%
% (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
% (c) The University of Glasgow 1992-2002
%
\section[Util]{Highly random utility functions}

\begin{code}
module Util (

	-- general list processing
	zipEqual, zipWithEqual, zipWith3Equal, zipWith4Equal,
        zipLazy, stretchZipWith,
	mapFst, mapSnd,
	mapAndUnzip, mapAndUnzip3,
	nOfThem, filterOut, partitionWith,

	lengthExceeds, lengthIs, lengthAtLeast, 
	listLengthCmp, atLength, equalLength, compareLength,

	isSingleton, only, singleton,
	notNull, snocView,

	isIn, isn'tIn,

	-- for-loop
	nTimes,

	-- sorting
	sortLe, sortWith,

	-- transitive closures
	transitiveClosure,

	-- accumulating
	mapAccumL, mapAccumR, mapAccumB, 
	foldl2, count, all2,
	
	takeList, dropList, splitAtList, split,

	-- comparisons
	isEqual, eqListBy, 
	thenCmp, cmpList, prefixMatch, suffixMatch, maybePrefixMatch,
	removeSpaces,

	-- strictness
	foldl', seqList,

	-- pairs
	unzipWith,

	global, consIORef,

	-- module names
	looksLikeModuleName,
	
	toArgs,

	-- Floating point stuff
	readRational,

	-- IO-ish utilities
	createDirectoryHierarchy,
	doesDirNameExist,
	modificationTimeIfExists,

	later, handleDyn, handle,

	-- Filename utils
	Suffix,
	splitFilename, suffixOf, basenameOf, joinFileExt,
	splitFilenameDir, joinFileName,
	splitFilename3,
	splitLongestPrefix,
	replaceFilenameSuffix, directoryOf, filenameOf,
	replaceFilenameDirectory,
	escapeSpaces, isPathSeparator,
	parseSearchPath,
	normalisePath, platformPath, pgmPath,
    ) where

#include "HsVersions.h"

import Panic		( panic, trace )
import FastTypes

import Control.Exception ( Exception(..), finally, catchDyn, throw )
import qualified Control.Exception as Exception
import Data.Dynamic	( Typeable )
import Data.IORef	( IORef, newIORef )
import System.IO.Unsafe	( unsafePerformIO )
import Data.IORef	( readIORef, writeIORef )

import qualified Data.List as List ( elem, notElem )

#ifndef DEBUG
import Data.List		( zipWith4 )
#endif

import Control.Monad	( when )
import SYSTEM_IO_ERROR as IO ( catch, isDoesNotExistError )
import System.Directory	( doesDirectoryExist, createDirectory,
                          getModificationTime )
import Data.Char	( isUpper, isAlphaNum, isSpace, ord, isDigit )
import Data.Ratio	( (%) )
import System.Time	( ClockTime )

infixr 9 `thenCmp`
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection{The Eager monad}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

The @Eager@ monad is just an encoding of continuation-passing style,
used to allow you to express "do this and then that", mainly to avoid
space leaks. It's done with a type synonym to save bureaucracy.

\begin{code}
#if NOT_USED

type Eager ans a = (a -> ans) -> ans

runEager :: Eager a a -> a
runEager m = m (\x -> x)

appEager :: Eager ans a -> (a -> ans) -> ans
appEager m cont = m cont

thenEager :: Eager ans a -> (a -> Eager ans b) -> Eager ans b
thenEager m k cont = m (\r -> k r cont)

returnEager :: a -> Eager ans a
returnEager v cont = cont v

mapEager :: (a -> Eager ans b) -> [a] -> Eager ans [b]
mapEager f [] = returnEager []
mapEager f (x:xs) = f x			`thenEager` \ y ->
		    mapEager f xs	`thenEager` \ ys ->
		    returnEager (y:ys)
#endif
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection{A for loop}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
-- Compose a function with itself n times.  (nth rather than twice)
nTimes :: Int -> (a -> a) -> (a -> a)
nTimes 0 _ = id
nTimes 1 f = f
nTimes n f = f . nTimes (n-1) f
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection[Utils-lists]{General list processing}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
filterOut :: (a->Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
-- Like filter, only reverses the sense of the test
filterOut p [] = []
filterOut p (x:xs) | p x       = filterOut p xs
		   | otherwise = x : filterOut p xs

partitionWith :: (a -> Either b c) -> [a] -> ([b], [c])
partitionWith f [] = ([],[])
partitionWith f (x:xs) = case f x of
			   Left  b -> (b:bs, cs)
			   Right c -> (bs, c:cs)
		       where
			 (bs,cs) = partitionWith f xs

