% % (c) The University of Glasgow 2006 % (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998 % Handles @deriving@ clauses on @data@ declarations. \begin{code} module TcDeriv ( tcDeriving ) where #include "HsVersions.h" import HsSyn import DynFlags import Generics import TcRnMonad import TcEnv import TcClassDcl( tcAddDeclCtxt ) -- Small helper import TcGenDeriv -- Deriv stuff import InstEnv import Inst import TcHsType import TcMType import TcSimplify import RnBinds import RnEnv import HscTypes import Class import Type import ErrUtils import MkId import DataCon import Maybes import RdrName import Name import NameSet import TyCon import TcType import Var import VarSet import PrelNames import SrcLoc import Util import ListSetOps import Outputable import FastString import Bag \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Overview %* * %************************************************************************ Overall plan ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1. Convert the decls (i.e. data/newtype deriving clauses, plus standalone deriving) to [EarlyDerivSpec] 2. Infer the missing contexts for the Left DerivSpecs 3. Add the derived bindings, generating InstInfos \begin{code} -- DerivSpec is purely local to this module data DerivSpec = DS { ds_loc :: SrcSpan , ds_orig :: InstOrigin , ds_name :: Name , ds_tvs :: [TyVar] , ds_theta :: ThetaType , ds_cls :: Class , ds_tys :: [Type] , ds_tc :: TyCon , ds_newtype :: Bool } -- This spec implies a dfun declaration of the form -- df :: forall tvs. theta => C tys -- The Name is the name for the DFun we'll build -- The tyvars bind all the variables in the theta -- For family indexes, the tycon in -- in ds_tys is the *family* tycon -- in ds_tc is the *representation* tycon -- For non-family tycons, both are the same -- ds_newtype = True <=> Newtype deriving -- False <=> Vanilla deriving type EarlyDerivSpec = Either DerivSpec DerivSpec -- Left ds => the context for the instance should be inferred -- In this case ds_theta is the list of all the -- constraints needed, such as (Eq [a], Eq a) -- The inference process is to reduce this to a -- simpler form (e.g. Eq a) -- -- Right ds => the exact context for the instance is supplied -- by the programmer; it is ds_theta pprDerivSpec :: DerivSpec -> SDoc pprDerivSpec (DS { ds_loc = l, ds_name = n, ds_tvs = tvs, ds_cls = c, ds_tys = tys, ds_theta = rhs }) = parens (hsep [ppr l, ppr n, ppr tvs, ppr c, ppr tys] <+> equals <+> ppr rhs) \end{code} Inferring missing contexts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider data T a b = C1 (Foo a) (Bar b) | C2 Int (T b a) | C3 (T a a) deriving (Eq) [NOTE: See end of these comments for what to do with data (C a, D b) => T a b = ... ] We want to come up with an instance declaration of the form instance (Ping a, Pong b, ...) => Eq (T a b) where x == y = ... It is pretty easy, albeit tedious, to fill in the code "...". The trick is to figure out what the context for the instance decl is, namely @Ping@, @Pong@ and friends. Let's call the context reqd for the T instance of class C at types (a,b, ...) C (T a b). Thus: Eq (T a b) = (Ping a, Pong b, ...) Now we can get a (recursive) equation from the @data@ decl: Eq (T a b) = Eq (Foo a) u Eq (Bar b) -- From C1 u Eq (T b a) u Eq Int -- From C2 u Eq (T a a) -- From C3 Foo and Bar may have explicit instances for @Eq@, in which case we can just substitute for them. Alternatively, either or both may have their @Eq@ instances given by @deriving@ clauses, in which case they form part of the system of equations. Now all we need do is simplify and solve the equations, iterating to find the least fixpoint. Notice that the order of the arguments can switch around, as here in the recursive calls to T. Let's suppose Eq (Foo a) = Eq a, and Eq (Bar b) = Ping b. We start with: Eq (T a b) = {} -- The empty set Next iteration: Eq (T a b) = Eq (Foo a) u Eq (Bar b) -- From C1 u Eq (T b a) u Eq Int -- From C2 u Eq (T a a) -- From C3 After simplification: = Eq a u Ping b u {} u {} u {} = Eq a u Ping b Next iteration: Eq (T a b) = Eq (Foo a) u Eq (Bar b) -- From C1 u Eq (T b a) u Eq Int -- From C2 u Eq (T a a) -- From C3 After simplification: = Eq a u Ping b u (Eq b u Ping a) u (Eq a u Ping a) = Eq a u Ping b u Eq b u Ping a The next iteration gives the same result, so this is the fixpoint. We need to make a canonical form of the RHS to ensure convergence. We do this by simplifying the RHS to a form in which - the classes constrain only tyvars - the list is sorted by tyvar (major key) and then class (minor key) - no duplicates, of course So, here are the synonyms for the ``equation'' structures: Note [Data decl contexts] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider data (RealFloat a) => Complex a = !a :+ !a deriving( Read ) We will need an instance decl like: instance (Read a, RealFloat a) => Read (Complex a) where ... The RealFloat in the context is because the read method for Complex is bound to construct a Complex, and doing that requires that the argument type is in RealFloat. But this ain't true for Show, Eq, Ord, etc, since they don't construct a Complex; they only take them apart. Our approach: identify the offending classes, and add the data type context to the instance decl. The "offending classes" are Read, Enum? FURTHER NOTE ADDED March 2002. In fact, Haskell98 now requires that pattern matching against a constructor from a data type with a context gives rise to the constraints for that context -- or at least the thinned version. So now all classes are "offending". Note [Newtype deriving] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider this: class C a b instance C [a] Char newtype T = T Char deriving( C [a] ) Notice the free 'a' in the deriving. We have to fill this out to newtype T = T Char