * and then another flavor of xxGSA
     *
     * Some Skytraq will emit all GPS in one GNGSA, Then follow with
     * another GNGSA with the BeiDou birds.
     *
     * SEANEXX, SiRFstarIV, and others also do it twice in one cycle:
     * $GNGSA,A,3,31,26,21,,,,,,,,,,3.77,2.55,2.77*1A
     * $GNGSA,A,3,75,86,87,,,,,,,,,,3.77,2.55,2.77*1C
     * seems like the first is GNSS and the second GLONASS
     *
     * u-blox 9 outputs one per GNSS on each cycle.  Note the
     * extra last parameter which is NMEA gnssid:
     * $GNGSA,A,3,13,16,21,15,10,29,27,20,,,,,1.05,0.64,0.83,1*03
     * $GNGSA,A,3,82,66,81,,,,,,,,,,1.05,0.64,0.83,2*0C
     * $GNGSA,A,3,07,12,33,,,,,,,,,,1.05,0.64,0.83,3*0A
     * $GNGSA,A,3,13,12,22,19,08,21,,,,,,,1.05,0.64,0.83,4*0B
     * Also note the NMEA 4.0 GLONASS PRN (82) in an NMEA 4.1
     * sentence.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    char last_last_gsa_talker = session->nmea.last_gsa_talker;
    int nmea_gnssid = 0;
    int nmea_sigid = 0;
    int ubx_sigid = 0;

    /*
     * One chipset called the i.Trek M3 issues GPGSA lines that look like
     * this: "$GPGSA,A,1,,,,*32" when it has no fix.  This is broken
     * in at least two ways: it's got the wrong number of fields, and
     * it claims to be a valid sentence (A flag) when it isn't.
     * Alarmingly, it's possible this error may be generic to SiRFstarIII.
     */
    if (18 > count) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "xxGSA: malformed, setting ONLINE_SET only.\n");
	mask = ONLINE_SET;
    } else if (session->nmea.latch_mode) {
	/* last GGA had a non-advancing timestamp; don't trust this GSA */
	mask = ONLINE_SET;
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "xxGSA: non-advancing timestamp\n");
    } else {
	int i;
	session->newdata.mode = atoi(field[2]);
	/*
	 * The first arm of this conditional ignores dead-reckoning
	 * fixes from an Antaris chipset. which returns E in field 2
	 * for a dead-reckoning estimate.  Fix by Andreas Stricker.
	 */
	if ('E' == field[2][0])
	    mask = ONLINE_SET;
	else
	    mask = MODE_SET;

	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		 "xxGSA sets mode %d\n", session->newdata.mode);

	if (19 < count ) {
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "xxGSA: count %d too long!\n", count);
        } else {
            /* Just ignore the last fields of the Navior CH-4701 */
	    if (field[15][0] != '\0')
		session->gpsdata.dop.pdop = safe_atof(field[15]);
	    if (field[16][0] != '\0')
		session->gpsdata.dop.hdop = safe_atof(field[16]);
	    if (field[17][0] != '\0')
		session->gpsdata.dop.vdop = safe_atof(field[17]);
	    if (19 == count && '\0' != field[18][0]) {
                /* get the NMEA 4.10 sigid */
		nmea_sigid = atoi(field[18]);
                /* FIXME: ubx_sigid not used yet */
		ubx_sigid = nmea_sigid_to_ubx(nmea_sigid);
	    }
        }
	/*
	 * might have gone from GPGSA to GLGSA/BDGSA
	 * or GNGSA to GNGSA
	 * in which case accumulate
	 */
	if ( '\0' == session->nmea.last_gsa_talker
          || (GSA_TALKER == session->nmea.last_gsa_talker
              && 'N' != GSA_TALKER) ) {
	    session->gpsdata.satellites_used = 0;
	    memset(session->nmea.sats_used, 0, sizeof(session->nmea.sats_used));
            gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
                     "xxGSA: clear sats_used\n");
	}
	session->nmea.last_gsa_talker = GSA_TALKER;
	if ((session->nmea.last_gsa_talker == 'D')
            || (session->nmea.last_gsa_talker == 'B'))
	    session->nmea.seen_bdgsa = true;
	else if (session->nmea.last_gsa_talker == 'L')
	    session->nmea.seen_glgsa = true;
	else if (session->nmea.last_gsa_talker == 'N')
	    session->nmea.seen_gngsa = true;
 	else if (session->nmea.last_gsa_talker == 'A')
 	    session->nmea.seen_gagsa = true;

	/* the magic 6 here counts the tag, two mode fields, and DOP fields */
	for (i = 0; i < count - 6; i++) {
	    int prn;
            int nmea_satnum;
            unsigned char ubx_gnssid;   /* UNUSED */
            unsigned char ubx_svid;     /* UNUSED */

	    /* skip empty fields, otherwise empty becomes prn=200 */
            nmea_satnum = atoi(field[i + 3]);
	    if (1 > nmea_satnum) {
		continue;
	    }
	    prn = nmeaid_to_prn(field[0], nmea_satnum, nmea_gnssid,
                                &ubx_gnssid, &ubx_svid);

#ifdef __UNUSED__
            /* debug */
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
		     "%s nmeaid_to_prn: nmea_gnssid %d nmea_satnum %d ubx_gnssid %d "
                     "ubx_svid %d nmea2_prn %d\n", field[0],
		     nmea_gnssid, nmea_satnum, ubx_gnssid, ubx_svid, prn);
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
                     "%s count %d\n", field[0], count);
#endif  /*  __UNUSED__ */

	    if (prn > 0) {
		/* check first BEFORE over-writing memory */
		if (MAXCHANNELS <= session->gpsdata.satellites_used) {
		    /* This should never happen as xxGSA is limited to 12,
                     * except for the Navior-24 CH-4701.
                     * But it could happen with multiple GSA per cycle */
		    break;
		}
		session->nmea.sats_used[session->gpsdata.satellites_used++] =
		    (unsigned short)prn;
            }
	}
	mask |= DOP_SET | USED_IS;
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "xxGSA: mode=%d used=%d pdop=%.2f hdop=%.2f vdop=%.2f "
                 "ubx_sigid %d\n",
		 session->newdata.mode,
		 session->gpsdata.satellites_used,
		 session->gpsdata.dop.pdop,
		 session->gpsdata.dop.hdop,
		 session->gpsdata.dop.vdop, ubx_sigid);
    }
    /* assumes GLGSA or BDGSA, if present, is emitted  directly
     * after the GPGSA*/
    if ((session->nmea.seen_glgsa || session->nmea.seen_bdgsa ||
         session->nmea.seen_gagsa) && GSA_TALKER == 'P') {
	mask = ONLINE_SET;

    /* first of two GNGSA */
    /* if mode == 1 some GPS only output 1 GNGSA, so ship mode always */
    } else if ( 'N' != last_last_gsa_talker && 'N' == GSA_TALKER) {
	mask =  ONLINE_SET | MODE_SET;
    }

    /* cast for 32/64 compatibility */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
             "xxGSA: mask %#llx\n", (long long unsigned)mask);
    return mask;
#undef GSA_TALKER
}

/* xxGSV -  GPS Satellites in View */
static gps_mask_t processGSV(int count, char *field[],
			     struct gps_device_t *session)
{
#define GSV_TALKER	field[0][1]
    /*
     * GSV,2,1,08,01,40,083,46,02,17,308,41,12,07,344,39,14,22,228,45*75
     *  1) 2           Number of sentences for full data
     *  2) 1           Sentence 1 of 2
     *  3) 08          Total number of satellites in view
     *  4) 01          Satellite PRN number
     *  5) 40          Elevation, degrees
     *  6) 083         Azimuth, degrees
     *  7) 46          Signal-to-noise ratio in decibels
     * <repeat for up to 4 satellites per sentence>
     *   )             NMEA 4.1 signalId
     *   )             checksum
     *
     * NMEA 4.1+:
     * $GAGSV,3,1,09,02,00,179,,04,09,321,,07,11,134,11,11,10,227,,7*7F
     * after the satellite block, before the checksum, new field:
     * 7           NMEA Signal ID
     *             1 = GPS L1C/A, BeiDou B1I D1, BeiDou B1I D2, GLONASS L1 OF
     *             2 = Galileo E5 bl, E5 bQ
     *             3 = BeiDou B2I D1, B2I D2
     *             5 = GPS L2 CM
     *             6 = GPS L2 CL
     *             7 = Galileo E1C, E1B
     *
     * Can occur with talker IDs:
     *   BD (Beidou),
     *   GA (Galileo),
     *   GB (Beidou),
     *   GL (GLONASS),
     *   GN (GLONASS, any combination GNSS),
     *   GP (GPS, SBAS, QZSS),
     *   QZ (QZSS).
     *
     * As of April 2019:
     *    no gpsd regressions have GNGSV
     *    every xxGSV cycle starts with GPGSV
     *    xxGSV cycles may be spread over several xxRMC cycles
     *
     * GL may be (incorrectly) used when GSVs are mixed containing
     * GLONASS, GN may be (incorrectly) used when GSVs contain GLONASS
     * only.  Usage is inconsistent.
     *
     * In the GLONASS version sat IDs run from 65-96 (NMEA0183
     * standardizes this). At least two GPSes, the BU-353 GLONASS and
     * the u-blox NEO-M8N, emit a GPGSV set followed by a GLGSV set.
     * We have also seen two GPSes, the Skytraq S2525F8-BD-RTK and a
     * SiRF-IV variant, that emit GPGSV followed by BDGSV. We need to
     * combine these.
     *
     * The following shows how the Skytraq S2525F8-BD-RTK output both
     * GPGSV and BDGSV in the same cycle:
     * $GPGSV,4,1,13,23,66,310,29,03,65,186,33,26,43,081,27,16,41,124,38*78
     * $GPGSV,4,2,13,51,37,160,38,04,37,066,25,09,34,291,07,22,26,156,37*77
     * $GPGSV,4,3,13,06,19,301,,31,17,052,20,193,11,307,,07,11,232,27*4F
     * $GPGSV,4,4,13,01,03,202,30*4A
     * $BDGSV,1,1,02,214,55,153,40,208,01,299,*67
     *
     * The driver automatically adapts to either case, but it takes until the
     * second cycle (usually 10 seconds from device connect) for it to
     * learn to expect BSDGV or GLGSV.
     *
     * Some GPS (Garmin 17N) spread the xxGSV over several cycles.  So
     * cycles, or cycle time, can not be used to determine start of
     * xxGSV cycle.
     *
     * NMEA 4.1 adds a signal-ID field just before the checksum. First
     * seen in May 2015 on a u-blox M8.  It can output 2 sets of GPGSV
     * in one cycle, one for L1C and the other for L2C.
     */