\end{code}

A paranoid @zip@ (and some @zipWith@ friends) that checks the lists
are of equal length.  Alastair Reid thinks this should only happen if
DEBUGging on; hey, why not?

\begin{code}
zipEqual	:: String -> [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
zipWithEqual	:: String -> (a->b->c) -> [a]->[b]->[c]
zipWith3Equal	:: String -> (a->b->c->d) -> [a]->[b]->[c]->[d]
zipWith4Equal	:: String -> (a->b->c->d->e) -> [a]->[b]->[c]->[d]->[e]

#ifndef DEBUG
zipEqual      _ = zip
zipWithEqual  _ = zipWith
zipWith3Equal _ = zipWith3
zipWith4Equal _ = zipWith4
#else
zipEqual msg []     []     = []
zipEqual msg (a:as) (b:bs) = (a,b) : zipEqual msg as bs
zipEqual msg as     bs     = panic ("zipEqual: unequal lists:"++msg)

zipWithEqual msg z (a:as) (b:bs)=  z a b : zipWithEqual msg z as bs
zipWithEqual msg _ [] []	=  []
zipWithEqual msg _ _ _		=  panic ("zipWithEqual: unequal lists:"++msg)

zipWith3Equal msg z (a:as) (b:bs) (c:cs)
				=  z a b c : zipWith3Equal msg z as bs cs
zipWith3Equal msg _ [] []  []	=  []
zipWith3Equal msg _ _  _   _	=  panic ("zipWith3Equal: unequal lists:"++msg)

zipWith4Equal msg z (a:as) (b:bs) (c:cs) (d:ds)
				=  z a b c d : zipWith4Equal msg z as bs cs ds
zipWith4Equal msg _ [] [] [] []	=  []
zipWith4Equal msg _ _  _  _  _	=  panic ("zipWith4Equal: unequal lists:"++msg)
#endif
\end{code}

\begin{code}
-- zipLazy is lazy in the second list (observe the ~)

zipLazy :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
zipLazy [] ys = []
zipLazy (x:xs) ~(y:ys) = (x,y) : zipLazy xs ys
\end{code}


\begin{code}
stretchZipWith :: (a -> Bool) -> b -> (a->b->c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
-- (stretchZipWith p z f xs ys) stretches ys by inserting z in 
-- the places where p returns *True*

stretchZipWith p z f [] ys = []
stretchZipWith p z f (x:xs) ys
  | p x       = f x z : stretchZipWith p z f xs ys
  | otherwise = case ys of
		  []     -> []
		  (y:ys) -> f x y : stretchZipWith p z f xs ys
\end{code}


\begin{code}
mapFst :: (a->c) -> [(a,b)] -> [(c,b)]
mapSnd :: (b->c) -> [(a,b)] -> [(a,c)]

mapFst f xys = [(f x, y) | (x,y) <- xys]
mapSnd f xys = [(x, f y) | (x,y) <- xys]

mapAndUnzip :: (a -> (b, c)) -> [a] -> ([b], [c])

mapAndUnzip f [] = ([],[])
mapAndUnzip f (x:xs)
  = let
	(r1,  r2)  = f x
	(rs1, rs2) = mapAndUnzip f xs
    in
    (r1:rs1, r2:rs2)

mapAndUnzip3 :: (a -> (b, c, d)) -> [a] -> ([b], [c], [d])

mapAndUnzip3 f [] = ([],[],[])
mapAndUnzip3 f (x:xs)
  = let
	(r1,  r2,  r3)  = f x
	(rs1, rs2, rs3) = mapAndUnzip3 f xs
    in
    (r1:rs1, r2:rs2, r3:rs3)
\end{code}

\begin{code}
nOfThem :: Int -> a -> [a]
nOfThem n thing = replicate n thing

-- 'atLength atLen atEnd ls n' unravels list 'ls' to position 'n';
-- specification:
--
--  atLength atLenPred atEndPred ls n
--   | n < 0         = atLenPred n
--   | length ls < n = atEndPred (n - length ls)
--   | otherwise     = atLenPred (drop n ls)
--
atLength :: ([a] -> b)
         -> (Int -> b)
         -> [a]
         -> Int
         -> b
atLength atLenPred atEndPred ls n 
  | n < 0     = atEndPred n 
  | otherwise = go n ls
  where
    go n [] = atEndPred n
    go 0 ls = atLenPred ls
    go n (_:xs) = go (n-1) xs