deriving( forall a. C [a] ) And then translate it to: instance C [a] Char => C [a] T where ... Note [Newtype deriving superclasses] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (See also Trac #1220 for an interesting exchange on newtype deriving and superclasses.) The 'tys' here come from the partial application in the deriving clause. The last arg is the new instance type. We must pass the superclasses; the newtype might be an instance of them in a different way than the representation type E.g. newtype Foo a = Foo a deriving( Show, Num, Eq ) Then the Show instance is not done via isomorphism; it shows Foo 3 as "Foo 3" The Num instance is derived via isomorphism, but the Show superclass dictionary must the Show instance for Foo, *not* the Show dictionary gotten from the Num dictionary. So we must build a whole new dictionary not just use the Num one. The instance we want is something like: instance (Num a, Show (Foo a), Eq (Foo a)) => Num (Foo a) where (+) = ((+)@a) ...etc... There may be a coercion needed which we get from the tycon for the newtype when the dict is constructed in TcInstDcls.tcInstDecl2 %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[TcDeriv-driver]{Top-level function for \tr{derivings}} %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code} tcDeriving :: [LTyClDecl Name] -- All type constructors -> [LInstDecl Name] -- All instance declarations -> [LDerivDecl Name] -- All stand-alone deriving declarations -> TcM ([InstInfo Name], -- The generated "instance decls" HsValBinds Name) -- Extra generated top-level bindings tcDeriving tycl_decls inst_decls deriv_decls = recoverM (return ([], emptyValBindsOut)) $ do { -- Fish the "deriving"-related information out of the TcEnv -- And make the necessary "equations". is_boot <- tcIsHsBoot ; traceTc (text "tcDeriving" <+> ppr is_boot) ; early_specs <- makeDerivSpecs is_boot tycl_decls inst_decls deriv_decls ; overlap_flag <- getOverlapFlag ; let (infer_specs, given_specs) = splitEithers early_specs ; insts1 <- mapM (genInst overlap_flag) given_specs ; final_specs <- extendLocalInstEnv (map (iSpec . fst) insts1) $ inferInstanceContexts overlap_flag infer_specs ; insts2 <- mapM (genInst overlap_flag) final_specs -- Generate the generic to/from functions from each type declaration ; gen_binds <- mkGenericBinds is_boot ; (inst_info, rn_binds) <- renameDeriv is_boot gen_binds (insts1 ++ insts2) ; dflags <- getDOpts ; liftIO (dumpIfSet_dyn dflags Opt_D_dump_deriv "Derived instances" (ddump_deriving inst_info rn_binds)) ; return (inst_info, rn_binds) } where ddump_deriving :: [InstInfo Name] -> HsValBinds Name -> SDoc ddump_deriving inst_infos extra_binds = vcat (map pprInstInfoDetails inst_infos) $$ ppr extra_binds renameDeriv :: Bool -> LHsBinds RdrName -> [(InstInfo RdrName, DerivAuxBinds)] -> TcM ([InstInfo Name], HsValBinds Name) renameDeriv is_boot gen_binds insts | is_boot -- If we are compiling a hs-boot file, don't generate any derived bindings -- The inst-info bindings will all be empty, but it's easier to -- just use rn_inst_info to change the type appropriately = do { rn_inst_infos <- mapM rn_inst_info inst_infos ; return (rn_inst_infos, emptyValBindsOut) } | otherwise = discardWarnings $ -- Discard warnings about unused bindings etc do { (rn_gen, dus_gen) <- setOptM Opt_ScopedTypeVariables $ -- Type signatures in patterns -- are used in the generic binds rnTopBinds (ValBindsIn gen_binds []) ; keepAliveSetTc (duDefs dus_gen) -- Mark these guys to be kept alive -- Generate and rename any extra not-one-inst-decl-specific binds, -- notably "con2tag" and/or "tag2con" functions. -- Bring those names into scope before renaming the instances themselves ; loc <- getSrcSpanM -- Generic loc for shared bindings ; let aux_binds = listToBag $ map (genAuxBind loc) $ rm_dups [] $ concat deriv_aux_binds ; rn_aux_lhs <- rnTopBindsLHS emptyFsEnv (ValBindsIn aux_binds []) ; let aux_names = map unLoc (collectHsValBinders rn_aux_lhs) ; bindLocalNames aux_names $ do { (rn_aux, _dus) <- rnTopBindsRHS (mkNameSet aux_names) rn_aux_lhs ; rn_inst_infos <- mapM rn_inst_info inst_infos ; return (rn_inst_infos, rn_aux `plusHsValBinds` rn_gen) } } where (inst_infos, deriv_aux_binds) = unzip insts -- Remove duplicate requests for auxilliary bindings rm_dups acc [] = acc rm_dups acc (b:bs) | any (isDupAux b) acc = rm_dups acc bs | otherwise = rm_dups (b:acc) bs rn_inst_info (InstInfo { iSpec = inst, iBinds = NewTypeDerived }) = return (InstInfo { iSpec = inst, iBinds = NewTypeDerived }) rn_inst_info (InstInfo { iSpec = inst, iBinds = VanillaInst binds sigs }) = -- Bring the right type variables into -- scope (yuk), and rename the method binds ASSERT( null sigs ) bindLocalNames (map Var.varName tyvars) $ do { (rn_binds, _fvs) <- rnMethodBinds clas_nm (\_ -> []) [] binds ; return (InstInfo { iSpec = inst, iBinds = VanillaInst rn_binds [] }) } where (tyvars,_,clas,_) = instanceHead inst clas_nm = className clas ----------------------------------------- mkGenericBinds :: Bool -> TcM (LHsBinds RdrName) mkGenericBinds is_boot | is_boot = return emptyBag | otherwise = do { gbl_env <- getGblEnv ; let tcs = typeEnvTyCons (tcg_type_env gbl_env) ; return (unionManyBags [ mkTyConGenericBinds tc | tc <- tcs, tyConHasGenerics tc ]) } -- We are only interested in the data type declarations, -- and then only in the ones whose 'has-generics' flag is on -- The predicate tyConHasGenerics finds both of these \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * From HsSyn to DerivSpec %* * %************************************************************************ @makeDerivSpecs@ fishes around to find the info about needed derived instances. \begin{code} makeDerivSpecs :: Bool -> [LTyClDecl Name] -> [LInstDecl Name] -> [LDerivDecl Name] -> TcM [EarlyDerivSpec] makeDerivSpecs is_boot