    int n, fldnum;
    unsigned char  nmea_sigid = 0;
    int nmea_gnssid = 0;
    unsigned char  ubx_sigid = 0;

    if (count <= 3) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed xxGSV - fieldcount %d <= 3\n",
		 count);
	gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
	return ONLINE_SET;
    }
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
	     "x%cGSV: part %s of %s, last_gsv_talker '%#x' "
             " last_gsv_sigid %u\n",
	     GSV_TALKER, field[2], field[1],
	     session->nmea.last_gsv_talker,
	     session->nmea.last_gsv_sigid);

    /*
     * This check used to be !=0, but we have loosen it a little to let by
     * NMEA 4.1 GSVs with an extra signal-ID field at the end.
     */
    switch (count % 4) {
    case 0:
	/* normal, pre-NMEA 4.10 */
	break;
    case 1:
	/* NMEA 4.10, get the signal ID */
	nmea_sigid = atoi(field[count - 1]);
        ubx_sigid = nmea_sigid_to_ubx(nmea_sigid);
	break;
    default:
	/* bad count */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed GPGSV - fieldcount %d %% 4 != 0\n", count);
	gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
	return ONLINE_SET;
    }

    session->nmea.await = atoi(field[1]);
    if ((session->nmea.part = atoi(field[2])) < 1) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed GPGSV - bad part\n");
	gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
	return ONLINE_SET;
    }

    if (session->nmea.part == 1) {
	/*
	 * might have gone from GPGSV to GLGSV/BDGSV/QZGSV,
	 * in which case accumulate
         *
         * NMEA 4.1 might have gone from GPGVS,sigid=x to GPGSV,sigid=y
         *
	 * session->nmea.last_gsv_talker is zero at cycle start
         */
	if (session->nmea.last_gsv_talker == '\0' ||
            ('P' == GSV_TALKER &&
             0 == ubx_sigid)) {
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		     "x%cGSV: new part %d, last_gsv_talker '%#x', zeroing\n",
                     GSV_TALKER,
		     session->nmea.part,
		     session->nmea.last_gsv_talker);
	    gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
	}
	session->nmea.last_gsv_talker = GSV_TALKER;
	session->nmea.last_gsv_sigid = ubx_sigid; /* UNUSED */
	switch (GSV_TALKER) {
	case 'A':
	    session->nmea.seen_gagsv = true;
	    break;
	case 'B':
	    /* FALLTHROUGH */
	case 'D':
	    session->nmea.seen_bdgsv = true;
	    break;
	case 'L':
	    session->nmea.seen_glgsv = true;
	    break;
	case 'P':
	    session->nmea.seen_gpgsv = true;
	    break;
	case 'Z':
	    session->nmea.seen_qzss = true;
	    break;
	default:
	    /* uh, what? */
	    break;
	}
    }

    for (fldnum = 4; fldnum < count / 4 * 4;) {
	struct satellite_t *sp;
        int nmea_svid;

	if (session->gpsdata.satellites_visible >= MAXCHANNELS) {
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
		     "xxGSV: internal error - too many satellites [%d]!\n",
		     session->gpsdata.satellites_visible);
	    gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
	    break;
	}
	sp = &session->gpsdata.skyview[session->gpsdata.satellites_visible];
	nmea_svid = atoi(field[fldnum++]);
	if (0 == nmea_svid) {
	    /* skip bogus fields */
	    continue;
	}
	/* FIXME: this ignores possible NMEA 4.1 Signal ID hint */
	sp->PRN = (short)nmeaid_to_prn(field[0], nmea_svid, nmea_gnssid,
                                       &sp->gnssid, &sp->svid);

#ifdef __UNUSED__
	/* debug */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
		 "%s nmeaid_to_prn: nmea_gnssid %d nmea_satnum %d "
                 "ubx_gnssid %d ubx_svid %d nmea2_prn %d\n", field[0],
		 nmea_gnssid, nmea_svid, sp->gnssid, sp->svid, sp->PRN);
#endif  /* __UNUSED__ */

	sp->elevation = (short)atoi(field[fldnum++]);
	sp->azimuth = (short)atoi(field[fldnum++]);
	sp->ss = (float)atoi(field[fldnum++]);
	sp->used = false;
        sp->sigid = ubx_sigid;

        /* sadly NMEA 4.1 does not tell us which sigid (L1, L2) is
         * used.  So if the ss is zero, do not mark used */
	if (0 < sp->PRN && 0 < sp->ss) {
	    for (n = 0; n < MAXCHANNELS; n++)
		if (session->nmea.sats_used[n] == (unsigned short)sp->PRN) {
		    sp->used = true;
		    break;
		}
        }
	/*
	 * Incrementing this unconditionally falls afoul of chipsets like
	 * the Motorola Oncore GT+ that emit empty fields at the end of the
	 * last sentence in a GPGSV set if the number of satellites is not
	 * a multiple of 4.
	 */
	session->gpsdata.satellites_visible++;
    }

#if __UNUSED
    /* debug code */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
        "x%cGSV: vis %d gagsv %d bdgsv %d glgsv %d qzss %d\n",
	GSV_TALKER,
	session->gpsdata.satellites_visible,
	session->nmea.seen_gagsv,
	session->nmea.seen_bdgsv,
	session->nmea.seen_glgsv,
	session->nmea.seen_qzss);
#endif

    /*
     * Alas, we can't sanity check field counts when there are multiple sat
     * pictures, because the visible member counts *all* satellites - you
     * get a bad result on the second and later SV spans.  Note, this code
     * assumes that if any of the special sat pics occur they come right
     * after a stock GPGSV one.
     *
     * FIXME: Add per-talker totals so we can do this check properly.
     */
    if (!(session->nmea.seen_glgsv || session->nmea.seen_bdgsv
        || session->nmea.seen_qzss || session->nmea.seen_gagsv))
	if (session->nmea.part == session->nmea.await
		&& atoi(field[3]) != session->gpsdata.satellites_visible)
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "GPGSV field 3 value of %d != actual count %d\n",
		     atoi(field[3]), session->gpsdata.satellites_visible);

    /* not valid data until we've seen a complete set of parts */
    if (session->nmea.part < session->nmea.await) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		 "xxGSV: Partial satellite data (%d of %d).\n",
		 session->nmea.part, session->nmea.await);
	return ONLINE_SET;
    }
    /*
     * This sanity check catches an odd behavior of SiRFstarII receivers.
     * When they can't see any satellites at all (like, inside a
     * building) they sometimes cough up a hairball in the form of a
     * GSV packet with all the azimuth entries 0 (but nonzero
     * elevations).  This behavior was observed under SiRF firmware
     * revision 231.000.000_A2.
     */
    for (n = 0; n < session->gpsdata.satellites_visible; n++)
	if (session->gpsdata.skyview[n].azimuth != 0)
	    goto sane;
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
	     "xxGSV: Satellite data no good (%d of %d).\n",
	     session->nmea.part, session->nmea.await);
    gpsd_zero_satellites(&session->gpsdata);
    return ONLINE_SET;
  sane:
    session->gpsdata.skyview_time = NAN;
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "xxGSV: Satellite data OK (%d of %d).\n",
	     session->nmea.part, session->nmea.await);

    /* assumes GLGSV or BDGSV group, if present, is emitted after the GPGSV */
    if ((session->nmea.seen_glgsv || session->nmea.seen_bdgsv
         || session->nmea.seen_qzss  || session->nmea.seen_gagsv)
        && GSV_TALKER == 'P')
	return ONLINE_SET;

#if __UNUSED
    /* debug code */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
        "x%cGSV: set skyview_time %.2f frac_time %.2f\n", GSV_TALKER,
	session->gpsdata.skyview_time,
	session->nmea.this_frac_time);
#endif

