GHC vs the Haskell standards Haskell standards vs GHC This section lists Glasgow Haskell infelicities in its implementation of Haskell 98 and Haskell 2010. See also the “when things go wrong” section () for information about crashes, space leaks, and other undesirable phenomena. The limitations here are listed in Haskell Report order (roughly). By default, GHC mainly aims to behave (mostly) like a Haskell 2010 compiler, although you can tell it to try to behave like a particular version of the language with the -XHaskell98 and -XHaskell2010 flags. The known deviations from the standards are described below. Unless otherwise stated, the deviation applies in Haskell 98, Haskell 2010 and the default modes. Certain lexical rules regarding qualified identifiers are slightly different in GHC compared to the Haskell report. When you have module.reservedop, such as M.\, GHC will interpret it as a single qualified operator rather than the two lexemes M and .\. In Haskell 98 mode and by default (but not in Haskell 2010 mode), GHC is a little less strict about the layout rule when used in do expressions. Specifically, the restriction that "a nested context must be indented further to the right than the enclosing context" is relaxed to allow the nested context to be at the same level as the enclosing context, if the enclosing context is a do expression. For example, the following code is accepted by GHC: main = do args <- getArgs if null args then return [] else do ps <- mapM process args mapM print ps This behaviour is controlled by the NondecreasingIndentation extension. GHC doesn't do the fixity resolution in expressions during parsing as required by Haskell 98 (but not by Haskell 2010). For example, according to the Haskell 98 report, the following expression is legal: let x = 42 in x == 42 == True and parses as: (let x = 42 in x == 42) == True because according to the report, the let expression extends as far to the right as possible. Since it can't extend past the second equals sign without causing a parse error (== is non-fix), the let-expression must terminate there. GHC simply gobbles up the whole expression, parsing like this: (let x = 42 in x == 42 == True) In its default mode, GHC makes some programs slightly more defined than they should be. For example, consider f :: [a] -> b -> b f [] = error "urk" f (x:xs) = \v -> v main = print (f [] `seq` True) This should call error but actually prints True. Reason: GHC eta-expands f to f :: [a] -> b -> b f [] v = error "urk" f (x:xs) v = v This improves efficiency slightly but significantly for most programs, and is bad for only a few. To suppress this bogus "optimisation" use -fpedantic-bottoms. In its default mode, GHC does not accept datatype contexts, as it has been decided to remove them from the next version of the language standard. This behaviour can be controlled with the DatatypeContexts extension. See . GHC requires the use of hs-boot files to cut the recursive loops among mutually recursive modules as described in . This more of an infelicity than a bug: the Haskell Report says (Section 5.7) "Depending on the Haskell implementation used, separate compilation of mutually recursive modules may require that imported modules contain additional information so that they may be referenced before they are compiled. Explicit type signatures for all exported values may be necessary to deal with mutual recursion. The precise details of separate compilation are not defined by this Report." Num superclasses The Num class does not have Show or Eq superclasses. You can make code that works with both Haskell98/Haskell2010 and GHC by: Whenever you make a Num instance of a type, also make Show and Eq instances, and Whenever you give a function, instance or class a Num t constraint, also give it Show t and Eq t constraints. Bits superclasses The Bits class does not have a Num superclasses. It therefore does not have default methods for the bit, testBit and popCount methods. You can make code that works with both Haskell2010 and GHC by: Whenever you make a Bits instance of a type, also make a Num instance, and Whenever you give a function, instance or class a Bits t constraint, also give it a Num t constraint, and Always define the bit, testBit and popCount methods in Bits instances. Extra instances The following extra instances are defined: instance Functor ((->) r) instance Monad ((->) r) instance Functor ((,) a) instance Functor (Either a) instance Monad (Either e) Multiply-defined array elements—not checked: This code fragment should elicit a fatal error, but it does not: main = print (array (1,1) [(1,2), (1,3)]) GHC's implementation of array takes the value of an array slot from the last (index,value) pair in the list, and does no checking for duplicates. The reason for this is efficiency, pure and simple. Arbitrary-sized tuples Tuples are currently limited to size 100. HOWEVER: standard instances for tuples (Eq, Ord, Bounded, Ix Read, and Show) are available only up to 16-tuples. This limitation is easily subvertible, so please ask if you get stuck on it. Reading integers GHC's implementation of the Read class for integral types accepts hexadecimal and octal literals (the code in the Haskell 98 report doesn't). So, for example, read "0xf00" :: Int works in GHC. A possible reason for this is that readLitChar accepts hex and octal escapes, so it seems inconsistent not to do so for integers too. isAlpha The Haskell 98 definition of isAlpha is: isAlpha c = isUpper c || isLower c GHC's implementation diverges from the Haskell 98 definition in the sense that Unicode alphabetic characters which are neither upper nor lower case will still be identified as alphabetic by isAlpha. hGetContents Lazy I/O throws an exception if an error is encountered, in contrast to the Haskell 98 spec which requires that errors are discarded (see Section 21.2.2 of the Haskell 98 report). The exception thrown is the usual IO exception that would be thrown if the failing IO operation was performed in the IO monad, and can be caught by System.IO.Error.catch or Control.Exception.catch. hs_init() not allowed after hs_exit() The FFI spec requires the