-- special cases.
lengthExceeds :: [a] -> Int -> Bool
-- (lengthExceeds xs n) = (length xs > n)
lengthExceeds = atLength notNull (const False)

lengthAtLeast :: [a] -> Int -> Bool
lengthAtLeast = atLength notNull (== 0)

lengthIs :: [a] -> Int -> Bool
lengthIs = atLength null (==0)

listLengthCmp :: [a] -> Int -> Ordering 
listLengthCmp = atLength atLen atEnd 
 where
  atEnd 0      = EQ
  atEnd x
   | x > 0     = LT -- not yet seen 'n' elts, so list length is < n.
   | otherwise = GT

  atLen []     = EQ
  atLen _      = GT

equalLength :: [a] -> [b] -> Bool
equalLength [] []         = True
equalLength (_:xs) (_:ys) = equalLength xs ys
equalLength xs    ys      = False

compareLength :: [a] -> [b] -> Ordering
compareLength [] []         = EQ
compareLength (_:xs) (_:ys) = compareLength xs ys
compareLength [] _ys        = LT
compareLength _xs []        = GT

----------------------------
singleton :: a -> [a]
singleton x = [x]

isSingleton :: [a] -> Bool
isSingleton [x] = True
isSingleton  _  = False

notNull :: [a] -> Bool
notNull [] = False
notNull _  = True

only :: [a] -> a
#ifdef DEBUG
only [a] = a
#else
only (a:_) = a
#endif
\end{code}

Debugging/specialising versions of \tr{elem} and \tr{notElem}

\begin{code}
isIn, isn'tIn :: (Eq a) => String -> a -> [a] -> Bool

# ifndef DEBUG
isIn    msg x ys = elem__    x ys
isn'tIn msg x ys = notElem__ x ys

--these are here to be SPECIALIZEd (automagically)
elem__ _ []	= False
elem__ x (y:ys)	= x==y || elem__ x ys

notElem__ x []	   =  True
notElem__ x (y:ys) =  x /= y && notElem__ x ys

# else /* DEBUG */
isIn msg x ys
  = elem (_ILIT 0) x ys
  where
    elem i _ []	    = False
    elem i x (y:ys)
      | i ># _ILIT 100 = trace ("Over-long elem in " ++ msg) $
			 x `List.elem` (y:ys)
      | otherwise      = x == y || elem (i +# _ILIT(1)) x ys

isn'tIn msg x ys
  = notElem (_ILIT 0) x ys
  where
    notElem i x [] =  True
    notElem i x (y:ys)
      | i ># _ILIT 100 = trace ("Over-long notElem in " ++ msg) $
		         x `List.notElem` (y:ys)
      | otherwise      =  x /= y && notElem (i +# _ILIT(1)) x ys
# endif /* DEBUG */
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsubsection[Utils-Carsten-mergesort]{A mergesort from Carsten}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

\begin{display}
Date: Mon, 3 May 93 20:45:23 +0200
From: Carsten Kehler Holst <kehler@cs.chalmers.se>
To: partain@dcs.gla.ac.uk
Subject: natural merge sort beats quick sort [ and it is prettier ]

Here is a piece of Haskell code that I'm rather fond of. See it as an
attempt to get rid of the ridiculous quick-sort routine. group is
quite useful by itself I think it was John's idea originally though I
believe the lazy version is due to me [surprisingly complicated].
gamma [used to be called] is called gamma because I got inspired by
the Gamma calculus. It is not very close to the calculus but does
behave less sequentially than both foldr and foldl. One could imagine
a version of gamma that took a unit element as well thereby avoiding
the problem with empty lists.