    /* clear computed DOPs so they get recomputed. */
    /* FIXME: this kills GPS reported dops... */
    session->gpsdata.dop.xdop = NAN;
    session->gpsdata.dop.ydop = NAN;
    session->gpsdata.dop.tdop = NAN;
    session->gpsdata.dop.gdop = NAN;
    return SATELLITE_SET;
#undef GSV_TALKER
}

/* Garmin Estimated Position Error */
static gps_mask_t processPGRME(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PGRME,15.0,M,45.0,M,25.0,M*22
     * 1    = horizontal error estimate
     * 2    = units
     * 3    = vertical error estimate
     * 4    = units
     * 5    = spherical error estimate
     * 6    = units
     * *
     * * Garmin won't say, but the general belief is that these are 50% CEP.
     * * We follow the advice at <http://gpsinformation.net/main/errors.htm>.
     * * If this assumption changes here, it should also change in garmin.c
     * * where we scale error estimates from Garmin binary packets, and
     * * in libgpsd_core.c where we generate $PGRME.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ('M' != field[2][0] ||
        'M' != field[4][0] ||
        'M' != field[6][0]) {
	mask = ONLINE_SET;
    } else {
	session->newdata.epx = session->newdata.epy =
	    safe_atof(field[1]) * (1 / sqrt(2))
                      * (GPSD_CONFIDENCE / CEP50_SIGMA);
	session->newdata.epv =
	    safe_atof(field[3]) * (GPSD_CONFIDENCE / CEP50_SIGMA);
	session->newdata.sep =
	    safe_atof(field[5]) * (GPSD_CONFIDENCE / CEP50_SIGMA);
	mask = HERR_SET | VERR_SET | PERR_IS;
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PGRME: epx=%.2f epy=%.2f sep=%.2f\n",
	     session->newdata.epx,
	     session->newdata.epy,
	     session->newdata.sep);
    return mask;
}

/* Garmin GPS Fix Data Sentence
 *
 * FIXME: seems to happen after cycle ender, so little happens...
 */
static gps_mask_t processPGRMF(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
 /*
  * $PGRMF,290,293895,160305,093802,13,5213.1439,N,02100.6511,E,A,2,0,226,2,1*11
  *
  * 1 = GPS week
  * 2 = GPS seconds
  * 3 = UTC Date ddmmyy
  * 4 = UTC time hhmmss
  * 5 = GPS leap seconds
  * 6 = Latitude ddmm.mmmm
  * 7 = N or S
  * 8 = Longitude dddmm.mmmm
  * 9 = E or W
  * 10 = Mode, M = Manual, A = Automatic
  * 11 = Fix type, 0 = No fix, 2 = 2D fix, 2 = 3D fix
  * 12 = Ground Speed, 0 to 1151 km/hr
  * 13 = Course over ground, 0 to 359 degrees true
  * 14 = pdop, 0 to 9
  * 15 = dop, 0 to 9
  */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[4], session) &&
	0 == merge_ddmmyy(field[3], session)) {
	/* got a good data/time */
	mask |= TIME_SET;
    }
    if ('A' != field[10][0]) {
	/* Huh? */
        return mask;
    }
    if ('\0' != field[5][0]) {
        session->context->leap_seconds = atoi(field[5]);
	session->context->valid = LEAP_SECOND_VALID;
    }
    if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[6], &session->newdata)) {
	mask |= LATLON_SET;
    }
    switch (field[11][0]) {
    default:
        /* Huh? */
        break;
    case '0':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    case '1':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    case '2':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    }
    session->newdata.speed = safe_atof(field[12]) / MPS_TO_KPH;
    session->newdata.track = safe_atof(field[13]);
    mask |= SPEED_SET | TRACK_SET;
    session->gpsdata.dop.pdop = safe_atof(field[14]);
    session->gpsdata.dop.tdop = safe_atof(field[15]);
    mask |= DOP_SET;

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PGRMF: pdop %.1f tdop %.1f \n",
	     session->gpsdata.dop.pdop,
	     session->gpsdata.dop.tdop);
    return mask;
}

/* Garmin Map Datum
 *
 * FIXME: seems to happen after cycle ender, so nothing happens...
 */
static gps_mask_t processPGRMM(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PGRMM,NAD83*29
     * 1    = Map Datum
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ('\0' != field[1][0]) {
        strlcpy(session->newdata.datum, field[1],
                sizeof(session->newdata.datum));
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PGRMM: datum=%.40s\n",
	     session->newdata.datum);
    return mask;
}

/* Garmin Altitude Information */
static gps_mask_t processPGRMZ(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PGRMZ,246,f,3*1B
     * 1    = Altitude
     * 2    = f (feet)
     * 3    = Mode
     *         1 = No Fix
     *         2 = 2D Fix
     *         3 = 3D Fix
     *
     * From: Garmin Proprietary NMEA 0183 Sentences
     *       technical Specifications
     *       190-00684-00, Revision C December 2008
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ('f' == field[2][0] &&
        0 < strlen(field[1])) {
        /* have a GPS altitude, must be 3D */
	session->newdata.altitude = atoi(field[1]) / METERS_TO_FEET;
	mask |= (ALTITUDE_SET);
    }
    switch (field[3][0]) {
    default:
        /* Huh? */
        break;
    case '1':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    case '2':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    case '3':
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
        break;
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PGRMZ: Altitude %.2f mode %d\n",
	     session->newdata.altitude,
	     session->newdata.mode);
    return mask;
}

/* Magellan Status */
static gps_mask_t processPMGNST(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			        struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PMGNST,01.75,3,T,816,11.1,-00496,00*43
     * 1 = Firmware version number
     * 2 = Mode (1 = no fix, 2 = 2D fix, 3 = 3D fix)
     * 3 = T if we have a fix
     * 4 = battery percentage left in tenths of a percent
     * 5 = time left on the GPS battery in hours
     * 6 = numbers change (freq. compensation?)
     * 7 = PRN number receiving current focus
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    int newmode = atoi(field[3]);

    if ('T' == field[4][0]) {
	switch(newmode) {
	default:
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	    break;
	case 2:
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	    break;
	case 3:
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    break;
	}
    } else {
        /* Can report 3D fix, but 'F' for no fix */
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
    }
    mask |= MODE_SET;

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PMGNST: mode: %d\n",
	     session->newdata.mode);
    return mask;
}

/* SiRF Estimated Position Errors */
static gps_mask_t processPSRFEPE(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PSRFEPE,100542.000,A,0.7,6.82,10.69,0.0,180.0*24
     * 1    = UTC Time hhmmss.sss
     * 2    = Status.  A = Valid, V = Data not valid
     * 3    = HDOP
     * 4    = EHPE meters (Estimated Horizontal Position Error)
     * 5    = EVPE meters (Estimated Vertical Position Error)
     * 6    = EHVE meters (Estimated Speed Over Ground/Velocity Error)
     * 7    = EHE degrees (Estimated Heading Error)
     *
     * SiRF won't say if these are 1-sigma or what...
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = STATUS_SET;

    /* get time/ valid or not */
    if ('\0' != field[1][0]) {
	if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[1], session)) {
	    register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);
	    if (session->nmea.date.tm_year == 0) {
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
			 "can't use PSRFEPE time until after ZDA or RMC"
			 " has supplied a year.\n");
	    } else {
		mask |= TIME_SET;
            }
	}
    }
    if ('A' != field[2][0]) {
	/* Huh? */
        return mask;
    }

    if ('\0' != field[3][0]) {
        /* This adds nothing, it just agrees with the gpsd calculation
         * from the skyview.  Which is a nice confirmation. */
	session->gpsdata.dop.hdop = safe_atof(field[3]);
        mask |= DOP_SET;
    }
    if ('\0' != field[4][0]) {
	/* EHPE (Estimated Horizontal Position Error) */
	session->newdata.eph = safe_atof(field[4]);
	mask |= HERR_SET;
    }

    if ('\0' != field[5][0]) {
        /* Estimated Vertical Position Error (meters, 0.01 resolution) */
	session->newdata.epv = safe_atof(field[5]);
	mask |= VERR_SET;
    }

    if ('\0' != field[6][0]) {
        /* Estimated Horizontal Speed Error meters/sec */
	session->newdata.eps = safe_atof(field[6]);
    }

    if ('\0' != field[7][0]) {
        /* Estimated Heading Error degrees */
	session->newdata.epd = safe_atof(field[7]);
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
	     "PSRFEPE: hdop=%.1f eph=%.1f epv=%.1f eps=%.1f epd=%.1f\n",
	     session->gpsdata.dop.hdop,
	     session->newdata.eph,
	     session->newdata.epv,
	     session->newdata.eps,
	     session->newdata.epd);
    return mask;
}