tycl_decls inst_decls deriv_decls | is_boot -- No 'deriving' at all in hs-boot files = do { mapM_ add_deriv_err deriv_locs ; return [] } | otherwise = do { eqns1 <- mapAndRecoverM deriveTyData all_tydata ; eqns2 <- mapAndRecoverM deriveStandalone deriv_decls ; return (eqns1 ++ eqns2) } where extractTyDataPreds decls = [(p, d) | d@(L _ (TyData {tcdDerivs = Just preds})) <- decls, p <- preds] all_tydata :: [(LHsType Name, LTyClDecl Name)] -- Derived predicate paired with its data type declaration all_tydata = extractTyDataPreds tycl_decls ++ [ pd -- Traverse assoc data families | L _ (InstDecl _ _ _ ats) <- inst_decls , pd <- extractTyDataPreds ats ] deriv_locs = map (getLoc . snd) all_tydata ++ map getLoc deriv_decls add_deriv_err loc = setSrcSpan loc $ addErr (hang (ptext (sLit "Deriving not permitted in hs-boot file")) 2 (ptext (sLit "Use an instance declaration instead"))) ------------------------------------------------------------------ deriveStandalone :: LDerivDecl Name -> TcM EarlyDerivSpec -- Standalone deriving declarations -- e.g. deriving instance Show a => Show (T a) -- Rather like tcLocalInstDecl deriveStandalone (L loc (DerivDecl deriv_ty)) = setSrcSpan loc $ addErrCtxt (standaloneCtxt deriv_ty) $ do { traceTc (text "standalone deriving decl for" <+> ppr deriv_ty) ; (tvs, theta, tau) <- tcHsInstHead deriv_ty ; traceTc (text "standalone deriving;" <+> text "tvs:" <+> ppr tvs <+> text "theta:" <+> ppr theta <+> text "tau:" <+> ppr tau) ; (cls, inst_tys) <- checkValidInstHead tau ; checkValidInstance tvs theta cls inst_tys -- C.f. TcInstDcls.tcLocalInstDecl1 ; let cls_tys = take (length inst_tys - 1) inst_tys inst_ty = last inst_tys ; traceTc (text "standalone deriving;" <+> text "class:" <+> ppr cls <+> text "class types:" <+> ppr cls_tys <+> text "type:" <+> ppr inst_ty) ; mkEqnHelp StandAloneDerivOrigin tvs cls cls_tys inst_ty (Just theta) } ------------------------------------------------------------------ deriveTyData :: (LHsType Name, LTyClDecl Name) -> TcM EarlyDerivSpec deriveTyData (L loc deriv_pred, L _ decl@(TyData { tcdLName = L _ tycon_name, tcdTyVars = tv_names, tcdTyPats = ty_pats })) = setSrcSpan loc $ -- Use the location of the 'deriving' item tcAddDeclCtxt decl $ do { (tvs, tc, tc_args) <- get_lhs ty_pats ; tcExtendTyVarEnv tvs $ -- Deriving preds may (now) mention -- the type variables for the type constructor do { (deriv_tvs, cls, cls_tys) <- tcHsDeriv deriv_pred -- The "deriv_pred" is a LHsType to take account of the fact that for -- newtype deriving we allow deriving (forall a. C [a]). -- Given data T a b c = ... deriving( C d ), -- we want to drop type variables from T so that (C d (T a)) is well-kinded ; let cls_tyvars = classTyVars cls kind = tyVarKind (last cls_tyvars) (arg_kinds, _) = splitKindFunTys kind n_args_to_drop = length arg_kinds n_args_to_keep = tyConArity tc - n_args_to_drop args_to_drop = drop n_args_to_keep tc_args inst_ty = mkTyConApp tc (take n_args_to_keep tc_args) inst_ty_kind = typeKind inst_ty dropped_tvs = mkVarSet (mapCatMaybes getTyVar_maybe args_to_drop) univ_tvs = (mkVarSet tvs `extendVarSetList` deriv_tvs) `minusVarSet` dropped_tvs -- Check that the result really is well-kinded ; checkTc (n_args_to_keep >= 0 && (inst_ty_kind `eqKind` kind)) (derivingKindErr tc cls cls_tys kind) ; checkTc (sizeVarSet dropped_tvs == n_args_to_drop && -- (a) tyVarsOfTypes (inst_ty:cls_tys) `subVarSet` univ_tvs) -- (b) (derivingEtaErr cls cls_tys inst_ty) -- Check that -- (a) The data type can be eta-reduced; eg reject: -- data instance T a a = ... deriving( Monad ) -- (b) The type class args do not mention any of the dropped type -- variables -- newtype T a s = ... deriving( ST s ) -- Type families can't be partially applied -- e.g. newtype instance T Int a = MkT [a] deriving( Monad ) -- Note [Deriving, type families, and partial applications] ; checkTc (not (isOpenTyCon tc) || n_args_to_drop == 0) (typeFamilyPapErr tc cls cls_tys inst_ty) ; mkEqnHelp DerivOrigin (varSetElems univ_tvs) cls cls_tys inst_ty Nothing } } where -- Tiresomely we must figure out the "lhs", which is awkward for type families -- E.g. data T a b = .. deriving( Eq ) -- Here, the lhs is (T a b) -- data instance TF Int b = ... deriving( Eq ) -- Here, the lhs is (TF Int b) -- But if we just look up the tycon_name, we get is the *family* -- tycon, but not pattern types -- they are in the *rep* tycon. get_lhs Nothing = do { tc <- tcLookupTyCon tycon_name ; let tvs = tyConTyVars tc ; return (tvs, tc, mkTyVarTys tvs) } get_lhs (Just pats) = do { let hs_app = nlHsTyConApp tycon_name pats ; (tvs, tc_app) <- tcHsQuantifiedType tv_names hs_app ; let (tc, tc_args) = tcSplitTyConApp tc_app ; return (tvs, tc, tc_args) } deriveTyData _other = panic "derivTyData" -- Caller ensures that only TyData can happen \end{code} Note [Deriving, type families, and partial applications] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When there are no type families, it's quite easy: newtype S a = MkS [a] -- :CoS :: S ~ [] -- Eta-reduced instance Eq [a] => Eq (S a) -- by coercion sym (Eq (coMkS a)) : Eq [a] ~ Eq (S a) instance Monad [] => Monad S -- by coercion sym (Monad coMkS) : Monad [] ~ Monad S When type familes are involved it's trickier: data family T a b newtype instance T Int a = MkT [a] deriving( Eq, Monad ) -- :RT is the representation type for (T Int a) -- :CoF:R1T a :: T Int a ~ :RT a -- Not eta reduced -- :Co:R1T :: :RT ~ [] -- Eta-reduced instance Eq [a] => Eq (T Int a) -- easy by coercion instance Monad [] => Monad (T Int) -- only if we can eta reduce??? The "???" bit is that we don't build the :CoF thing in eta-reduced form Henc the current typeFamilyPapErr, even though the instance makes sense. After all, we can write it out instance Monad [] => Monad (T Int) -- only if we can eta reduce??? return