compiler: Introduce and use RoughMap for instance environments

Here we introduce a new data structure, RoughMap, inspired by the
previous `RoughTc` matching mechanism for checking instance matches.
This allows [Fam]InstEnv to be implemented as a trie indexed by these
RoughTc signatures, reducing the complexity of instance lookup and
FamInstEnv merging (done during the family instance conflict test)
from O(n) to O(log n).

The critical performance improvement currently realised by this patch is
in instance matching. In particular the RoughMap mechanism allows us to
discount many potential instances which will never match for constraints
involving type variables (see Note [Matching a RoughMap]). In realistic
code bases matchInstEnv was accounting for 50% of typechecker time due
to redundant work checking instances when simplifying instance contexts
when deriving instances. With this patch the cost is significantly
reduced.

The larger constants in InstEnv creation do mean that a few small
tests regress in allocations slightly. However, the runtime of T19703 is
reduced by a factor of 4. Moreover, the compilation time of the Cabal
library is slightly improved.

A couple of test cases are included which demonstrate significant
improvements in compile time with this patch.

This unfortunately does not fix the testcase provided in #19703 but does
fix #20933

-------------------------
Metric Decrease:
    T12425
Metric Increase:
    T13719
    T9872a
    T9872d
    hard_hole_fits
-------------------------

Co-authored-by: Matthew Pickering <matthewtpickering@gmail.com>

1 files changed, 1 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/testsuite/tests/annotations/should_fail/annfail10.stderr b/testsuite/tests/annotations/should_fail/annfail10.stderr
index fae9f514ff..9a0272ccb1 100644
--- a/testsuite/tests/annotations/should_fail/annfail10.stderr
+++ b/testsuite/tests/annotations/should_fail/annfail10.stderr
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ annfail10.hs:9:11: error:
         instance Num Integer -- Defined in ‘GHC.Num’
         instance Num Double -- Defined in ‘GHC.Float’
         ...plus three others
-        ...plus 19 instances involving out-of-scope types
+        ...plus one instance involving out-of-scope types
         (use -fprint-potential-instances to see them all)
     • In the annotation: {-# ANN f 1 #-}