/* NMEA Map Datum
 *
 * FIXME: seems to happen after cycle ender, so nothing happens...
 */
static gps_mask_t processDTM(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $GPDTM,W84,C*52
     * $GPDTM,xxx,x,xx.xxxx,x,xx.xxxx,x,,xxx*hh<CR><LF>
     * 1    = Local datum code (xxx):
     *          W84 – WGS84
     *          W72 – WGS72
     *          S85 – SGS85
     *          P90 – PE90
     *          999 – User defined
     *          IHO datum code
     * 2     = Local datum sub code (x)
     * 3     = Latitude offset in minutes (xx.xxxx)
     * 4     = Latitude offset mark (N: +, S: -) (x)
     * 5     = Longitude offset in minutes (xx.xxxx)
     * 6     = Longitude offset mark (E: +, W: -) (x)
     * 7     = Altitude offset in meters. Always null
     * 8     = Datum (xxx):
     *          W84 – WGS84
     *          W72 – WGS72
     *          S85 – SGS85
     *          P90 – PE90
     *          999 – User defined
     *          IHO datum code
     * 9    = checksum
     */
    int i;
    static struct
    {
	char *code;
	char *name;
    } codes[] = {
        {"W84", "WGS84"},
        {"W72", "WGS72"},
        {"S85", "SGS85"},
        {"P90", "PE90"},
        {"999", "User Defined"},
        {"", ""},
    };

    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ('\0' == field[1][0]) {
        return mask;
    }

    for (i = 0; ; i++) {
        if ('\0' == codes[i].code[0]) {
            /* not found */
	    strlcpy(session->newdata.datum, field[1],
                    sizeof(session->newdata.datum));
            break;
        }
        if (0 ==strcmp(codes[i].code, field[1])) {
	    strlcpy(session->newdata.datum, codes[i].name,
                    sizeof(session->newdata.datum));
            break;
        }
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "xxDTM: datum=%.40s\n",
	     session->newdata.datum);
    return mask;
}

/* NMEA 3.0 Estimated Position Error */
static gps_mask_t processGBS(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $GPGBS,082941.00,2.4,1.5,3.9,25,,-43.7,27.5*65
     *  1) UTC time of the fix associated with this sentence (hhmmss.ss)
     *  2) Expected error in latitude (meters)
     *  3) Expected error in longitude (meters)
     *  4) Expected error in altitude (meters)
     *  5) PRN of most likely failed satellite
     *  6) Probability of missed detection for most likely failed satellite
     *  7) Estimate of bias in meters on most likely failed satellite
     *  8) Standard deviation of bias estimate
     *  9) NMEA 4.1 GNSS ID
     * 10) NMEA 4.1 Signal ID
     *     Checksum
     *
     * Fields 2, 3 and 4 are one standard deviation.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    /* register fractional time for end-of-cycle detection */
    register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);

    /* check that we're associated with the current fix */
    if (session->nmea.date.tm_hour == DD(field[1])
	&& session->nmea.date.tm_min == DD(field[1] + 2)
	&& session->nmea.date.tm_sec == DD(field[1] + 4)) {
	session->newdata.epy = safe_atof(field[2]);
	session->newdata.epx = safe_atof(field[3]);
	session->newdata.epv = safe_atof(field[4]);
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "GBS: epx=%.2f epy=%.2f epv=%.2f\n",
		 session->newdata.epx,
		 session->newdata.epy,
		 session->newdata.epv);
	mask = HERR_SET | VERR_SET;
    } else {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		 "second in $GPGBS error estimates doesn't match.\n");
    }
    return mask;
}

static gps_mask_t processZDA(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
/* Time & Date */
{
    /*
     * $GPZDA,160012.71,11,03,2004,-1,00*7D
     * 1) UTC time (hours, minutes, seconds, may have fractional subsecond)
     * 2) Day, 01 to 31
     * 3) Month, 01 to 12
     * 4) Year (4 digits)
     * 5) Local zone description, 00 to +- 13 hours
     * 6) Local zone minutes description, apply same sign as local hours
     * 7) Checksum
     *
     * Note: some devices, like the u-blox ANTARIS 4h, are known to ship ZDAs
     * with some fields blank under poorly-understood circumstances (probably
     * when they don't have satellite lock yet).
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    int year, mon, mday, century;

    if (field[1][0] == '\0' || field[2][0] == '\0' || field[3][0] == '\0'
	|| field[4][0] == '\0') {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN, "ZDA fields are empty\n");
        return mask;
    }

    if (0 != merge_hhmmss(field[1], session)) {
        /* bad time */
        return mask;
    }

    /*
     * We don't register fractional time here because want to leave
     * ZDA out of end-of-cycle detection. Some devices sensibly emit it only
     * when they have a fix, so watching for it can make them look
     * like they have a variable fix reporting cycle.
     */
    year = atoi(field[4]);
    mon = atoi(field[3]);
    mday = atoi(field[2]);
    century = year - year % 100;
    if ( (1900 > year ) || (2200 < year ) ) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed ZDA year: %s\n",  field[4]);
    } else if ( (1 > mon ) || (12 < mon ) ) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed ZDA month: %s\n",  field[3]);
    } else if ( (1 > mday ) || (31 < mday ) ) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "malformed ZDA day: %s\n",  field[2]);
    } else {
	gpsd_century_update(session, century);
	session->nmea.date.tm_year = year - 1900;
	session->nmea.date.tm_mon = mon - 1;
	session->nmea.date.tm_mday = mday;
	mask = TIME_SET;
    }
    return mask;
}

static gps_mask_t processHDT(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
				struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $HEHDT,341.8,T*21
     *
     * HDT,x.x*hh<cr><lf>
     *
     * The only data field is true heading in degrees.
     * The following field is required to be 'T' indicating a true heading.
     * It is followed by a mandatory nmea_checksum.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    double heading;

    if ( 0 == strlen(field[1])) {
        /* no data */
        return mask;
    }
    heading = safe_atof(field[1]);
    if ((0.0 > heading) || (360.0 < heading)) {
        /* bad data */
        return mask;
    }
    /* good data */
    session->gpsdata.attitude.heading = heading;

    mask |= (ATTITUDE_SET);

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_RAW,
             "time %.3f, heading %lf.\n",
             session->newdata.time,
             session->gpsdata.attitude.heading);
    return mask;
}

static gps_mask_t processDBT(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
				struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $SDDBT,7.7,f,2.3,M,1.3,F*05
     * 1) Depth below sounder in feet
     * 2) Fixed value 'f' indicating feet
     * 3) Depth below sounder in meters
     * 4) Fixed value 'M' indicating meters
     * 5) Depth below sounder in fathoms
     * 6) Fixed value 'F' indicating fathoms
     * 7) Checksum.
     *
     * In real-world sensors, sometimes not all three conversions are reported.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    /* this is criminal.  Depth != altitude */
    if (field[3][0] != '\0') {
	session->newdata.altitude = -safe_atof(field[3]);
	mask |= (ALTITUDE_SET);
    } else if (field[1][0] != '\0') {
	session->newdata.altitude = -safe_atof(field[1]) / METERS_TO_FEET;
	mask |= (ALTITUDE_SET);
    } else if (field[5][0] != '\0') {
	session->newdata.altitude = -safe_atof(field[5]) / METERS_TO_FATHOMS;
	mask |= (ALTITUDE_SET);
    }

    if ((mask & ALTITUDE_SET) != 0) {
	if (session->newdata.mode < MODE_3D) {
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
	}
    }

    /*
     * Hack: We report depth below keep as negative altitude because there's
     * no better place to put it.  Should work in practice as nobody is
     * likely to be operating a depth sounder at varying altitudes.
     */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_RAW,
	     "mode %d, depth %lf.\n",
	     session->newdata.mode,
	     session->newdata.altitude);
    return mask;
}

/* GPS Text message */
static gps_mask_t processTXT(int count, char *field[],
			     struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $GNTXT,01,01,01,PGRM inv format*2A
     * 1                   Number of sentences for full data
     * 1                   Sentence 1 of 1
     * 01                  Message type
     *       00 - error
     *       01 - warning
     *       02 - notice
     *       07 - user
     * PGRM inv format     ASCII text
     *
     * Can occur with talker IDs:
     *   BD (Beidou),
     *   GA (Galileo),
     *   GB (Beidou),
     *   GL (GLONASS),
     *   GN (GLONASS, any combination GNSS),
     *   GP (GPS, SBAS, QZSS),
     *   QZ (QZSS).
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;
    int msgType = 0;
    char *msgType_txt = "Unknown";

    if ( 5 != count) {
      return mask;
    }

    msgType = atoi(field[3]);

    switch ( msgType ) {
    case 0:
	msgType_txt = "Error";
        break;
    case 1:
	msgType_txt = "Warning";
        break;
    case 2:
	msgType_txt = "Notice";
        break;
    case 7:
	msgType_txt = "User";
        break;
    }

    /* maximum text lenght unknown, guess 80 */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
	     "TXT: %.10s: %.80s\n",
             msgType_txt, field[4]);
    return mask;
}

#ifdef TNT_ENABLE
static gps_mask_t processTNTHTM(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
				struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * Proprietary sentence for True North Technologies Magnetic Compass.
     * This may also apply to some Honeywell units since they may have been
     * designed by True North.

