-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- (c) The University of Glasgow 1993-2004 -- -- This is the top-level module in the native code generator. -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, CPP, GADTs, ScopedTypeVariables, UnboxedTuples #-} module AsmCodeGen ( nativeCodeGen ) where #include "HsVersions.h" #include "nativeGen/NCG.h" import qualified X86.CodeGen import qualified X86.Regs import qualified X86.Instr import qualified X86.Ppr import qualified SPARC.CodeGen import qualified SPARC.Regs import qualified SPARC.Instr import qualified SPARC.Ppr import qualified SPARC.ShortcutJump import qualified SPARC.CodeGen.Expand import qualified PPC.CodeGen import qualified PPC.Regs import qualified PPC.RegInfo import qualified PPC.Instr import qualified PPC.Ppr import RegAlloc.Liveness import qualified RegAlloc.Linear.Main as Linear import qualified GraphColor as Color import qualified RegAlloc.Graph.Main as Color import qualified RegAlloc.Graph.Stats as Color import qualified RegAlloc.Graph.TrivColorable as Color import TargetReg import Platform import Config import Instruction import PIC import Reg import NCGMonad import Dwarf import Debug import BlockId import CgUtils ( fixStgRegisters ) import Cmm import CmmUtils import Hoopl import CmmOpt ( cmmMachOpFold ) import PprCmm import CLabel import UniqFM import UniqSupply import DynFlags import Util import Unique import BasicTypes ( Alignment ) import Digraph import qualified Pretty import BufWrite import Outputable import FastString import UniqSet import ErrUtils import Module import Stream (Stream) import qualified Stream -- DEBUGGING ONLY --import OrdList import Data.List import Data.Maybe import Data.Ord ( comparing ) import Control.Exception #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 709 import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..)) #endif import Control.Monad import System.IO {- The native-code generator has machine-independent and machine-dependent modules. This module ("AsmCodeGen") is the top-level machine-independent module. Before entering machine-dependent land, we do some machine-independent optimisations (defined below) on the 'CmmStmts's. We convert to the machine-specific 'Instr' datatype with 'cmmCodeGen', assuming an infinite supply of registers. We then use a machine-independent register allocator ('regAlloc') to rejoin reality. Obviously, 'regAlloc' has machine-specific helper functions (see about "RegAllocInfo" below). Finally, we order the basic blocks of the function so as to minimise the number of jumps between blocks, by utilising fallthrough wherever possible. The machine-dependent bits break down as follows: * ["MachRegs"] Everything about the target platform's machine registers (and immediate operands, and addresses, which tend to intermingle/interact with registers). * ["MachInstrs"] Includes the 'Instr' datatype (possibly should have a module of its own), plus a miscellany of other things (e.g., 'targetDoubleSize', 'smStablePtrTable', ...) * ["MachCodeGen"] is where 'Cmm' stuff turns into machine instructions. * ["PprMach"] 'pprInstr' turns an 'Instr' into text (well, really a 'SDoc'). * ["RegAllocInfo"] In the register allocator, we manipulate 'MRegsState's, which are 'BitSet's, one bit per machine register. When we want to say something about a specific machine register (e.g., ``it gets clobbered by this instruction''), we set/unset its bit. Obviously, we do this 'BitSet' thing for efficiency reasons. The 'RegAllocInfo' module collects together the machine-specific info needed to do register allocation. * ["RegisterAlloc"] The (machine-independent) register allocator. -} -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Top-level of the native codegen data NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest = NcgImpl { cmmTopCodeGen :: RawCmmDecl -> NatM [NatCmmDecl statics instr], generateJumpTableForInstr :: instr -> Maybe (NatCmmDecl statics instr), getJumpDestBlockId :: jumpDest -> Maybe BlockId, canShortcut :: instr -> Maybe jumpDest, shortcutStatics :: (BlockId -> Maybe jumpDest) -> statics -> statics, shortcutJump :: (BlockId -> Maybe jumpDest) -> instr -> instr, pprNatCmmDecl :: NatCmmDecl statics instr -> SDoc, maxSpillSlots :: Int, allocatableRegs :: [RealReg], ncg_x86fp_kludge :: [NatCmmDecl statics instr] -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr], ncgExpandTop :: [NatCmmDecl statics instr] -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr], ncgAllocMoreStack :: Int -> NatCmmDecl statics instr -> UniqSM (NatCmmDecl statics instr), ncgMakeFarBranches :: BlockEnv CmmStatics -> [NatBasicBlock instr] -> [NatBasicBlock instr] } -------------------- nativeCodeGen :: DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> Handle -> UniqSupply -> Stream IO RawCmmGroup () -> IO UniqSupply nativeCodeGen dflags this_mod modLoc h us cmms = let platform = targetPlatform dflags nCG' :: (Outputable statics, Outputable instr, Instruction instr) => NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> IO UniqSupply nCG' ncgImpl = nativeCodeGen' dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h us cmms in case platformArch platform of ArchX86 -> nCG' (x86NcgImpl dflags) ArchX86_64 -> nCG' (x86_64NcgImpl dflags) ArchPPC -> nCG' (ppcNcgImpl dflags) ArchSPARC -> nCG' (sparcNcgImpl dflags) ArchARM {} -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for ARM" ArchARM64 -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for ARM64" ArchPPC_64 _ -> nCG' (ppcNcgImpl dflags) ArchAlpha -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for Alpha" ArchMipseb -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for mipseb" ArchMipsel -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for mipsel" ArchUnknown -> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for unknown arch" ArchJavaScript-> panic "nativeCodeGen: No NCG for JavaScript" x86NcgImpl :: DynFlags -> NcgImpl (Alignment, CmmStatics) X86.Instr.Instr X86.Instr.JumpDest x86NcgImpl dflags = (x86_64NcgImpl dflags) { ncg_x86fp_kludge = map x86fp_kludge } x86_64NcgImpl :: DynFlags -> NcgImpl (Alignment, CmmStatics) X86.Instr.Instr X86.Instr.JumpDest x86_64NcgImpl dflags = NcgImpl { cmmTopCodeGen = X86.CodeGen.cmmTopCodeGen ,generateJumpTableForInstr = X86.CodeGen.generateJumpTableForInstr dflags ,getJumpDestBlockId = X86.Instr.getJumpDestBlockId ,canShortcut = X86.Instr.canShortcut ,shortcutStatics = X86.Instr.shortcutStatics ,shortcutJump = X86.Instr.shortcutJump ,pprNatCmmDecl = X86.Ppr.pprNatCmmDecl ,maxSpillSlots = X86.Instr.maxSpillSlots dflags ,allocatableRegs = X86.Regs.allocatableRegs platform ,ncg_x86fp_kludge = id ,ncgAllocMoreStack = X86.Instr.allocMoreStack platform ,ncgExpandTop = id ,ncgMakeFarBranches = const id } where platform = targetPlatform dflags ppcNcgImpl :: DynFlags -> NcgImpl CmmStatics PPC.Instr.Instr PPC.RegInfo.JumpDest ppcNcgImpl dflags = NcgImpl { cmmTopCodeGen = PPC.CodeGen.cmmTopCodeGen ,generateJumpTableForInstr = PPC.CodeGen.generateJumpTableForInstr dflags ,getJumpDestBlockId = PPC.RegInfo.getJumpDestBlockId ,canShortcut = PPC.RegInfo.canShortcut ,shortcutStatics = PPC.RegInfo.shortcutStatics ,shortcutJump = PPC.RegInfo.shortcutJump ,pprNatCmmDecl = PPC.Ppr.pprNatCmmDecl ,maxSpillSlots = PPC.Instr.maxSpillSlots dflags ,allocatableRegs = PPC.Regs.allocatableRegs platform ,ncg_x86fp_kludge = id ,ncgAllocMoreStack = PPC.Instr.allocMoreStack platform ,ncgExpandTop = id ,ncgMakeFarBranches = PPC.Instr.makeFarBranches } where platform = targetPlatform dflags sparcNcgImpl :: DynFlags -> NcgImpl CmmStatics SPARC.Instr.Instr SPARC.ShortcutJump.JumpDest sparcNcgImpl dflags = NcgImpl { cmmTopCodeGen = SPARC.CodeGen.cmmTopCodeGen ,generateJumpTableForInstr = SPARC.CodeGen.generateJumpTableForInstr dflags ,getJumpDestBlockId = SPARC.ShortcutJump.getJumpDestBlockId ,canShortcut = SPARC.ShortcutJump.canShortcut ,shortcutStatics = SPARC.ShortcutJump.shortcutStatics ,shortcutJump = SPARC.ShortcutJump.shortcutJump ,pprNatCmmDecl = SPARC.Ppr.pprNatCmmDecl ,maxSpillSlots = SPARC.Instr.maxSpillSlots dflags ,allocatableRegs = SPARC.Regs.allocatableRegs ,ncg_x86fp_kludge = id ,ncgAllocMoreStack = noAllocMoreStack ,ncgExpandTop = map SPARC.CodeGen.Expand.expandTop ,ncgMakeFarBranches = const id } -- -- Allocating more stack space for spilling is currently only -- supported for the linear register allocator on x86/x86_64, the rest -- default to the panic below. To support allocating extra stack on -- more platforms provide a definition of ncgAllocMoreStack. -- noAllocMoreStack :: Int -> NatCmmDecl statics instr -> UniqSM (NatCmmDecl statics instr) noAllocMoreStack amount _ = panic $ "Register allocator: out of stack slots (need " ++ show amount ++ ")\n" ++ " If you are trying to compile SHA1.hs from the crypto library then this\n" ++ " is a known limitation in the linear allocator.\n" ++ "\n" ++ " Try enabling the graph colouring allocator with -fregs-graph instead." ++ " You can still file a bug report if you like.