path: root/compiler/GHC/Tc/TyCl/Class.hs

{-
(c) The University of Glasgow 2006
(c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998

-}

{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wno-incomplete-record-updates #-}

-- | Typechecking class declarations
module GHC.Tc.TyCl.Class
   ( tcClassSigs
   , tcClassDecl2
   , ClassScopedTVEnv
   , findMethodBind
   , instantiateMethod
   , tcClassMinimalDef
   , HsSigFun
   , mkHsSigFun
   , badMethodErr
   , instDeclCtxt1
   , instDeclCtxt2
   , instDeclCtxt3
   , tcATDefault
   )
where

#include "HsVersions.h"

import GHC.Prelude

import GHC.Hs
import GHC.Tc.Gen.Sig
import GHC.Tc.Types.Evidence ( idHsWrapper )
import GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Env
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Unify
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Instantiate( tcSuperSkolTyVars )
import GHC.Tc.Gen.HsType
import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcMType
import GHC.Core.Type     ( piResultTys, substTyVar )
import GHC.Core.Predicate
import GHC.Core.Multiplicity
import GHC.Tc.Types.Origin
import GHC.Tc.Utils.TcType
import GHC.Tc.Utils.Monad
import GHC.Tc.TyCl.Build( TcMethInfo )
import GHC.Core.Class
import GHC.Core.Coercion ( pprCoAxiom )
import GHC.Driver.Session
import GHC.Tc.Instance.Family
import GHC.Core.FamInstEnv
import GHC.Types.Id
import GHC.Types.Name
import GHC.Types.Name.Env
import GHC.Types.Name.Set
import GHC.Types.Var
import GHC.Types.Var.Env
import GHC.Types.SourceFile (HscSource(..))
import GHC.Utils.Outputable
import GHC.Utils.Panic
import GHC.Utils.Panic.Plain
import GHC.Types.SrcLoc
import GHC.Core.TyCon
import GHC.Data.Maybe
import GHC.Types.Basic
import GHC.Data.Bag
import GHC.Data.BooleanFormula
import GHC.Utils.Misc

import Control.Monad
import Data.List ( mapAccumL, partition )

{-
Dictionary handling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Every class implicitly declares a new data type, corresponding to dictionaries
of that class. So, for example:

        class (D a) => C a where
          op1 :: a -> a
          op2 :: forall b. Ord b => a -> b -> b

would implicitly declare

        data CDict a = CDict (D a)
                             (a -> a)
                             (forall b. Ord b => a -> b -> b)

(We could use a record decl, but that means changing more of the existing apparatus.
One step at a time!)

For classes with just one superclass+method, we use a newtype decl instead:

        class C a where
          op :: forallb. a -> b -> b

generates

        newtype CDict a = CDict (forall b. a -> b -> b)

Now DictTy in Type is just a form of type synomym:
        DictTy c t = TyConTy CDict `AppTy` t

Death to "ExpandingDicts".


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Type-checking the class op signatures
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

illegalHsigDefaultMethod :: Name -> SDoc
illegalHsigDefaultMethod n =
    text "Illegal default method(s) in class definition of" <+> ppr n <+> text "in hsig file"

tcClassSigs :: Name                -- Name of the class
            -> [LSig GhcRn]
            -> LHsBinds GhcRn
            -> TcM [TcMethInfo]    -- Exactly one for each method
tcClassSigs clas sigs def_methods
  = do { traceTc "tcClassSigs 1" (ppr clas)

       ; gen_dm_prs <- concatMapM (addLocM tc_gen_sig) gen_sigs
       ; let gen_dm_env :: NameEnv (SrcSpan, Type)
             gen_dm_env = mkNameEnv gen_dm_prs

       ; op_info <- concatMapM (addLocM (tc_sig gen_dm_env)) vanilla_sigs

       ; let op_names = mkNameSet [ n | (n,_,_) <- op_info ]
       ; sequence_ [ failWithTc (badMethodErr clas n)
                   | n <- dm_bind_names, not (n `elemNameSet` op_names) ]
                   -- Value binding for non class-method (ie no TypeSig)