     $PTNTHTM,14223,N,169,N,-43,N,13641,2454*15

     HTM,x.x,a,x.x,a,x.x,a,x.x,x.x*hh<cr><lf>
     Fields in order:
     1. True heading (compass measurement + deviation + variation)
     2. magnetometer status character:
     C = magnetometer calibration alarm
     L = low alarm
     M = low warning
     N = normal
     O = high warning
     P = high alarm
     V = magnetometer voltage level alarm
     3. pitch angle
     4. pitch status character - see field 2 above
     5. roll angle
     6. roll status character - see field 2 above
     7. dip angle
     8. relative magnitude horizontal component of earth's magnetic field
     *hh          mandatory nmea_checksum

     By default, angles are reported as 26-bit integers: weirdly, the
     technical manual says either 0 to 65535 or -32768 to 32767 can
     occur as a range.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    session->gpsdata.attitude.heading = safe_atof(field[1]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_st = *field[2];
    session->gpsdata.attitude.pitch = safe_atof(field[3]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.pitch_st = *field[4];
    session->gpsdata.attitude.roll = safe_atof(field[5]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.roll_st = *field[6];
    session->gpsdata.attitude.dip = safe_atof(field[7]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_x = safe_atof(field[8]);
    mask |= (ATTITUDE_SET);

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_RAW,
	     "time %.3f, heading %lf (%c).\n",
	     session->newdata.time,
	     session->gpsdata.attitude.heading,
	     session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_st);
    return mask;
}

static gps_mask_t processTNTA(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			      struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * Proprietary sentence for iSync GRClok/LNRClok.

     $PTNTA,20000102173852,1,T4,,,6,1,0*32

     1. Date/time in format year, month, day, hour, minute, second
     2. Oscillator quality 0:warming up, 1:freerun, 2:disciplined.
     3. Always T4. Format indicator.
     4. Interval ppsref-ppsout in [ns]. Blank if no ppsref.
     5. Fine phase comparator in approx. [ns]. Always close to -500 or
        +500 if not disciplined. Blank if no ppsref.
     6. iSync Status.  0:warming up or no light, 1:tracking set-up,
        2:track to PPSREF, 3:synch to PPSREF, 4:Free Run. Track OFF,
        5:FR. PPSREF unstable, 6:FR. No PPSREF, 7:FREEZE, 8:factory
        used, 9:searching Rb line
     7. GPS messages indicator. 0:do not take account, 1:take account,
        but no message, 2:take account, partially ok, 3:take account,
        totally ok.
     8. Transfer quality of date/time. 0:no, 1:manual, 2:GPS, older
        than x hours, 3:GPS, fresh.

     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if (strcmp(field[3], "T4") == 0) {
	struct oscillator_t *osc = &session->gpsdata.osc;
	unsigned int quality = atoi(field[2]);
	unsigned int delta = atoi(field[4]);
	unsigned int fine = atoi(field[5]);
	unsigned int status = atoi(field[6]);
	char deltachar = field[4][0];

	osc->running = (quality > 0);
	osc->reference = (deltachar && (deltachar != '?'));
	if (osc->reference) {
	    if (delta < 500) {
		osc->delta = fine;
	    } else {
		osc->delta = ((delta < 500000000) ? delta : 1000000000 - delta);
	    }
	} else {
	    osc->delta = 0;
	}
	osc->disciplined = ((quality == 2) && (status == 3));
	mask |= OSCILLATOR_SET;

	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PTNTA,T4: quality=%s, delta=%s, fine=%s, status=%s\n",
		 field[2], field[4], field[5], field[6]);
    }
    return mask;
}
#endif /* TNT_ENABLE */

#ifdef OCEANSERVER_ENABLE
static gps_mask_t processOHPR(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			      struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * Proprietary sentence for OceanServer Magnetic Compass.

     OHPR,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<cr><lf>
     Fields in order:
     1. Azimuth
     2. Pitch Angle
     3. Roll Angle
     4. Sensor temp, degrees centigrade
     5. Depth (feet)
     6. Magnetic Vector Length
     7-9. 3 axis Magnetic Field readings x,y,z
     10. Acceleration Vector Length
     11-13. 3 axis Acceleration Readings x,y,z
     14. Reserved
     15-16. 2 axis Gyro Output, X,y
     17. Reserved
     18. Reserved
     *hh          mandatory nmea_checksum
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    session->gpsdata.attitude.heading = safe_atof(field[1]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.pitch = safe_atof(field[2]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.roll = safe_atof(field[3]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.temp = safe_atof(field[4]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.depth = safe_atof(field[5]) / METERS_TO_FEET;
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_len = safe_atof(field[6]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_x = safe_atof(field[7]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_y = safe_atof(field[8]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.mag_z = safe_atof(field[9]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.acc_len = safe_atof(field[10]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.acc_x = safe_atof(field[11]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.acc_y = safe_atof(field[12]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.acc_z = safe_atof(field[13]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.gyro_x = safe_atof(field[15]);
    session->gpsdata.attitude.gyro_y = safe_atof(field[16]);
    mask |= (ATTITUDE_SET);

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_RAW,
	     "Heading %lf.\n", session->gpsdata.attitude.heading);
    return mask;
}
#endif /* OCEANSERVER_ENABLE */

#ifdef ASHTECH_ENABLE
/* Ashtech sentences take this format:
 * $PASHDR,type[,val[,val]]*CS
 * type is an alphabetic subsentence type
 *
 * Oxford Technical Solutions (OxTS) also uses the $PASHR sentence,
 * but with a very different sentence contents:
 * $PASHR,HHMMSS.SSS,HHH.HH,T,RRR.RR,PPP.PP,aaa.aa,r.rrr,p.ppp,h.hhh,Q1,Q2*CS
 *
 * so field 1 in ASHTECH is always alphabetic and numeric in OXTS
 *
 */
static gps_mask_t processPASHR(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if (0 == strcmp("ACK", field[1])) {
        /* ACK */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA, "PASHR,ACK\n");
	return ONLINE_SET;
    } else if (0 == strcmp("MCA", field[1])) {
        /* MCA, raw data */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA, "PASHR,MCA\n");
	return ONLINE_SET;
    } else if (0 == strcmp("NAK", field[1])) {
        /* NAK */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA, "PASHR,NAK\n");
	return ONLINE_SET;
    } else if (0 == strcmp("PBN", field[1])) {
        /* PBN, position data */
        /* FIXME: decode this for ECEF */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA, "PASHR,PBN\n");
	return ONLINE_SET;
    } else if (0 == strcmp("POS", field[1])) {	/* 3D Position */
	/* $PASHR,POS,
         *
	 * 2: position type:
	 *	0 = autonomous
	 *	1 = position differentially corrected with RTCM code
	 *	2 = position differentially corrected with CPD float solution
	 *	3 = position is CPD fixed solution
	 */
	mask |= MODE_SET | STATUS_SET | CLEAR_IS;
	if (0 == strlen(field[2])) {
	    /* empty first field means no 3D fix is available */
	    session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	} else {
            int satellites_used;

	    /* if we make it this far, we at least have a 3D fix */
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
	    if (1 <= atoi(field[2]))
		session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_DGPS_FIX;
	    else
		session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_FIX;

	    /* don't use as this breaks the GPGSV counter
             * session->gpsdata.satellites_used = atoi(field[3]);  */
	    satellites_used = atoi(field[3]);
	    if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[4], session)) {
		register_fractional_time(field[0], field[4], session);
		mask |= TIME_SET;
            }
	    if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[5], &session->newdata)) {
		mask |= LATLON_SET;
		if ('\0' != field[9][0]) {
		    session->newdata.altitude = safe_atof(field[9]);
		    mask |= ALTITUDE_SET;
                }
            }
	    session->newdata.track = safe_atof(field[11]);
	    session->newdata.speed = safe_atof(field[12]) / MPS_TO_KPH;
	    session->newdata.climb = safe_atof(field[13]);
	    session->gpsdata.dop.pdop = safe_atof(field[14]);
	    session->gpsdata.dop.hdop = safe_atof(field[15]);
	    session->gpsdata.dop.vdop = safe_atof(field[16]);
	    session->gpsdata.dop.tdop = safe_atof(field[17]);
	    mask |= (SPEED_SET | TRACK_SET | CLIMB_SET);
	    mask |= DOP_SET;
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		     "PASHR,POS: hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f alt=%.f"
                     " speed=%.2f track=%.2f climb=%.2f mode=%d status=%d"
                     " pdop=%.2f hdop=%.2f vdop=%.2f tdop=%.2f used=%d\n",
		     field[4], session->newdata.latitude,
		     session->newdata.longitude, session->newdata.altitude,
		     session->newdata.speed, session->newdata.track,
		     session->newdata.climb, session->newdata.mode,
		     session->gpsdata.status, session->gpsdata.dop.pdop,
		     session->gpsdata.dop.hdop, session->gpsdata.dop.vdop,
		     session->gpsdata.dop.tdop, satellites_used);
	}
    } else if (0 == strcmp("RID", field[1])) {	/* Receiver ID */
	(void)snprintf(session->subtype, sizeof(session->subtype) - 1,
		       "%s ver %s", field[2], field[3]);
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PASHR,RID: subtype=%s mask={}\n",
		 session->subtype);
	return mask;
    } else if (0 == strcmp("SAT", field[1])) {	/* Satellite Status */
	struct satellite_t *sp;
	int i, n = session->gpsdata.satellites_visible = atoi(field[2]);
	session->gpsdata.satellites_used = 0;
	for (i = 0, sp = session->gpsdata.skyview;
            sp < session->gpsdata.skyview + n; sp++, i++) {

	    sp->PRN = (short)atoi(field[3 + i * 5 + 0]);
	    sp->azimuth = (short)atoi(field[3 + i * 5 + 1]);
	    sp->elevation = (short)atoi(field[3 + i * 5 + 2]);
	    sp->ss = safe_atof(field[3 + i * 5 + 3]);
	    sp->used = false;
	    if (field[3 + i * 5 + 4][0] == 'U') {
		sp->used = true;
		session->gpsdata.satellites_used++;
	    }
	}
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PASHR,SAT: used=%d\n",
		 session->gpsdata.satellites_used);
	session->gpsdata.skyview_time = NAN;
	mask |= SATELLITE_SET | USED_IS;

