From 953a3edc91624c62451e27cfedf9875f673e47b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bwarken Date: Mon, 6 May 2013 00:00:25 +0000 Subject: New project `contrib/RUNOFF'. Correction in `src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub'. --- ChangeLog | 8 + Makefile.in | 1 + contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog | 27 + contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub | 41 + contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man | 834 +++++ contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man | 6173 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub | 4 +- 7 files changed, 7086 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog create mode 100644 contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub create mode 100644 contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man create mode 100644 contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index 844acfa3..79779e6e 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,11 @@ +2013-05-06 Bernd Warken + + * src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub: Replace `cpp' by `groff.cpp'. + +2013-05-06 Bernd Warken + + * Makefile.in: Add new `contrib' directory `RUNOFF'. + 2013-05-01 Bernd Warken * src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub: Remove all `.PHONY:' lines. diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index a64eb46f..9e34cc4f 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -625,6 +625,7 @@ OTHERDIRS=\ src/roff/grog \ src/roff/nroff \ doc \ + contrib/RUNOFF \ contrib/mm \ contrib/chem \ contrib/pic2graph \ diff --git a/contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog b/contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f5be3b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/RUNOFF/ChangeLog @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +2013-05-05 Bernd Warken + + New `groff' project: `RUNOFF', which is the predecessor of `roff'. + + * ChangeLog: New file for thie `contrib' source. + + * Makefile.sub: New `make' file, so far only for 2 man-files. + + * runoff.man: New file which documents the `RUNOFF' language from + the 1960s up to the 1980s. + + * groff_filenames.man: New file about the file name extensions + since `RUNOFF'. + +######################################################################## + +Copyright 2013 + Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, +are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright +notice and this notice are preserved. + +Local Variables: +version-control: never +coding: utf-8 +End: diff --git a/contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub b/contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1346733c --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +# Makefile.sub for `RUNOFF' (integration into the `groff' source tree) + +# File position: /contrib/RUNOFF/Makefile.sub + +# Copyright (C) 2013 +# Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# +# Written by Bernd Warken . + +# Last update: 6 May 2013 + +# This file is part of `RUNOFF' which is part of `groff'. + +# `groff' is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. + +# `groff' is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but +# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +# General Public License for more details. + +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see . + +######################################################################## + +MAN7=\ + runoff.n \ + groff_filenames.n + +MOSTLYCLEANADD=$(MAN7) + +######################################################################## +# Emacs settings +######################################################################## +# +# Local Variables: +# mode: makefile +# End: diff --git a/contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man b/contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f888b469 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/RUNOFF/groff_filenames.man @@ -0,0 +1,834 @@ +.TH GROFF_FILENAMES @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@" +.SH NAME +groff_filenames \- filename extensions for RUNOFF, roff and groff +. +.\" The .SH was moved to this place in order to appease `apropos'. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Legalese +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.de authors +This file was written by Bernd Warken +.MT groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de +.ME . +.. +. +. +.de copying +Copyright \(co 2013 +.RS +.ft CI +Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.ft R +.RE +. +. +.P +Last update: 5 May 2013 +. +. +.P +This file is part of +.ft CI +groff\\fR, a free software project. +. +.P +You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the +.nh +.ft CI +GNU General Public License +.ft R +.hy +as published by the +.nh +.ft CI +Free Software Foundation (FSF)\\fR, +.hy +either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +. +.P +You should have received a copy of the +.nh +.ft CI +GNU General Public License +.ft R +.hy +along with +.ft CI +groff\\fR, +see the files +.nh +.ft CB +COPYING +.ft R +and +.ft CB +LICENSE +.ft R +.hy +in the top directory of the +.ft CI +groff +.ft R +source package. +. +.P +You can also visit +.UR http://\\:www.gnu.org/\\:licenses +.UE . +.. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Setup +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.ds1 Ellipsis "\&.\|.\|.\&\" +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Macro definitions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" .FONT ( [ ...]) +.\" +.\" Print in different fonts: R, I, B, CR, CI, CB +.\" +.de1 FONT +. if (\\n[.$] = 0) \{\ +. nop \&\f[]\& +. return +. \} +. ds result \& +. while (\\n[.$] >= 2) \{\ +. as result \,\f[\\$1]\\$2\f[] +. shift 2 +. \} +. if (\\n[.$] = 1) .as result \,\f[\\$1] +. nh +. nop \\*[result]\& +. hy +.. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" End of macro definitions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH DESCRIPTION +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +Since the evolution of +.FONT CI RUNOFF +inte 1960s and +.FONT CI roff +in the 1970s, a whole bunch of filename extensions for +.FONT CI RUNOFF +and +.FONT CI roff +files were used. +. +. +.P +The +.FONT CI roff +extensions refer to preprocessors or macro packages. +. +These extensions are fixed in all +.FONT CI Unix R \-like +operating systems. +. +. +.P +Later on, groff added some more extensions. +. +We will now write a +.I man\-page about these filename extensions. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH HISTORICAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The first text language that used the +.FONT CB .COMMAND +structure for defining commands is said to be the +.FONT CI MEMO +language with programs +.FONT CB MODIFY +and +.FONT CB DITTO R . +. +It was used at +.FONT CR MIT +under the operating system +.FONT CR CTSS +in the years 1960\-63. +. +But there is no documentation for this old text system. +. +. +P +The first documented +.FONT CB .COMMAND +text language was +.FONT CI RUNOFF R , +see +.BR runoff (@MAN7EXT@). +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .RUNOFF +.TQ +.FONT I CB .runoff +oldest usage for files in the historical +.FONT CI RUNOFF +format of the 1960s at +.FONT CR "IBM 7090" +and +.FONT CR 7094 +with the operating system +.FONT CR CTSS R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .RUN +.TQ +.FONT I CB .run +used for \ +.FONT CI RUNOFF +files on the +.FONT CR CTTS +and +.FONT CR Multics +operating system in the 1960s. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .rno +.TP +.FONT I CB .RNO +used for normal +.FONT CI RUNOFF +text files on the +.FONT CR "PDP10\-10 archive" R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .rnh +.TQ +.FONT I CB .RNH +for help files written in the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language on the +.FONT CR "PDP10\-10 archive" R . +. +. +.P +.FONT CI RUNOFF +files with the extensions +.FONT CB .rno +and +.FONT CB .rnh +are still available in the internet at several site, mostly at the +.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R . +. +See +.nh +.UR http://\:pdp\-10.trailing\-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rno +RNO +.UE +and +.UR http://\:pdp\-10.trailing\-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=runoff.* +RUNOFF +.UE . +.hy +.hy +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .DOC +.TQ +.FONT I CB .doc +Very often these extensions were used for +.FONT CI RUNOFF +files that were run by the +.FONT CB RUNOFF +program and contained +.I filled +and +.I hyphenated +output on +. +IR "tty mode" . +. +The extension +.FONT CB .doc +was later on taken by +.FONT CR Microsoft +for their +.IR "office files" . +. +. +.P +This ends the description of +.FONT RUNOFF .R . +. +All following parts of this document refer to the +.FONT CI roff +language and the used extensions thereof. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH COMPRESSION OF ROFF FILES +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +Each +.FONT CI roff +file can be optionally +.IR compressed . +. +That means that the +.I total filename +ends with a +.IR "compressor name" . +. +So the whole filename has the structure +.IR \f[CB].\fP [ \f[CB].\fP ] . +. +. +.P +Mostly known are the +.I compressor extensions +.FONT CB .Z R , +.FONT CB .gz R , +and +.FONT CB .bzip2 R . +. +Relatively new is +.FONT CB .xz R . +. +. +.P +From now on, we will ignore the +.I compressions +and only comment the structure +.IB . \fR.\fP +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH MAN\-PAGES +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The +.FONT CR Unix +.FONT CI "manual pages" +are shortly named +.FONT CI "man\-pages" R . +. +The +.FONT CI man\-page +style is the best known part of the +.FONT CI roff +language. +. +. +.P +Their usage of extensions should be better documented. +. +So this is written here. +. +. +.P +Files written in this text language use the following extension: +.IB * .
[] . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Man-page Sections +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The traditional +.FONT I "man\-page " CI
+is a digit from +.FONT CB 1 +to +.FONT CB 8 R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .1 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .2 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .3 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .4 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .5 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .6 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .7 +.TQ +.FONT I CB .8 +Classic man\-page +.IR sections . +. +. +.P +Linux added the section number +.FONT CB 9 +for kernel man\-pages. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .9 +.I Linux +kernel man-pages +. +. +.P +In older commercial +.FONT CI Unix +systems, the 3 characters +.FONT CB l R , +.FONT CB n R , +and +.FONT CB o +were also used as +.I section +names. +. +This is today +.IR deprecated , +but there are still documents in this format. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .l +.TQ +.FONT I CB .n +.TQ +.FONT I CB .o +.I Deprecated +old +.IR sections . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Man\-page Group Extensions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The +.I +extension in +.FONT CB . I
[] +is optional, but it can be any string of word characters. +. +Usually programmers use a group name that is already used, e.g. +.FONT CB x +for +.FONT CI "X Window System" +documents or +.FONT CB tk +to refer to the +.FONT CI tk +programming language. +. +. +.P +Examples: +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB groff.1 +is the man-page for +.FONT CB groff +in +.I section +.FONT CB 1 +without a +.I group +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB xargs.1posix.gz +is the man\-page for +.FONT CB xargs +in +.I section +.FONT CB 1 +and +.I group +.FONT CB posix R ; +moreover it is +.I compressed +with +.FONT CB gz R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB config.5ssl +.FONT CI "OpenSSL CONF" +library configuration files from +.I section +.FONT CB 5 +with +.I group +.FONT CB ssl R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB dpkg-reconfigure.8cdebconf +man\-page for +.FONT CB dpkg\-reconfigure +in +.I section +.FONT CB 8 +and +.I group +.FONT CB cdebconf R . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Source of Man\-pages +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +There are 2 +.FONT CI roff +languages for writing man\-pages: +.FONT CB man +and +.FONT CB mdoc R . +. +. +.P +The names of these 2 styles are taken as +.I extensions +for the source code files of man\-pages in the +.FONT CI groff +package. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .man +.I traditional +Unix-like man\-page format. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .mdoc +additional BSD man-page format. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .mandoc +This extension recognizes both man\-page formats. +. +. +.TP +FONT I CB .n +A temporary man-page file produced by a run of +.B make +in the +.CB groff +source package. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH TRADITIONAL TROFF EXTENSIONS +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Files Using Macro Packages +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The +.FONT CI "classical roff" +languages were interpreted by the +.FONT CB "traditional troff" +program. +. +There were several +.FONT CI roff +languages, each represented by a +.IR "macro-package" . +. +Each of these provided a suitable file name +.IR extension : +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .me +.FONT CI roff +file using the +.FONT CB me +.I macro package +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .mm +.FONT CI roff +file using the +.FONT CB mm +.I macro package +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .ms +.FONT CI roff +file using the +.FONT CB ms +.I macro package +. +. +.P +All of these classical +.FONT CI roff +languages and their extensions are still very active in +.BR groff . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files) +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +In traditional +.FONT CI roff +the source code for the macro packages was stored in +.FONT CI TMAC +files. +. +Their file names have the form: +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB tmac. I R , +.I +is the name of the macro package without the leading +.FONT CB m +character. +. +. +.P +For example, +.FONT CB tmac.an +is the source for the +.FONT CB man +macro package. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Preprocessors +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +Moreover the following +.I preprocessors +were used as filename extension: +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .chem +for the integration of chemical formulas +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .eqn +for the mathematical use of equations +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .pic +graphical tool +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .tbl +for tables with +.FONT CI tbl +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .ref +for files using the +.FONT CB prefer +.I preprocesor +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Classical Roff Files +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .t +.TQ +.FONT I CB .tr +for files using the +.FONT CI roff +.I language of any kind +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH NEW GROFF EXTENSIONS +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI "GNU roff" +.FONT CB groff +is the actual +.FONT CI roff +standard. +. +So the used new extensions in the source code should be regarded as +standard. +. +The following extensions are used instead of classical +.FONT CB .t +or +.FONT CB .tr R : +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .groff +.TQ +.FONT I CB .roff +general ending for files using the +.FONT CI groff +.I language +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files) +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +As the classical form +.FONT CB tmac. I R , +of the +.FONT CI TMAC +file names is quite strange, +. +CI groff +added the structures +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .tmac +.TQ +.FONT CB m I CB .tmac +.TQ +.FONT CB groff_m I CB .tmac +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Files Using new Macro Packages +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI Groff +uses the following new macro packages: +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .mmse +file with swedish +.FONT CB mm +.I makros +for +.B groff +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .mom +files written in the +.FONT CI "groff macro package" +.FONT CB mom +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .www +files written in +.FONT CB HTML R \-like +.FONT CI groff +.IR macros . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Preprocessors and Postprocessors +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .hbtbl +a new +.FONT CI tbl +format. +. +See +.BR groff_hdtbl (@MAN7EXT@). +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .grap +files written for the graphical +.FONT CB grap +processor. +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .grn +for including +.BR gremlin (@MAN1EXT@), +pictures, +. +. +.TP +.FONT I CB .pdfroff +transform this file with +.FONT CB pdfroff +of the +.FONT CI groff +system +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.TP +History and future +.BR runoff (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR man\-pages (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR groff_diff (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@) +. +. +.TP +.I Compression +.BR uncompress (1posix), +.BR gzip2 (@MAN1EXT@), +.BR bzip2 (@MAN1EXT@), +.BR xz (@MAN1EXT@) +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "AUTHORS" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.authors +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "COPYING" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.copying +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Emacs settings +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" Local Variables: +.\" mode: nroff +.\" End: diff --git a/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man b/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man new file mode 100644 index 00000000..36e33ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/RUNOFF/runoff.man @@ -0,0 +1,6173 @@ +.\" t +.TH RUNOFF @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@" +.SH NAME +RUNOFF \[em] the predecessor of the \f[CI]roff\f[] langugage +. +.\" The .SH was moved to this place in order to appease `apropos'. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Legalese +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.de authors +This file was written by Bernd Warken +.MT groff\-bernd.warken\-72@web.de +.ME . +.. +. +. +.de copying +Copyright \(co 2013 +.RS +.ft CI +Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.ft R +.RE +. +.P +Last update: 5 May 2013 +. +.P +This file is part of +.ft CI +groff\\f[R], a free software project. +. +.P +You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the +.nh +.ft CI +GNU General Public License +.ft R +.hy +as published by the +.nh +.ft CI +Free Software Foundation (FSF)\\f[R], +.hy +either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. +. +.P +You should have received a copy of the +.nh +.ft CI +GNU General Public License +.ft R +.hy +along with +.ft CI +groff\\f[R], +see the files +.nh +.ft CB +COPYING +.ft R +and +.ft CB +LICENSE +.ft R +.hy +in the top directory of the +.ft CI +groff +.ft R +source package. +. +.P +You can also visit +.UR http://\\:www.gnu.org/\\:licenses +.UE . +.. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Setup +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.ds1 Ellipsis "\&.\|.\|.\&\" +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Macro definitions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" .FONT ( [ ...]) +.\" +.\" Print in different fonts: R, I, B, CR, CI, CB +.\" +.de1 FONT +. if (\\n[.$] = 0) \{\ +. nop \&\f[P]\& +. return +. \} +. ds result \& +. while (\\n[.$] >= 2) \{\ +. as result \,\f[\\$1]\\$2 +. if !"\\$1"P" .as result \f[P] +. shift 2 +. \} +. if (\\n[.$] = 1) .as result \,\f[\\$1] +. nh +. nop \\*[result]\& +. hy +.. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" .Topic ([]) +.\" +.\" A bulleted paragraph +.\" +.de Topic +. ie \\n[.$]=0 \ +. ds @indent 2m\" +. el \ +. ds @indent \\$1\" +. IP \[bu] \\*[@indent] +. rm @indent +.. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" .UL ( []) +.\" +.\" Underline $1 and append $2 without underline +.\" +.de UL +\Z'\\$1'\v'.25m'\D'l \w'\\$1'u 0'\v'-.25m'\\$2 +.. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" .TableHDTBL - table using hdtbl for troff +.\" +.de1 TableHDTBL eHDTBL +. +This list of commands is a table over 5 pages. +. +. +.bp +. +.\" use groff_hdtbl +.\" mso hdtbl.tmac +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 1/5 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.hy +.fi +. +.TBL cols=3 +.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" +.\" TR hl=d ".TD colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TD Related Commands" +. +. +.nf +.nh +. +. +.\" A ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".AP" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".AUTOPARAGRAPH" R ")" +.TD +. +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".APPENDIX " I "text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".AX" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX " I "a" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".AX" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".APPENDIX" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".AUTOPARAGRAPH" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".AP" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOAUTOPARAGRAPH" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NAP" R ")" +. +.\" B ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".B" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".BLANK" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".BLANK" I " n" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".B" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".SKIP" I " n" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".S" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".BR" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".BREAK" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".BREAK" +.TD +.FONT R "(" CB ".BR" R ")" +.TD +. +. +.\" C ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".C" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".CENTRE" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".CENTER" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".CENTRE" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".CENTRE" I " n" CB ";" I "text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".C" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".CH" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".CHAPTER" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".CHAPTER" I " text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".CH" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" I " n" +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".COMMENT" I " text" +.TD +.TD +. +. +.\" D ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".DX" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".PX" R ")" +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".DX" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".DO INDEX" R ")" +.TD +. +. +.\" E ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".ELS" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".END LIST" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".EN" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".END NOTE" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".END LIST" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".ELS" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".LIST " I "n" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".LS" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".ELI" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".LITERAL" +.FONT R "(" CB ".LIT" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".END NOTE" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".EN" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOTE " I "text" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NT" R ")" +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" +.TD +.TD +.FONT CB ".SUBPAGE" +. +. +.\" F ================================================================== +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".F" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FILL" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FG" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FIGURE" R ")" +.TD +. +. +.ETB +. +. +.bp +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" hdtbl Table: List of Commands (Alphabetical) page 2/5 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.fi +.hy +. +.TBL cols=3 +.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" +. +. +.nf +.nh +. +. +.\" F2 ================================================================= +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FIGURE" I " n" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FG" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FILL" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".F" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOFILL" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NF" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FT" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".TITLE" I " text" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NFL" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FL HYPHENATE" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NFH" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FN" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FOOTNOTE" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".FOOTNOTE" I " n" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FN" R ")" +.TD +. +.TR hl=d +.TD +.FONT CB ".FT" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".FIRST TITLE" R ")" +.TD +. +. +.\" G 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-------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.fi +.hy +. +.TBL cols=3 +.TR hl=d ".TH colspan=2 Command or Abbreviation" ".TH Related Commands" +. +. +.nf +.nh +. +.\" N2 ================================================================= +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NHY" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".HY" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOJUSTIFY" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NJ" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".JUSTIFY" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".J" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NONUMBER" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NNM" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".NUMBER " I "n" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".NM" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOPERIOD" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NPR" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".PERIOD" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".PR" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NOTE" I " text" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NT" R ")" +.TD +.FONT CB ".END NOTE" +.br +.FONT R "(" CB ".EN" R ")" +. +.TR +.TD +.FONT CB ".NPR" +.TD +.FONT R "(=" CB ".NO PERIOD" R ")" 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-------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH DESCRIPTION +..\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI RUNOFF +is a language for creating documents. +. +This was the first document language at all. +. +It is the ancestor of +.FONT CI roff R . +. +. +.P +See section +.FONT CB "SEE ALSO" +at the end of this document for internet addresses. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH HISTORY +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI RUNOFF +was built by +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer" +in 1963 and 1964 at +.FONT CR \%MIT +using the operating system +.FONT CR CTTS +on computers +.FONT CR "IBM 7090" +and +.FONT CR 7094 R . +. +. +.P +At the +.FONT CI Unix +operating system, the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language was the base for the generation of the text generator language +.IR \%roff . +. +Today +.I \%roff +is maintained by +.IR \%GNU\~troff , +the program +.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@) +and its language +.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@). +. +So +.FONT CI RUNOFF +is the ancestor for +.IR \%groff . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Old RUNOFF Documentation +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +In 1964, +.FONT CI Saltzer +published a documentation for the +.I \%CTSS +users in +.I \%MIT +titled +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \ +type\-out commands" +. +. +.P +In december 1966, he published an updated documentation +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Manuscript Typing and Editing" R . +. +This article can be regarded as the documentation of the original +.FONT CI RUNOFF R . +. +. +.P +Moreover +.FONT CI Saltzer +published another document in 1965. +. +It's titled +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command" +. +We integrate the +.I "control words" +in this documentation in a section about +.I \%Experimental +.IR \%Additions . +. +. +.P +In later years, many people worked with the operating system +.FONT CI Multics R . +. +There +.FONT CI RUNOFF +was further developed. +. +There is a documentation of 1973 titled +.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \(em RUNOFF: \ +A Program for the Preparation of Documents" R . +. +We use this documentation as well. +. +. +.P +There is still more documentation by the +.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" R . +. +So far this information is not yet included, but it will be done later +on. +. +. +.P +The latest +.FONT CI RUNOFF +documentation is file +.FONT CB RUNOFF.DOC +from +.FONT CR PDP\-11 +at 1981, see +.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" R . +. +The content of this document is also included in this document. +. +. +.P +Look at section +.FONT CR "SEE ALSO" +for the internet connections to the documents. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Early Environment 1963\-66 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI Saltzer +originally worked on +.IR \%MIT 's +.I \%CTSS time-sharing operating +.IR \%system . +. +There he had an editor +.FONT CB TYPSET +that he also documented in the documentation cited above. +. +This editor was an ancestor for +.BR \%ed (@MAN1EXT@). +. +. +.P +To use his +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language, he programmed a tool that he called +.FONT CB RUNOFF R . +. +. +.P +There is still an emulator and the old source files for +.FONT CB RUNOFF +and +.FONT CB TYPSET +at +.nh +.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html +.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS" +.UE . +.hy +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS The original RUNOFF program 1963-66 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The original +.FONT CB RUNOFF +program is also documented in the documentation of 1966 above. +. +. +.P +.FONT CI Saltzer +uses upper case +.FONT CB RUNOFF +to denote his program. +. +So we will also use +.FONT CB RUNOFF +to refer to the original program of 1963-66. +. +. +.P +This program has mainly the task to adjust a printer of that time and +then print a +.FONT CI RUNOFF +document with this configuration. +. +Today this does not make much sense, but some parts are still +available in the options of +.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@), +but under different names. +. +So we will not build this ancient program, but we will document its +old command line here. +. +A lower case program +.FONT CB runoff +will be something different. +. +. +.P +.FONT CB RUNOFF +is a command used to type out files of the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language in manuscript format. +. +.I Control words +scattered in the text may be used to provide detailed control over the +format. +. +Input files may be prepared by the context editor +.FONT CB TYPSET +which does not exist today. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Usage of RUNOFF Program +\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.SY RUNOFF +.I \%filespec +.RI [ "parameter \*[Ellipsis]" ] +.YS +. +. +.TP +.I filespec +is the primary name of a file to be typed out. +. +.TP +.I parameter +arguments are any number of the following parameters, in any order: +. +. +.RS +. +.TP +.FONT CB STOP +Pause between pages. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB NOWAIT +Suppress the initial pause to load paper and the pause between pages +(not necessary today). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB PAGE I " n" +Begin printing with the page numbered +.IR n . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB BALL I " n" +Typewriter is using printing ball +.IR n . +If this parameter is omitted, +.FONT CB RUNOFF +assumes that the ball in use will properly print all +.I CTSS characters +in the file. +. +The number +.I n +is engraved on top of the printing ball. +. +.I CTSS characters +not appearing on the ball being used will be printed as blanks, so +that they may be drawn in. +. +This parameter does not make sense in our modern printers. +. +.RE +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH THE ORIGINAL RUNOFF LANGUAGE OF 1966 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +A +.FONT CI RUNOFF +file consists of +.I command lines +and +.IR "text lines" . +. +The +.I command lines +start with a period (dot) +.RB \(dq . \(dq, +all other lines are +IR "text lines" . +. +. +.P +.I Command lines +are also called +.I command lines +by +.FONT CI Saltzer R . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Text Lines and Conditions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.FONT CI RUNOFF +.I text lines +are different from the +.FONT CI groff +language. +. +. +.P +As the early +.FONT CI CTTS +computers could only produce upper case characters, the text lines +look very strange today. +. +This wasn't documented in the documentation of the 1960s. +. +But there is a good documentation of 1981 which contains also the old +style. +. +Have a look at chapter +.FONT CI "RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981" +section +.FONT CI "Case Information" +in this document. +. +. +.P +One or more +.I blank lines +are not printed, but mean a +.IR "line break" . +. +This can also be reached by the +.FONT CB .BREAK +.IR "control word" . +. +. +.P +In +.IR groff , +blank lines are printed as lines of their own. +. +This is not a paragraph break, because a line is bigger than a +paragraph break. +. +. +.P +A text line that starts with one or more space characters means +.IR "begin a new paragraph" . +. +. +.P +In +.IR groff , +this will start a new line and inserts the space characters at the +beginning of the line. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Command Lines +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +A command line begins with a period (dot) +.RB \(dq . \(dq. +. +Following the dot +.FONT CB RUNOFF +expects a +.IR "command name" . +. +This is called +.I control word +by +.FONT CI Saltzer +.BI +. +. +.P +These +.I command names +or +.I control words +were defined by +.FONT CI Saltzer +as 1 or 2 words of arbitrary length. +. +or an +.I abbreviation +of defined 2 characters. +. +The later +.FONT CI roff +language uses only 2\-character requests; but +.FONT CI groff +expanded these to arbitrary length. +. +Each +.I control word +(1 or two words) can be written in upper or lower case as you like. +. +. +.P +Some +.FONT CI "control words" +are followed by a +.I space +and the +.I parameters +for that +.IR command , +followed optionally by a comment (Comments are not documented +further). +. +. +.P +Lines beginning with a dot but having an unrecognizable format are +treated as errors. +. +. +.P +No lines beginning with a dot are printed unless the preceding line +was a +.I control line +.FONT CB .LITERAL R . +. +All commands are described below. +. +Abbreviations for command names are normally based on the first two +letters of a one word command or the first letter of the first two +words of a multi\-word command. +. +Commands which should close a logical line break do. +. +Information on abbreviations and whether commands cause line breaks +will be found in the summary at the end of the manual. +. +In a command line +.FONT CB RUNOFF +will consider multiple blanks as a single blank (space), if a blank +character 1s legal. +. +. +A +.FONT CI RUNOFF +document contains text separated by so\-called +.IR "control words" . +. +As these are full lines, a better name would be +.I "control lines" +as is used in the documentation for +.BR \%groff (@MAN7EXT@), +. +. +.P +These are lines starting with a period +.RB ( . ) +and directly followed by a command with or without arguments. +. +The command names are arbitrarily long, they can even consist of +several words, possibly followed by arguments. +. +. +.P +The +.I "control words" +can be written in lower or upper case, just as wanted. +. +Moreover, each command name can be shortened to an abbreviation of 2 +characters. +. +When the command name has only 1 word, the first 2 characters are taken. +. +.I Command names +with 2 words abbreviate to the first character of each word. +. +These abbreviations led later to the 2 character +.I \%requests +of +.IR \%roff . +. +. +.P +An example of a +.I "control line" +with a single +.I "control word" +with 2 arguments is a long name with lower case +.IP +.FONT CB .command I " arg1 arg2" +.P +or a long name with upper case +.IP +.FONT CB .COMMAND I " arg1 arg2" +.P +or an abbreviation with lower case +.IP +.FONT CB .co I " arg1 arg2" +.P +or an abbreviation with upper case +.IP +.FONT CB .CO I " arg1 arg2" +. +. +.P +Another example of a +.I "control line" +with 2 +.I "control words" +with 1 argument is a long name with lower case +.IP +.FONT CB ".word1 word2" I " arg" +.P +or a long name with upper case +.IP +.FONT CB ".WORD1 WORD2" I " arg" +.P +or an abbreviation with lower case +.IP +.FONT CB .ww I " arg" +.P +or an abbreviation with upper case +.IP +.FONT CB .WW I " arg" +. +. +.P +These +.I "control words" +were renamed to +.I requests +later on in +.FONT CI roff R . +. +. +In the 1973 document, the words +.I macros +and +.I formats +are used without any documentation. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Control Words (Command Names, Requests) +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The documentation for +.I "control words" +in this paragraph are taken from the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +documentation of 1966. +. +Often this documentation refers to the +.FONT CB RUNOFF +program that doesn't exist any more. +. +When the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language will be implemented for +.BR \%groff (@MAN1EXT@) +these documentations must be adjusted. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .ADJUST +.TQ +.FONT CB .AD +Enable +.I fill +mode. +. +The next line is the first one affected. +. +This is the default mode. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .APPEND I " file" +.TQ +.FONT CB .AP I " file" +Take as the next input line the first line of +.IR \%file . +. +Note that the whole of +.I \%file +is appended, and that the appending is an irreversible process \[em] that +is, once +.FONT CB RUNOFF +encounters the +.FONT CB .APPEND +.I "control line" +it will switch to the file +.I \%file +and continue from the first line of +.IR \%file . +. +All lines following the +.FONT CB .APPEND +.I "control line" +will not be processed by +.FONT CB RUNOFF R . +. +The file +.I \%file +may, of course, itself call for appending of still another file, and +so on. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".BEGIN PAGE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .BP +Print out this page, start next line on a new page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .BREAK +.TQ +.FONT CB .BR +The lines before and after the +.FONT CB .BREAK +.I "control word" +will not be run together by the +.FONT CI fill +mode of operation. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .CENTER +.TQ +.FONT CB .CD +The following line is to be centered between the left and right +margins. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .DS +Copy is to be double spaced. +. +This mode takes effect after the next line. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FILL +.TQ +.FONT CB .FI +Enable +.IR "fill mode" . +. +That means: Lengthen short lines by moving words from the following +line; trim long lines by moving words to the following line. +. +This is the default mode. +. +.FONT CB .NOFILL +disables the +.I fill +mode. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .HEADER I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" +.TQ +.FONT CB .HE I " word1 word2 \*[Ellipsis]" +All of the line after the first blank is used as a header line, and +appears at the top of each page, along with the page number, if +specified. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " arg" +.TQ +.FONT CB .HM I " arg" +This +.I control sequence +alters the mode of the running head to that specified by the parameter +.IR \%arg . +. +Any of the following parameters are allowed for +.IR \%arg: +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.RS +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB CENTER +The header will be centered on the page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB MARGIN +The header will be adjusted against the right margin of the page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB FACING +On even\-numbered pages, the header will be adjusted against the left +margin, on odd numbered pages against the right. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB OPPOSED +The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the page +number. +. +In the absence of a +.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" +.IR "control sequence" , +the default option is +.FONT CB OPPOSED R . +. +. +.RE +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .IN I " n" +The argument +.I \%n +is a number. +. +Set the number of spaces to be inserted at the beginning of each line +to +.IR \%n . +. +Indent is preset to 0. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LINE LENGTH" I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .LL I " n" +The argument +.I \%n +is a positive number. +. +Set the line length to +.IR \%n . +. +The line length is preset to 60. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .LITERAL +.TQ +.FONT CB .LI +The following line is not a +.IR "control word" , +despite the fact that it begins with a period. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOFILL +.TQ +.FONT CB .NF +Disable +.IR "fill mode" . +. +That means: Print all lines exactly as they appear without right +adjustment or filling out. +. +In +.I NOFILL +mode each input line produces one output line; further blank lines are +output in this mode. +. +Use the +.FONT CB .FILL +.I control word +to restart +.IR filling . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOJUST +.TQ +.FONT CB .NJ +Disable +.IR "fill mode" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .OP +This +.I "control word" +causes the current page to be printed out, and the next page to be +numbered with the next higher odd page number. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PAGE R " [" I n R ] +.TQ +.FONT CB .PA R " [" I n R ] +Print page numbers. +. +(The first page is not given a page number. +. +It has instead a two\-inch top margin. +. +See also +.FONT CB "Manuscript Conventions" R , +below.) +. +If argument +.I \%n +is present, insert a page break and number the next page +.IR \%n . +Note that +.FONT CB RUNOFF +does not print completely empty pages. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" +.TQ +.FONT CB .PM I " arg1 arg2 \*[Ellipsis]" +This +.I control sequence +alters the mode of page numbering to that specified by the arguments. +. +The arguments may be in any order, and must be selected from the +following list: +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.RS +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB MARGIN +Page numbers will be adjusted against the right margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB FACING +Odd page numbers are adjusted against the right margin, even page +numbers are adjusted against the left margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB CENTER +Page numbers are centered between the right and left margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB TOP +Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the top of the page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB BOTTOM +Page numbers are placed on the fourth line from the bottom of the +page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB OFF +Page numbers are discontinued. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB PREFIX I " \(dqstring\(dq" +The string of characters between quotation marks is prefixed to the +page number. +. +The quotation marks may be next to each other, in which case no prefix +is used. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ROMANU +Page numbers will be printed in upper case Roman numerals. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ROMANL +Page numbers will be printed in lower case Roman numerals. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ARABIC +Page numbers will be printed in Arabic. (This is the normal mode.) +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB SET I " n" +Set the next page number to be the positive number +.IR \%n . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB SKIP I " n" +Skip +.I \%n +page numbers. +. +. +.P +If in a single use of +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" +several arguments specify competing functions, the last one specified +takes precedence. +. +When the +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" +sequence appears in text at point A, all text up to A (and probably +some text after A) will appear on a page controlled by the previous +paging mode. +. +The new +.I paging mode +will take effect on the next page. +. +Then there is no danger of getting page numbers both at the top and +bottom of the same page. +. +. +.P +Use of the +.FONT CB TOP +parameter may conflict with the +.I \%heading +.IR \%mode . +. +If a heading and a page number should be printed in the same column, +the page number will take precedence. +. +In the absence of a +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" +.I control +.IR sequence , +the default options are: +.FONT CB "TOP MARGIN PREFIX \(dqPAGE\(dq" R . +. +. +.RE +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAPER LENGTH" I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .PL I " n" +This +.I control word +is used for running off a documentation file on non\-standard paper. +. +The number +.I \%n +is a line count, figured at 6 lines per inch. +. +If this +.I control word +is not given, +.I n +is assumed to be 66, for 11\-inch paper. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .SS +Copy is to be single spaced. +. +This mode takes effect after the next line. +. +(The normal mode is single space.) +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SPACE R " [" I n R ] +.TQ +.FONT CB .SP R " [" I n R ] +Insert +.I \%n +vertical spaces (carriage returns) in the copy. +. +If +.I \%n +carries spacing to the bottom of a page, spacing is stopped. +. +If +.I \%n +is absent or 0, one space is inserted. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .UN I " n" +In an indented region, this +.I control word +causes a break, and the next line only will be indented n spaces fewer +than usual. +. +This +.I "control word" +is useful for typing indented numbered paragraphs. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1973 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +Here are described only the additional +.I control words +that are documented in the 1973 documentation. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Formats +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FORMAT I " name" +This command causes subsequent text to be output under the control of +tne specified format (see below at +.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" R ). +. +Each following logical line will be fit into the format until a +.FONT CB .FILL +or +.FONT CB .NOFILL +command 1s encountered. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" I " \ +\*[Ellipsis]" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" +These commands define a format for use in producing tables, etc. +. +. +.RS +. +. +.TP +.I +identifies the format. +. +It can be activated by the +.FONT CB .FORMAT +.IR command . +. +. +.TP +.I +is the position and may be one of +.FONT CB LEFT R , +.FONT CB RIGHT R , +or +.FONT CB CENTER R , +and determines the overall positlon of the format with respect to the +margins. +. +. +.TP +.I +There can be several arguments of this type. +. +Each has the form: +. +. +.RS +. +.FONT CI CB ( CI " \*[Ellipsis] " CB ) +. +.P +where the +.FONT CI +is one of +. +.TP +.FONT CB L +for left, +. +.TP +.FONT CB R +for riqht, +. +.TP +.FONT CB C +for center, +. +.TP +.FONT CB F +fer fill, or +.FONT CB J +for justify. +. +. +.P +The first three types define fixed fields; the text to be formatted +must fit within the allocated space. +. +The latter types define variable fields; the text will be handled as +in normal fill mode processing. +. +. +.P +A picture showing the manner in which text should be output follows +the +.FONT CB ".DEFINE FORMAT" +command; following the picture should be an +.FONT CB ".END FORMAT" +command. +. +The following lines give an example: +. +. +.RS +. ft CB +. nf +. nh +. nop ".DEFINE FORMAT SUMMARY L(A) F(C) C(B)" +. nop "AAAA CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BBBBBBB" +. nop " CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC " +. nop ".END FORMAT" +. hy +. fi +. ft +.RE +. +. +.P +The first field of text is left justified; the second is centered; the +third is subjected to +.I fill mode +processing without justification. +. +After the first line of output is generated using this format, all +subsequent lines are produced using the last picture 1ine. +. +(Strictly speaking the third line is unnecessary.) +. +. +.P +Text for formatted processing consists of a logical line (or +paragraph). +. +Each field except the last must be separated by +.IR tab . +. +The +.I tab character +is displayed here as backslash character +.FONT R ( CB \[rs] R ). +. +. +.P +The first field of text is +.FONT CB A R , +the second +.FONT CB B R , +etc. +. +Typical input for our example might be: +. +. +.RS +.nf +.nh +|A\\YES\\/THIS IS SOME TEXT +TO BE FILLED. +.hy +.fi +.RE +. +. +.P +The characters 1n the picture lines were 1nterpreted as follows. +. +Contiguous sequences of letters determine the fie1d positions; +non\-alphabetic characters are output literally. +. +(Note: +.FONT CB Q.QQ +wi11 not work, put the period +.RB \[dq] . \[dq] +in the text. +. +A sequence of characters written between double quotes is considered +literal text. +. +The +.I double quotes +are not output, and there is no way to use +.I double quote +as a +.IR literal . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Hyphenation Processing +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .HYPHENATE +Enable +.IR "hyphenation mode" . +. +This is the default when starting up. +. +The +.FONT CB RUNOFF +program used a small +.I glossary +for splitting. +. +In +.I hyphenation mode +.FONT CB RUNOFF +would try to find a word 1n the glossary which is the same (except for +the endings +.FONT CB \-S R , +.FONT CB \-ES R , +.FONT CB \-ED R , +and +.FONT CB \-E R ) +as the word at the end of the line of text. +. +When running in +.BR groff (1) +there are +.I glossaries +being much more complete than in +.BR RUNOFF . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOHYPHEN +Disable +.IR "hyphenation mode" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .GLOSSARY I " word" +This command inserts words into the +.I glossary +for use in +.IR hyphenation . +. +Each word should have the form +.FONT CB hy\[hy]phen\[hy]ate +and be separated by spaces. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".HYPHENATION BREAK" I " n" +This command set the parameter which determines the allowable number +of spaces to te inserted in a line before +.FONT CB RUNOFF +tried to hyphenate the last word. +. +Each space counts ten points. +. +If more than +.I n +points per word would have to be inserted, then +.I hyphenation +will be attempted. +. +The initial setting of this parameter is 5 (one\-half space per word). +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Margin Controls +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +There are two types of margins involved in +.FONT CI RUNOFF R . +. +. +.TP +(1) +The physical margins. +. +These are determined by the nature of the printing device. +. +The margins outline the area where it is physically possible to print +characters. +. +. +.TP +(2) +. +The logical margins. +. +These can be set bv the user as he wishes. +. +(Limits are imposed by the physical margins.) +. +They are initialized for standard 8.5\[dq] by 11\[dq] printing. +. +. +.P +Commands concerning vertical and horizontal margins are: +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAGE LAYOUT TM, EM, TOL" +This sets the vertical logical margins and vertical tolerence. +. +Parameters are top margin, bottom margin and tolerance. +. +The tolerance is used to determine where to break between pages on +page overflows. +. +If +there is a line break within +.I TCL lines +of the bottom, +.FONT CB RUNOFF +will break the page there; otherwise it will fill the page completely. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT LM, RM, NO, CS" +This sets the logical left and right margin, the number of columns, +and the number of spaces to insert between columns. +. +These margins are used for the page headings. +. +To adjust the relative +text position, use the subsequent commands. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN LM, RM" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".EXPAND MARGIN LM, RM" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" +These commands enable the user to indent a certain portion of his text +using the first command, or +.FONT CB .UNDENT +his text using the second command. +. +In either case the original margins are restored by the third command. +. +The use of several +.FONT CB ".REDUCE MARGIN" +commends before the corresponding +.FONT CB ".END REDUCTION" +commands succesively indents the text more, and more. +. +Thus these commands are 1ike brackets (i.e. recursive). +. +.FONT CB LM +is added to the left logical margin and +.FONT CB RM +is subtracted from the right logical margin in the first command. +. +Just +the opposite is done on the second command. +. +Negative numbers are permitted. +. +These commands do not effect the position of page headings. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LAYOUT PLM, PRM, PTM, PBM, LL, LO" +This command defines the physical margins in the followinq complex +manner. +. +(It should only be used for non\-standard devices, normally this +command should not be necessary.) +. +The parameters are the physical left margin (in spaces), the physical +right margin, the physical top 1ine, the physical bottom line, the +line lenqth, and line origin. +. +The first four parameters define the physical 1imits of the printing +device. +. +The final two parameters define the length of the logical line and its +origin with respect to the left edge of the paper. +. +Printing starts at column +.FONT CB "LO + LM" R , +and ends at +.FONT CB "LO + RM" R , +where +.FONT CB LM +and +.FONT CB RM +are the logical margins established by +.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT" R . +. +When using the +.FONT CI "facing feature" +(see +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" R ), +the logical left margin is +.FONT CB "LL \[em] RM" +on even pages, and the right margin is +. +.FONT CB "LL \[em] LM" R . +. +The parameters for the layout command must satisfy: +. +.RS +.RS +.nh +.nf +.ft CB +.nop "min(LO + LL \[em] PLM, PRM \[em] LO) > max(PLM \[em] LO, \ +LO + LL \[em] PRM)\f[],\f[CB]" +.nop LL > 25\f[], and \f[CB]PBM \[em] PTM > 6\f[] +.fi +.hy +.RE +. +. +.P +This command sets +.FONT CB LM +to 15, +.FONT CB RM +to +.FONT CB "LL \[em] 10" R , +.FONT CB TM +to +.FONT CB PTM R , +and +.cb BM +to +.FONT CB "PBM \[em] 6" R . +. +(These margin settings produce the standard 1.5 inch left, and 1 inch +right, too, and bottom margins.) +. +.RE +. +. +.P +Initially +.FONT CB RUNOFF +sets the margins for +.I teletype +output to: +. +. +.RS +.RS +.nh +.nf +.ft CB +.nop .LAYOUT 6, 89, 6, 66, 8S, 0 +.nop .LINE LAYOUT 15, 75 +.nop .FILL +.ft +.fi +.hy +.RE +.RE +. +. +.P +The printer layout is: +. +.RS +.RS +.nh +.nf +.ft CB +.nop ".layout 5, 137, 6, 66, 85, 15" +.nop ".page layout 6, 60, 4" +.ft +.fi +.hy +.RE +.RE +. +.P +The logical margins must satisfy: +. +.RS +.RS +.nh +.nf +.ft CB +.nop min(LL, PRM \[em] LO, LO \[em] LL \[em] PLM) >= RM > +.nop " LM >= max(0, PLM \[em] LO, LO + LL \[em] PRM)" \f[],\f[CB] +.nop "PBM >= BM > TM >= PTM" "\f[], and\f[CB]" +.nop BM \[em] TM > TOL\f[]. +.fi +.hy +.RE +.RE +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Paragraph Formatting +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH SPACING" I " n" +. +This specifies how many lines are to be inserted between paragraphs. +. +Initial setting = 1. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " n" +This specifies how many additional spaces to insert at the beginning +of a paragraph. +. +Initial setting = 5. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH UNDENTATION" I " n" +This command is the same as +.FONT CB ".PARAGRAPH INDENTATION" I " \-n" R . +. +That is, +.I n +fewer spaces are inserted at the beginning of the paragraph. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Special Line Justification and Control +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +These commands pertain to the next logical line. +. +The end of the line should be designated with a break. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .CENTER +. +Center the next line. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" +. +Indent the next line +.I n +spaces. +. +If +.I n +is not provided, 5 is assumed. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .UNDENT I " n" +. +Start the next line +.I n +spaces to the left of the normal margin. +. +This command is the same as +.FONT CB .INDENT I " \-n" R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .MARGIN +Justify the next 1ine against the right hand margin. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Heading and Paging +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .HEADER I " XXXXXXX" +.FONT CB RUNOFF +accepts a heading to go on the first line of +each paqe. +. +The heading strinq is assured to start at the first non\-blank +character after thd control word and end at carriage return. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".HEADING MODE" I " " +.I +determines the position of the heading on the 11ne. +. +.I +may be any of the following. +. +. +.RS +. +.TP +.FONT CB CENTER +The header will be centered on the 1ine. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB MARGIN +The header will be adjusted against the riqht margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB PAGING +On even numbered pages tne header is adjusted against the right +margin. +. +On odd pages it is adjusted against the left mergin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB OPPOSED +The header will be adjusted against the opposite margin from the +page numter. +. +This is the initial mode. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAGING MODE" I " " +. +This command determines the placing of the page number. +. +All parameters are optional. +.I +may be anyone or more of the following oommands. +. +In case of conflict the latest command wins. +. +.RS +. +.TP +.FONT CB CENTER +The page numbers are centered between the logical margins. +. +.TP +.FONT CB MARGIN +The page number is adjusted against the right margin. +. +.TP +.FONT CB FACING +On even numbered pages the number will be adjusted against the right +margin. +. +On odd numbered pages tne number will be adjusted against the +left margin. +. +.TP +.FONT CB TOP +Page numbers are placed on the first line. +. +.TP +.FONT CB BOTTOM +Page numbers are placed on the last line. +. +.TP +.FONT CB OFF +Printing page numbers is discontinued. +. +.TP +.FONT CB PREFIX I " " +.TQ +.FONT CB SECTION I " " +.TQ +.FONT CB SUFFIX I " " +The strings of characters between quotation marks are used to form the +page. string, which has the form: +. +.RS +.I
+. +.P +Any or all of these strings mav be null. +. +The section string is considered to be part of the page number for +purposes of indexing. +. +.RE +.P +Initial mode is: +. +.RS +.RS +.ft CB +.nop ".PAGING MODE TOP MARGIN PREFIX \[dq]Page\[dq]" +.nop ".PAGING MODE SECTION \[dq]\[dq] SUFFIX \[dq]\[dq]" +.RE +.RE +. +. +.P +If neither page number nor heading is used, the text will start on the +first logical line. +. +Otherwise it will start on the fourth logical line. +. +If the page number is at the bottom, text will end on the fourth line +from the bottom. +. +If the paging and headinq mode conflict, the page string overwrites +the heading. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".ODD PAGE" +This +.FONT CI "control word" +causes the ourrent page to be printed out and the next page to be +started with the next higher odd number. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PAGE I " n" +If +.I n +is present, insert a page break and start numbering the next pege +with +.IR n . +Otherwise, turn the +.I paging mode +on and do not insert a page break. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" +Insert a page break if either there are fewer than +.I n +lines left on the page or +.I n +is not present. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Lines and Spacing +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".SINGLE SPACE" +Sing1e space all 1ines within paragraphs. +. +This is the initial state. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".DOUBLE SPACE" +Double space all lines within paragraphs. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SPACE I " n" +Output +.I n +1ine spaces. +. +If +.I n +is not provided, 1 is assumed. +. +In case of page overflow all remaining blank 1ines to be output are +deleted. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".FIGURE SPACING" I " n" +This command is equivalent to +.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" +followed by +.FONT CB .SPACE +.IR n . +. +These commands provide the only means of creatinq blank 11nes. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .BREAK +The lines before and after this command will not be run together in +.IR "fill mode" . +. +A simpler way to get a line break is to insert one or more blank lines +in the text. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".BEGIN GROUP" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".END GROUP" +The output lines enclosed between these two commands are forced to lie +on a page. +. +Thus this command acts in a manner similar to +.FONT CB .EJECT I " n" R , +where +.I n +has the 'right' value. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Miscellanous +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .UNDERLINE +The following 1ine is underlined. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .LITERAL +The next line is taken as part of text whether or not +it begins with dot. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .ESCAPE I +.TQ +.FONT CB .SHIFT I +.TQ +.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" I +The given character becomes the +.IR escape , +.IR shift , +or +.I tab +character. +. +The parameter for the +.FONT CB .SHIFT +and +.FONT CB ".TAB CHARACTER" +commands may be null, if no +.I shift +or +.I tab +character is desired. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".DEFINE COMMAND" I " " +.TQ +.FONT CB ".END COMMAND" +.TQ +.FONT CB .CALL I " " +These commands give the user the opportunity to combine text and +control lines to form his own commands. +. +All text and command lines between the first and second commands is +stored away under +.IR name . +. +When the third command is executed, the stored string is read and the +commands within the string are executed. +. +Recursion is not permitted. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .INDEX I " , " +. +.FONT CB RUNOfF +saves the first phrase in the main index table and the second phrase +(if any) in a sub\-index table associated with the first phrase. +. +.RS +. +The index is formatted and output after the last page of text. +. +Two built\-in but redefinable formats, +.FONT CI RINDEX +and +.FONT CI SINDEX R , +are used to format the index as shown in the following example. +. +.RS +.nh +.nf +.FONT CB "Algorithms, 40, 78," R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I RINDEX +.FONT CB " analysis of, 27, " R " \[rs]\[dq] uses " I SINDEX +.fi +.hy +.RE +. +. +The following lines give the initial definitions for the indexing +formats. +. +. +.RS +.nh +.nf +.ft CB +.nop ".define format RINDEX f(A)" +.nop "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" +.