I've tried this code against

   1) insertion sort - as provided by haskell
   2) the normal implementation of quick sort
   3) a deforested version of quick sort due to Jan Sparud
   4) a super-optimized-quick-sort of Lennart's

If the list is partially sorted both merge sort and in particular
natural merge sort wins. If the list is random [ average length of
rising subsequences = approx 2 ] mergesort still wins and natural
merge sort is marginally beaten by Lennart's soqs. The space
consumption of merge sort is a bit worse than Lennart's quick sort
approx a factor of 2. And a lot worse if Sparud's bug-fix [see his
fpca article ] isn't used because of group.

have fun
Carsten
\end{display}

\begin{code}
group :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [[a]]
-- Given a <= function, group finds maximal contiguous up-runs 
-- or down-runs in the input list.
-- It's stable, in the sense that it never re-orders equal elements
--
-- Date: Mon, 12 Feb 1996 15:09:41 +0000
-- From: Andy Gill <andy@dcs.gla.ac.uk>
-- Here is a `better' definition of group.

group p []     = []
group p (x:xs) = group' xs x x (x :)
  where
    group' []     _     _     s  = [s []]
    group' (x:xs) x_min x_max s 
	|      x_max `p` x  = group' xs x_min x (s . (x :)) 
	| not (x_min `p` x) = group' xs x x_max ((x :) . s) 
	| otherwise         = s [] : group' xs x x (x :) 
	-- NB: the 'not' is essential for stablity
	--	x `p` x_min would reverse equal elements

generalMerge :: (a -> a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> [a]
generalMerge p xs [] = xs
generalMerge p [] ys = ys
generalMerge p (x:xs) (y:ys) | x `p` y   = x : generalMerge p xs (y:ys)
			     | otherwise = y : generalMerge p (x:xs) ys

-- gamma is now called balancedFold

balancedFold :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
balancedFold f [] = error "can't reduce an empty list using balancedFold"
balancedFold f [x] = x
balancedFold f l  = balancedFold f (balancedFold' f l)

balancedFold' :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
balancedFold' f (x:y:xs) = f x y : balancedFold' f xs
balancedFold' f xs = xs

generalNaturalMergeSort p [] = []
generalNaturalMergeSort p xs = (balancedFold (generalMerge p) . group p) xs

#if NOT_USED
generalMergeSort p [] = []
generalMergeSort p xs = (balancedFold (generalMerge p) . map (: [])) xs

mergeSort, naturalMergeSort :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]

mergeSort = generalMergeSort (<=)
naturalMergeSort = generalNaturalMergeSort (<=)

mergeSortLe le = generalMergeSort le
#endif

sortLe :: (a->a->Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
sortLe le = generalNaturalMergeSort le

sortWith :: Ord b => (a->b) -> [a] -> [a]
sortWith get_key xs = sortLe le xs
  where
    x `le` y = get_key x < get_key y	
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection[Utils-transitive-closure]{Transitive closure}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

This algorithm for transitive closure is straightforward, albeit quadratic.

\begin{code}
transitiveClosure :: (a -> [a])		-- Successor function
		  -> (a -> a -> Bool)	-- Equality predicate
		  -> [a]
		  -> [a]		-- The transitive closure

transitiveClosure succ eq xs
 = go [] xs
 where
   go done [] 			   = done
   go done (x:xs) | x `is_in` done = go done xs
   		  | otherwise      = go (x:done) (succ x ++ xs)

   x `is_in` []                 = False
   x `is_in` (y:ys) | eq x y    = True
  		    | otherwise = x `is_in` ys
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection[Utils-accum]{Accumulating}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

@mapAccumL@ behaves like a combination
of  @map@ and @foldl@;
it applies a function to each element of a list, passing an accumulating
parameter from left to right, and returning a final value of this
accumulator together with the new list.

\begin{code}
mapAccumL :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) 	-- Function of elt of input list
					-- and accumulator, returning new
					-- accumulator and elt of result list
	    -> acc 		-- Initial accumulator
	    -> [x] 		-- Input list
	    -> (acc, [y])		-- Final accumulator and result list

mapAccumL f b []     = (b, [])
mapAccumL f b (x:xs) = (b'', x':xs') where
					  (b', x') = f b x
					  (b'', xs') = mapAccumL f b' xs
\end{code}