       ; tcg_env <- getGblEnv
       ; if tcg_src tcg_env == HsigFile
            then
               -- Error if we have value bindings
               -- (Generic signatures without value bindings indicate
               -- that a default of this form is expected to be
               -- provided.)
               when (not (null def_methods)) $
                failWithTc (illegalHsigDefaultMethod clas)
            else
               -- Error for each generic signature without value binding
               sequence_ [ failWithTc (badGenericMethod clas n)
                         | (n,_) <- gen_dm_prs, not (n `elem` dm_bind_names) ]

       ; traceTc "tcClassSigs 2" (ppr clas)
       ; return op_info }
  where
    vanilla_sigs :: [Located ([LocatedN Name], LHsSigType GhcRn)] -- AZ temp
    vanilla_sigs = [L (locA loc) (nm,ty) | L loc (ClassOpSig _ False nm ty) <- sigs]
    gen_sigs :: [Located ([LocatedN Name], LHsSigType GhcRn)] -- AZ temp
    gen_sigs     = [L (locA loc) (nm,ty) | L loc (ClassOpSig _ True  nm ty) <- sigs]
    dm_bind_names :: [Name] -- These ones have a value binding in the class decl
    dm_bind_names = [op | L _ (FunBind {fun_id = L _ op}) <- bagToList def_methods]

    tc_sig :: NameEnv (SrcSpan, Type) -> ([LocatedN Name], LHsSigType GhcRn)
           -> TcM [TcMethInfo]
    tc_sig gen_dm_env (op_names, op_hs_ty)
      = do { traceTc "ClsSig 1" (ppr op_names)
           ; op_ty <- tcClassSigType op_names op_hs_ty
                   -- Class tyvars already in scope

           ; traceTc "ClsSig 2" (ppr op_names $$ ppr op_ty)
           ; return [ (op_name, op_ty, f op_name) | L _ op_name <- op_names ] }
           where
             f nm | Just lty <- lookupNameEnv gen_dm_env nm = Just (GenericDM lty)
                  | nm `elem` dm_bind_names                 = Just VanillaDM
                  | otherwise                               = Nothing

    tc_gen_sig :: ([LocatedN Name], LHsSigType GhcRn)
                      -> IOEnv (Env TcGblEnv TcLclEnv) [(Name, (SrcSpan, Type))] -- AZ temp
    tc_gen_sig (op_names, gen_hs_ty)
      = do { gen_op_ty <- tcClassSigType op_names gen_hs_ty
           ; return [ (op_name, (locA loc, gen_op_ty))
                                                 | L loc op_name <- op_names ] }

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Class Declarations
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

-- | Maps class names to the type variables that scope over their bodies.
-- See @Note [Scoped tyvars in a TcTyCon]@ in "GHC.Core.TyCon".
type ClassScopedTVEnv = NameEnv [(Name, TyVar)]

tcClassDecl2 :: ClassScopedTVEnv         -- Class scoped type variables
             -> LTyClDecl GhcRn          -- The class declaration
             -> TcM (LHsBinds GhcTc)

tcClassDecl2 class_scoped_tv_env
             (L _ (ClassDecl {tcdLName = class_name, tcdSigs = sigs,
                                tcdMeths = default_binds}))
  = recoverM (return emptyLHsBinds) $
    setSrcSpan (getLocA class_name) $
    do  { clas <- tcLookupLocatedClass (n2l class_name)