\n" -- | Data accumulated during code generation. Mostly about statistics, -- but also collects debug data for DWARF generation. data NativeGenAcc statics instr = NGS { ngs_imports :: ![[CLabel]] , ngs_natives :: ![[NatCmmDecl statics instr]] -- ^ Native code generated, for statistics. This might -- hold a lot of data, so it is important to clear this -- field as early as possible if it isn't actually -- required. , ngs_colorStats :: ![[Color.RegAllocStats statics instr]] , ngs_linearStats :: ![[Linear.RegAllocStats]] , ngs_labels :: ![Label] , ngs_debug :: ![DebugBlock] , ngs_dwarfFiles :: !DwarfFiles } nativeCodeGen' :: (Outputable statics, Outputable instr, Instruction instr) => DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> Handle -> UniqSupply -> Stream IO RawCmmGroup () -> IO UniqSupply nativeCodeGen' dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h us cmms = do -- BufHandle is a performance hack. We could hide it inside -- Pretty if it weren't for the fact that we do lots of little -- printDocs here (in order to do codegen in constant space). bufh <- newBufHandle h let ngs0 = NGS [] [] [] [] [] [] emptyUFM (ngs, us') <- cmmNativeGenStream dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl bufh us cmms ngs0 finishNativeGen dflags modLoc bufh us' ngs finishNativeGen :: Instruction instr => DynFlags -> ModLocation -> BufHandle -> UniqSupply -> NativeGenAcc statics instr -> IO UniqSupply finishNativeGen dflags modLoc bufh@(BufHandle _ _ h) us ngs = do -- Write debug data and finish let emitDw = debugLevel dflags > 0 && not (gopt Opt_SplitObjs dflags) us' <- if not emitDw then return us else do (dwarf, us') <- dwarfGen dflags modLoc us (ngs_debug ngs) emitNativeCode dflags bufh dwarf return us' bFlush bufh -- dump global NCG stats for graph coloring allocator let stats = concat (ngs_colorStats ngs) when (not (null stats)) $ do -- build the global register conflict graph let graphGlobal = foldl Color.union Color.initGraph $ [ Color.raGraph stat | stat@Color.RegAllocStatsStart{} <- stats] dump_stats (Color.pprStats stats graphGlobal) let platform = targetPlatform dflags dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_conflicts "Register conflict graph" $ Color.dotGraph (targetRegDotColor platform) (Color.trivColorable platform (targetVirtualRegSqueeze platform) (targetRealRegSqueeze platform)) $ graphGlobal -- dump global NCG stats for linear allocator let linearStats = concat (ngs_linearStats ngs) when (not (null linearStats)) $ dump_stats (Linear.pprStats (concat (ngs_natives ngs)) linearStats) -- write out the imports Pretty.printDoc Pretty.LeftMode (pprCols dflags) h $ withPprStyleDoc dflags (mkCodeStyle AsmStyle) $ makeImportsDoc dflags (concat (ngs_imports ngs)) return us' where dump_stats = dumpSDoc dflags alwaysQualify Opt_D_dump_asm_stats "NCG stats" cmmNativeGenStream :: (Outputable statics, Outputable instr, Instruction instr) => DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> BufHandle -> UniqSupply -> Stream IO RawCmmGroup () -> NativeGenAcc statics instr -> IO (NativeGenAcc statics instr, UniqSupply) cmmNativeGenStream dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h us cmm_stream ngs = do r <- Stream.runStream cmm_stream case r of Left () -> return (ngs { ngs_imports = reverse $ ngs_imports ngs , ngs_natives = reverse $ ngs_natives ngs , ngs_colorStats = reverse $ ngs_colorStats ngs , ngs_linearStats = reverse $ ngs_linearStats ngs }, us) Right (cmms, cmm_stream') -> do -- Generate debug information let debugFlag = debugLevel dflags > 0 !ndbgs | debugFlag = cmmDebugGen modLoc cmms | otherwise = [] dbgMap = debugToMap ndbgs -- Insert split marker, generate native code let splitObjs = gopt Opt_SplitObjs dflags split_marker = CmmProc mapEmpty mkSplitMarkerLabel [] $ ofBlockList (panic "split_marker_entry") [] cmms' | splitObjs = split_marker : cmms | otherwise = cmms (ngs',us') <- cmmNativeGens dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h dbgMap us cmms' ngs 0 -- Link native code information into debug blocks let !ldbgs = cmmDebugLink (ngs_labels ngs') ndbgs dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_debug "Debug Infos" (vcat $ map ppr ldbgs) -- Emit & clear DWARF information when generating split -- object files, as we need it to land in the same object file -- When using split sections, note that we do not split the debug -- info but emit all the info at once in finishNativeGen. (ngs'', us'') <- if debugFlag && splitObjs then do (dwarf, us'') <- dwarfGen dflags modLoc us ldbgs emitNativeCode dflags h dwarf return (ngs' { ngs_debug = [] , ngs_dwarfFiles = emptyUFM , ngs_labels = [] }, us'') else return (ngs' { ngs_debug = ngs_debug ngs' ++ ldbgs , ngs_labels = [] }, us') cmmNativeGenStream dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h us'' cmm_stream' ngs'' -- | Do native code generation on all these cmms. -- cmmNativeGens :: (Outputable statics, Outputable instr, Instruction instr) => DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> BufHandle -> LabelMap DebugBlock -> UniqSupply -> [RawCmmDecl] -> NativeGenAcc statics instr -> Int -> IO (NativeGenAcc statics instr, UniqSupply) cmmNativeGens _ _ _ _ _ _ us [] ngs !