@mapAccumR@ does the same, but working from right to left instead.  Its type is
the same as @mapAccumL@, though.

\begin{code}
mapAccumR :: (acc -> x -> (acc, y)) 	-- Function of elt of input list
					-- and accumulator, returning new
					-- accumulator and elt of result list
	    -> acc 		-- Initial accumulator
	    -> [x] 		-- Input list
	    -> (acc, [y])		-- Final accumulator and result list

mapAccumR f b []     = (b, [])
mapAccumR f b (x:xs) = (b'', x':xs') where
					  (b'', x') = f b' x
					  (b', xs') = mapAccumR f b xs
\end{code}

Here is the bi-directional version, that works from both left and right.

\begin{code}
mapAccumB :: (accl -> accr -> x -> (accl, accr,y))
      				-- Function of elt of input list
      				-- and accumulator, returning new
      				-- accumulator and elt of result list
	  -> accl 			-- Initial accumulator from left
	  -> accr 			-- Initial accumulator from right
	  -> [x] 			-- Input list
	  -> (accl, accr, [y])	-- Final accumulators and result list

mapAccumB f a b []     = (a,b,[])
mapAccumB f a b (x:xs) = (a'',b'',y:ys)
   where
	(a',b'',y)  = f a b' x
	(a'',b',ys) = mapAccumB f a' b xs
\end{code}

A strict version of foldl.

\begin{code}
foldl'        :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
foldl' f z xs = lgo z xs
	     where
		lgo z []     =  z
		lgo z (x:xs) = (lgo $! (f z x)) xs
\end{code}

A combination of foldl with zip.  It works with equal length lists.

\begin{code}
foldl2 :: (acc -> a -> b -> acc) -> acc -> [a] -> [b] -> acc
foldl2 k z [] [] = z
foldl2 k z (a:as) (b:bs) = foldl2 k (k z a b) as bs

all2 :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> [a] -> [b] -> Bool
-- True if the lists are the same length, and 
-- all corresponding elements satisfy the predicate
all2 p []     []     = True
all2 p (x:xs) (y:ys) = p x y && all2 p xs ys
all2 p xs     ys     = False
\end{code}

Count the number of times a predicate is true

\begin{code}
count :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Int
count p [] = 0
count p (x:xs) | p x       = 1 + count p xs
	       | otherwise = count p xs
\end{code}

@splitAt@, @take@, and @drop@ but with length of another
list giving the break-off point:

\begin{code}
takeList :: [b] -> [a] -> [a]
takeList [] _ = []
takeList (_:xs) ls = 
   case ls of
     [] -> []
     (y:ys) -> y : takeList xs ys

dropList :: [b] -> [a] -> [a]
dropList [] xs    = xs
dropList _  xs@[] = xs
dropList (_:xs) (_:ys) = dropList xs ys


splitAtList :: [b] -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
splitAtList [] xs     = ([], xs)
splitAtList _ xs@[]   = (xs, xs)
splitAtList (_:xs) (y:ys) = (y:ys', ys'')
    where
      (ys', ys'') = splitAtList xs ys

snocView :: [a] -> Maybe ([a],a)
	-- Split off the last element
snocView [] = Nothing
snocView xs = go [] xs
	    where
		-- Invariant: second arg is non-empty
	      go acc [x]    = Just (reverse acc, x)
	      go acc (x:xs) = go (x:acc) xs

split :: Char -> String -> [String]
split c s = case rest of
		[]     -> [chunk] 
		_:rest -> chunk : split c rest
  where (chunk, rest) = break (==c) s
\end{code}


%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection[Utils-comparison]{Comparisons}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
isEqual :: Ordering -> Bool
-- Often used in (isEqual (a `compare` b))
isEqual GT = False
isEqual EQ = True
isEqual LT = False

thenCmp :: Ordering -> Ordering -> Ordering
{-# INLINE thenCmp #-}
thenCmp EQ   any = any
thenCmp other any = other

eqListBy :: (a->a->Bool) -> [a] -> [a] -> Bool
eqListBy eq []     []     = True
eqListBy eq (x:xs) (y:ys) = eq x y && eqListBy eq xs ys
eqListBy eq xs     ys     = False