x = MkT [x] ... etc ... \begin{code} mkEqnHelp :: InstOrigin -> [TyVar] -> Class -> [Type] -> Type -> Maybe ThetaType -- Just => context supplied (standalone deriving) -- Nothing => context inferred (deriving on data decl) -> TcRn EarlyDerivSpec -- Make the EarlyDerivSpec for an instance -- forall tvs. theta => cls (tys ++ [ty]) -- where the 'theta' is optional (that's the Maybe part) -- Assumes that this declaration is well-kinded mkEqnHelp orig tvs cls cls_tys tc_app mtheta | Just (tycon, tc_args) <- tcSplitTyConApp_maybe tc_app , isAlgTyCon tycon -- Check for functions, primitive types etc = do { (rep_tc, rep_tc_args) <- tcLookupFamInstExact tycon tc_args -- Be careful to test rep_tc here: in the case of families, -- we want to check the instance tycon, not the family tycon -- For standalone deriving (mtheta /= Nothing), -- check that all the data constructors are in scope. -- No need for this when deriving Typeable, becuase we don't need -- the constructors for that. ; rdr_env <- getGlobalRdrEnv ; let hidden_data_cons = isAbstractTyCon rep_tc || any not_in_scope (tyConDataCons rep_tc) not_in_scope dc = null (lookupGRE_Name rdr_env (dataConName dc)) ; checkTc (isNothing mtheta || not hidden_data_cons || className cls `elem` typeableClassNames) (derivingHiddenErr tycon) ; mayDeriveDataTypeable <- doptM Opt_DeriveDataTypeable ; newtype_deriving <- doptM Opt_GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving ; if isDataTyCon rep_tc then mkDataTypeEqn orig mayDeriveDataTypeable tvs cls cls_tys tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta else mkNewTypeEqn orig mayDeriveDataTypeable newtype_deriving tvs cls cls_tys tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta } | otherwise = failWithTc (derivingThingErr cls cls_tys tc_app (ptext (sLit "The last argument of the instance must be a data or newtype application"))) \end{code} Note [Looking up family instances for deriving] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tcLookupFamInstExact is an auxiliary lookup wrapper which requires that looked-up family instances exist. If called with a vanilla tycon, the old type application is simply returned. If we have data instance F () = ... deriving Eq data instance F () = ... deriving Eq then tcLookupFamInstExact will be confused by the two matches; but that can't happen because tcInstDecls1 doesn't call tcDeriving if there are any overlaps. There are two other things that might go wrong with the lookup. First, we might see a standalone deriving clause deriving Eq (F ()) when there is no data instance F () in scope. Note that it's OK to have data instance F [a] = ... deriving Eq (F [(a,b)]) where the match is not exact; the same holds for ordinary data types with standalone deriving declrations. \begin{code} tcLookupFamInstExact :: TyCon -> [Type] -> TcM (TyCon, [Type]) tcLookupFamInstExact tycon tys | not (isOpenTyCon tycon) = return (tycon, tys) | otherwise = do { maybeFamInst <- tcLookupFamInst tycon tys ; case maybeFamInst of Nothing -> famInstNotFound tycon tys Just famInst -> return famInst } famInstNotFound :: TyCon -> [Type] -> TcM a famInstNotFound tycon tys = failWithTc (ptext (sLit "No family instance for") <+> quotes (pprTypeApp tycon tys)) \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Deriving data types %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code} mkDataTypeEqn :: InstOrigin -> Bool -> [Var] -> Class -> [Type] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> Maybe ThetaType -> TcRn EarlyDerivSpec -- Return 'Nothing' if error mkDataTypeEqn orig mayDeriveDataTypeable tvs cls cls_tys tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta = case checkSideConditions mayDeriveDataTypeable cls cls_tys rep_tc of -- NB: pass the *representation* tycon to checkSideConditions CanDerive -> mk_data_eqn orig tvs cls tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta NonDerivableClass -> bale_out (nonStdErr cls) DerivableClassError msg -> bale_out msg where bale_out msg = failWithTc (derivingThingErr cls cls_tys (mkTyConApp tycon tc_args) msg) mk_data_eqn, mk_typeable_eqn :: InstOrigin -> [TyVar] -> Class -> TyCon -> [TcType] -> TyCon -> [TcType] -> Maybe ThetaType -> TcM EarlyDerivSpec mk_data_eqn orig tvs cls tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta | getName cls `elem` typeableClassNames = mk_typeable_eqn orig tvs cls tycon tc_args rep_tc rep_tc_args mtheta | otherwise = do { dfun_name <- new_dfun_name cls tycon ; loc <- getSrcSpanM ; let ordinary_constraints = [ mkClassPred cls [arg_ty] | data_con <- tyConDataCons rep_tc, arg_ty <- ASSERT( isVanillaDataCon data_con ) dataConInstOrigArgTys data_con rep_tc_args, not (isUnLiftedType arg_ty) ] -- No constraints for unlifted types -- Where they are legal we generate specilised function calls -- See Note [Superclasses of derived instance] sc_constraints = substTheta (zipOpenTvSubst (classTyVars cls) inst_tys) (classSCTheta cls) inst_tys = [mkTyConApp tycon tc_args] stupid_subst = zipTopTvSubst (tyConTyVars rep_tc) rep_tc_args stupid_constraints = substTheta stupid_subst (tyConStupidTheta rep_tc) all_constraints = stupid_constraints ++ sc_constraints ++ ordinary_constraints spec = DS { ds_loc = loc, ds_orig = orig , ds_name = dfun_name, ds_tvs = tvs , ds_cls = cls, ds_tys = inst_tys, ds_tc = rep_tc , ds_theta = mtheta `orElse` all_constraints , ds_newtype = False } ; return (if isJust mtheta then Right spec -- Specified context else Left spec) } -- Infer context mk_typeable_eqn orig tvs cls tycon tc_args rep_tc _rep_tc_args mtheta -- The Typeable class is special in several ways -- data T a b = ... deriving( Typeable ) -- gives -- instance Typeable2 T where ... -- Notice that: -- 1. There are no constraints in the instance -- 2. There are no type variables either -- 3. The actual