path: root/compiler/stgSyn/CoreToStg.lhs

%
% (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1993-1998
%
\section[CoreToStg]{Converts Core to STG Syntax}

And, as we have the info in hand, we may convert some lets to
let-no-escapes.

\begin{code}
module CoreToStg ( coreToStg, coreExprToStg ) where

#include "HsVersions.h"

import CoreSyn
import CoreUtils        ( exprType, findDefault )
import CoreArity        ( manifestArity )
import StgSyn

import Type
import TyCon
import MkId             ( coercionTokenId )
import Id
import IdInfo
import DataCon
import CostCentre       ( noCCS )
import VarSet
import VarEnv
import Maybes           ( maybeToBool )
import Name             ( getOccName, isExternalName, nameOccName )
import OccName          ( occNameString, occNameFS )
import BasicTypes       ( Arity )
import TysWiredIn       ( unboxedUnitDataCon )
import Literal
import Outputable
import MonadUtils
import FastString
import Util
import DynFlags
import ForeignCall
import PrimOp           ( PrimCall(..) )
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection[live-vs-free-doc]{Documentation}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

(There is other relevant documentation in codeGen/CgLetNoEscape.)

The actual Stg datatype is decorated with {\em live variable}
information, as well as {\em free variable} information.  The two are
{\em not} the same.  Liveness is an operational property rather than a
semantic one.  A variable is live at a particular execution point if
it can be referred to {\em directly} again.  In particular, a dead
variable's stack slot (if it has one):
\begin{enumerate}
\item
should be stubbed to avoid space leaks, and
\item
may be reused for something else.
\end{enumerate}

There ought to be a better way to say this.  Here are some examples:
\begin{verbatim}
        let v = [q] \[x] -> e
        in
        ...v...  (but no q's)
\end{verbatim}

Just after the `in', v is live, but q is dead.  If the whole of that
let expression was enclosed in a case expression, thus:
\begin{verbatim}
        case (let v = [q] \[x] -> e in ...v...) of
                alts[...q...]
\end{verbatim}
(ie @alts@ mention @q@), then @q@ is live even after the `in'; because
we'll return later to the @alts@ and need it.

Let-no-escapes make this a bit more interesting:
\begin{verbatim}
        let-no-escape v = [q] \ [x] -> e
        in
        ...v...
\end{verbatim}
Here, @q@ is still live at the `in', because @v@ is represented not by
a closure but by the current stack state.  In other words, if @v@ is
live then so is @q@.  Furthermore, if @e@ mentions an enclosing
let-no-escaped variable, then {\em its} free variables are also live
if @v@ is.

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection[caf-info]{Collecting live CAF info}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

In this pass we also collect information on which CAFs are live for
constructing SRTs (see SRT.lhs).

A top-level Id has CafInfo, which is

        - MayHaveCafRefs, if it may refer indirectly to
          one or more CAFs, or
        - NoCafRefs if it definitely doesn't

The CafInfo has already been calculated during the CoreTidy pass.

During CoreToStg, we then pin onto each binding and case expression, a
list of Ids which represents the "live" CAFs at that point.  The meaning
of "live" here is the same as for live variables, see above (which is
why it's convenient to collect CAF information here rather than elsewhere).

The later SRT pass takes these lists of Ids and uses them to construct
the actual nested SRTs, and replaces the lists of Ids with (offset,length)
pairs.


Interaction of let-no-escape with SRTs   [Sept 01]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider

        let-no-escape x = ...caf1...caf2...
        in
        ...x...x...x...

where caf1,caf2 are CAFs.  Since x doesn't have a closure, we
build SRTs just as if x's defn was inlined at each call site, and
that means that x's CAF refs get duplicated in the overall SRT.

This is unlike ordinary lets, in which the CAF refs are not duplicated.

We could fix this loss of (static) sharing by making a sort of pseudo-closure
for x, solely to put in the SRTs lower down.