    } else if (0 == strcmp("T", field[3])) { /* Assume OxTS PASHR */
	/* FIXME: decode OxTS $PASHDR, time is wrong, breaks cycle order */
	if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[1], session)) {
	    register_fractional_time(field[0], field[1], session);
	    /* mask |= TIME_SET; confuses cycle order */
        }
	session->gpsdata.attitude.heading = safe_atof(field[2]);
	session->gpsdata.attitude.roll = safe_atof(field[4]);
	session->gpsdata.attitude.pitch = safe_atof(field[5]);
	/* mask |= ATTITUDE_SET;  * confuses cycle order ?? */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_RAW,
	    "PASHR (OxTS) time %.3f, heading %lf.\n",
	    session->newdata.time,
	    session->gpsdata.attitude.heading);
    }
    return mask;
}
#endif /* ASHTECH_ENABLE */

#ifdef MTK3301_ENABLE
static gps_mask_t processMTK3301(int c UNUSED, char *field[],
			       struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    int msg, reason;

    msg = atoi(&(session->nmea.field[0])[4]);
    switch (msg) {
    case 001:			/* ACK / NACK */
	reason = atoi(field[2]);
	if (atoi(field[1]) == -1)
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "MTK NACK: unknown sentence\n");
	else if (reason < 3) {
	    const char *mtk_reasons[] = {
		"Invalid",
		"Unsupported",
		"Valid but Failed",
		"Valid success"
	    };
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		     "MTK NACK: %s, reason: %s\n",
		     field[1], mtk_reasons[reason]);
	}
	else
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		     "MTK ACK: %s\n", field[1]);
	return ONLINE_SET;
    case 424:			/* PPS pulse width response */
	/*
	 * Response will look something like: $PMTK424,0,0,1,0,69*12
	 * The pulse width is in field 5 (69 in this example).  This
	 * sentence is poorly documented at:
	 * http://www.trimble.com/embeddedsystems/condor-gps-module.aspx?dtID=documentation
	 *
	 * Packet Type: 324 PMTK_API_SET_OUTPUT_CTL
	 * Packet meaning
	 * Write the TSIP / antenna / PPS configuration data to the Flash memory.
	 * DataField [Data0]:TSIP Packet[on/off]
         * 0 - Disable TSIP output (Default).
         * 1 - Enable TSIP output.
         * [Data1]:Antenna Detect[on/off]
         * 0 - Disable antenna detect function (Default).
         * 1 - Enable antenna detect function.
         * [Data2]:PPS on/off
         * 0 - Disable PPS function.
         * 1 - Enable PPS function (Default).
         * [Data3]:PPS output timing
         * 0 - Always output PPS (Default).
         * 1 - Only output PPS when GPS position is fixed.
         * [Data4]:PPS pulse width
         * 1~16367999: 61 ns~(61x 16367999) ns (Default = 69)
	 *
	 * The documentation does not give the units of the data field.
	 * Andy Walls <andy@silverblocksystems.net> says:
	 *
	 * "The best I can figure using an oscilloscope, is that it is
	 * in units of 16.368000 MHz clock cycles.  It may be
	 * different for any other unit other than the Trimble
	 * Condor. 69 cycles / 16368000 cycles/sec = 4.216 microseconds
	 * [which is the pulse width I have observed]"
	 *
	 * Support for this theory comes from the fact that crystal
	 * TXCOs with a 16.368MHZ period are commonly available from
	 * multiple vendors. Furthermore, 61*69 = 4209, which is
	 * close to the observed cycle time and suggests that the
	 * documentation is trying to indicate 61ns units.
	 *
	 * He continues:
	 *
	 * "I chose [127875] because to divides 16368000 nicely and the
	 * pulse width is close to 1/100th of a second.  Any number
	 * the user wants to use would be fine.  127875 cycles /
	 * 16368000 cycles/second = 1/128 seconds = 7.8125
	 * milliseconds"
	 */

	/* too short?  Make it longer */
	if (atoi(field[5]) < 127875)
	    (void)nmea_send(session, "$PMTK324,0,0,1,0,127875");
	return ONLINE_SET;
    case 705:			/* return device subtype */
	(void)strlcat(session->subtype, field[1], sizeof(session->subtype));
	(void)strlcat(session->subtype, "-", sizeof(session->subtype));
	(void)strlcat(session->subtype, field[2], sizeof(session->subtype));
	return ONLINE_SET;
    default:
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
	     "MTK: unknown msg: %d\n", msg);
	return ONLINE_SET;		/* ignore */
    }
}
#endif /* MTK3301_ENABLE */

#ifdef SKYTRAQ_ENABLE

/*  Recommended Minimum 3D GNSS Data */
static gps_mask_t processPSTI030(int count, char *field[],
			        struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    /*
     * $PSTI,030,hhmmss.sss,A,dddmm.mmmmmmm,a,dddmm.mmmmmmm,a,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,ddmmyy,a.x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>
     * 1     030          Sentence ID
     * 2     225446.334   Time of fix 22:54:46 UTC
     * 3     A            Status of Fix: A = Autonomous, valid;
     *                                 V = invalid
     * 4,5   4916.45,N    Latitude 49 deg. 16.45 min North
     * 6,7   12311.12,W   Longitude 123 deg. 11.12 min West
     * 8     103.323      Mean Sea Level meters
     * 9     0.00         East Velocity meters/sec
     * 10    0.00         North Velocity meters/sec
     * 11    0.00         Up Velocity meters/sec
     * 12    181194       Date of fix  18 November 1994
     * 13    A            FAA mode indicator
     *                        See faa_mode() for possible mode values.
     * 14    1.2          RTK Age
     * 15    4.2          RTK Ratio
     * 16    *68          mandatory nmea_checksum
     *
     * In private email, SkyTraq says F mode is 10x more accurate
     * than R mode.
     */
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ( 16 != count )
	    return mask;

    if ('V' == field[3][0] ||
        'N' == field[13][0]) {
        /* nav warning, or FAA not valid, ignore the rest of the data */
	session->gpsdata.status = STATUS_NO_FIX;
	session->newdata.mode = MODE_NO_FIX;
	mask |= MODE_SET;
    } else if ('A' == field[3][0]) {
	double east, north;

        /* data valid */
	if (field[2][0] != '\0' && field[12][0] != '\0') {
	    /* good date and time */
	    if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[2], session) &&
	        0 == merge_ddmmyy(field[12], session)) {
		mask |= TIME_SET;
		register_fractional_time( "PSTI030", field[2], session);
            }
	}
	if (0 == do_lat_lon(&field[4], &session->newdata)) {
	    session->newdata.mode = MODE_2D;
	    mask |= LATLON_SET;
	    if ('\0' != field[8][0]) {
		session->newdata.altitude = safe_atof(field[8]);
		mask |= ALTITUDE_SET;
		session->newdata.mode = MODE_3D;
            }
	    mask |= MODE_SET;
	}
	/* convert ENU to speed/track */
	/* this has more precision than GPVTG, GPVTG comes earlier
	 * in the cycle */
	east = safe_atof(field[9]);     /* east velocity m/s */
	north = safe_atof(field[10]);   /* north velocity m/s */
	session->newdata.speed = sqrt(pow(east, 2) + pow(north, 2));
	session->newdata.track = atan2(east, north) * RAD_2_DEG;
	if ( 0 > session->newdata.track )
	    session->newdata.track += 360.0;

	/* up velocity m/s */
	session->newdata.climb = safe_atof(field[11]);
        mask |= SPEED_SET | TRACK_SET | CLIMB_SET;

	session->gpsdata.status = faa_mode(field[13][0]);
	/* Ignore RTK Age and RTK Ratio, for now */
    }

    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "PSTI,030: ddmmyy=%s hhmmss=%s lat=%.2f lon=%.2f "
	     "status=%d, RTK(Age=%s Ratio=%s)\n",
	     field[12], field[2],
	     session->newdata.latitude,
	     session->newdata.longitude,
	     session->gpsdata.status,
	     field[14], field[15]);
    return mask;
}