class we want to generate isn't necessarily -- Typeable; it depends on the arity of the type | isNothing mtheta -- deriving on a data type decl = do { checkTc (cls `hasKey` typeableClassKey) (ptext (sLit "Use deriving( Typeable ) on a data type declaration")) ; real_cls <- tcLookupClass (typeableClassNames !! tyConArity tycon) ; mk_typeable_eqn orig tvs real_cls tycon [] rep_tc [] (Just []) } | otherwise -- standaone deriving = do { checkTc (null tc_args) (ptext (sLit "Derived typeable instance must be of form (Typeable") <> int (tyConArity tycon) <+> ppr tycon <> rparen) ; dfun_name <- new_dfun_name cls tycon ; loc <- getSrcSpanM ; return (Right $ DS { ds_loc = loc, ds_orig = orig, ds_name = dfun_name, ds_tvs = [] , ds_cls = cls, ds_tys = [mkTyConApp tycon []], ds_tc = rep_tc , ds_theta = mtheta `orElse` [], ds_newtype = False }) } ------------------------------------------------------------------ -- Check side conditions that dis-allow derivability for particular classes -- This is *apart* from the newtype-deriving mechanism -- -- Here we get the representation tycon in case of family instances as it has -- the data constructors - but we need to be careful to fall back to the -- family tycon (with indexes) in error messages. data DerivStatus = CanDerive | DerivableClassError SDoc -- Standard class, but can't do it | NonDerivableClass -- Non-standard class checkSideConditions :: Bool -> Class -> [TcType] -> TyCon -> DerivStatus checkSideConditions mayDeriveDataTypeable cls cls_tys rep_tc | Just cond <- sideConditions cls = case (cond (mayDeriveDataTypeable, rep_tc)) of Just err -> DerivableClassError err -- Class-specific error Nothing | null cls_tys -> CanDerive | otherwise -> DerivableClassError ty_args_why -- e.g. deriving( Eq s ) | otherwise = NonDerivableClass -- Not a standard class where ty_args_why = quotes (ppr (mkClassPred cls cls_tys)) <+> ptext (sLit "is not a class") nonStdErr :: Class -> SDoc nonStdErr cls = quotes (ppr cls) <+> ptext (sLit "is not a derivable class") sideConditions :: Class -> Maybe Condition sideConditions cls | cls_key == eqClassKey = Just cond_std | cls_key == ordClassKey = Just cond_std | cls_key == showClassKey = Just cond_std | cls_key == readClassKey = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_noUnliftedArgs) | cls_key == enumClassKey = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_isEnumeration) | cls_key == ixClassKey = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_enumOrProduct) | cls_key == boundedClassKey = Just (cond_std `andCond` cond_enumOrProduct) | cls_key == dataClassKey = Just (cond_mayDeriveDataTypeable `andCond` cond_std `andCond` cond_noUnliftedArgs) | getName cls `elem` typeableClassNames = Just (cond_mayDeriveDataTypeable `andCond` cond_typeableOK) | otherwise = Nothing where cls_key = getUnique cls type Condition = (Bool, TyCon) -> Maybe SDoc -- Bool is whether or not we are allowed to derive Data and Typeable -- TyCon is the *representation* tycon if the -- data type is an indexed one -- Nothing => OK orCond :: Condition -> Condition -> Condition orCond c1 c2 tc = case c1 tc of Nothing -> Nothing -- c1 succeeds Just x -> case c2 tc of -- c1 fails Nothing -> Nothing Just y -> Just (x $$ ptext (sLit " and") $$ y) -- Both fail andCond :: Condition -> Condition -> Condition andCond c1 c2 tc = case c1 tc of Nothing -> c2 tc -- c1 succeeds Just x -> Just x -- c1 fails cond_std :: Condition cond_std (_, rep_tc) | any (not . isVanillaDataCon) data_cons = Just existential_why | null data_cons = Just no_cons_why | otherwise = Nothing where data_cons = tyConDataCons rep_tc no_cons_why = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has no data constructors") existential_why = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has non-Haskell-98 constructor(s)") cond_enumOrProduct :: Condition cond_enumOrProduct = cond_isEnumeration `orCond` (cond_isProduct `andCond` cond_noUnliftedArgs) cond_noUnliftedArgs :: Condition -- For some classes (eg Eq, Ord) we allow unlifted arg types -- by generating specilaised code. For others (eg Data) we don't. cond_noUnliftedArgs (_, tc) | null bad_cons = Nothing | otherwise = Just why where bad_cons = [ con | con <- tyConDataCons tc , any isUnLiftedType (dataConOrigArgTys con) ] why = ptext (sLit "Constructor") <+> quotes (ppr (head bad_cons)) <+> ptext (sLit "has arguments of unlifted type") cond_isEnumeration :: Condition cond_isEnumeration (_, rep_tc) | isEnumerationTyCon rep_tc = Nothing | otherwise = Just why where why = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has non-nullary constructors") cond_isProduct :: Condition cond_isProduct (_, rep_tc) | isProductTyCon rep_tc = Nothing | otherwise = Just why where why = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has more than one constructor") cond_typeableOK :: Condition -- OK for Typeable class -- Currently: (a) args all of kind * -- (b) 7 or fewer args cond_typeableOK (_, rep_tc) | tyConArity rep_tc > 7 = Just too_many | not (all (isSubArgTypeKind . tyVarKind) (tyConTyVars rep_tc)) = Just bad_kind | isFamInstTyCon rep_tc = Just fam_inst -- no Typable for family insts | otherwise = Nothing where too_many = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has too many arguments") bad_kind = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "has arguments of kind other than `*'") fam_inst = quotes (pprSourceTyCon rep_tc) <+> ptext (sLit "is a type family") cond_mayDeriveDataTypeable :: Condition cond_mayDeriveDataTypeable (mayDeriveDataTypeable, _) | mayDeriveDataTypeable = Nothing | otherwise = Just why where why = ptext (sLit "You need -XDeriveDataTypeable to derive an instance for this class") std_class_via_iso :: Class -> Bool std_class_via_iso clas -- These standard classes can be derived for a newtype -- using