_ = return (ngs, us) cmmNativeGens dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h dbgMap us (cmm : cmms) ngs count = do let fileIds = ngs_dwarfFiles ngs (us', fileIds', native, imports, colorStats, linearStats) <- {-# SCC "cmmNativeGen" #-} cmmNativeGen dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl us fileIds dbgMap cmm count -- Generate .file directives for every new file that has been -- used. Note that it is important that we generate these in -- ascending order, as Clang's 3.6 assembler complains. let newFileIds = sortBy (comparing snd) $ eltsUFM $ fileIds' `minusUFM` fileIds pprDecl (f,n) = ptext (sLit "\t.file ") <> ppr n <+> doubleQuotes (ftext f) emitNativeCode dflags h $ vcat $ map pprDecl newFileIds ++ map (pprNatCmmDecl ncgImpl) native -- force evaluation all this stuff to avoid space leaks {-# SCC "seqString" #-} evaluate $ seqString (showSDoc dflags $ vcat $ map ppr imports) let !labels' = if debugLevel dflags > 0 then cmmDebugLabels isMetaInstr native else [] !natives' = if dopt Opt_D_dump_asm_stats dflags then native : ngs_natives ngs else [] mCon = maybe id (:) ngs' = ngs{ ngs_imports = imports : ngs_imports ngs , ngs_natives = natives' , ngs_colorStats = colorStats `mCon` ngs_colorStats ngs , ngs_linearStats = linearStats `mCon` ngs_linearStats ngs , ngs_labels = ngs_labels ngs ++ labels' , ngs_dwarfFiles = fileIds' } cmmNativeGens dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl h dbgMap us' cmms ngs' (count + 1) where seqString [] = () seqString (x:xs) = x `seq` seqString xs emitNativeCode :: DynFlags -> BufHandle -> SDoc -> IO () emitNativeCode dflags h sdoc = do {-# SCC "pprNativeCode" #-} Pretty.bufLeftRender h $ withPprStyleDoc dflags (mkCodeStyle AsmStyle) sdoc -- dump native code dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm "Asm code" sdoc -- | Complete native code generation phase for a single top-level chunk of Cmm. -- Dumping the output of each stage along the way. -- Global conflict graph and NGC stats cmmNativeGen :: (Outputable statics, Outputable instr, Instruction instr) => DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> UniqSupply -> DwarfFiles -> LabelMap DebugBlock -> RawCmmDecl -- ^ the cmm to generate code for -> Int -- ^ sequence number of this top thing -> IO ( UniqSupply , DwarfFiles , [NatCmmDecl statics instr] -- native code , [CLabel] -- things imported by this cmm , Maybe [Color.RegAllocStats statics instr] -- stats for the coloring register allocator , Maybe [Linear.RegAllocStats]) -- stats for the linear register allocators cmmNativeGen dflags this_mod modLoc ncgImpl us fileIds dbgMap cmm count = do let platform = targetPlatform dflags -- rewrite assignments to global regs let fixed_cmm = {-# SCC "fixStgRegisters" #-} fixStgRegisters dflags cmm -- cmm to cmm optimisations let (opt_cmm, imports) = {-# SCC "cmmToCmm" #-} cmmToCmm dflags this_mod fixed_cmm dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_opt_cmm "Optimised Cmm" (pprCmmGroup [opt_cmm]) -- generate native code from cmm let ((native, lastMinuteImports, fileIds'), usGen) = {-# SCC "genMachCode" #-} initUs us $ genMachCode dflags this_mod modLoc (cmmTopCodeGen ncgImpl) fileIds dbgMap opt_cmm dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_native "Native code" (vcat $ map (pprNatCmmDecl ncgImpl) native) -- tag instructions with register liveness information let (withLiveness, usLive) = {-# SCC "regLiveness" #-} initUs usGen $ mapM (regLiveness platform) $ map natCmmTopToLive native dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_liveness "Liveness annotations added" (vcat $ map ppr withLiveness) -- allocate registers (alloced, usAlloc, ppr_raStatsColor, ppr_raStatsLinear) <- if False -- Disabled, see #7679, #8657 -- ( gopt Opt_RegsGraph dflags -- || gopt Opt_RegsIterative dflags) then do -- the regs usable for allocation let (alloc_regs :: UniqFM (UniqSet RealReg)) = foldr (\r -> plusUFM_C unionUniqSets $ unitUFM (targetClassOfRealReg platform r) (unitUniqSet r)) emptyUFM $ allocatableRegs ncgImpl -- do the graph coloring register allocation let ((alloced, regAllocStats), usAlloc) = {-# SCC "RegAlloc" #-} initUs usLive $ Color.regAlloc dflags alloc_regs (mkUniqSet [0 .. maxSpillSlots ncgImpl]) withLiveness -- dump out what happened during register allocation dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_regalloc "Registers allocated" (vcat $ map (pprNatCmmDecl ncgImpl) alloced) dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_regalloc_stages "Build/spill stages" (vcat $ map (\(stage, stats) -> text "# --------------------------" $$ text "# cmm " <> int count <> text " Stage " <> int stage $$ ppr stats) $ zip [0..] regAllocStats) let mPprStats = if dopt Opt_D_dump_asm_stats dflags then Just regAllocStats else Nothing -- force evaluation of the Maybe to avoid space leak mPprStats `seq` return () return ( alloced, usAlloc , mPprStats , Nothing) else do -- do linear register allocation let reg_alloc proc = do (alloced, maybe_more_stack, ra_stats) <- Linear.regAlloc dflags proc case maybe_more_stack of Nothing -> return ( alloced, ra_stats ) Just amount -> do alloced' <- ncgAllocMoreStack ncgImpl amount alloced return (alloced', ra_stats ) let ((alloced, regAllocStats), usAlloc) = {-# SCC "RegAlloc" #-} initUs usLive $ liftM unzip $ mapM reg_alloc withLiveness dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_regalloc "Registers allocated" (vcat $ map (pprNatCmmDecl ncgImpl) alloced) let mPprStats = if dopt Opt_D_dump_asm_stats dflags then Just (catMaybes regAllocStats) else Nothing -- force evaluation of the Maybe to avoid space leak mPprStats `seq` return () return ( alloced, usAlloc , Nothing , mPprStats) ---- x86fp_kludge. This pass inserts ffree instructions to clear ---- the FPU stack on x86. The x86 ABI requires that the FPU stack ---- is clear, and library functions can return odd results if it ---- isn't. ---- ---- NB. must happen before shortcutBranches, because that ---- generates JXX_GBLs which we can't fix up in x86fp_kludge. let kludged = {-# SCC "x86fp_kludge" #-} ncg_x86fp_kludge ncgImpl alloced ---- generate jump tables let tabled = {-# SCC "generateJumpTables" #-} generateJumpTables ncgImpl kludged ---- shortcut branches let shorted = {-# SCC "shortcutBranches" #-} shortcutBranches dflags ncgImpl tabled ---- sequence blocks let sequenced = {-# SCC "sequenceBlocks" #-} map (sequenceTop ncgImpl) shorted ---- expansion of SPARC synthetic instrs let expanded = {-# SCC "sparc_expand" #-} ncgExpandTop ncgImpl sequenced dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_asm_expanded "Synthetic instructions expanded" (vcat $ map (pprNatCmmDecl ncgImpl) expanded) return ( usAlloc , fileIds' , expanded , lastMinuteImports ++ imports , ppr_raStatsColor , ppr_raStatsLinear) x86fp_kludge :: NatCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) X86.Instr.Instr -> NatCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) X86.Instr.Instr x86fp_kludge top@(CmmData _ _) = top x86fp_kludge (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph code)) = CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph $ X86.Instr.i386_insert_ffrees code) -- | Build a doc for all the imports. -- makeImportsDoc :: DynFlags -> [CLabel] -> SDoc makeImportsDoc dflags imports = dyld_stubs imports $$ -- On recent versions of Darwin, the linker supports -- dead-stripping of code and data on a per-symbol basis. -- There's a hack to make this work in PprMach.pprNatCmmDecl. (if platformHasSubsectionsViaSymbols platform then text ".subsections_via_symbols" else Outputable.empty) $$ -- On recent GNU ELF systems one can mark an object file -- as not requiring an executable stack. If all objects -- linked into a program have this note then the program -- will not use an executable stack, which is good for -- security. GHC generated code does not need an executable -- stack so add the note in: (if platformHasGnuNonexecStack platform then text ".section .note.GNU-stack,\"\",@progbits" else Outputable.empty) $$ -- And just because every other compiler does, let's stick in -- an identifier directive: .ident "GHC x.y.z" (if platformHasIdentDirective platform then let compilerIdent = text "GHC" <+> text cProjectVersion in text ".ident" <+> doubleQuotes compilerIdent else Outputable.empty) where platform = targetPlatform dflags arch = platformArch platform os = platformOS platform -- Generate "symbol stubs" for all external symbols that might -- come from a dynamic library. dyld_stubs :: [CLabel] -> SDoc {- dyld_stubs imps = vcat $ map pprDyldSymbolStub $ map head $ group $ sort imps-} -- (Hack) sometimes two Labels pretty-print the same, but have -- different uniques; so we compare their text versions... dyld_stubs imps | needImportedSymbols dflags arch os = vcat $ (pprGotDeclaration dflags arch os :) $ map ( pprImportedSymbol dflags platform . fst . head) $ groupBy (\(_,a) (_,b) -> a == b) $ sortBy (\(_,a) (_,b) -> compare a b) $ map doPpr $ imps | otherwise = Outputable.empty doPpr lbl = (lbl, renderWithStyle dflags (pprCLabel platform lbl) astyle) astyle = mkCodeStyle AsmStyle -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Sequencing the basic blocks -- Cmm BasicBlocks are self-contained entities: they always end in a -- jump, either non-local or to another basic block in the same proc. -- In this phase, we attempt to place the basic blocks in a sequence -- such that as many of the local jumps as possible turn into -- fallthroughs. sequenceTop :: Instruction instr => NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> NatCmmDecl statics instr -> NatCmmDecl statics instr sequenceTop _ top@(CmmData _ _) = top sequenceTop ncgImpl (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph blocks)) = CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph $ ncgMakeFarBranches ncgImpl info $ sequenceBlocks info blocks) -- The algorithm is very simple (and stupid): we make a graph out of -- the blocks where there is an edge from one block to another iff the -- first block ends by jumping to the second. Then we topologically -- sort this graph. Then traverse the list: for each block, we first -- output the block, then if it has an out edge, we move the -- destination of the out edge to the front of the list, and continue. -- FYI, the classic layout for basic blocks uses postorder DFS; this -- algorithm is implemented in Hoopl. sequenceBlocks :: Instruction instr => BlockEnv i -> [NatBasicBlock instr] -> [NatBasicBlock instr] sequenceBlocks _ [] = [] sequenceBlocks infos (entry:blocks) = seqBlocks infos (mkNode entry : reverse (flattenSCCs (sccBlocks blocks))) -- the first block is the entry point ==> it must remain at the start. sccBlocks :: Instruction instr => [NatBasicBlock instr] -> [SCC ( NatBasicBlock instr , BlockId , [BlockId])] sccBlocks blocks = stronglyConnCompFromEdgedVerticesR (map mkNode blocks) -- we're only interested in the last instruction of -- the block, and only if it has a single destination. getOutEdges :: Instruction instr => [instr] -> [BlockId] getOutEdges instrs = case jumpDestsOfInstr (last instrs) of [one] -> [one] _many -> [] mkNode :: (Instruction t) => GenBasicBlock t -> (GenBasicBlock t, BlockId, [BlockId]) mkNode block@(BasicBlock id instrs) = (block, id, getOutEdges instrs) seqBlocks :: BlockEnv i -> [(GenBasicBlock t1, BlockId, [BlockId])] -> [GenBasicBlock t1] seqBlocks infos blocks = placeNext pullable0 todo0 where -- pullable: Blocks that are not yet placed -- todo: Original order of blocks, to be followed if we have no good -- reason not to; -- may include blocks that have already been placed, but then -- these are not in pullable pullable0 = listToUFM [ (i,(b,n)) | (b,i,n) <- blocks ] todo0 = [i | (_,i,_) <- blocks ] placeNext _ [] = [] placeNext pullable (i:rest) | Just (block, pullable') <- lookupDeleteUFM pullable i = place pullable' rest block | otherwise -- We already placed this block, so ignore = placeNext pullable rest place pullable todo (block,[]) = block : placeNext pullable todo place pullable todo (block@(BasicBlock id instrs),[next]) | mapMember next infos = block : placeNext pullable todo | Just (nextBlock, pullable') <- lookupDeleteUFM pullable next = BasicBlock id (init instrs) : place pullable' todo nextBlock | otherwise = block : placeNext pullable todo place _ _ (_,tooManyNextNodes) = pprPanic "seqBlocks" (ppr tooManyNextNodes) lookupDeleteUFM :: Uniquable key => UniqFM elt -> key -> Maybe (elt, UniqFM elt) lookupDeleteUFM m k = do -- Maybe monad v <- lookupUFM m k return (v, delFromUFM m k) -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Generate jump tables -- Analyzes all native code and generates data sections for all jump -- table instructions. generateJumpTables :: NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr] -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr] generateJumpTables ncgImpl xs = concatMap f xs where f p@(CmmProc _ _ _ (ListGraph xs)) = p : concatMap g xs f p = [p] g (BasicBlock _ xs) = catMaybes (map (generateJumpTableForInstr ncgImpl) xs) -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Shortcut branches shortcutBranches :: DynFlags -> NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr] -> [NatCmmDecl statics instr] shortcutBranches dflags ncgImpl tops | optLevel dflags < 1 = tops -- only with -O or higher | otherwise = map (apply_mapping ncgImpl mapping) tops' where (tops', mappings) = mapAndUnzip (build_mapping ncgImpl) tops mapping = foldr plusUFM emptyUFM mappings build_mapping :: NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> GenCmmDecl d (BlockEnv t) (ListGraph instr) -> (GenCmmDecl d (BlockEnv t) (ListGraph instr), UniqFM jumpDest) build_mapping _ top@(CmmData _ _) = (top, emptyUFM) build_mapping _ (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph [])) = (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph []), emptyUFM) build_mapping ncgImpl (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph (head:blocks))) = (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph (head:others)), mapping) -- drop the shorted blocks, but don't ever drop the first one, -- because it is pointed to by a global label. where -- find all the blocks that just consist of a jump that can be -- shorted. -- Don't completely eliminate