        -- We make a separate binding for each default method.
        -- At one time I used a single AbsBinds for all of them, thus
        -- AbsBind [d] [dm1, dm2, dm3] { dm1 = ...; dm2 = ...; dm3 = ... }
        -- But that desugars into
        --      ds = \d -> (..., ..., ...)
        --      dm1 = \d -> case ds d of (a,b,c) -> a
        -- And since ds is big, it doesn't get inlined, so we don't get good
        -- default methods.  Better to make separate AbsBinds for each
        ; let (tyvars, _, _, op_items) = classBigSig clas
              prag_fn = mkPragEnv sigs default_binds
              sig_fn  = mkHsSigFun sigs
              (skol_subst, clas_tyvars) = tcSuperSkolTyVars tyvars
              pred = mkClassPred clas (mkTyVarTys clas_tyvars)
              scoped_tyvars =
                case lookupNameEnv class_scoped_tv_env (unLoc class_name) of
                  Just tvs -> tvs
                  Nothing  -> pprPanic "tcClassDecl2: Class name not in tcg_class_scoped_tvs_env"
                                       (ppr class_name)
              -- The substitution returned by tcSuperSkolTyVars maps each type
              -- variable to a TyVarTy, so it is safe to call getTyVar below.
              scoped_clas_tyvars =
                mapSnd ( getTyVar ("tcClassDecl2: Super-skolem substitution maps "
                                   ++ "type variable to non-type variable")
                       . substTyVar skol_subst ) scoped_tyvars
        ; this_dict <- newEvVar pred

        ; let tc_item = tcDefMeth clas clas_tyvars this_dict
                                  default_binds sig_fn prag_fn
        ; dm_binds <- tcExtendNameTyVarEnv scoped_clas_tyvars $
                      mapM tc_item op_items

        ; return (unionManyBags dm_binds) }

tcClassDecl2 _ d = pprPanic "tcClassDecl2" (ppr d)

tcDefMeth :: Class -> [TyVar] -> EvVar -> LHsBinds GhcRn
          -> HsSigFun -> TcPragEnv -> ClassOpItem
          -> TcM (LHsBinds GhcTc)
-- Generate code for default methods
-- This is incompatible with Hugs, which expects a polymorphic
-- default method for every class op, regardless of whether or not
-- the programmer supplied an explicit default decl for the class.
-- (If necessary we can fix that, but we don't have a convenient Id to hand.)

tcDefMeth _ _ _ _ _ prag_fn (sel_id, Nothing)
  = do { -- No default method
         mapM_ (addLocMA (badDmPrag sel_id))
               (lookupPragEnv prag_fn (idName sel_id))
       ; return emptyBag }

tcDefMeth clas tyvars this_dict binds_in hs_sig_fn prag_fn
          (sel_id, Just (dm_name, dm_spec))
  | Just (L bind_loc dm_bind, bndr_loc, prags) <- findMethodBind sel_name binds_in prag_fn
  = do { -- First look up the default method; it should be there!
         -- It can be the ordinary default method
         -- or the generic-default method.  E.g of the latter
         --      class C a where
         --        op :: a -> a -> Bool
         --        default op :: Eq a => a -> a -> Bool
         --        op x y = x==y
         -- The default method we generate is
         --    $gm :: (C a, Eq a) => a -> a -> Bool
         --    $gm x y = x==y

         global_dm_id  <- tcLookupId dm_name
       ; global_dm_id  <- addInlinePrags global_dm_id prags
       ; local_dm_name <- newNameAt (getOccName sel_name) bndr_loc
            -- Base the local_dm_name on the selector name, because
            -- type errors from tcInstanceMethodBody come from here

       ; spec_prags <- discardConstraints $
                       tcSpecPrags global_dm_id prags
       ; diagnosticTc WarningWithoutFlag
                      (not (null spec_prags))
                      (text "Ignoring SPECIALISE pragmas on default method"
                       <+> quotes (ppr sel_name))

       ; let hs_ty = hs_sig_fn sel_name
                     `orElse` pprPanic "tc_dm" (ppr sel_name)
             -- We need the HsType so that we can bring the right
             -- type variables into scope
             --
             -- Eg.   class C a where
             --          op :: forall b. Eq b => a -> [b] -> a
             --          gen_op :: a -> a
             --          generic gen_op :: D a => a -> a
             -- The "local_dm_ty" is precisely the type in the above
             -- type signatures, ie with no "forall a. C a =>" prefix

             local_dm_ty = instantiateMethod clas global_dm_id (mkTyVarTys tyvars)