the isomorphism trick *even if no -fglasgow-exts* = classKey clas `elem` [eqClassKey, ordClassKey, ixClassKey, boundedClassKey] -- Not Read/Show because they respect the type -- Not Enum, because newtypes are never in Enum new_dfun_name :: Class -> TyCon -> TcM Name new_dfun_name clas tycon -- Just a simple wrapper = do { loc <- getSrcSpanM -- The location of the instance decl, not of the tycon ; newDFunName clas [mkTyConApp tycon []] loc } -- The type passed to newDFunName is only used to generate -- a suitable string; hence the empty type arg list \end{code} Note [Superclasses of derived instance] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In general, a derived instance decl needs the superclasses of the derived class too. So if we have data T a = ...deriving( Ord ) then the initial context for Ord (T a) should include Eq (T a). Often this is redundant; we'll also generate an Ord constraint for each constructor argument, and that will probably generate enough constraints to make the Eq (T a) constraint be satisfied too. But not always; consider: data S a = S instance Eq (S a) instance Ord (S a) data T a = MkT (S a) deriving( Ord ) instance Num a => Eq (T a) The derived instance for (Ord (T a)) must have a (Num a) constraint! Similarly consider: data T a = MkT deriving( Data, Typeable ) Here there *is* no argument field, but we must nevertheless generate a context for the Data instances: instance Typable a => Data (T a) where ... %************************************************************************ %* * Deriving newtypes %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code} mkNewTypeEqn :: InstOrigin -> Bool -> Bool -> [Var] -> Class -> [Type] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> Maybe ThetaType -> TcRn EarlyDerivSpec mkNewTypeEqn orig mayDeriveDataTypeable newtype_deriving tvs cls cls_tys tycon tc_args rep_tycon rep_tc_args mtheta -- Want: instance (...) => cls (cls_tys ++ [tycon tc_args]) where ... | can_derive_via_isomorphism && (newtype_deriving || std_class_via_iso cls) = do { traceTc (text "newtype deriving:" <+> ppr tycon <+> ppr rep_tys) ; dfun_name <- new_dfun_name cls tycon ; loc <- getSrcSpanM ; let spec = DS { ds_loc = loc, ds_orig = orig , ds_name = dfun_name, ds_tvs = varSetElems dfun_tvs , ds_cls = cls, ds_tys = inst_tys, ds_tc = rep_tycon , ds_theta = mtheta `orElse` all_preds , ds_newtype = True } ; return (if isJust mtheta then Right spec else Left spec) } | otherwise = case check_conditions of CanDerive -> mk_data_eqn orig tvs cls tycon tc_args rep_tycon rep_tc_args mtheta -- Use the standard H98 method DerivableClassError msg -> bale_out msg -- Error with standard class NonDerivableClass -- Must use newtype deriving | newtype_deriving -> bale_out cant_derive_err -- Too hard, even with newtype deriving | otherwise -> bale_out non_std_err -- Try newtype deriving! where check_conditions = checkSideConditions mayDeriveDataTypeable cls cls_tys rep_tycon bale_out msg = failWithTc (derivingThingErr cls cls_tys inst_ty msg) non_std_err = nonStdErr cls $$ ptext (sLit "Try -XGeneralizedNewtypeDeriving for GHC's newtype-deriving extension") -- Here is the plan for newtype derivings. We see -- newtype T a1...an = MkT (t ak+1...an) deriving (.., C s1 .. sm, ...) -- where t is a type, -- ak+1...an is a suffix of a1..an, and are all tyars -- ak+1...an do not occur free in t, nor in the s1..sm -- (C s1 ... sm) is a *partial applications* of class C -- with the last parameter missing -- (T a1 .. ak) matches the kind of C's last argument -- (and hence so does t) -- The latter kind-check has been done by deriveTyData already, -- and tc_args are already trimmed -- -- We generate the instance -- instance forall ({a1..ak} u fvs(s1..sm)). -- C s1 .. sm t => C s1 .. sm (T a1...ak) -- where T a1...ap is the partial application of -- the LHS of the correct kind and p >= k -- -- NB: the variables below are: -- tc_tvs = [a1, ..., an] -- tyvars_to_keep = [a1, ..., ak] -- rep_ty = t ak .. an -- deriv_tvs = fvs(s1..sm) \ tc_tvs -- tys = [s1, ..., sm] -- rep_fn' = t -- -- Running example: newtype T s a = MkT (ST s a) deriving( Monad ) -- We generate the instance -- instance Monad (ST s) => Monad (T s) where nt_eta_arity = length (fst (newTyConEtadRhs rep_tycon)) -- For newtype T a b = MkT (S a a b), the TyCon machinery already -- eta-reduces the represenation type, so we know that -- T a ~ S a a -- That's convenient here, because we may have to apply -- it to fewer than its original complement of arguments -- Note [Newtype representation] -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- Need newTyConRhs (*not* a recursive representation finder) -- to get the representation type. For example -- newtype B = MkB Int -- newtype A = MkA B deriving( Num ) -- We want the Num instance of B, *not* the Num instance of Int, -- when making the Num instance of A! rep_inst_ty = newTyConInstRhs rep_tycon rep_tc_args rep_tys = cls_tys ++ [rep_inst_ty] rep_pred = mkClassPred cls rep_tys -- rep_pred is the representation dictionary, from where -- we are gong to get all the methods for the newtype -- dictionary -- Next we figure out what superclass dictionaries to use -- See Note [Newtype deriving superclasses] above cls_tyvars = classTyVars cls dfun_tvs = tyVarsOfTypes inst_tys inst_ty = mkTyConApp tycon tc_args inst_tys = cls_tys ++ [inst_ty] sc_theta = substTheta (zipOpenTvSubst cls_tyvars inst_tys) (classSCTheta cls) -- If there are no tyvars, there's no need -- to abstract over the dictionaries we need -- Example: newtype T = MkT Int deriving( C ) -- We get the derived instance -- instance C T -- rather than -- instance C Int => C T all_preds = rep_pred : sc_theta -- NB: rep_pred comes first ------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Figuring out whether we can only do