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" +.nop ".end format" +.nop ".define format SINDEX f(A)" +.nop " AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA" +.nop " AAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAA" +.nop ".end format" +.ft +.fi +.hy +.RE +. +. +In order to get an index output in two columns, +.RS +.P +.FONT CB ".LINE LAYOUT 15, 75, 2, 4" +.P +should be the last line of the input. +.RE +. +.RE +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH RUNOFF ADDITIONS 1981 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Source File Format +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The source file contains the textual material which will appear on the +final copy, plus information to specify formatting. +. +Most importantly, upper and lower case information also may be +supplied so that copy can be prepared on the terminal or other such +device which can input only upper case letters. +. +All command information consists of regular +.FONT CI ASCII +printing characters so that a listing of the source file may be +examined if the final copy is not exactly as desired. +. +. +.P +All material in the source file is taken to be source text except +those lines beginning with a period. +. +A line beginning with a period is assumed to be a command, and must +match one of those listed below. +. +The commands provide the formatting information, and control various +optional modes of operation. +. +. +.P +Usually the text is +.I filled +and +.I justified +as it is processed. +. +That is, the program +.I fills +a line by adding successive words from the source text until one more +word would cause the right margin to be exceeded. +. +The line is then +.I justified +by making the word spacings larger until the last word in the line +exactly meets the right margin. +. +. +.P +The user may occasionally wish to reproduce the source text exactly, +which is done by disabling +.I filling +and +.I justification +or by use of the +.FONT CR .LITERAL +command. +. +The program may be set to +.I fill +but not +.IR justify , +in which case the output will be normal except that lines will not be +justified to the right margin. +. +The program may also be set to +.I justify +but not +.IR fill , +although this would probably produce peculiar results and is not +recommended. +. +. +.P +When the +.I fill mode +is on, spaces and carriage returns occurring in the source text are +treated only as word separators. +. +Multiple separators are ignored. +. +. +.P +Some of the commands cause a BREAK in the output. +. +A +.I break +means that the current line is output without justification, and the +next word goes at the beginning of the next line. +. +This occurs at the end of paragraphs. +. +. +.P +The program will advance to new pages as necessary, placing the title +(if given) and the page number at the top of each page. +. +The user may call explicitly for a +.I page advance +where desired, and may inhibit the occurrence of a +.I page advance +within specified material. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Case Information of Text Lines +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The information in this section documents the style of the text lines +that could only be upper case in the ancient +.FONT CI CTSS +computers of the early 1960s.. +. +It seems as if this section documents the old +.FONT CI RUNOFF +style. +. +. +.P +Specification of +.I case +for files prepared on the terminal is done with two characters, +circumflex +.FONT R ( CB ^ R , CI " 136 octal" R ), +and +.FONT CR back\-slash R " (" CB \[rs] R , CI " 134 octal" R ). +The appearance of a circumflex causes the letter immediately following +to be transmitted in upper case. +. +The appearance of a +.FONT CR back\-slash +causes the letter immediately following to be converted to lower case. +. +Any letter not preceded by one of these characters is transmitted in +the current mode. +. +. +.P +The mode is initially +.I "upper case" +.FONT CB (wrong!) R . +. +(The initial mode seems to be +.IR "lower case" . +. +That's the style used by the available +.FONT CI RUNOFF +files in the PDP-10 archive and by the example below. +. +And each newline seems to switch back to the initial mode, well: +.IR "lower case" ). +. +. +.P +The mode is changed by the occurrance of two successive +.I case +control characters. +. +Two +.FONT CR circumflexes +.FONT CB ^^ +cause the mode to be set to +.IR "upper case" , +and two +.FONT CR back\-slashes +.FONT CB "\[rs]\[rs]" +cause the mode to be set to +.IR "lower case" . +. +. +.P +The use of the above corresponds to the use of the +.FONT CR shift +and +.FONT CR shift\-lock +keys on a typewriter. +. +Usually, typing appears in +.IR "lower case" . +To type one letter in +.IR "upper case" , +the +.FONT CR shift +.I key +is used. +. +The +.FONT CR shift\-lock +is set to type a series of +.IR "upper case letters" , +after which it is released. +. +. +.P +The following shows the uses of the case control characters: +.EX +^HERE IS A ^SAMPLE ^SENTENCE IN ^^UPPER CASE\[rs]\[rs] AND LOWER CASE. +.EE +becomes: +.EX +Here is a Sample Sentence in UPPER CASE and lower case. +.EE +. +. +.RS +.P +.ce +NOTE +. +.P +Case conversion takes place only on +.FONT CI ASCII +.I " codes" +.FONT CR 101 +to +.FONT CR "132 octal" R , +that is, the +.I upper case +letters. +. +Any actual +.I lower case +letters (codes +.FONT CR 141 +to +.FONT CR "172 octal" R ) +appearing in the source will be transmitted unchanged. +. +If the source is prepared on a device such as a +.FONT CI DECwriter +or model +.FONT CI "37 Teletype" +which produce letters of the proper +.IR case , +the mode should be set to +.I upper case +at the beginning of the file and left unchanged for the remainder. +.RE +. +. +.P +An additional character, +.FONT CR less\-than +.FONT R ( CR < R , +.FONT CR "074 octal" R ), +capitalizes the entire word it precedes. +. +It then returns the file to the current +.IR case . +. +This character is not engaged unless preceded by the +.nh +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +.hy +.IR command . +. +Similarly, the +.nh +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.hy +.I command +engages the special character +.FONT CR equals +.FONT R ( CB = R , CR "075 octal" R ), +which causes +.I hyphenization +to be suspended for the word it precedes. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Special Characters +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB & CI " Ampersand " CR Underscoring +The character +.FONT CI ampersand +.FONT R ( CB & R , +.FONT CR "046 octal" R ) +is used to specify +.UL underscoring . +. +The +.FONT CI ampersand +will cause the character following it to be +.IR underscored , +e.g. +.FONT CB &f&o&o +becomes +.UL \f[CB]foo\f[] . +. +. +.P +Underlining of a string of characters can also be specified in a +manner similar to that of the +.CI shift lock +operations described above. +; +An appearance of +.FONT CI ampersand +preceded by +.FONT CI circumflex +.FONT CB ^& +will cause underlining of all following characters except space. +. +An appearance of +.CI ampersand +preceded by +.CI back\-slash +.FONT CB \[rs]& +will disable this mode. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB # CR " Number Sign " I "Explicit space" +It is occasionally necessary to include +.I spaces +in the text which should not be treated as +.IR "word separators" . +. +For this purpose, +.FONT CI RUNOFF +treats the +.I number\-sign +character +.FONT R ( CB # R , +.FONT CR "043 octal" R ) +as a +.IR "quoted space" ; +i.e. it will print as exactly one +.I space +in the output, will never be expanded nor changed to a +.IR "carriage return" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB _ CR " Underline " I "Quote next character" +To allow the appearance of the +.I special characters +.FONT R ( CI ampersand +used as a +.IR "quote character" . +. +The character immediately following an +.FONT CR underscore +will be transmitted to the output with no formatting effect. +. +The +.FONT CR underscore +itself is thus another +.IR "case requiring quoting" . +. +The following five cases occur: +.FONT CB _& R , +.FONT CB _^ R , +.FONT CB _\[rs] R , +.FONT CB __ R , +.FONT CB _# R , +.FONT CB _{ R , +.FONT CB _} R , +and +.FONT CB _| R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ^ CI " Circumflex " I "Upper\-case shift or mode lock" +As described above, the +.FONT CI circumflex +character +.FONT CB ^ +is used to convert the letter following to +.IR upper\-case . +It is also used to lock the +.I case mode +in +.IR "upper case" , +and the +.I underline mode +to +.UL "underline all text" . +. +If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the +.I quote character +.FONT CB _^ R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CR \[rs] CI " back\-slash " I "lower\-case shift or mode unlock" +As described above, the +.FONT CI back\-slash +character +.FONT CB \[rs] +is used to output the letter following in +.IR lower\-case . +. +It is also used to lock the +.I case mode +in +.IR lower\-case , +and to disable +.IR underlining . +. +If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the +.I quote +character +.FONT CB _\[rs] R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB < CI " less\-than " I "Capitalize next word" +If +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +has been engaged, the +.FONT CI less\-than +character +.FONT CB < +is a special character used to capitalize the entire word it precedes. +. +If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the +.I quote +character +.FONT CB _< R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB = CR " equals\-sign " I "hypenation disable" +If +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +has been engaged, the +.I equals +character +.FONT CB = +used to disable +.I hyphenation +for the word it preceds. +. +If it is to appear in the printed text, it must be preceded by the +.I quote +character +.FONT CB _= R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB { CR " left\-brace " I "Reverse half\-linefeed" +If the output device type is no +.FONT CB N R , +then the +.I left +and +.I right braces +are used for +.I superscripting +and +.IR subscripting . +. +The +.I left\-brace +.FONT R ( CB { CR " 173 octal" R ) +produces a +.IR "reverse half\-linefeed" . +When combined with the +.I right brace +.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) +scripting is created; e.g. +.FONT CB {super} +becomes +.FONT CB {super} R , +and +.FONT CB }sub{ +becomes +.FONT CB }sub{ R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB } CR " right\-brace " I "forward half\-linefeed" +As described above, the +.I right brace +.FONT R ( CB } CR " 175 octal" R ) +when coupled with the +.I left brace +will produce scripting. +. +This will only occur when a scripting output device is selected. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB | CR " vertical\-bar " I "Engage/disengage alternate character set" +The +.I vertical bar +.FONT R ( CB | R , CR " 174 octal" R ) +acts as an on/off switch. +. +It will alternatly transmit a +.I shift\-out +and a +.I shift\-in +character to change the selected character set; e.g. +.FONT CB |ABC| +becomes +.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CB ABC CI Ctrl\-O R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CI Ctrl\-N CR " Control-N " I "enchacement on/off; red/black ribbon" +If an +.I Anderson-Jacobson output device +is selected, a +.FONT CI Control\-N +.FONT R ( CI Ctrl\-N R , +.FONT CR "016 octal" R ) +will alternatly engage and disengage the print enchancement; e.g. +.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N +becomes +.FONT CB FOO R . +. +. +.P +If a +.I Diablo output device +is selected, a +.FONT CI Control\-N +will alternatly select the red and black ribbon color; e.g. +.FONT CB NFOO CI Ctrl\-N +becomes +.FONT CB FOO R . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Special Characters Overview +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.P +Below is a list of +.FONT CI RUNOFF R 's +special characters. +. +To appear in the text, each must be preceded by the +.CI underscore +character (itself a special character). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ^ +shift character for upper case +. +.TP +.FONT CB \[rs] +shift character for lower case +. +.TP +.FONT CB < +flag character for upper case. +. +Only becomes a special character if +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +is engaged. +. +.TP +.FONT CB # +quoted space character +. +.TP +.FONT CB = +flag character for disabling hyphenation. +. +Only becomes a +.I special character +if +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +is engaged. +. +.TP +.FONT CB & +.FONT CR underscore +. +.TP +.FONT CB _ +.I quote special character +. +.TP +.FONT CB { +.I reverse half\-linefeed +for scripting +. +.TP +.FONT CB } +.I forward half\-linefeed +for scripting +. +.TP +.FONT CB | +switch on/off the +.I alternate character set +. +.TP +.FONT CB ^n +switch on/off the print enchancement or switch to the red/black ribbon +color +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS RUNOFF Commands +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +The following +.I commands +will be recognized if they are at the beginning of a line started with +a period. +. +Any line in the source file beginning with a period is assumed to be +one of these +.IR commands . +. +If it is not, an +.I error diagnostic +will be typed and the line will be ignored. +. +Some +.I commands +take one or more decimal numeric arguments. +. +These are separated from the +.I command +by a +.FONT CR space R . +. +More than one +.I command +may be entered on a single line by separating the +.I commands +with a +.FONT CI semicolon +.FONT R ` CB ; R ' +or a +.FONT CI period +.FONT R ` CB . R '. +. +. +.P +.I Multi\-word commands +may appear in any form. +. +Thus, +.FONT CB ".NO HEADER" +and +.FONT CB .NOHEADER +are both legal. +. +. +.P +Many +.I commands +may be abbreviated. +. +Standard +.I abbreviations +are given below each +.IR command . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Text Formatting Commands +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .BREAK +.TQ +.FONT CB .BR +causes a +.IR break , +i.e. the current line will be output with no +.IR justification , +and the next word of the source text will be placed at the beginning +of the next line. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SKIP CI " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .SK CI " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .S CI " n" +causes a BREAK after which +.CI n +is multiplied by the number of +.I spaces +between lines. +. +The result is the number of lines +.IR skipped . +. +Output is advanced to the top of the next page if there is no room on +the current page. +. +If the current page is empty, +.FONT CB .SKIP +does nothing. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .BLANK I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .B I " n" +causes the current line to be output with no +.IR justification , +skips +.FONT CI n +line spaces, and then starts output of the current source text. +. +.FONT CB .BLANK +is like +.FONT CB .SKIP R , +except that the +.I space +to be left is independent of line spacing. +. +If the page is empty, +.FONT CB .BLANK +does nothing. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FIGURE I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .FG I " n" +leaves +.I n +lines blank to make room for a figure or diagram. +. +If fewer than +.I n +lines remain on the current page, text continues to +.I fill +this page, then the page is advanced and +.I n +blank lines are left at the top of the next page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .INDENT I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .I I " n" +causes a +.CI break +and sets the next line to begin +.I n +spaces to the right of the left margin. +. +The +.I n +can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left +margin. +. +However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. +. +If +.I n +is not supplied, the current paragraph indent is used. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH I " n, v, t" +.FONT CB .P I " n, v, t" +causes a +.I break +and formats the output paragraphs. +. +The +.I n +is optional and, if present, sets the number of spaces the paragraph +is to be indented. +. +The default value for +.I n +is +.FONT CB 5 +.RI ( n +can also have a negative value). +. +.I v +is the vertical spacing between paragraphs. +. +.I v +can range from +.FONT CB 0 +to +.FONT CB 5 R . +. +.FONT R ( CB 1 +is +.IR "single spacing" , +.FONT CB 2 +is +.IR "double spacing" , +etc.) +. +.I t +causes an automatic +.FONT CI ".TEST PAGE" +(see the +.