cmpList :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> [a] -> [a] -> Ordering
    -- `cmpList' uses a user-specified comparer

cmpList cmp []     [] = EQ
cmpList cmp []     _  = LT
cmpList cmp _      [] = GT
cmpList cmp (a:as) (b:bs)
  = case cmp a b of { EQ -> cmpList cmp as bs; xxx -> xxx }
\end{code}

\begin{code}
prefixMatch :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
prefixMatch [] _str = True
prefixMatch _pat [] = False
prefixMatch (p:ps) (s:ss) | p == s    = prefixMatch ps ss
			  | otherwise = False

maybePrefixMatch :: String -> String -> Maybe String
maybePrefixMatch []    rest = Just rest
maybePrefixMatch (_:_) []   = Nothing
maybePrefixMatch (p:pat) (r:rest)
  | p == r    = maybePrefixMatch pat rest
  | otherwise = Nothing

suffixMatch :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
suffixMatch pat str = prefixMatch (reverse pat) (reverse str)

removeSpaces :: String -> String
removeSpaces = reverse . dropWhile isSpace . reverse . dropWhile isSpace
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*									*
\subsection[Utils-pairs]{Pairs}
%*									*
%************************************************************************

The following are curried versions of @fst@ and @snd@.

\begin{code}
#if NOT_USED
cfst :: a -> b -> a	-- stranal-sem only (Note)
cfst x y = x
#endif
\end{code}

The following provide us higher order functions that, when applied
to a function, operate on pairs.

\begin{code}
#if NOT_USED
applyToPair :: ((a -> c),(b -> d)) -> (a,b) -> (c,d)
applyToPair (f,g) (x,y) = (f x, g y)

applyToFst :: (a -> c) -> (a,b)-> (c,b)
applyToFst f (x,y) = (f x,y)

applyToSnd :: (b -> d) -> (a,b) -> (a,d)
applyToSnd f (x,y) = (x,f y)
#endif
\end{code}

\begin{code}
unzipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [(a, b)] -> [c]
unzipWith f pairs = map ( \ (a, b) -> f a b ) pairs
\end{code}

\begin{code}
seqList :: [a] -> b -> b
seqList [] b = b
seqList (x:xs) b = x `seq` seqList xs b
\end{code}

Global variables:

\begin{code}
global :: a -> IORef a
global a = unsafePerformIO (newIORef a)
\end{code}

\begin{code}
consIORef :: IORef [a] -> a -> IO ()
consIORef var x = do
  xs <- readIORef var
  writeIORef var (x:xs)
\end{code}

Module names:

\begin{code}
looksLikeModuleName [] = False
looksLikeModuleName (c:cs) = isUpper c && go cs
  where go [] = True
	go ('.':cs) = looksLikeModuleName cs
	go (c:cs)   = (isAlphaNum c || c == '_') && go cs
\end{code}

Akin to @Prelude.words@, but acts like the Bourne shell, treating
quoted strings and escaped characters within the input as solid blocks
of characters.  Doesn't raise any exceptions on malformed escapes or
quoting.

\begin{code}
toArgs :: String -> [String]
toArgs "" = []
toArgs s  =
  case dropWhile isSpace s of  -- drop initial spacing
    [] -> []  -- empty, so no more tokens
    rem -> let (tok,aft) = token rem [] in tok : toArgs aft
 where
   -- Grab a token off the string, given that the first character exists and
   -- isn't whitespace.  The second argument is an accumulator which has to be
   -- reversed at the end.
  token [] acc = (reverse acc,[])            -- out of characters
  token ('\\':c:aft) acc                     -- escapes
               = token aft ((escape c) : acc)
  token (q:aft) acc | q == '"' || q == '\''  -- open quotes
               = let (aft',acc') = quote q aft acc in token aft' acc'
  token (c:aft) acc | isSpace c              -- unescaped, unquoted spacing
               = (reverse acc,aft)
  token (c:aft) acc                          -- anything else goes in the token
               = token aft (c:acc)

   -- Get the appropriate character for a single-character escape.
  escape 'n' = '\n'
  escape 't' = '\t'
  escape 'r' = '\r'
  escape c   = c