             lm_bind     = dm_bind { fun_id = L (la2na bind_loc) local_dm_name }
                             -- Substitute the local_meth_name for the binder
                             -- NB: the binding is always a FunBind

             warn_redundant = case dm_spec of
                                GenericDM {} -> lhsSigTypeContextSpan hs_ty
                                VanillaDM    -> NoRRC
                -- For GenericDM, warn if the user specifies a signature
                -- with redundant constraints; but not for VanillaDM, where
                -- the default method may well be 'error' or something

             ctxt = FunSigCtxt sel_name warn_redundant

       ; let local_dm_id = mkLocalId local_dm_name Many local_dm_ty
             local_dm_sig = CompleteSig { sig_bndr = local_dm_id
                                        , sig_ctxt  = ctxt
                                        , sig_loc   = getLocA hs_ty }

       ; (ev_binds, (tc_bind, _))
               <- checkConstraints skol_info tyvars [this_dict] $
                  tcPolyCheck no_prag_fn local_dm_sig
                              (L bind_loc lm_bind)

       ; let export = ABE { abe_ext   = noExtField
                          , abe_poly  = global_dm_id
                          , abe_mono  = local_dm_id
                          , abe_wrap  = idHsWrapper
                          , abe_prags = IsDefaultMethod }
             full_bind = AbsBinds { abs_ext      = noExtField
                                  , abs_tvs      = tyvars
                                  , abs_ev_vars  = [this_dict]
                                  , abs_exports  = [export]
                                  , abs_ev_binds = [ev_binds]
                                  , abs_binds    = tc_bind
                                  , abs_sig      = True }

       ; return (unitBag (L bind_loc full_bind)) }

  | otherwise = pprPanic "tcDefMeth" (ppr sel_id)
  where
    skol_info = TyConSkol ClassFlavour (getName clas)
    sel_name = idName sel_id
    no_prag_fn = emptyPragEnv   -- No pragmas for local_meth_id;
                                -- they are all for meth_id

---------------
tcClassMinimalDef :: Name -> [LSig GhcRn] -> [TcMethInfo] -> TcM ClassMinimalDef
tcClassMinimalDef _clas sigs op_info
  = case findMinimalDef sigs of
      Nothing -> return defMindef
      Just mindef -> do
        -- Warn if the given mindef does not imply the default one
        -- That is, the given mindef should at least ensure that the
        -- class ops without default methods are required, since we
        -- have no way to fill them in otherwise
        tcg_env <- getGblEnv
        -- However, only do this test when it's not an hsig file,
        -- since you can't write a default implementation.
        when (tcg_src tcg_env /= HsigFile) $
            whenIsJust (isUnsatisfied (mindef `impliesAtom`) defMindef) $
                       (\bf -> addDiagnosticTc WarningWithoutFlag (warningMinimalDefIncomplete bf))
        return mindef
  where
    -- By default require all methods without a default implementation
    defMindef :: ClassMinimalDef
    defMindef = mkAnd [ noLocA (mkVar name)
                      | (name, _, Nothing) <- op_info ]

instantiateMethod :: Class -> TcId -> [TcType] -> TcType
-- Take a class operation, say
--      op :: forall ab. C a => forall c. Ix c => (b,c) -> a
-- Instantiate it at [ty1,ty2]
-- Return the "local method type":
--      forall c. Ix x => (ty2,c) -> ty1
instantiateMethod clas sel_id inst_tys
  = assert ok_first_pred local_meth_ty
  where
    rho_ty = piResultTys (idType sel_id) inst_tys
    (first_pred, local_meth_ty) = tcSplitPredFunTy_maybe rho_ty
                `orElse` pprPanic "tcInstanceMethod" (ppr sel_id)

    ok_first_pred = case getClassPredTys_maybe first_pred of
                      Just (clas1, _tys) -> clas == clas1
                      Nothing -> False
              -- The first predicate should be of form (C a b)
              -- where C is the class in question