implementation to support re-initialising itself after being shut down with hs_exit(), but GHC does not currently support that. This section documents GHC's take on various issues that are left undefined or implementation specific in Haskell 98. The Char type Charsize of Following the ISO-10646 standard, maxBound :: Char in GHC is 0x10FFFF. Sized integral types Intsize of In GHC the Int type follows the size of an address on the host architecture; in other words it holds 32 bits on a 32-bit machine, and 64-bits on a 64-bit machine. Arithmetic on Int is unchecked for overflowoverflowInt , so all operations on Int happen modulo 2n where n is the size in bits of the Int type. The fromIntegerfromInteger function (and hence also fromIntegralfromIntegral ) is a special case when converting to Int. The value of fromIntegral x :: Int is given by taking the lower n bits of (abs x), multiplied by the sign of x (in 2's complement n-bit arithmetic). This behaviour was chosen so that for example writing 0xffffffff :: Int preserves the bit-pattern in the resulting Int. Negative literals, such as -3, are specified by (a careful reading of) the Haskell Report as meaning Prelude.negate (Prelude.fromInteger 3). So -2147483648 means negate (fromInteger 2147483648). Since fromInteger takes the lower 32 bits of the representation, fromInteger (2147483648::Integer), computed at type Int is -2147483648::Int. The negate operation then overflows, but it is unchecked, so negate (-2147483648::Int) is just -2147483648. In short, one can write minBound::Int as a literal with the expected meaning (but that is not in general guaranteed). The fromIntegral function also preserves bit-patterns when converting between the sized integral types (Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64 and the unsigned Word variants), see the modules Data.Int and Data.Word in the library documentation. Unchecked float arithmetic Operations on Float and Double numbers are unchecked for overflow, underflow, and other sad occurrences. (note, however, that some architectures trap floating-point overflow and loss-of-precision and report a floating-point exception, probably terminating the program)floating-point exceptions. The bug tracker lists bugs that have been reported in GHC but not yet fixed: see the GHC Trac. In addition to those, GHC also has the following known bugs or infelicities. These bugs are more permanent; it is unlikely that any of them will be fixed in the short term. GHC can warn about non-exhaustive or overlapping patterns (see ), and usually does so correctly. But not always. It gets confused by string patterns, and by guards, and can then emit bogus warnings. The entire overlap-check code needs an overhaul really. GHC does not allow you to have a data type with a context that mentions type variables that are not data type parameters. For example: data C a b => T a = MkT a so that MkT's type is MkT :: forall a b. C a b => a -> T a In principle, with a suitable class declaration with a functional dependency, it's possible that this type is not ambiguous; but GHC nevertheless rejects it. The type variables mentioned in the context of the data type declaration must be among the type parameters of the data type. GHC's inliner can be persuaded into non-termination using the standard way to encode recursion via a data type: data U = MkU (U -> Bool) russel :: U -> Bool russel u@(MkU p) = not $ p u x :: Bool x = russel (MkU russel) We have never found another class of programs, other than this contrived one, that makes GHC diverge, and fixing the problem would impose an extra overhead on every compilation. So the bug remains un-fixed. There is more background in Secrets of the GHC inliner. On 32-bit x86 platforms when using the native code generator, the -fexcess-precision-fexcess-precision option is always on. This means that floating-point calculations are non-deterministic, because depending on how the program is compiled (optimisation settings, for example), certain calculations might be done at 80-bit precision instead of the intended 32-bit or 64-bit precision. Floating-point results may differ when optimisation is turned on. In the worst case, referential transparency is violated, because for example let x = E1 in E2 can evaluate to a different value than E2[E1/x]. One workaround is to use the -msse2-msse2 option (see , which generates code to use the SSE2 instruction set instead of the x87 instruction set. SSE2 code uses the correct precision for all floating-point operations, and so gives deterministic results. However, note that this only works with processors that support SSE2 (Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon 64 and later), which is why the option is not enabled by default. The libraries that come with GHC are probably built without this option, unless you built GHC yourself. GHCi does not respect the default declaration in the module whose scope you are in. Instead, for expressions typed at the command line, you always get the default default-type behaviour; that is, default(Int,Double). It would be better for GHCi to record what the default settings in each module are, and use those of the 'current' module (whatever that is). On Windows, there's a GNU ld/BFD bug whereby it emits bogus PE object files that have more than 0xffff relocations. When GHCi tries to load a package affected by this bug, you get an error message of the form Loading package javavm ... linking ... WARNING: Overflown relocation field (# relocs found: 30765) The last time we looked, this bug still wasn't fixed in the BFD codebase, and there wasn't any noticeable interest in fixing it when we reported the bug back in 2001 or so. The workaround is to split up the .o files that make up your package into two or more .o's, along the lines of how the "base" package does it. GHCi does not keep careful track of what instance declarations are 'in scope' if they come from other packages. Instead, all instance declarations that GHC has seen in other packages are all available at the prompt, whether or not the instance really ought to be in visible given the current set of modules in scope.