   -- Read into accumulator until a quote character is found.
  quote qc =
    let quote' [] acc                  = ([],acc)
        quote' ('\\':c:aft) acc        = quote' aft ((escape c) : acc)
        quote' (c:aft) acc | c == qc   = (aft,acc)
        quote' (c:aft) acc             = quote' aft (c:acc)
    in quote'
\end{code}

-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Floats

\begin{code}
readRational__ :: ReadS Rational -- NB: doesn't handle leading "-"
readRational__ r = do 
     (n,d,s) <- readFix r
     (k,t)   <- readExp s
     return ((n%1)*10^^(k-d), t)
 where
     readFix r = do
	(ds,s)  <- lexDecDigits r
	(ds',t) <- lexDotDigits s
	return (read (ds++ds'), length ds', t)

     readExp (e:s) | e `elem` "eE" = readExp' s
     readExp s			   = return (0,s)

     readExp' ('+':s) = readDec s
     readExp' ('-':s) = do
			(k,t) <- readDec s
			return (-k,t)
     readExp' s	      = readDec s

     readDec s = do
        (ds,r) <- nonnull isDigit s
        return (foldl1 (\n d -> n * 10 + d) [ ord d - ord '0' | d <- ds ],
                r)

     lexDecDigits = nonnull isDigit

     lexDotDigits ('.':s) = return (span isDigit s)
     lexDotDigits s       = return ("",s)

     nonnull p s = do (cs@(_:_),t) <- return (span p s)
                      return (cs,t)

readRational :: String -> Rational -- NB: *does* handle a leading "-"
readRational top_s
  = case top_s of
      '-' : xs -> - (read_me xs)
      xs       -> read_me xs
  where
    read_me s
      = case (do { (x,"") <- readRational__ s ; return x }) of
	  [x] -> x
	  []  -> error ("readRational: no parse:"        ++ top_s)
	  _   -> error ("readRational: ambiguous parse:" ++ top_s)


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Create a hierarchy of directories

createDirectoryHierarchy :: FilePath -> IO ()
createDirectoryHierarchy dir = do
  b <- doesDirectoryExist dir
  when (not b) $ do
	createDirectoryHierarchy (directoryOf dir)
	createDirectory dir

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Verify that the 'dirname' portion of a FilePath exists.
-- 
doesDirNameExist :: FilePath -> IO Bool
doesDirNameExist fpath = doesDirectoryExist (directoryOf fpath)

-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Exception utils

later = flip finally

handleDyn :: Typeable ex => (ex -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
handleDyn = flip catchDyn

handle :: (Exception -> IO a) -> IO a -> IO a
#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 501
handle = flip Exception.catchAllIO
#else
handle h f = f `Exception.catch` \e -> case e of
    ExitException _ -> throw e
    _               -> h e
#endif

-- --------------------------------------------------------------
-- check existence & modification time at the same time

modificationTimeIfExists :: FilePath -> IO (Maybe ClockTime)
modificationTimeIfExists f = do
  (do t <- getModificationTime f; return (Just t))
	`IO.catch` \e -> if isDoesNotExistError e 
			then return Nothing 
			else ioError e

-- --------------------------------------------------------------
-- Filename manipulation
		
-- Filenames are kept "normalised" inside GHC, using '/' as the path
-- separator.  On Windows these functions will also recognise '\\' as
-- the path separator, but will generally construct paths using '/'.

type Suffix = String

splitFilename :: String -> (String,Suffix)
splitFilename f = splitLongestPrefix f (=='.')

basenameOf :: FilePath -> String
basenameOf = fst . splitFilename

suffixOf :: FilePath -> Suffix
suffixOf = snd . splitFilename

joinFileExt :: String -> String -> FilePath
joinFileExt path ""  = path
joinFileExt path ext = path ++ '.':ext

-- "foo/bar/xyzzy.ext" -> ("foo/bar", "xyzzy.ext")
splitFilenameDir :: String -> (String,String)
splitFilenameDir str
   = let (dir, rest) = splitLongestPrefix str isPathSeparator
	 (dir', rest') | null rest = (".", dir)
		       | otherwise = (dir, rest)
     in  (dir', rest')