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection[binds-StgVarInfo]{Setting variable info: top-level, binds, RHSs}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
coreToStg :: DynFlags -> CoreProgram -> IO [StgBinding]
coreToStg dflags pgm
  = return pgm'
  where (_, _, pgm') = coreTopBindsToStg dflags emptyVarEnv pgm

coreExprToStg :: CoreExpr -> StgExpr
coreExprToStg expr
  = new_expr where (new_expr,_,_) = initLne emptyVarEnv (coreToStgExpr expr)


coreTopBindsToStg
    :: DynFlags
    -> IdEnv HowBound           -- environment for the bindings
    -> CoreProgram
    -> (IdEnv HowBound, FreeVarsInfo, [StgBinding])

coreTopBindsToStg _        env [] = (env, emptyFVInfo, [])
coreTopBindsToStg dflags env (b:bs)
  = (env2, fvs2, b':bs')
  where
        -- Notice the mutually-recursive "knot" here:
        --   env accumulates down the list of binds,
        --   fvs accumulates upwards
        (env1, fvs2, b' ) = coreTopBindToStg dflags env fvs1 b
        (env2, fvs1, bs') = coreTopBindsToStg dflags env1 bs

coreTopBindToStg
        :: DynFlags
        -> IdEnv HowBound
        -> FreeVarsInfo         -- Info about the body
        -> CoreBind
        -> (IdEnv HowBound, FreeVarsInfo, StgBinding)

coreTopBindToStg dflags env body_fvs (NonRec id rhs)
  = let
        env'      = extendVarEnv env id how_bound
        how_bound = LetBound TopLet $! manifestArity rhs

        (stg_rhs, fvs') =
            initLne env $ do
              (stg_rhs, fvs') <- coreToTopStgRhs dflags body_fvs (id,rhs)
              return (stg_rhs, fvs')

        bind = StgNonRec id stg_rhs
    in
    ASSERT2(consistentCafInfo id bind, ppr id )
      -- NB: previously the assertion printed 'rhs' and 'bind'
      --     as well as 'id', but that led to a black hole
      --     where printing the assertion error tripped the
      --     assertion again!
    (env', fvs' `unionFVInfo` body_fvs, bind)

coreTopBindToStg dflags env body_fvs (Rec pairs)
  = ASSERT( not (null pairs) )
    let
        binders = map fst pairs

        extra_env' = [ (b, LetBound TopLet $! manifestArity rhs)
                     | (b, rhs) <- pairs ]
        env' = extendVarEnvList env extra_env'

        (stg_rhss, fvs')
          = initLne env' $ do
               (stg_rhss, fvss') <- mapAndUnzipM (coreToTopStgRhs dflags body_fvs) pairs
               let fvs' = unionFVInfos fvss'
               return (stg_rhss, fvs')

        bind = StgRec (zip binders stg_rhss)
    in
    ASSERT2(consistentCafInfo (head binders) bind, ppr binders)
    (env', fvs' `unionFVInfo` body_fvs, bind)


-- Assertion helper: this checks that the CafInfo on the Id matches
-- what CoreToStg has figured out about the binding's SRT.  The
-- CafInfo will be exact in all cases except when CorePrep has
-- floated out a binding, in which case it will be approximate.
consistentCafInfo :: Id -> GenStgBinding Var Id -> Bool
consistentCafInfo id bind
  = WARN( not (exact || is_sat_thing) , ppr id <+> ppr id_marked_caffy <+> ppr binding_is_caffy )
    safe
  where
    safe  = id_marked_caffy || not binding_is_caffy
    exact = id_marked_caffy == binding_is_caffy
    id_marked_caffy  = mayHaveCafRefs (idCafInfo id)
    binding_is_caffy = stgBindHasCafRefs bind
    is_sat_thing = occNameFS (nameOccName (idName id)) == fsLit "sat"
\end{code}

\begin{code}
coreToTopStgRhs
        :: DynFlags
        -> FreeVarsInfo         -- Free var info for the scope of the binding
        -> (Id,CoreExpr)
        -> LneM (StgRhs, FreeVarsInfo)

coreToTopStgRhs dflags scope_fv_info (bndr, rhs)
  = do { (new_rhs, rhs_fvs, _) <- coreToStgExpr rhs
       ; lv_info <- freeVarsToLiveVars rhs_fvs

