PmCheck: Big refactor using guard tree variants more closely following source syntax (#18565)wip/T18565

Previously, we desugared and coverage checked plain guard trees as
described in Lower Your Guards. That caused (in !3849) quite a bit of
pain when we need to partially recover tree structure of the input
syntax to return covered sets for long-distance information, for
example.

In this refactor, I introduced a guard tree variant for each relevant
source syntax component of a pattern-match (mainly match groups, match,
GRHS, empty case, pattern binding). I made sure to share as much
coverage checking code as possible, so that the syntax-specific checking
functions are just wrappers around the more substantial checking
functions for the LYG primitives (`checkSequence`, `checkGrds`).

The refactoring payed off in clearer code and elimination of all panics
related to assumed guard tree structure and thus fixes #18565.

I also took the liberty to rename and re-arrange the order of functions
and comments in the module, deleted some dead and irrelevant Notes,
wrote some new ones and gave an overview module haddock.

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