-- "foo/bar/xyzzy.ext" -> ("foo/bar", "xyzzy", ".ext")
splitFilename3 :: String -> (String,String,Suffix)
splitFilename3 str
   = let (dir, rest) = splitFilenameDir str
	 (name, ext) = splitFilename rest
     in  (dir, name, ext)

joinFileName :: String -> String -> FilePath
joinFileName ""  fname = fname
joinFileName "." fname = fname
joinFileName dir ""    = dir
joinFileName dir fname = dir ++ '/':fname

-- split a string at the last character where 'pred' is True,
-- returning a pair of strings. The first component holds the string
-- up (but not including) the last character for which 'pred' returned
-- True, the second whatever comes after (but also not including the
-- last character).
--
-- If 'pred' returns False for all characters in the string, the original
-- string is returned in the first component (and the second one is just
-- empty).
splitLongestPrefix :: String -> (Char -> Bool) -> (String,String)
splitLongestPrefix str pred
  | null r_pre = (str,           [])
  | otherwise  = (reverse (tail r_pre), reverse r_suf)
	-- 'tail' drops the char satisfying 'pred'
  where 
    (r_suf, r_pre) = break pred (reverse str)

replaceFilenameSuffix :: FilePath -> Suffix -> FilePath
replaceFilenameSuffix file suf = basenameOf file `joinFileExt` suf

-- directoryOf strips the filename off the input string, returning
-- the directory.
directoryOf :: FilePath -> String
directoryOf = fst . splitFilenameDir

-- filenameOf strips the directory off the input string, returning
-- the filename.
filenameOf :: FilePath -> String
filenameOf = snd . splitFilenameDir

replaceFilenameDirectory :: FilePath -> String -> FilePath
replaceFilenameDirectory path dir = dir `joinFileName` filenameOf path

escapeSpaces :: String -> String
escapeSpaces = foldr (\c s -> if isSpace c then '\\':c:s else c:s) ""

isPathSeparator :: Char -> Bool
isPathSeparator ch =
#ifdef mingw32_TARGET_OS
  ch == '/' || ch == '\\'
#else
  ch == '/'
#endif

--------------------------------------------------------------
-- * Search path
--------------------------------------------------------------

-- | The function splits the given string to substrings
-- using the 'searchPathSeparator'.
parseSearchPath :: String -> [FilePath]
parseSearchPath path = split path
  where
    split :: String -> [String]
    split s =
      case rest' of
        []     -> [chunk] 
        _:rest -> chunk : split rest
      where
        chunk = 
          case chunk' of
#ifdef mingw32_HOST_OS
            ('\"':xs@(_:_)) | last xs == '\"' -> init xs
#endif
            _                                 -> chunk'

        (chunk', rest') = break (==searchPathSeparator) s

-- | A platform-specific character used to separate search path strings in 
-- environment variables. The separator is a colon (\":\") on Unix and Macintosh, 
-- and a semicolon (\";\") on the Windows operating system.
searchPathSeparator :: Char
#if mingw32_HOST_OS || mingw32_TARGET_OS
searchPathSeparator = ';'
#else
searchPathSeparator = ':'
#endif

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Convert filepath into platform / MSDOS form.

-- We maintain path names in Unix form ('/'-separated) right until 
-- the last moment.  On Windows we dos-ify them just before passing them
-- to the Windows command.
-- 
-- The alternative, of using '/' consistently on Unix and '\' on Windows,
-- proved quite awkward.  There were a lot more calls to platformPath,
-- and even on Windows we might invoke a unix-like utility (eg 'sh'), which
-- interpreted a command line 'foo\baz' as 'foobaz'.

normalisePath :: String -> String
-- Just changes '\' to '/'

pgmPath :: String		-- Directory string in Unix format
	-> String		-- Program name with no directory separators
				--	(e.g. copy /y)
	-> String		-- Program invocation string in native format

#if defined(mingw32_HOST_OS)
--------------------- Windows version ------------------
normalisePath xs = subst '\\' '/' xs
pgmPath dir pgm  = platformPath dir ++ '\\' : pgm
platformPath p   = subst '/' '\\' p

subst a b ls = map (\ x -> if x == a then b else x) ls
#else
--------------------- Non-Windows version --------------
normalisePath xs   = xs
pgmPath dir pgm    = dir ++ '/' : pgm
platformPath stuff = stuff
--------------------------------------------------------
#endif
\end{code}