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" +.IR command ). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .CENTER I " n" CB ; I text +.TQ +.FONT CB .CENTRE I " n" CB ; I text +.TQ +.FONT CB .C I " n" CB ; I text +causes a +.I break +and centers the following text in the source file. +. +The centering is over column +.FONT CB ( I n CB " + " I "left margin" CB )/2 R . +If +.I n +is not given, it is assumed to be the +. +.IR "right margin" . +. +. +.RS +.P +.ce +NOTE +. +.P +.FONT CB CENTER R , +.FONT CB "RIGHT MARGIN" R , +.FONT CB "LEFT MARGIN" R , +.FONT CB "PAGE SIZE" R , +and +.FONT CB STANDARD +take both relative and absolute values. +. +Relative values are expressed as +.FONT CB + I n +or +.FONT CB \- I n R , +while absolute values of +.I n +are unsigned. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .FN I " n" +saves +.I n +lines at the bottom of the current page for a +.IR footnote . +. +The +.I n +is multiplied by the number of spaces set with the +.FONT CB .SPACING +command. +. +If insufficient room remains on the current page, space is allocated +at the bottom of the following page. +. +The text of the +.I footnote +should begin on the line following the +.FONT CB .FOOTNOTE +command. +. +.IR Indentation , +.IR "case lock" , +.IR justify , +.IR margins , +.IR spacing , +and +.I fill +are preserved around footnotes. +. +However, +.I commands +that affect page formatting are illegal in a +.IR footnote . +. +.I Tab stops +are illegal because they are not preserved. +. +A footnote within a footnote is also illegal. +. +. +.P +The actual space taken by a footnote can be more or less than +specified by +.IR n . +If necessary +.FONT CR adjust +.I n +after examining a draft printout. +. +. +.P +The +.I footnote +is terminated with a line beginning with an exclamation point (the +remainder of which is ignored). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOTE I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .NT I " text" +starts an +.IR "indented note" . +. +This command +.I blanks +.FONT CB 2 R , +reduces both +.IR margins , +.I centers +the text (if no text is given, it centers the word +.FONT CB NOTE R ), +and then +.I blanks +.FONT CB 1 R . +. +At this point you enter the text of the +.IR note . +. +If the left margin is at +.FONT CB 0 R , +the +.I margin reduction +is +.FONT CB 15 R , +otherwise it is +.FONT CB 5 R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".END NOTE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .EN +terminates the +.FONT CB .NOTE +command, +.I blanks +.CONT CB 2 R , +and reverts the margins and spacing modes to their settings before the +last +.FONT CB .NOTE +command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .LIST I " n" +.FONT CB .LS I " n" +starts an indented list with +.I n +spacing, moves the left margin +.FONT CB 9 +spaces to the right for the first +.FONT CB .LIST +command, and +.FONT CB 4 +more spaces for each subsequent nested +.FONT CB .LIST R . +. +The normal +.I fill +and +.I justify modes +remain in effect. +. +Therefore, you must disengage them just after the +.FONT CB .LS +command if you want a ragged right. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LIST ELEMENT;" I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .LE; I " text" +starts an item in the list, used in conjunction with the +.FONT CB LIST +comand. +. +The elements are numbered sequentially and the number is given a +negative indent so that the list lines up. +. +The number is followed by a +.I period +and two +.I spaces +so that the indent will be by +.FONT CB \-4 R . +. +The +.I list elements +are separated by the standard paragraph spacing and +.FONT CI "TEST PAGE" R . +. +If you want to type the text on the same line as the command, you must +separate the text from the command with any number of intervening +.I spaces +or +.IR tabs , +or (optionally) one +.IR semicolon . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".END LIST" +.TQ +.FONT CB .ELS +terminates the +.FONT CB .LIST +command and returns to settings before the last +.FONT CB .LIST +command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .COMMENT I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .; I " text" +causes the line to be ignored. +. +The text is not printed in the output file, but rather is used as a +.I comment +line in the source text. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Page Formatting Commands +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PAGE +.FONT CB .PG +causes a +.I break +and an +.I advance +to a new page. +. +If the current page is empty, this +.I command +does not +.I advance +the page. +. +Just like an +.IR "automatic page advance" , +this +.I command +prints the +.I title +(if given) and +.I page numbers +on every page. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".TEST PAGE" I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .TP I " n" +causes a +.I break +followed by a +.IR "conditional page advance" . +. +It skips to the next page if fewer than +.I n +lines are left on the page. +. +This capability is to ensure that the following +.I n +lines are all output on the same page. +. +This +.I command +has the form +.I t +as an optional argument to the +.FONT CB .PARAGRAPH +command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NUMBER I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .NM I " n" +starts page numbering. +. +This is the default so there is no reason to issue this command unless +page numbering is disengaged. +. +If +.I resumption +of page numbering is desired at a certain page, specify +.IR n . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NONUMBER +.FONT CB .NNM +disengages page numbering. +. +However, pages continue to be counted, so that the normal page number +can appear if page numbering is re\-entered with the +.FONT CB .NUMBER +command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .CHAPTER I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .CH I " text" +starts a new chapter using the text as the title of the chapter. +. +This +.I command +acts as if the following +.I command string +were entered: +. +. +.P +.EX +.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;CHAPTER n" +.EE +.P +The +.I n +is incremented by +.FONT CB 1 +automatically. +. +After the CHAPTER +.I n +is typed on the page, +. +. +.P +.EX +.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 +.EE +.P +occurs. +. +This +.I command +then resets the +.IR case , +.IR margins , +.IR spacing , +and +.IR "justify/fill modes" . +. +It also clears any +.I subtitles +and sets the +.I chapter name +as the +.IR title . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER " I " n" +supplies a number +.I n +to be used in a subsequent +.FONT CB .CHAPTER +command. +. +.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" +would be used when a +.I chapter +of a document occupies a source file of its own. +. +In such a case, +.FONT CB ".NUMBER CHAPTER" +would be the first command of the source file. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".HEADER LEVEL" I " n text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .HL I " n text" +starts a section at the level specified and takes the following text +as the header. +. +.I n +can range from +.FONT CB 1 +to +.FONT CB 5 R . +. +The sections are incremented by +.FONT CB 1 +automatically, and the number is output in the form +.FONT I i CB . I j CB . I k CB . I l CB . I m R . +If this is a chapter oriented document, the +.I i +is the chapter number. +. +Otherwise, it is the number of the +.FONT CB ".HL 1" +level. +. +This command acts as a +. +.P +.EX +.FONT CB ".BREAK;.TEST PAGE 9;.BLANK 3" +.EE +. +.P +followed by the +.IR "section number" , +two +.IR spaces , +and the +.IR "section name" . +. +.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS " CB 1 +and +.FONT CB 2 +end with a +.IR break . +.FONT CI "HEADER LEVELS" +.FONT CB 3 R ", " CB 4 R , +and +.FONT CB 5 +end with a space\-dash\-space combination (#\-#). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .TITLE I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .T I " text" +takes the remaining text as the title and outputs it on every page at +line +.FONT CB 0 R . +. +The default is no title. +. +If a +.I title +is desired, this +.I command +must be entered in the source file. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".FT" I " text" +Same as +.FONT CB .TITLE R , +but used to specify the title to be printed on the first page of the +document. +. +This command must precede all text in the source file. +. +Use of the +.FONT CB ".FIRST TITLE" +command is the only way to print a title line on the first page of the +document. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SUBTITLE I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .SUBTTL I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .ST I " text" +takes the remaining text as the +.I subtitle +and outputs it on every page. +. +It appears directly under the title. +. +The +.I subtitle +is not +.IR indented , +but +.I indentation +can be achieved by typing leading spaces. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .INDEX I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB .X I " text" +takes the remaining text on the line as a keyword and adds it, along +with the current +.IR "page number" , +to the internal index buffer. +. +The command does not cause a +.IR break . +. +It should appear immediately before the item to be +.IR indexed . +. +A keyword may be +.I indexed +more than once. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" I " text" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".DX" I " text" +forces a new page, centers the text, if given, otherwise it centers +the word +.FONT CI "INDEX" R . +. +This command prints the entire contents of the index buffer. +. +Entries are printed in alphabetic order and are set against the left +margin. +. +Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between +entries of different first letters. +. +The page number of each entry is placed on the same line as the entry +and in the middle of the page. +. +Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by +commas. +. +The index buffer is left empty. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".PX" +forces a new page after which it prints the entire contents of the +index buffer. +. +Entries are printed in alphabetical order and are set against the left +margin. +. +Regular line spacing is used, except that a blank line is left between +entries of different first letters. +. +The number of the first page on which each entry appeared is put on +the same line as the entry, beginning at the middle of the line +(midway betweeen the left and right margins). +. +Additional page numbers for multiple entries follow, separated by +commas. +. +The index buffer is left empty. +. +. +.P +.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" +and +.FONT CB ".DO INDEX" +perform the same task. +. +The only difference is that +.FONT CB ".PRINT INDEX" +does not interrupt the normal chapter and page sequencing. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SUBPAGE +executes a +.FONT CB .PAGE +with page numbering suspended. +. +The page number is unchanged, but letters are appended to the page +number. +. +This permits insertion of additional pages within an existing document +without changing the existing page numbering. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".END SUBPAGE" +disengages the +.FONT CB .SUBPAGE +command by executing a +.FONT CB .PAGE +command with page numbering resumed. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .APPENDIX I " text" +.TP +.FONT CB .AX I " text" +starts a new appendix using the text as the title of the appendix. +. +This command acts as if the following command string were entered: +. +.RS +.P +.EX +.nop ".BREAK;.PAGE;.BLANK 12;.CENTER;APPENDIX a" +.EE +.RE +.P +The a is a letter that is incremented alphabetically automatically. +. +After the +.FONT CB "APPENDIX A" +is typed on the page, +. +.RS +.P +.EX +.nop .BLANK 2;.CENTER;text;.BLANK 3 +.EE +.RE +. +.P +occurs. +. +This command then resets the +.IR case , +.IR margins , +.IR spacing , +and +.IR justify/fill +modes. +. +It also clears any subtitles and sets the appendix name as the title. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".NUMBER APPENDIX" I " a" +supplies a letter +.I a +to be used as the letter for a subsequent +.FONT CB .APPENDIX +command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .HEADER I " arg" +.TQ +.FONT CB .HD I " arg" +causes the page header +.RI ( title , +.IR subtitle , +and +.IR "page number" ) +to be printed. +. +.I arg should be +.FONT CB UPPER +to specify +.I upper case characters +for the title text, +.FONT CB LOWER +to specify +.IR "lower case" , +or +.FONT CB MIXED R . +. +The initial setting is +.FONT CB ".HEADER UPPER" R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOHEADER +.TP +.FONT CB .NHD +causes the page header +.RI ( title , +.IR subtitle , +and +.IR "page number" ) +to be omitted. +. +The header lines are completely omitted, so that text begins at the +top of the page with no +.IR "top margin" . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Mode Setting Commands +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB .JUSTIFY +.TQ +.FONT CB .J +causes a break and sets subsequent output lines to be justified +(initial setting). +. +The +.I command +increases the spaces between words until the last word exactly meets +the right margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOJUSTIFY +.TQ +.FONT CB .NJ +causes a +.I break +and prevents +.I justification +of subsequent output lines to make a ragged right margin. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FILL +.TQ +.FONT CB .F +causes a break and specifies that subsequent output lines be filled +(inital setting). +. +Sets the justification mode to be that specified by the last +appearance of +.FONT CB .JUSTIFY +or +.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY R . +. +.FONT CB .FILL +adds successive words from the source text until the adding of one +more word will exceed the right margin. +. +It stops before putting the last word in. +. +(If +.I hyphenation +has not been disabled, +.FONT CB RNO +will attempt to +.I break +words which cause line overflow into syllables.) +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOFILL +.TP +.FONT CB .NF +disengages the +.I fill +and +.IR "justify modes" . +. +This +.I command +is used to permit typing a table. +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +.ce +NOTE +. +.P +1. The +.I nofill\-nojustify mode +need be used only where there are several lines of material to be +copied exactly. +. +A single line example will not require using these commands if there +are breaks before and after. +. +. +.P +2. Normally +.FONT CB .FILL +and +.FONT CB NOFILL +are used to turn both +.I filling +and +.I justification +on and off. +. +It is usually desirable to do both. +. +A subsequent appearance of a +.I justification command +will override the +.I fill command +however. +. +. +.P +3. Because of the action of +.FONT CB .FILL R , +a single occurrance of +.FONT CB NOJUSTIFY +will cause the remainder of the file to be +.IR unjustified , +with +.I filling +as specified. +. +In order to +.I justify +but +.I not fill +(not recommended), a +.FONT CB .JUSTIFY +command must follow every +.FONT CB .NOFILL +command. +. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".UPPER CASE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .UC +sets the output mode to +.IR "upper case" . +. +This comand acts the same as typing two +.CI circumflexes +.FONT CB ^^ R . +. +This is the default mode. +. +There is no need to type this command unless the mode was previously +altered to +.IR "lower case" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LOWER CASE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .LC +sets the typeout mode to +.IR "lower case" . +This command acts the same as typing two +.I back\-slashes +.FONT CB \[rs]\[rs] R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".FL CAPITALIZE" +enables the +.CI less\-than +.FONT CB < +character to +.I capitalize +the entire word it precedes. +. +It then returns the file to the current case mode. +. +This +.I special character +is usually +.FONT CR off +and must be typed at the very beginning of the source text to enable +this character. +. +Typing a space or another +.FONT CI "less\-than " CB < +returns the file to the current +.IR "case lock" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .NFC +disengages the +.FONT CB "FLAG CAPITALIZE" +command (inital setting). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .HYPHENATION +.TQ +.FONT CB .HY +engages +.I hyphenization +(initial setting). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".NO HYPHENATION" +.TQ +.FONT CB .NHY +disengages +IR hyphenization . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.TQ +.FONT CB ".FL HYPHENATE" +enables the +.I equals character +.FONT CB = +to disengage +.I hyphenization +for the word it precedes. +. +This +.I special character +is initially +.FONT CR off +and must be typed at the beginning of the source file to enable this +character. +. +The +.FONT CI "FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.I character +is used to disengage +.I hyphenization +for words improperly +.I hyphenated +by the +.IR "hyphenization algorithm" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".NO FLAGS HYPHENATE" +.TQ +.FONT CB .NFH +disengages the +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +command (initial setting). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NFL +disengages the +.FONT CB ".FLAGS CAPITALIZE" +and the +.FONT CB ".FLAGS HYPHENATE" +commands (initial setting). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PERIOD +.TQ +.FONT CB .PR +enables printing of two +.I spaces +after every +.I period +.FONT CB . +that is followed by at least one +.I separator character +(initial setting). +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOPERIOD +.TQ +.FONT CB .NPR +disengages conversion of +.I period/separator +to +.IR "period/two spaces" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .LITERAL +.TQ +,FONT CB .LIT +disengages +.I fill/justify +to permit printing of text exactly as entered in source file. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".END LITERAL" +.TQ +.FONT CB .ELI +used after +.FONT CB .LITERAL +command to re\-engage +.IR fill/justify . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Parameter Setting Commands +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".LEFT MARGIN" I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .LM I " n" +sets the left margin to +.IR n . +. +The +.I n +must be less than the right margin but not less than +.FONT CB 0 R . +The initial setting is +.FONT CB 0 R . +If +.I n +is not supplied, +.FONT CB 0 +is used. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".RIGHT MARGIN" I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .RM I " n" +sets the right margin +.IR n . +The +.I n +must be greater than the left margin. +. +The initial setting is +.FONT CB 60 R . +. +If +.I n +is not supplied, the current page width (set with the +.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" +command) is used. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAPER SIZE" I " n" CB , I m +.TP +.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE" I " n" CB , I m +.TP +.FONT CB ".PS" I " n" CB , I m +sets the size of the page +.I n +lines by +.I m +columns and sets the right margin to +.IR m . +The default setting is +.FONT CB 58,60 R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .PITCH I " n" CB , I m +.TQ +.FONT CB .PIT I " n" CB , I m +sets the horizontal and vertical pitch on a supporting output device. +. +The horizontal pitch is +.I n +and is specified as characters per inch. +. +The value must divide evenly into +.FONT CB 60 +for +.FONT CI "Anderson\-Jacobson devices" +and into +.FONT CB 120 +for +.FONT CI "Diablo devices" R . +. +The default is +.FONT CB 12 R . +. +. +.P +The vertical pitch is +.I m +and is specified as lines per inch. +. +.I m +must divide evenly into +.FONT CB 48 R . +. +The default is the hardware setting. +. +.I n +and +.I m +may be set independently. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .SPACING I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .SP I " n" +sets the number of spaces between lines. +. +The +.I n +can range from +.FONT CB 1 +to +.FONT CB 5 R . +. +The default setting is +.FONT CB 1 R . +. +.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" +is like +.I single spacing +on a typewriter and +.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" +is like +.IR "double spacing" . +.FONT CB ".SPACING 2" +puts one +.I blank line +between lines of text. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .STANDARD I " n" +.TQ +.FONT CB .SD I " n" +returns all parameters, except the pitch settings, to their initial +settings and sets +.I n +as the page width. +. +If +.FONT CB ".STANDARD 60" +is specified, margins are reset +.FONT CB ".LM 0" R , +.FONT CB ".RM 60" R , +.FONT CB ".PAGE SIZE 58,60" R , +.FONT CB ".SPACING 1" R , +.FONT CB "PARAGRAPH INDENT 5" R , +and +.I fill +and +.I justify +are enabled. +. +.FONT CB ".STANDARD 70" +sets right margin to +.FONT CB 70 +and +.I page size +to +.FONT CB 58,70 R . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] +.TQ +.FONT CB ".TS" I " n" CB , I n CB , I \*[Ellipsis] +sets tabs. +. +The +.I n +must be greater than +.FONT CB 0 +and listed in ascending order. +. +If tabs already exist, the issuing of another +.FONT CB ".TAB STOPS" +command clears all previous +.I tabs +before setting new ones. +. +The +.I default tabs +are set at eight\-column intervals to match the +.FONT CR Digital +hardware standard. +. +These +.I tabs +are at columns +.FONT CB 8 R , +.FONT CB 16 R , +.FONT CB 24 R , +.FONT CB 32 R , +.FONT CB 40 R , +.FONT CB 48 R , +.FONT CB 56 R , +.FONT CB 64 R , +.FONT CB 72 R , +and +.FONT CB 80 R . +. +The tabs are converted to the appropriate number of non\-expandable +spaces. +. +If there are no regular spaces to the left of the +.IR tabs , +they will print out at the appropriate position, even if +.I fill +is on. +. +If +.I literal +is on, the +.I tabs +are not converted to +.IR spaces , +but are output as +.IR tabs . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .AUTOPARAGRAPH +.TQ +.FONT CB .AP +causes any +.I blank line +or any line starting with a +.I space +or +.I tab +to be considered as the start of a new paragraph. +. +This command allows normally typed text to be +.I justified +without special commands. +. +It does not cause a paragraph if +.I blank lines +are followed by a command. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .NOAUTOPARAGRAPH +.TQ +.FONT CB .NAP +disengages the +.FONT CI AUTOPARAGRAPH +mode. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS List of Commands (Alphabetical) +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.if t \{ +.ig endTBL +.\} +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Table using tbl for running in tty +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.nf +.nh +. +.TS +center,allbox,tab(@); +cIw(1.5i) sw(1.5i) cIw(1.5i). +Command or Abbreviation@Related Commands += +. +.T& +l l l. +\f[CB].AP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ +\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[I] text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AX\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX\f[I] a +\f[CB].AX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].APPENDIX\f[R])@ +\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R]@(=\f[CB].AP\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NAP\f[R]) +T} +_ +\f[CB].B\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BLANK\f[R])@ +\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].B\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].S\f[R]) +T} +\f[CB].BR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].BREAK\f[R])@ +\f[CB].BREAK@\f[R](=\f[CB].BR\f[R]) +_ +\f[CB].C\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].CENTER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CENTRE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].CENTRE \f[I]n\f[CB];\f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].C\f[R])@ +\f[CB].CH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].CHAPTER\f[R])@ +\f[CB].CHAPTER \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].CH\f[R])@\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n +\f[CB].COMMENT \f[I]text\f[R]@@ +_ +\f[CB].DO INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].DX\f[R])@T{ +. +\f[CB].PRINT INDEX +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].PX\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].DX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].DO INDEX\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].ELS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END LIST\f[R])@ +\f[CB].EN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].END LIST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELS\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].LS\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].END LITERAL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ELI\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].LITERAL +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].LIT\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].END NOTE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].EN\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NOTE \f[I]text +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NT\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].END SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].SUBPAGE +_ +\f[CB].F\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FILL\f[R])@ +\f[CB].FG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIGURE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].FIGURE n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FG\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].FILL \f[R]@(=\f[CB].F\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NOFILL +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NF\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].FIRST TITLE \f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FT\f[R])@\f[CB].TITLE \f[I]text +. +\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NFL\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE \f[R]@(=\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NFH\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].FN\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FOOTNOTE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].FOOTNOTE \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FN\f[R])@ +\f[CB].FT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].FIRST TITLE\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].HD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER\f[R])@ +. +T{ +\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg\f[R] +.br +\f[R] [\f[I]arg\f[R]=\f[CB]UPPER\f[R], \f[CB]LOWER\f[R], or \f[CB]MIXED]\f[R] +T}@(=\f[CB].HD\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NOHEADER +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NHD\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL \f[I]n text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HL\f[R])@ +\f[CB].HL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HEADER LEVEL\f[R])@ +\f[CB].HY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].HYPHENATION\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].HY\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NHY\f[R]) +T} +. +_ +\f[CB].I\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDENT\f[R])@ +\f[CB].INDENT \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].I\f[R])@ +\f[CB].INDEX \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].X\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].J\f[R]@(=\f[CB].JUSTIFY\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].JUSTIFY \f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R])@@T{ +\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NJ\f[R]) +T} +. +_ +\f[CB].LC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].LE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LM\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].RM\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].LIST \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LS\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].END LIST +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].LIST ELEMENT;\f[I]text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LE\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].END LIST +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].ELS\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].LIT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].LITERAL\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIT\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].END LITERAL +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].ELI\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].LM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LEFT MARGIN\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].LOWER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LC\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].UPPER CASE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].UC\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].LS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].LIST\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].NAP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NF\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NFC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NFH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].NFL\f[R]@T{ +(=\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE +.br +.ce +\f[R] and +.br +\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]) +T}@ +. +\f[CB].NHD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HEADER\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NHY\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NJ\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO JUSTIFY\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NUMBER\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NNM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO NUMBER\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].NOAUTOPARAGRAPH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NAP\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].AUTOPARAGRAPH \f[R](\f[CB].AP\f[R]) +.br +\f[CB]\ .PARAGRAPH \f[I]n,v,t \f[R](\f[CB].P\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NOFILL\f[R]@=(\f[CB].NF\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].FILL +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].F\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NO FLAGS CAPITALIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFL\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].FLAGS CAPITALIZE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].FL CAPITALIZE\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NO FLAGS HYPHENATE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NFH\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].FLAGS HYPHENATE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].FL HYPHENATE\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NOHEADER\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHD\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].HEADER \f[I]arg +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].HD\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NO HYPHENATION \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NHY\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].HYPHENATION +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].HY\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NOJUSTIFY \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NJ\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].JUSTIFY +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].J\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NONUMBER \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NNM\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NUMBER \f[I]n +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NM\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NOPERIOD \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NPR\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].PERIOD +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].PR\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NOTE text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].NT\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].END NOTE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].EN\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].NPR\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NO PERIOD\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NT\f[R]@(=\f[CB].NOTE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].NUMBER APPENDIX \f[I]a\f[R]@@\f[CB].APPENDIX text +\f[CB].NUMBER CHAPTER \f[I]n\f[R]@@\f[CB].CHAPTER text +_ +\f[CB].P\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PARAGRAPH\f[R])@ +\f[CB].PAGE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PG\f[R])@ +\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].PAPER SIZE \f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]h\f[R]@T{ +(=\f[CB].PS\f[R] +.br +\f[CB].PAGE SIZE\f[R]) +T}@ +. +\f[CB].PARAGRAPH \f[I]h\f[CB],\f[I]v\f[CB],\f[I]t \f[R]@(=\f[CB].P\f[R])@ +\f[CB].SKIP \f[I]n\f[R]@(=\f[CB].S\f[R])@\f[CB].BLANK \f[I]n \f[R](\f[CB].B\f[R]) +\f[CB].SP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SPACING\f[R])@ +\f[CB].SPACING \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].SP\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].PERIOD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PR\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].NOPERIOD +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].NPR\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].PG\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAGE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].PITCH\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PIT\f[R])@ + +.