---------------------------
type HsSigFun = Name -> Maybe (LHsSigType GhcRn)

mkHsSigFun :: [LSig GhcRn] -> HsSigFun
mkHsSigFun sigs = lookupNameEnv env
  where
    env = mkHsSigEnv get_classop_sig sigs

    get_classop_sig :: LSig GhcRn -> Maybe ([LocatedN Name], LHsSigType GhcRn)
    get_classop_sig  (L _ (ClassOpSig _ _ ns hs_ty)) = Just (ns, hs_ty)
    get_classop_sig  _                               = Nothing

---------------------------
findMethodBind  :: Name                 -- Selector
                -> LHsBinds GhcRn       -- A group of bindings
                -> TcPragEnv
                -> Maybe (LHsBind GhcRn, SrcSpan, [LSig GhcRn])
                -- Returns the binding, the binding
                -- site of the method binder, and any inline or
                -- specialisation pragmas
findMethodBind sel_name binds prag_fn
  = foldl' mplus Nothing (mapBag f binds)
  where
    prags    = lookupPragEnv prag_fn sel_name

    f bind@(L _ (FunBind { fun_id = L bndr_loc op_name }))
      | op_name == sel_name
             = Just (bind, locA bndr_loc, prags)
    f _other = Nothing

---------------------------
findMinimalDef :: [LSig GhcRn] -> Maybe ClassMinimalDef
findMinimalDef = firstJusts . map toMinimalDef
  where
    toMinimalDef :: LSig GhcRn -> Maybe ClassMinimalDef
    toMinimalDef (L _ (MinimalSig _ _ (L _ bf))) = Just (fmap unLoc bf)
    toMinimalDef _                               = Nothing

{-
Note [Polymorphic methods]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider
    class Foo a where
        op :: forall b. Ord b => a -> b -> b -> b
    instance Foo c => Foo [c] where
        op = e

When typechecking the binding 'op = e', we'll have a meth_id for op
whose type is
      op :: forall c. Foo c => forall b. Ord b => [c] -> b -> b -> b

So tcPolyBinds must be capable of dealing with nested polytypes;
and so it is. See GHC.Tc.Gen.Bind.tcMonoBinds (with type-sig case).

Note [Silly default-method bind]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we pass the default method binding to the type checker, it must
look like    op2 = e
not          $dmop2 = e
otherwise the "$dm" stuff comes out error messages.  But we want the
"$dm" to come out in the interface file.  So we typecheck the former,
and wrap it in a let, thus
          $dmop2 = let op2 = e in op2
This makes the error messages right.


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Error messages
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

badMethodErr :: Outputable a => a -> Name -> SDoc
badMethodErr clas op
  = hsep [text "Class", quotes (ppr clas),
          text "does not have a method", quotes (ppr op)]

badGenericMethod :: Outputable a => a -> Name -> SDoc
badGenericMethod clas op
  = hsep [text "Class", quotes (ppr clas),
          text "has a generic-default signature without a binding", quotes (ppr op)]

{-
badGenericInstanceType :: LHsBinds Name -> SDoc
badGenericInstanceType binds
  = vcat [text "Illegal type pattern in the generic bindings",
          nest 2 (ppr binds)]

missingGenericInstances :: [Name] -> SDoc
missingGenericInstances missing
  = text "Missing type patterns for" <+> pprQuotedList missing

dupGenericInsts :: [(TyCon, InstInfo a)] -> SDoc
dupGenericInsts tc_inst_infos
  = vcat [text "More than one type pattern for a single generic type constructor:",
          nest 2 (vcat (map ppr_inst_ty tc_inst_infos)),
          text "All the type patterns for a generic type constructor must be identical"
    ]
  where
    ppr_inst_ty (_,inst) = ppr (simpleInstInfoTy inst)
-}
badDmPrag :: TcId -> Sig GhcRn -> TcM ()
badDmPrag sel_id prag
  = addErrTc (text "The" <+> hsSigDoc prag <+> text "for default method"
              <+> quotes (ppr sel_id)
              <+> text "lacks an accompanying binding")

