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This implements the ideas originally put forward in
"System FC with Explicit Kind Equality" (ICFP'13).
There are several noteworthy changes with this patch:
* We now have casts in types. These change the kind
of a type. See new constructor `CastTy`.
* All types and all constructors can be promoted.
This includes GADT constructors. GADT pattern matches
take place in type family equations. In Core,
types can now be applied to coercions via the
`CoercionTy` constructor.
* Coercions can now be heterogeneous, relating types
of different kinds. A coercion proving `t1 :: k1 ~ t2 :: k2`
proves both that `t1` and `t2` are the same and also that
`k1` and `k2` are the same.
* The `Coercion` type has been significantly enhanced.
The documentation in `docs/core-spec/core-spec.pdf` reflects
the new reality.
* The type of `*` is now `*`. No more `BOX`.
* Users can write explicit kind variables in their code,
anywhere they can write type variables. For backward compatibility,
automatic inference of kind-variable binding is still permitted.
* The new extension `TypeInType` turns on the new user-facing
features.
* Type families and synonyms are now promoted to kinds. This causes
trouble with parsing `*`, leading to the somewhat awkward new
`HsAppsTy` constructor for `HsType`. This is dispatched with in
the renamer, where the kind `*` can be told apart from a
type-level multiplication operator. Without `-XTypeInType` the
old behavior persists. With `-XTypeInType`, you need to import
`Data.Kind` to get `*`, also known as `Type`.
* The kind-checking algorithms in TcHsType have been significantly
rewritten to allow for enhanced kinds.
* The new features are still quite experimental and may be in flux.
* TODO: Several open tickets: #11195, #11196, #11197, #11198, #11203.
* TODO: Update user manual.
Tickets addressed: #9017, #9173, #7961, #10524, #8566, #11142.
Updates Haddock submodule.
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In looking at Trac #9063 I decided to re-design the default
instances for associated type synonyms. Previously it was all
jolly complicated, to support generality that no one wanted, and
was arguably undesirable.
Specifically
* The default instance for an associated type can have only
type variables on the LHS. (Not type patterns.)
* There can be at most one default instances declaration for
each associated type.
To achieve this I had to do a surprisingly large amount of refactoring
of HsSyn, specifically to parameterise HsDecls.TyFamEqn over the type
of the LHS patterns.
That change in HsDecls has a (trivial) knock-on effect in Haddock, so
this commit does a submodule update too.
The net result is good though. The code is simpler; the language
specification is simpler. Happy days.
Trac #9263 and #9264 are thereby fixed as well.
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An ordered, overlapping type family instance is introduced by 'type
instance
where', followed by equations. See the new section in the user manual
(7.7.2.2) for details. The canonical example is Boolean equality at the
type
level:
type family Equals (a :: k) (b :: k) :: Bool
type instance where
Equals a a = True
Equals a b = False
A branched family instance, such as this one, checks its equations in
order
and applies only the first the matches. As explained in the note
[Instance
checking within groups] in FamInstEnv.lhs, we must be careful not to
simplify,
say, (Equals Int b) to False, because b might later unify with Int.
This commit includes all of the commits on the overlapping-tyfams
branch. SPJ
requested that I combine all my commits over the past several months
into one
monolithic commit. The following GHC repos are affected: ghc, testsuite,
utils/haddock, libraries/template-haskell, and libraries/dph.
Here are some details for the interested:
- The definition of CoAxiom has been moved from TyCon.lhs to a
new file CoAxiom.lhs. I made this decision because of the
number of definitions necessary to support BranchList.
- BranchList is a GADT whose type tracks whether it is a
singleton list or not-necessarily-a-singleton-list. The reason
I introduced this type is to increase static checking of places
where GHC code assumes that a FamInst or CoAxiom is indeed a
singleton. This assumption takes place roughly 10 times
throughout the code. I was worried that a future change to GHC
would invalidate the assumption, and GHC might subtly fail to
do the right thing. By explicitly labeling CoAxioms and
FamInsts as being Unbranched (singleton) or
Branched (not-necessarily-singleton), we make this assumption
explicit and checkable. Furthermore, to enforce the accuracy of
this label, the list of branches of a CoAxiom or FamInst is
stored using a BranchList, whose constructors constrain its
type index appropriately.
I think that the decision to use BranchList is probably the most
controversial decision I made from a code design point of view.
Although I provide conversions to/from ordinary lists, it is more
efficient to use the brList... functions provided in CoAxiom than
always to convert. The use of these functions does not wander far
from the core CoAxiom/FamInst logic.
BranchLists are motivated and explained in the note [Branched axioms] in
CoAxiom.lhs.
- The CoAxiom type has changed significantly. You can see the new
type in CoAxiom.lhs. It uses a CoAxBranch type to track
branches of the CoAxiom. Correspondingly various functions
producing and consuming CoAxioms had to change, including the
binary layout of interface files.
- To get branched axioms to work correctly, it is important to have a
notion
of type "apartness": two types are apart if they cannot unify, and no
substitution of variables can ever get them to unify, even after type
family
simplification. (This is different than the normal failure to unify
because
of the type family bit.) This notion in encoded in tcApartTys, in
Unify.lhs.
Because apartness is finer-grained than unification, the tcUnifyTys
now
calls tcApartTys.
- CoreLinting axioms has been updated, both to reflect the new
form of CoAxiom and to enforce the apartness rules of branch
application. The formalization of the new rules is in
docs/core-spec/core-spec.pdf.
- The FamInst type (in types/FamInstEnv.lhs) has changed
significantly, paralleling the changes to CoAxiom. Of course,
this forced minor changes in many files.
- There are several new Notes in FamInstEnv.lhs, including one
discussing confluent overlap and why we're not doing it.
- lookupFamInstEnv, lookupFamInstEnvConflicts, and
lookup_fam_inst_env' (the function that actually does the work)
have all been more-or-less completely rewritten. There is a
Note [lookup_fam_inst_env' implementation] describing the
implementation. One of the changes that affects other files is
to change the type of matches from a pair of (FamInst, [Type])
to a new datatype (which now includes the index of the matching
branch). This seemed a better design.
- The TySynInstD constructor in Template Haskell was updated to
use the new datatype TySynEqn. I also bumped the TH version
number, requiring changes to DPH cabal files. (That's why the
DPH repo has an overlapping-tyfams branch.)
- As SPJ requested, I refactored some of the code in HsDecls:
* splitting up TyDecl into SynDecl and DataDecl, correspondingly
changing HsTyDefn to HsDataDefn (with only one constructor)
* splitting FamInstD into TyFamInstD and DataFamInstD and
splitting FamInstDecl into DataFamInstDecl and TyFamInstDecl
* making the ClsInstD take a ClsInstDecl, for parallelism with
InstDecl's other constructors
* changing constructor TyFamily into FamDecl
* creating a FamilyDecl type that stores the details for a family
declaration; this is useful because FamilyDecls can appear in classes
but
other decls cannot
* restricting the associated types and associated type defaults for a
* class
to be the new, more restrictive types
* splitting cid_fam_insts into cid_tyfam_insts and cid_datafam_insts,
according to the new types
* perhaps one or two more that I'm overlooking
None of these changes has far-reaching implications.
- The user manual, section 7.7.2.2, is updated to describe the new type
family
instances.
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