/*
 * Skytraq sentences take this format:
 * $PSTI,type[,val[,val]]*CS
 * type is a 2 or 3 digit subsentence type
 *
 * Note: this sentence can be at least 100 chars long.
 * That violates the NMEA 3.01 max of 82.
 *
 */
static gps_mask_t processPSTI(int count, char *field[],
			      struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ( 0 != strncmp(session->subtype, "Skytraq", 7) ) {
	/* this is skytraq, but not marked yet, so probe for Skytraq */
	(void)gpsd_write(session, "\xA0\xA1\x00\x02\x02\x01\x03\x0d\x0a",9);
    }

    if (0 == strcmp("00", field[1]) ) {
	if ( 4 != count )
		return mask;
	/* 1 PPS Timing report ID */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PSTI,00: Mode: %s, Length: %s, Quant: %s\n",
		field[2], field[3], field[4]);
	return mask;
    }
    if (0 == strcmp("001", field[1])) {
	/* Active Antenna Status Report */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PSTI,001: Count: %d\n", count);
	return mask;
    }
    if (0 == strcmp("005", field[1])) {
	/* GPIO 10 event-triggered time & position stamp. */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PSTI,005: Count: %d\n", count);
	return mask;
    }
    if (0 == strcmp("030", field[1])) {
	/*  Recommended Minimum 3D GNSS Data */
	return processPSTI030(count, field, session);
    }
    if (0 == strcmp("032", field[1])) {

	if ( 16 != count )
		return mask;
	/* RTK Baseline */
	if ( 0 == strcmp(field[4], "A")) {
	    /* Status Valid */
	    if (field[2][0] != '\0' && field[3][0] != '\0') {
		/* good date and time */
		if (0 == merge_hhmmss(field[2], session) &&
		    0 == merge_ddmmyy(field[3], session)) {
		    mask |= TIME_SET;
		    register_fractional_time( "PSTI032", field[2], session);
                }
	    }
	}
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PSTI,032: stat:%s mode: %s E: %s N: %s U:%s L:%s C:%s\n",
		field[4], field[5],
		field[6], field[7], field[8],
		field[9], field[10]);
	return mask;
    }
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "PSTI,%s: Unknown type, Count: %d\n", field[1], count);

    return mask;
}

/*
 * Skytraq undocumented debug sentences take this format:
 * $STI,type,val*CS
 * type is a 2 char subsentence type
 * Note: NO checksum
 */
static gps_mask_t processSTI(int count, char *field[],
			     struct gps_device_t *session)
{
    gps_mask_t mask = ONLINE_SET;

    if ( 0 != strncmp(session->subtype, "Skytraq", 7) ) {
	/* this is skytraq, but marked yet, so probe for Skytraq */
	(void)gpsd_write(session, "\xA0\xA1\x00\x02\x02\x01\x03\x0d\x0a",9);
    }

    if ( 0 == strcmp( field[1], "IC") ) {
	/* $STI,IC,error=XX, this is always very bad, but undocumented */
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_ERROR,
		     "Skytraq: $STI,%s,%s\n", field[1], field[2]);
        return mask;
    }
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "STI,%s: Unknown type, Count: %d\n", field[1], count);

    return mask;
}
#endif /* SKYTRAQ_ENABLE */

/**************************************************************************
 *
 * Entry points begin here
 *
 **************************************************************************/

gps_mask_t nmea_parse(char *sentence, struct gps_device_t * session)
/* parse an NMEA sentence, unpack it into a session structure */
{
    typedef gps_mask_t(*nmea_decoder) (int count, char *f[],
				       struct gps_device_t * session);
    static struct
    {
	char *name;
	int nf;			/* minimum number of fields required to parse */
	bool cycle_continue;	/* cycle continuer? */
	nmea_decoder decoder;
    } nmea_phrase[] = {
	{"PGRMB", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin DGPS Beacon Info */
	{"PGRMC", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin Sensor Config */
	{"PGRME", 7,  false, processPGRME},
	{"PGRMF", 15, false, processPGRMF},	/* Garmin GPS Fix Data */
	{"PGRMH", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin Aviation Height... */
	{"PGRMI", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin Sensor Init */
	{"PGRMM", 2,  false, processPGRMM},	/* Garmin Map Datum */
	{"PGRMO", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin Sentence Enable */
	{"PGRMT", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin Sensor Info */
	{"PGRMV", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Garmin 3D Velocity Info */
	{"PGRMZ", 4,  false, processPGRMZ},
	    /*
	     * Basic sentences must come after the PG* ones, otherwise
	     * Garmins can get stuck in a loop that looks like this:
	     *
	     * 1. A Garmin GPS in NMEA mode is detected.
	     *
	     * 2. PGRMC is sent to reconfigure to Garmin binary mode.
	     *    If successful, the GPS echoes the phrase.
	     *
	     * 3. nmea_parse() sees the echo as RMC because the talker
	     *    ID is ignored, and fails to recognize the echo as
	     *    PGRMC and ignore it.
	     *
	     * 4. The mode is changed back to NMEA, resulting in an
	     *    infinite loop.
	     */
	{"AAM", 0,  false, NULL},    /* ignore Waypoint Arrival Alarm  */
	{"APB", 0,  false, NULL},    /* ignore Autopilot Sentence B  */
	{"BOD", 0,  false, NULL},    /* ignore Bearing Origin to Destination  */
        /* ignore Bearing & Distance to Waypoint, Great Circle*/
	{"BWC", 0,  false, NULL},
	{"DBT", 7,  true,  processDBT},
	{"DPT", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore depth  */
	{"DTM", 2,  false, processDTM},	/* datum */
	{"GBS", 7,  false, processGBS},
	{"GGA", 13, false, processGGA},
	{"GLC", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore Geographic Position, LoranC */
	{"GLL", 7,  false, processGLL},
	{"GNS", 13, false, processGNS},
	{"GRS", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore GNSS Range Residuals */
	{"GSA", 18, false, processGSA},
	{"GST", 8,  false, processGST},
	{"GSV", 0,  false, processGSV},
        /* ignore Heading, Deviation and Variation */
	{"HDG", 0,  false, NULL},
        {"HDT", 1,  false, processHDT},
	{"MSS", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore beacon receiver status */
	{"MTW", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore Water Temperature */
	{"MWD", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore Wind Direction and Speed */
	{"MWV", 0,  false, NULL},       /* ignore Wind Speed and Angle */
#ifdef OCEANSERVER_ENABLE
	{"OHPR", 18, false, processOHPR},
#endif /* OCEANSERVER_ENABLE */
#ifdef ASHTECH_ENABLE
        /* general handler for Ashtech */
	{"PASHR", 3, false, processPASHR},
#endif /* ASHTECH_ENABLE */
	{"PMGNST", 8, false, processPMGNST},	/* Magellan Status */
#ifdef MTK3301_ENABLE
	{"PMTK", 3,  false, processMTK3301},
        /* for some reason the parser no longer triggering on leading chars */
	{"PMTK001", 3,  false, processMTK3301},
	{"PMTK424", 3,  false, processMTK3301},
	{"PMTK705", 3,  false, processMTK3301},
	{"PMTKCHN", 0, false, NULL},	/* ignore MediaTek Channel Status */
#endif /* MTK3301_ENABLE */
	{"PRWIZCH", 0, false, NULL},	/* ignore Rockwell Channel Status */
	{"PSRFEPE", 7, false, processPSRFEPE},	/* SiRF Estimated Errors */
	{"PTFTTXT", 0, false, NULL},	/* ignore unknown uptime */
	{"PUBX", 0, false, NULL},	/* ignore u-blox Antaris */
#ifdef TNT_ENABLE
	{"PTNTHTM", 9, false, processTNTHTM},
	{"PTNTA", 8, false, processTNTA},
#endif /* TNT_ENABLE */
#ifdef SKYTRAQ_ENABLE
	{"PSTI", 2, false, processPSTI},	/* $PSTI Skytraq */
	{"STI", 2, false, processSTI},		/* $STI  Skytraq */
#endif /* SKYTRAQ_ENABLE */
        /* ignore Recommended Minimum Navigation Info, waypoint */
	{"RMB", 0,  false, NULL},
	{"RMC", 8,  false, processRMC},
	{"RTE", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Routes */
	{"TXT", 5,  false, processTXT},
	{"VHW", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Water Speed and Heading */
	{"VLW", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Dual ground/water distance */
	{"VTG", 5,  false, processVTG},
	{"XDR", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore $HCXDR, IMU? */
	{"XTE", 0,  false, NULL},	/* ignore Cross-Track Error */
	{"ZDA", 4,  false, processZDA},
    };

    int count;
    gps_mask_t mask = 0;
    unsigned int i, thistag, lasttag;
    char *p, *e;
    volatile char *t;
    uint64_t lasttag_mask = 0;
    uint64_t thistag_mask = 0;
#ifdef SKYTRAQ_ENABLE
    bool skytraq_sti = false;
#endif

    /*
     * We've had reports that on the Garmin GPS-10 the device sometimes
     * (1:1000 or so) sends garbage packets that have a valid checksum
     * but are like 2 successive NMEA packets merged together in one
     * with some fields lost.  Usually these are much longer than the
     * legal limit for NMEA, so we can cope by just tossing out overlong
     * packets.  This may be a generic bug of all Garmin chipsets.
     */
    if (strlen(sentence) > NMEA_MAX) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_WARN,
		 "Overlong packet of %zd chars rejected.\n",
		 strlen(sentence));
	return ONLINE_SET;
    }