loops here -- that can leave a dangling jump! (_, shortcut_blocks, others) = foldl split (emptyBlockSet, [], []) blocks split (s, shortcut_blocks, others) b@(BasicBlock id [insn]) | Just jd <- canShortcut ncgImpl insn, Just dest <- getJumpDestBlockId ncgImpl jd, not (has_info id), (setMember dest s) || dest == id -- loop checks = (s, shortcut_blocks, b : others) split (s, shortcut_blocks, others) (BasicBlock id [insn]) | Just dest <- canShortcut ncgImpl insn, not (has_info id) = (setInsert id s, (id,dest) : shortcut_blocks, others) split (s, shortcut_blocks, others) other = (s, shortcut_blocks, other : others) -- do not eliminate blocks that have an info table has_info l = mapMember l info -- build a mapping from BlockId to JumpDest for shorting branches mapping = foldl add emptyUFM shortcut_blocks add ufm (id,dest) = addToUFM ufm id dest apply_mapping :: NcgImpl statics instr jumpDest -> UniqFM jumpDest -> GenCmmDecl statics h (ListGraph instr) -> GenCmmDecl statics h (ListGraph instr) apply_mapping ncgImpl ufm (CmmData sec statics) = CmmData sec (shortcutStatics ncgImpl (lookupUFM ufm) statics) apply_mapping ncgImpl ufm (CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph blocks)) = CmmProc info lbl live (ListGraph $ map short_bb blocks) where short_bb (BasicBlock id insns) = BasicBlock id $! map short_insn insns short_insn i = shortcutJump ncgImpl (lookupUFM ufm) i -- shortcutJump should apply the mapping repeatedly, -- just in case we can short multiple branches. -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Instruction selection -- Native code instruction selection for a chunk of stix code. For -- this part of the computation, we switch from the UniqSM monad to -- the NatM monad. The latter carries not only a Unique, but also an -- Int denoting the current C stack pointer offset in the generated -- code; this is needed for creating correct spill offsets on -- architectures which don't offer, or for which it would be -- prohibitively expensive to employ, a frame pointer register. Viz, -- x86. -- The offset is measured in bytes, and indicates the difference -- between the current (simulated) C stack-ptr and the value it was at -- the beginning of the block. For stacks which grow down, this value -- should be either zero or negative. -- Switching between the two monads whilst carrying along the same -- Unique supply breaks abstraction. Is that bad? genMachCode :: DynFlags -> Module -> ModLocation -> (RawCmmDecl -> NatM [NatCmmDecl statics instr]) -> DwarfFiles -> LabelMap DebugBlock -> RawCmmDecl -> UniqSM ( [NatCmmDecl statics instr] , [CLabel] , DwarfFiles) genMachCode dflags this_mod modLoc cmmTopCodeGen fileIds dbgMap cmm_top = do { initial_us <- getUniqueSupplyM ; let initial_st = mkNatM_State initial_us 0 dflags this_mod modLoc fileIds dbgMap (new_tops, final_st) = initNat initial_st (cmmTopCodeGen cmm_top) final_delta = natm_delta final_st final_imports = natm_imports final_st ; if final_delta == 0 then return (new_tops, final_imports, natm_fileid final_st) else pprPanic "genMachCode: nonzero final delta" (int final_delta) } -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Generic Cmm optimiser {- Here we do: (a) Constant folding (c) Position independent code and dynamic linking (i) introduce the appropriate indirections and position independent refs (ii) compile a list of imported symbols (d) Some arch-specific optimizations (a) will be moving to the new Hoopl pipeline, however, (c) and (d) are only needed by the native backend and will continue to live here. Ideas for other things we could do (put these in Hoopl please!): - shortcut jumps-to-jumps - simple CSE: if an expr is assigned to a temp, then replace later occs of that expr with the temp, until the expr is no longer valid (can push through temp assignments, and certain assigns to mem...) -} cmmToCmm :: DynFlags -> Module -> RawCmmDecl -> (RawCmmDecl, [CLabel]) cmmToCmm _ _ top@(CmmData _ _) = (top, []) cmmToCmm dflags this_mod (CmmProc info lbl live graph) = runCmmOpt dflags this_mod $ do blocks' <- mapM cmmBlockConFold (toBlockList graph) return $ CmmProc info lbl live (ofBlockList (g_entry graph) blocks') newtype CmmOptM a = CmmOptM (DynFlags -> Module -> [CLabel] -> (# a, [CLabel] #)) instance Functor CmmOptM where fmap = liftM instance Applicative CmmOptM where pure x = CmmOptM $ \_ _ imports -> (# x, imports #) (<*>) = ap instance Monad CmmOptM where return = pure (CmmOptM f) >>= g = CmmOptM $ \dflags this_mod imports -> case f dflags this_mod imports of (# x, imports' #) -> case g x of CmmOptM g' -> g' dflags this_mod imports' instance CmmMakeDynamicReferenceM CmmOptM where addImport = addImportCmmOpt getThisModule = CmmOptM $ \_ this_mod imports -> (# this_mod, imports #) addImportCmmOpt :: CLabel -> CmmOptM () addImportCmmOpt lbl = CmmOptM $ \_ _ imports -> (# (), lbl:imports #) instance HasDynFlags CmmOptM where getDynFlags = CmmOptM $ \dflags _ imports -> (# dflags, imports #) runCmmOpt :: DynFlags -> Module -> CmmOptM a -> (a, [CLabel]) runCmmOpt dflags this_mod (CmmOptM f) = case f dflags this_mod [] of (# result, imports #) -> (result, imports) cmmBlockConFold :: CmmBlock -> CmmOptM CmmBlock cmmBlockConFold block = do let (entry, middle, last) = blockSplit block stmts = blockToList middle stmts' <- mapM cmmStmtConFold stmts last' <- cmmStmtConFold last return $ blockJoin entry (blockFromList stmts') last' -- This does three optimizations, but they're very quick to check, so we don't -- bother turning them off even when the Hoopl code is active. Since -- this is on the old Cmm representation, we can't reuse the code either: -- * reg = reg --> nop -- * if 0 then jump --> nop -- * if 1 then jump --> jump -- We might be tempted to skip this step entirely of not Opt_PIC, but -- there is some PowerPC code for the non-PIC case, which would also -- have to be separated. cmmStmtConFold :: CmmNode e x -> CmmOptM (CmmNode e x) cmmStmtConFold stmt = case stmt of CmmAssign reg src -> do src' <- cmmExprConFold DataReference src return $ case src' of CmmReg reg' | reg == reg' -> CmmComment (fsLit "nop") new_src -> CmmAssign reg new_src CmmStore addr src -> do addr' <- cmmExprConFold DataReference addr src' <- cmmExprConFold DataReference src return $ CmmStore addr' src' CmmCall { cml_target = addr } -> do addr' <- cmmExprConFold JumpReference addr return $ stmt { cml_target = addr' } CmmUnsafeForeignCall target regs args -> do target' <- case target of ForeignTarget e conv -> do e' <- cmmExprConFold CallReference e return $ ForeignTarget e' conv PrimTarget _ -> return target args' <- mapM (cmmExprConFold DataReference) args return $ CmmUnsafeForeignCall target' regs args' CmmCondBranch test true false likely -> do test' <- cmmExprConFold DataReference test return $ case test' of CmmLit (CmmInt 0 _) -> CmmBranch false CmmLit (CmmInt _ _) -> CmmBranch true _other -> CmmCondBranch test' true false likely CmmSwitch expr ids -> do expr' <- cmmExprConFold DataReference expr return $ CmmSwitch expr' ids other -> return other cmmExprConFold :: ReferenceKind -> CmmExpr -> CmmOptM CmmExpr cmmExprConFold referenceKind expr = do dflags <- getDynFlags -- With -O1 and greater, the cmmSink pass does constant-folding, so -- we don't need to do it again here. let expr' = if optLevel dflags >= 1 then expr else cmmExprCon dflags expr cmmExprNative referenceKind expr' cmmExprCon :: DynFlags -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr cmmExprCon dflags (CmmLoad addr rep) = CmmLoad (cmmExprCon dflags addr) rep cmmExprCon dflags (CmmMachOp mop args) = cmmMachOpFold dflags mop (map (cmmExprCon dflags) args) cmmExprCon _ other = other -- handles both PIC and non-PIC cases... a very strange mixture -- of things to do. cmmExprNative :: ReferenceKind -> CmmExpr -> CmmOptM CmmExpr cmmExprNative referenceKind expr = do dflags <- getDynFlags let platform = targetPlatform dflags arch = platformArch platform case expr of CmmLoad addr rep -> do addr' <- cmmExprNative DataReference addr return $ CmmLoad addr' rep CmmMachOp mop args -> do args' <- mapM (cmmExprNative DataReference) args return $ CmmMachOp mop args' CmmLit (CmmBlock id) -> cmmExprNative referenceKind (CmmLit (CmmLabel (infoTblLbl id))) -- we must convert block Ids to CLabels here, because we -- might have to do the PIC transformation. Hence we must -- not modify BlockIds beyond this point. CmmLit (CmmLabel lbl) -> do cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags referenceKind lbl CmmLit (CmmLabelOff lbl off) -> do dynRef <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags referenceKind lbl -- need to optimize here, since it's late return $ cmmMachOpFold dflags (MO_Add (wordWidth dflags)) [ dynRef, (CmmLit $ CmmInt (fromIntegral off) (wordWidth dflags)) ] -- On powerpc (non-PIC), it's easier to jump directly to a label than -- to use the register table, so we replace these registers -- with the corresponding labels: CmmReg (CmmGlobal EagerBlackholeInfo) | arch == ArchPPC && not (gopt Opt_PIC dflags) -> cmmExprNative referenceKind $ CmmLit (CmmLabel (mkCmmCodeLabel rtsUnitId (fsLit "__stg_EAGER_BLACKHOLE_info"))) CmmReg (CmmGlobal GCEnter1) | arch == ArchPPC && not (gopt Opt_PIC dflags) -> cmmExprNative referenceKind $ CmmLit (CmmLabel (mkCmmCodeLabel rtsUnitId (fsLit "__stg_gc_enter_1"))) CmmReg (CmmGlobal GCFun) | arch == ArchPPC && not (gopt Opt_PIC dflags) -> cmmExprNative referenceKind $ CmmLit (CmmLabel (mkCmmCodeLabel rtsUnitId (fsLit "__stg_gc_fun"))) other -> return other