\f[CB].PRINT INDEX \f[R]@(=\f[CB].PX\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].DO INDEX text +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].DX\f[R]) +T} +. +\f[CB].PS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PAPER SIZE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].PX\f[R]@(=\f[CB].PRINT INDEX\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].RM\f[R])@ +\f[CB].RM\f[R]@(=\f[CB].RIGHT MARGIN\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].S\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SKIP\f[R])@ +\f[CB].SD\f[R]@(=\f[CB].STANDARD\f[R])@ +\f[CB].ST\f[R]@(=\f[CB].SUBTITLE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].SUBPAGE\f[R]@@\f[CB].END SUBPAGE +\f[CB].SUBTITLE \f[I]text \f[R]@(=\f[CB].ST\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].T\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TITLE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].TAB STOPS \f[I]n,n, \*[Ellipsis] ,n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TS\f[R])@ +\f[CB].TEST PAGE \f[I]n \f[R]@(=\f[CB].TP\f[R])@ +\f[CB].TITLE text\f[R]@(=\f[CB].T\f[R])@ +\f[CB].TP\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TEST PAGE\f[R])@ +\f[CB].TS\f[R]@(=\f[CB].TAB STOPS\f[R])@ +_ +\f[CB].UC\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R])@ +. +\f[CB].UPPER CASE\f[R]@(=\f[CB].UC\f[R])@T{ +\f[CB].LOWER CASE +.br +\f[R](\f[CB].LC\f[R]) +T} +. +_ +\f[CB].X\f[R]@(=\f[CB].INDEX\f[R])@ +. +.TE +. +.hy +.fi +. +. +.\" End of tbl ---------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.if t \{ +. endTBL +.\} +. +. +.\" use groff_hdtbl +.if t \{ +. mso hdtbl.tmac +. TableHDTBL +.\} +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH EXPERIMENTAL ADDITIONS 1965 +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +These +.I "control words" +are documented in +.FONT CI Saltzer R 's +documentation of 1965. +. +It is unsure whether they were really implemented. +. +. +.P +In this documentation, all +.I control words +are written in +.IR "lower case" . +. +The writing in +.I upper case +is not mentioned, the same is true for +.IR abbreviations . +. +So this documentation uses only +.IR "lower case" . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FIGURE +This +.I control word +turns control over to a +.I figure +.IR processor , +which creates in +.I core memory +a representation of a +.I flow diagram +under the control of a few special +.IR "control words" . +When the +.I control word +.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" +is encountered, the completed picture is printed immediately on the +page being generated if there is room on that page; otherwise the +.I figure +will appear at the top of the next page. +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +Text following the +.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" +.I control word +will be smoothly attached to text before the +.FONT CB .FIGURE R . +. +No break is generated. +. +(Restriction: If a +.I figure +is being held for placement at the top of the next page, another +.I figure +may not be encountered before the first one is printed.) +. +. +.P +The only +.I control words +which are recognized when in the +.I \%figure processor +are the following three: +.FONT CB .FRAME R , +.FONT CB .BOX R , +and +.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" R . +. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FRAME I " m n" +This +.I control word +intitalizes the +.I figure processor +by giving the height and width of the figure to be produced. +. +.I m +is +the height, in lines; and +.I n +is the width, in characters. +. +(Note that a 1050 types 6 lines per inch, and 10 characters per inch.) +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +Any attempt to place items in the picture which extend beyond the +boundaries will cause an error comment to be generated. +. +.I \%m +and +.I \%n +must both be less than 100 and their product must be smaller than +5400. +. +We may now think of the +.I figure +to be produced as an array of +.I m +times +.I n +elements. +. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .BOX I " i j" +The text on the lines following this +.I control word +will be placed in the +.I figure +such that the first character on the first line following the +.FONT CB .BOX +will appear in row +.IR i , +character position +-IR j . +. +The end of the text is indicated by a +.FONT CB .BOX +.I control word +for another piece of text or the +.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" +.I control +.IR word . +. +Temporarily, the text should not include underlined or overtyped +characters. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB ".END FIGURE" +This +.I control word +causes control to return to the regular +.I control processor +of the +.FONT CB RUNOFF +command, for the decision to print the picture. +. +Note that another +.FONT CB .FIGURE +.I control word +may not appear until after this +.I figure +has been printed. +. +. +.RS +.P +One further +.I control word +has been added which is intended to facilitate bringing out revised +editions of a memorandum. +. +. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .FLAG +The next line to be printed after this +.I control word +is encountered will have an asterisk placed two spaces to the right of +the right margin, as illustrated. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .DEFINE I " symbol" +. +This +.I control word +defines the value of the symbol +.I symbol +to be the number of the page currently being printed. +. +The symbol may be used later with the +.FONT CB .USE +.I control word +to cause printing of the page number in text. +. +The characters in the symbol must be mappable into the six\-bit +character set, and all symbols must be six of fewer characters. +. +. +.TP +.FONT CB .USE I " symbol" +The value of the symbol +.I symbol +is inserted into the text with a single blank preceding and no blank +following. +. +If the symbol has not been previously defined, its value is +.FONT CB 0 R . +Text may continue following a blank typed after the symbol. +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +Here is an example of the use of these +.I control +.IR words . +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +In one area of text: +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +We now discuss the operation of the typewriter +.FONT CB ".DEFINE REF1" +coordinator module, which \*[Ellipsis] +. +. +.RE +. +. +.P +In a later area of text: +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page +.FONT CB ".USE REF1" R , +the rest of \*[Ellipsis] +. +. +.RE +. +. +.P +if the first area of text were on page 14, the later line would read: +. +. +.RS +. +. +.P +As we saw in the discussion of the typewriter coordinator on page 14, +the rest of \*[Ellipsis] +. +. +.RE +.RE +.RE +- +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Further Study of Experimental Additions +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +A number of suggestions have been made for extending the +.I control word +language of +.FONT CI RUNOFF R , +and its capabilities. +. +These are listed here, primarily to elicit comment and discussion, +both on the language which describes these operations and the less +important problem of their implementation. +- +. +.TP +1. +. +Word division. +. +This is a whole are of study in itself. +. +. +.TP +2. +. +Automatic footnote insertion. +. +This was handled somewhat awkwardly in the +.FONT CB DITTO +.IR command , +although the basic approach was probably reasonable. +. +. +.TP +3. +. +Automatic page references, perhaps via some symbolic reference scheme. +. +This would enable the page number in "as was described on page 32" to +be inserted by the program. +. +The analogy with an assembly program should be hotly pursued for +ideas. +. +. +.TP +4. +. +Special provision for printing facing pages. +. +This would require alternate running heads, placing page numbers +alternately at right and left, and matching line counts on facing +pages. +. +. +.TP +5. +. +Improved page\-division rules, to prevent the last line of a paragraph +appearing alone at the top of a page, for example. +. +At present, copy must be run off to check by hand that awkward page +divisions have not been made. +. +. +.TP +6. +. +Automatic generation of page numbers for a table of contents. +. +Again, the analogy of an assembly program symbol table appears +fruitful. +. +. +.TP +7. +. +Automatic generations of an index. +. +The problem here is obtaining too many references to a given word, +many irrelevant. +. +. +.TP +8. +. +Arrangement of tabulated data. +. +This problem may have already been partly approached with the +above\-described figure generator, or the facilities already available +in +.IR RUNOFF , +but automatic setup of column widths and positions would be desirable. +. +One could include in this category the ability to call on other +programs to computer numbers to place in tables, although this is +going pretty far afield. +. +. +.TP +9. +. +Placing figures in a +.I "cut" +or +.IR inset . +. +The control language is the most difficult problem here. +. +. +.TP +10. +. +Equation typing and numbering. +. +Again, the control language appears formidable. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH MANUSCRIPT CONVENTIONS +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +Initially, +.FONT CI RUNOFF +is set to +.I FILL +mode, such as by using +.FONT CB .FILL R . +. +The filling is identical to +.FONT CI groff R 's +filling mode: +. +Text lines will normally be adjuted by inserting extra spaces in +mid\-line so that the end of the line is on the right margin. +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +. +.PP +.\" BR RUNOFF (@MAN1EXT@), +.BR groff (@MAN1EXT@), +.BR groff (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR roff (@MAN7EXT@), +.BR groff_filenames (@MAN7EXT@) +. +. +.TP +Jerome H. Saltzer 1964: +.nh +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] TYPSET and RUNOFF, Memorandum editor and \ +type\-out commands" +.hy +available at +.UR \%http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:CC\-244.html +.UE +. +. +.TP +Jerome H. Saltzer 1965: +.nh +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \(em Experimental Additions to the RUNOFF Command" +available at +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:afs/\:athena.mit.edu/\:user/\:other/\ +\:a/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:PSN\-40.html +.UE +.hy +. +. +.TP +Jerome H. Saltzer 1966: +.nh +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer \[em] Manuscript Typing and Editing" +.hy +which is available in the internet at +.UR http://\:mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:AH.9.01.html +.I MIT html +.UE +or +.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss\/\:AH.9.01.html +.I CTTS html +.UE +or +.UR \%http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:ctss/\:AH.9.01.pdf +.I CTTS pdf +.UE . +. +. +.TP +Larry Barnes 1973: +.FONT CI "Larry Barnes \[em] RUNOFF: A Program for the Preparation of Documents" +available as +.UR http://\:www.textfiles.com/\:bitsavers/\:pdf/\:sds/\:9xx/\:940/\ +\:ucbProjectGenie/\:mcjones/\:R\-37_RUNOFF.pdf +.I pdf +.UE . +. +. +.TP +.FONT CR PDP\-11 R " 1981:" +This is the latest documentation on +.FONT CI RUNOFF +available as +.UR http://\:malarky.udel.edu/\:~dmills/\:data/\:du0/\:RUNOFF.DOC +text file. +.UE . +. +More exactly, this +.FONT .CB .DOC +file is an output file produced by the +.FONT CB RUNOFF +program a long time ago. +. +This extension doesn't work on actual systems who expect a Microsoft +office file. +. +You have to rename this file by appending the +.FONT CB .txt +extension. +. +Then the file can be viewed by +.FONT CB more +or +.FONT CB less R . +. +. +.P +.nh +.UR http://\:www.cozx.com/\:~dpitts/\:ibm7090.html +Emulator for +.FONT CR "IBM 7090 CTSS" +.UE . +.hy +. +. +.P +The home page of +.FONT CI "Jerome H. Saltzer" +is +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/ +.UE . +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SS Available RUNOFF Text Files +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +You can still find text files in the +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language. +. +. +.P +In the +.nh +.UR http://\:www.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:pdp10.html +Kermit website +.UE +you find 3 files in +.FONT CI RUNOFF +language maybe of the +.FONT CR Multics +era or later: +. +.Topic +.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10133.rno +.FONT CR k10133.rno +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10mit.rnh +.FONT CR k10mit.rnh +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR ftp://\:kermit.columbia.edu/\:kermit/\:d/\:k10v3.rno +.FONT CR k10v3.rno +.UE +.hy +. +. +.P +At +.nh +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:pubs.html +.FONT CR Saltzer R 's +publication website +.UE +you find files in +.FONT CI RUNOFF +of the +.FONT CR Multics +era. +.hy +. +Search there for +.nh +.FONT CR runoff +and you will find the following 5 files: +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:whyring/\:whyring.run +.FONT CR whyring.run +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:starring/\:starring.run +.FONT CR starring.run +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:tmring.run +.FONT CR tmring.run +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:florence.run +.FONT CR "RFC1498 florence.run" +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:web.mit.edu/\:Saltzer/\:www/\:publications/\:sourcerouting/\:zurich.run +.FONT CR zurich.run +.UE +.hy +. +. +.P +Most +.nh +.FONT CI RUNOFF +files are found in the +.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/ +.FONT CR "DEC PDP\-10 archive" +.UE . +. +Many files are very old as they are written in +.I upper case +only: +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rno +normal documents +.FONT CB *.rno +in +.FONT CI RUNOFF +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=*.rnh +.FONT CB *.rnh +help files in +.FONT CI RUNOFF +.UE +. +.Topic +.UR http://\:pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/\:cgi-bin/\:searchbyname?name=runoff.* +.FONT CB runoff.* +documents about +.FONT CI RUNOFF +.UE +.hy +. +. +.SH "AUTHORS" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.authors +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "COPYING" +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.copying +. +. +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" Emacs settings +.\" -------------------------------------------------------------------- +. +.\" Local Variables: +.\" mode: nroff +.\" End: + diff --git a/src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub b/src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub index 1e71ca62..0fff2cb7 100644 --- a/src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub +++ b/src/roff/groff/Makefile.sub @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ # Rewritten by Bernd Warken and # Werner LEMBERG -# Last update: 01 May 2013 +# Last update: 06 May 2013 # `groff' is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ RM=rm -f all: $(srcdir)/groff.cpp groff_opts.tmp $(GROFF_OPTS_OUTPUT) -groff_opts.tmp: $(srcdir)/cpp +groff_opts.tmp: $(srcdir)/groff.cpp @$(GREP) -e ':.*:.*:' $< \ | sed -e 's/[ \t",]//g' > $@ @echo -n 'groff options: ' -- cgit v1.2.1