    /* make an editable copy of the sentence */
    (void)strlcpy((char *)session->nmea.fieldcopy, sentence,
                  sizeof(session->nmea.fieldcopy) - 1);
    /* discard the checksum part */
    for (p = (char *)session->nmea.fieldcopy;
	 (*p != '*') && (*p >= ' ');)
	++p;
    if (*p == '*')
	*p++ = ',';		/* otherwise we drop the last field */
#ifdef SKYTRAQ_ENABLE_UNUSED
    /* $STI is special, no trailing *, or chacksum */
    if ( 0 != strncmp( "STI,", sentence, 4) ) {
	skytraq_sti = true;
	*p++ = ',';		/* otherwise we drop the last field */
    }
#endif
    *p = '\0';
    e = p;

    /* split sentence copy on commas, filling the field array */
    count = 0;
    t = p;			/* end of sentence */
    p = (char *)session->nmea.fieldcopy + 1; /* beginning of tag, 'G' not '$' */
    /* while there is a search string and we haven't run off the buffer... */
    while ((p != NULL) && (p <= t)) {
	session->nmea.field[count] = p;	/* we have a field. record it */
	if ((p = strchr(p, ',')) != NULL) {  /* search for the next delimiter */
	    *p = '\0';		/* replace it with a NUL */
	    count++;		/* bump the counters and continue */
	    p++;
	}
    }

    /* point remaining fields at empty string, just in case */
    for (i = (unsigned int)count;
	 i <
	 (unsigned)(sizeof(session->nmea.field) /
		    sizeof(session->nmea.field[0])); i++)
	session->nmea.field[i] = e;

    /* sentences handlers will tell us when they have fractional time */
    session->nmea.latch_frac_time = false;

    /* dispatch on field zero, the sentence tag */
    for (thistag = i = 0;
	 i < (unsigned)(sizeof(nmea_phrase) / sizeof(nmea_phrase[0])); ++i) {
	char *s = session->nmea.field[0];
	if (strlen(nmea_phrase[i].name) == 3
#ifdef SKYTRAQ_ENABLE
	        /* $STI is special */
		&& !skytraq_sti
#endif
		) {
	    s += 2;		/* skip talker ID */
        }
	if (strcmp(nmea_phrase[i].name, s) == 0) {
	    if (NULL == nmea_phrase[i].decoder) {
                /* no decoder for this sentence */
		mask = ONLINE_SET;
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
                         "No decoder for sentence %s\n",
                         session->nmea.field[0]);
                break;
            }
	    if (count < nmea_phrase[i].nf) {
                /* sentence to short */
		mask = ONLINE_SET;
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
                         "Sentence %s too short\n", session->nmea.field[0]);
                break;
            }
	    mask = (nmea_phrase[i].decoder)(count, session->nmea.field,
					    session);
	    if (nmea_phrase[i].cycle_continue)
		session->nmea.cycle_continue = true;
	    /*
	     * Must force this to be nz, as we're going to rely on a zero
	     * value to mean "no previous tag" later.
	     */
	    thistag = i + 1;
	    break;
	}
    }

    /* prevent overaccumulation of sat reports */
    if (!str_starts_with(session->nmea.field[0] + 2, "GSV"))
	session->nmea.last_gsv_talker = '\0';
    if (!str_starts_with(session->nmea.field[0] + 2, "GSA"))
	session->nmea.last_gsa_talker = '\0';

    /* timestamp recording for fixes happens here */
    if ((mask & TIME_SET) != 0) {
	session->newdata.time = gpsd_utc_resolve(session);

	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
		 "%s time is %.3f = %d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%.3fZ\n",
		 session->nmea.field[0], session->newdata.time,
		 1900 + session->nmea.date.tm_year,
		 session->nmea.date.tm_mon + 1,
		 session->nmea.date.tm_mday,
		 session->nmea.date.tm_hour,
		 session->nmea.date.tm_min,
		 session->nmea.date.tm_sec + session->nmea.subseconds);
	/*
	 * If we have time and PPS is available, assume we have good time.
	 * Because this is a generic driver we don't really have enough
	 * information for a sharper test, so we'll leave it up to the
	 * PPS code to do its own sanity filtering.
	 */
	mask |= NTPTIME_IS;
    }

    /*
     * The end-of-cycle detector.  This code depends on just one
     * assumption: if a sentence with a timestamp occurs just before
     * start of cycle, then it is always good to trigger a report on
     * that sentence in the future.  For devices with a fixed cycle
     * this should work perfectly, locking in detection after one
     * cycle.  Most split-cycle devices (Garmin 48, for example) will
     * work fine.  Problems will only arise if a a sentence that
     * occurs just before timestamp increments also occurs in
     * mid-cycle, as in the Garmin eXplorist 210; those might jitter.
     */
    /* cast for 32/64 bit compat */
    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_DATA,
	     "%s time %.3f last %.3f latch %d cont %d enders %#llx\n",
	     session->nmea.field[0],
	     session->nmea.this_frac_time,
	     session->nmea.last_frac_time,
	     session->nmea.latch_frac_time,
	     session->nmea.cycle_continue,
	     (unsigned long long)session->nmea.cycle_enders);
    lasttag = session->nmea.lasttag;
    if (0 < session->nmea.lasttag) {
        lasttag_mask = (uint64_t)1 << lasttag;
    }
    if (0 < thistag) {
        thistag_mask = (uint64_t)1 << thistag;
    }
    if (session->nmea.latch_frac_time) {
	if (!GPS_TIME_EQUAL(session->nmea.this_frac_time,
	                    session->nmea.last_frac_time)) {

	    mask |= CLEAR_IS;
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		     "%s starts a reporting cycle. lasttag %d\n",
		     session->nmea.field[0], lasttag);
	    /*
	     * Have we seen a previously timestamped NMEA tag?
	     * If so, designate as end-of-cycle marker.
	     * But not if there are continuation sentences;
	     * those get sorted after the last timestamped sentence
             *
	     */
	    if (0 < lasttag &&
		0 == (session->nmea.cycle_enders & lasttag_mask) &&
		!session->nmea.cycle_continue) {
		session->nmea.cycle_enders |= lasttag_mask;
		/* cast for 32/64 bit compat */
		gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
			 "tagged %s as a cycle ender. %#llx\n",
			 nmea_phrase[lasttag - 1].name,
                         (unsigned long long)lasttag_mask);
	    }
	}
    } else {
	/* extend the cycle to an un-timestamped sentence? */
	if (0 != (session->nmea.cycle_enders & lasttag_mask)) {
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		     "%s is just after a cycle ender.\n",
		     session->nmea.field[0]);
        }
	if (session->nmea.cycle_continue) {
	    gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		     "%s extends the reporting cycle.\n",
		     session->nmea.field[0]);
            /* change ender */
	    session->nmea.cycle_enders &= ~lasttag_mask;
	    session->nmea.cycle_enders |= thistag_mask;
	}
    }

    /* here's where we check for end-of-cycle */
    if ((session->nmea.latch_frac_time || session->nmea.cycle_continue)
	&& (session->nmea.cycle_enders & thistag_mask)!=0) {
	gpsd_log(&session->context->errout, LOG_PROG,
		 "%s ends a reporting cycle.\n",
		 session->nmea.field[0]);
	mask |= REPORT_IS;
    }
    if (session->nmea.latch_frac_time)
	session->nmea.lasttag = thistag;

    /* we might have a (somewhat) reliable end-of-cycle */
    if (session->nmea.cycle_enders != 0)
	session->cycle_end_reliable = true;

    /* don't downgrade mode if holding previous fix */
    /* usually because of xxRMC which does not report 2D/3D */
    if (MODE_SET == (mask & MODE_SET) &&
        MODE_3D == session->gpsdata.fix.mode &&
        MODE_NO_FIX != session->newdata.mode &&
        (0 != isfinite(session->lastfix.altitude) ||
         0 != isfinite(session->oldfix.altitude))) {
        session->newdata.mode = session->gpsdata.fix.mode;
    }
    return mask;
}

#endif /* NMEA0183_ENABLE */

void nmea_add_checksum(char *sentence)
/* add NMEA checksum to a possibly  *-terminated sentence */
{
    unsigned char sum = '\0';
    char c, *p = sentence;

    if (*p == '$' || *p == '!') {
	p++;
    }
    while (((c = *p) != '*') && (c != '\0')) {
	sum ^= c;
	p++;
    }
    *p++ = '*';
    (void)snprintf(p, 5, "%02X\r\n", (unsigned)sum);
}

ssize_t nmea_write(struct gps_device_t *session, char *buf, size_t len UNUSED)
/* ship a command to the GPS, adding * and correct checksum */
{
    (void)strlcpy(session->msgbuf, buf, sizeof(session->msgbuf));
    if (session->msgbuf[0] == '$') {
	(void)strlcat(session->msgbuf, "*", sizeof(session->msgbuf));
	nmea_add_checksum(session->msgbuf);
    } else
	(void)strlcat(session->msgbuf, "\r\n", sizeof(session->msgbuf));
    session->msgbuflen = strlen(session->msgbuf);
    return gpsd_write(session, session->msgbuf, session->msgbuflen);
}

ssize_t nmea_send(struct gps_device_t * session, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZ];
    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, fmt);
    (void)vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 5, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return nmea_write(session, buf, strlen(buf));
}