warningMinimalDefIncomplete :: ClassMinimalDef -> SDoc
warningMinimalDefIncomplete mindef
  = vcat [ text "The MINIMAL pragma does not require:"
         , nest 2 (pprBooleanFormulaNice mindef)
         , text "but there is no default implementation." ]

instDeclCtxt1 :: LHsSigType GhcRn -> SDoc
instDeclCtxt1 hs_inst_ty
  = inst_decl_ctxt (ppr (getLHsInstDeclHead hs_inst_ty))

instDeclCtxt2 :: Type -> SDoc
instDeclCtxt2 dfun_ty
  = instDeclCtxt3 cls tys
  where
    (_,_,cls,tys) = tcSplitDFunTy dfun_ty

instDeclCtxt3 :: Class -> [Type] -> SDoc
instDeclCtxt3 cls cls_tys
  = inst_decl_ctxt (ppr (mkClassPred cls cls_tys))

inst_decl_ctxt :: SDoc -> SDoc
inst_decl_ctxt doc = hang (text "In the instance declaration for")
                        2 (quotes doc)

tcATDefault :: SrcSpan
            -> TCvSubst
            -> NameSet
            -> ClassATItem
            -> TcM [FamInst]
-- ^ Construct default instances for any associated types that
-- aren't given a user definition
-- Returns [] or singleton
tcATDefault loc inst_subst defined_ats (ATI fam_tc defs)
  -- User supplied instances ==> everything is OK
  | tyConName fam_tc `elemNameSet` defined_ats
  = return []

  -- No user instance, have defaults ==> instantiate them
   -- Example:   class C a where { type F a b :: *; type F a b = () }
   --            instance C [x]
   -- Then we want to generate the decl:   type F [x] b = ()
  | Just (rhs_ty, _loc) <- defs
  = do { let (subst', pat_tys') = mapAccumL subst_tv inst_subst
                                            (tyConTyVars fam_tc)
             rhs'     = substTyUnchecked subst' rhs_ty
             tcv' = tyCoVarsOfTypesList pat_tys'
             (tv', cv') = partition isTyVar tcv'
             tvs'     = scopedSort tv'
             cvs'     = scopedSort cv'
       ; rep_tc_name <- newFamInstTyConName (L (noAnnSrcSpan loc) (tyConName fam_tc)) pat_tys'
       ; let axiom = mkSingleCoAxiom Nominal rep_tc_name tvs' [] cvs'
                                     fam_tc pat_tys' rhs'
           -- NB: no validity check. We check validity of default instances
           -- in the class definition. Because type instance arguments cannot
           -- be type family applications and cannot be polytypes, the
           -- validity check is redundant.

       ; traceTc "mk_deflt_at_instance" (vcat [ ppr fam_tc, ppr rhs_ty
                                              , pprCoAxiom axiom ])
       ; fam_inst <- newFamInst SynFamilyInst axiom
       ; return [fam_inst] }

   -- No defaults ==> generate a warning
  | otherwise  -- defs = Nothing
  = do { warnMissingAT (tyConName fam_tc)
       ; return [] }
  where
    subst_tv subst tc_tv
      | Just ty <- lookupVarEnv (getTvSubstEnv subst) tc_tv
      = (subst, ty)
      | otherwise
      = (extendTvSubst subst tc_tv ty', ty')
      where
        ty' = mkTyVarTy (updateTyVarKind (substTyUnchecked subst) tc_tv)

warnMissingAT :: Name -> TcM ()
warnMissingAT name
  = do { warn <- woptM Opt_WarnMissingMethods
       ; traceTc "warn" (ppr name <+> ppr warn)
       ; hsc_src <- fmap tcg_src getGblEnv
       -- hs-boot and signatures never need to provide complete "definitions"
       -- of any sort, as they aren't really defining anything, but just
       -- constraining items which are defined elsewhere.
       ; diagnosticTc (WarningWithFlag Opt_WarnMissingMethods) (warn && hsc_src == HsSrcFile)
                      (text "No explicit" <+> text "associated type"
                          <+> text "or default declaration for"
                          <+> quotes (ppr name)) }