this newtype-deriving thing right_arity = length cls_tys + 1 == classArity cls -- Never derive Read,Show,Typeable,Data this way non_iso_class cls = className cls `elem` ([readClassName, showClassName, dataClassName] ++ typeableClassNames) can_derive_via_isomorphism = not (non_iso_class cls) && right_arity -- Well kinded; -- eg not: newtype T ... deriving( ST ) -- because ST needs *2* type params && eta_ok -- Eta reduction works && not (isRecursiveTyCon tycon) -- Does not work for recursive tycons: -- newtype A = MkA [A] -- Don't want -- instance Eq [A] => Eq A !! -- Here's a recursive newtype that's actually OK -- newtype S1 = S1 [T1 ()] -- newtype T1 a = T1 (StateT S1 IO a ) deriving( Monad ) -- It's currently rejected. Oh well. -- In fact we generate an instance decl that has method of form -- meth @ instTy = meth @ repTy -- (no coerce's). We'd need a coerce if we wanted to handle -- recursive newtypes too -- Check that eta reduction is OK eta_ok = nt_eta_arity <= length rep_tc_args -- The newtype can be eta-reduced to match the number -- of type argument actually supplied -- newtype T a b = MkT (S [a] b) deriving( Monad ) -- Here the 'b' must be the same in the rep type (S [a] b) -- And the [a] must not mention 'b'. That's all handled -- by nt_eta_rity. cant_derive_err = vcat [ptext (sLit "even with cunning newtype deriving:"), if isRecursiveTyCon tycon then ptext (sLit "the newtype may be recursive") else empty, if not right_arity then quotes (ppr (mkClassPred cls cls_tys)) <+> ptext (sLit "does not have arity 1") else empty, if not eta_ok then ptext (sLit "cannot eta-reduce the representation type enough") else empty ] \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[TcDeriv-fixpoint]{Finding the fixed point of \tr{deriving} equations} %* * %************************************************************************ A ``solution'' (to one of the equations) is a list of (k,TyVarTy tv) terms, which is the final correct RHS for the corresponding original equation. \begin{itemize} \item Each (k,TyVarTy tv) in a solution constrains only a type variable, tv. \item The (k,TyVarTy tv) pairs in a solution are canonically ordered by sorting on type varible, tv, (major key) and then class, k, (minor key) \end{itemize} \begin{code} inferInstanceContexts :: OverlapFlag -> [DerivSpec] -> TcM [DerivSpec] inferInstanceContexts _ [] = return [] inferInstanceContexts oflag infer_specs = do { traceTc (text "inferInstanceContexts" <+> vcat (map pprDerivSpec infer_specs)) ; iterate_deriv 1 initial_solutions } where ------------------------------------------------------------------ -- The initial solutions for the equations claim that each -- instance has an empty context; this solution is certainly -- in canonical form. initial_solutions :: [ThetaType] initial_solutions = [ [] | _ <- infer_specs ] ------------------------------------------------------------------ -- iterate_deriv calculates the next batch of solutions, -- compares it with the current one; finishes if they are the -- same, otherwise recurses with the new solutions. -- It fails if any iteration fails iterate_deriv :: Int -> [ThetaType] -> TcM [DerivSpec] iterate_deriv n current_solns | n > 20 -- Looks as if we are in an infinite loop -- This can happen if we have -XUndecidableInstances -- (See TcSimplify.tcSimplifyDeriv.) = pprPanic "solveDerivEqns: probable loop" (vcat (map pprDerivSpec infer_specs) $$ ppr current_solns) | otherwise = do { -- Extend the inst info from the explicit instance decls -- with the current set of solutions, and simplify each RHS let inst_specs = zipWithEqual "add_solns" (mkInstance2 oflag) current_solns infer_specs ; new_solns <- checkNoErrs $ extendLocalInstEnv inst_specs $ mapM gen_soln infer_specs ; if (current_solns == new_solns) then return [ spec { ds_theta = soln } | (spec, soln) <- zip infer_specs current_solns ] else iterate_deriv (n+1) new_solns } ------------------------------------------------------------------ gen_soln :: DerivSpec -> TcM [PredType] gen_soln (DS { ds_loc = loc, ds_orig = orig, ds_tvs = tyvars , ds_cls = clas, ds_tys = inst_tys, ds_theta = deriv_rhs }) = setSrcSpan loc $ addErrCtxt (derivInstCtxt clas inst_tys) $ do { theta <- tcSimplifyDeriv orig tyvars deriv_rhs -- checkValidInstance tyvars theta clas inst_tys -- Not necessary; see Note [Exotic derived instance contexts] -- in TcSimplify -- Check for a bizarre corner case, when the derived instance decl should -- have form instance C a b => D (T a) where ... -- Note that 'b' isn't a parameter of T. This gives rise to all sorts -- of problems; in particular, it's hard to compare solutions for -- equality when finding the fixpoint. So I just rule it out for now. ; let tv_set = mkVarSet tyvars weird_preds = [pred | pred <- theta, not (tyVarsOfPred pred `subVarSet` tv_set)] ; mapM_ (addErrTc . badDerivedPred) weird_preds -- Claim: the result instance declaration is guaranteed valid -- Hence no need to call: -- checkValidInstance tyvars theta clas inst_tys ; return (sortLe (<=) theta) } -- Canonicalise before returning the solution ------------------------------------------------------------------ mkInstance1 :: OverlapFlag -> DerivSpec -> Instance mkInstance1 overlap_flag spec = mkInstance2 overlap_flag (ds_theta spec) spec mkInstance2 :: OverlapFlag -> ThetaType -> DerivSpec -> Instance mkInstance2 overlap_flag theta (DS { ds_name = dfun_name , ds_tvs = tyvars, ds_cls = clas, ds_tys = tys }) = mkLocalInstance dfun overlap_flag where dfun = mkDictFunId dfun_name tyvars theta clas tys extendLocalInstEnv :: [Instance] -> TcM a -> TcM a -- Add new locally-defined instances; don't bother to check -- for functional dependency errors -- that'll happen in TcInstDcls extendLocalInstEnv dfuns thing_inside = do { env <- getGblEnv ; let inst_env' = extendInstEnvList (tcg_inst_env env) dfuns env' = env { tcg_inst_env = inst_env' } ; setGblEnv env' thing_inside } \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[TcDeriv-normal-binds]{Bindings for the various classes} %* * %************************************************************************ After all the trouble to figure out the required context for the derived instance declarations, all that's left is to chug along to produce them. They will then be shoved into @tcInstDecls2@, which will do all its usual business. There are lots of possibilities for code to generate. Here are various general remarks. PRINCIPLES: \begin{itemize} \item We want derived instances of @Eq@ and @Ord@ (both v common) to be ``you-couldn't-do-better-by-hand'' efficient. \item Deriving @Show@---also pretty common--- should also be reasonable good code. \item Deriving for the other classes isn't that common or that big a deal. \end{itemize} PRAGMATICS: \begin{itemize} \item Deriving @Ord@ is done mostly with the 1.3 @compare@ method. \item Deriving @Eq@ also uses @compare@, if we're deriving @Ord@, too. \item We {\em normally} generate code only for the non-defaulted methods; there are some exceptions for @Eq@ and (especially) @Ord@... \item Sometimes we use a @_con2tag_@ function, which returns a data constructor's numeric (@Int#@) tag. These are generated by @gen_tag_n_con_binds@, and the heuristic for deciding if one of these is around is given by @hasCon2TagFun@. The examples under the different sections below will make this clearer. \item Much less often (really just for deriving @Ix@), we use a @_tag2con_@ function. See the examples. \item We use the renamer!!! Reason: we're supposed to be producing @LHsBinds Name@ for the methods, but that means producing correctly-uniquified code on the fly. This is entirely possible (the @TcM@ monad has a @UniqueSupply@), but it is painful. So, instead, we produce @MonoBinds RdrName@ then heave 'em through the renamer. What a great hack! \end{itemize} \begin{code} -- Generate the InstInfo for the required instance paired with the -- *representation* tycon for that instance, -- plus any auxiliary bindings required -- -- Representation tycons differ from the tycon in the instance signature in -- case of instances for indexed families. -- genInst :: OverlapFlag -> DerivSpec -> TcM (InstInfo RdrName, DerivAuxBinds) genInst oflag spec | ds_newtype spec = return (InstInfo { iSpec = mkInstance1 oflag spec , iBinds = NewTypeDerived }, []) | otherwise = do { let loc = getSrcSpan (ds_name spec) inst = mkInstance1 oflag spec clas = ds_cls spec rep_tycon = ds_tc spec -- In case of a family instance, we need to use the representation -- tycon (after all, it has the data constructors) ; fix_env <- getFixityEnv ; let (meth_binds, aux_binds) = genDerivBinds loc fix_env clas rep_tycon -- Build the InstInfo ; return (InstInfo { iSpec = inst, iBinds = VanillaInst meth_binds [] }, aux_binds) } genDerivBinds :: SrcSpan -> FixityEnv -> Class -> TyCon -> (LHsBinds RdrName, DerivAuxBinds) genDerivBinds loc fix_env clas tycon | className clas `elem` typeableClassNames = (gen_Typeable_binds loc tycon, []) | otherwise = case assocMaybe gen_list (getUnique clas) of Just gen_fn -> gen_fn loc tycon Nothing -> pprPanic "genDerivBinds: bad derived class" (ppr clas) where gen_list :: [(Unique, SrcSpan -> TyCon -> (LHsBinds RdrName, DerivAuxBinds))] gen_list = [(eqClassKey, gen_Eq_binds) ,(ordClassKey, gen_Ord_binds) ,(enumClassKey, gen_Enum_binds) ,(boundedClassKey, gen_Bounded_binds) ,(ixClassKey, gen_Ix_binds) ,(showClassKey, gen_Show_binds fix_env) ,(readClassKey, gen_Read_binds fix_env) ,(dataClassKey, gen_Data_binds) ] \end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[TcDeriv-taggery-Names]{What con2tag/tag2con functions are available?} %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code} derivingKindErr :: TyCon -> Class -> [Type] -> Kind -> Message derivingKindErr tc cls cls_tys cls_kind = hang (ptext (sLit "Cannot derive well-kinded instance of form") <+> quotes (pprClassPred cls cls_tys <+> parens (ppr tc <+> ptext (sLit "...")))) 2 (ptext (sLit "Class") <+> quotes (ppr cls) <+> ptext (sLit "expects an argument of kind") <+> quotes (pprKind cls_kind)) derivingEtaErr :: Class -> [Type] -> Type -> Message derivingEtaErr cls cls_tys inst_ty = sep [ptext (sLit "Cannot eta-reduce to an instance of form"), nest 2 (ptext (sLit "instance (...) =>") <+> pprClassPred cls (cls_tys ++ [inst_ty]))] typeFamilyPapErr :: TyCon -> Class -> [Type] -> Type -> Message typeFamilyPapErr tc cls cls_tys inst_ty = hang (ptext (sLit "Derived instance") <+> quotes (pprClassPred cls (cls_tys ++ [inst_ty]))) 2 (ptext (sLit "requires illegal partial application of data type family") <+> ppr tc) derivingThingErr :: Class -> [Type] -> Type -> Message -> Message derivingThingErr clas tys ty why = sep [hsep [ptext (sLit "Can't make a derived instance of"), quotes (ppr pred)], nest 2 (parens why)] where pred = mkClassPred clas (tys ++ [ty]) derivingHiddenErr :: TyCon -> SDoc derivingHiddenErr tc = hang (ptext (sLit "The data constructors of") <+> quotes (ppr tc) <+> ptext (sLit "are not all in scope")) 2 (ptext (sLit "so you cannot derive an instance for it")) standaloneCtxt :: LHsType Name -> SDoc standaloneCtxt ty = hang (ptext (sLit "In the stand-alone deriving instance for")) 2 (quotes (ppr ty)) derivInstCtxt :: Class -> [Type] -> Message derivInstCtxt clas inst_tys = ptext (sLit "When deriving the instance for") <+> parens (pprClassPred clas inst_tys) badDerivedPred :: PredType -> Message badDerivedPred pred = vcat [ptext (sLit "Can't derive instances where the instance context mentions"), ptext (sLit "type variables that are not data type parameters"), nest 2 (ptext (sLit "Offending constraint:") <+> ppr pred)] \end{code}