       ; let stg_rhs   = mkTopStgRhs dflags rhs_fvs (mkSRT lv_info) bndr_info new_rhs
             stg_arity = stgRhsArity stg_rhs
       ; return (ASSERT2( arity_ok stg_arity, mk_arity_msg stg_arity) stg_rhs,
                 rhs_fvs) }
  where
    bndr_info = lookupFVInfo scope_fv_info bndr

        -- It's vital that the arity on a top-level Id matches
        -- the arity of the generated STG binding, else an importing
        -- module will use the wrong calling convention
        --      (Trac #2844 was an example where this happened)
        -- NB1: we can't move the assertion further out without
        --      blocking the "knot" tied in coreTopBindsToStg
        -- NB2: the arity check is only needed for Ids with External
        --      Names, because they are externally visible.  The CorePrep
        --      pass introduces "sat" things with Local Names and does
        --      not bother to set their Arity info, so don't fail for those
    arity_ok stg_arity
       | isExternalName (idName bndr) = id_arity == stg_arity
       | otherwise                    = True
    id_arity  = idArity bndr
    mk_arity_msg stg_arity
        = vcat [ppr bndr,
                ptext (sLit "Id arity:") <+> ppr id_arity,
                ptext (sLit "STG arity:") <+> ppr stg_arity]

mkTopStgRhs :: DynFlags -> FreeVarsInfo
            -> SRT -> StgBinderInfo -> StgExpr
            -> StgRhs

mkTopStgRhs _ rhs_fvs srt binder_info (StgLam bndrs body)
  = StgRhsClosure noCCS binder_info
                  (getFVs rhs_fvs)
                  ReEntrant
                  srt
                  bndrs body

mkTopStgRhs dflags _ _ _ (StgConApp con args)
  | not (isDllConApp dflags con args)  -- Dynamic StgConApps are updatable
  = StgRhsCon noCCS con args

mkTopStgRhs _ rhs_fvs srt binder_info rhs
  = StgRhsClosure noCCS binder_info
                  (getFVs rhs_fvs)
                  Updatable
                  srt
                  [] rhs
\end{code}


-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Expressions
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{code}
coreToStgExpr
        :: CoreExpr
        -> LneM (StgExpr,       -- Decorated STG expr
                 FreeVarsInfo,  -- Its free vars (NB free, not live)
                 EscVarsSet)    -- Its escapees, a subset of its free vars;
                                -- also a subset of the domain of the envt
                                -- because we are only interested in the escapees
                                -- for vars which might be turned into
                                -- let-no-escaped ones.
\end{code}

The second and third components can be derived in a simple bottom up pass, not
dependent on any decisions about which variables will be let-no-escaped or
not.  The first component, that is, the decorated expression, may then depend
on these components, but it in turn is not scrutinised as the basis for any
decisions.  Hence no black holes.

\begin{code}
-- No LitInteger's should be left by the time this is called. CorePrep
-- should have converted them all to a real core representation.
coreToStgExpr (Lit (LitInteger {})) = panic "coreToStgExpr: LitInteger"
coreToStgExpr (Lit l)      = return (StgLit l, emptyFVInfo, emptyVarSet)
coreToStgExpr (Var v)      = coreToStgApp Nothing v               []
coreToStgExpr (Coercion _) = coreToStgApp Nothing coercionTokenId []

coreToStgExpr expr@(App _ _)
  = coreToStgApp Nothing f args
  where
    (f, args) = myCollectArgs expr

coreToStgExpr expr@(Lam _ _)
  = let
        (args, body) = myCollectBinders expr
        args'        = filterStgBinders args
    in
    extendVarEnvLne [ (a, LambdaBound) | a <- args' ] $ do
    (body, body_fvs, body_escs) <- coreToStgExpr body
    let
        fvs             = args' `minusFVBinders` body_fvs
        escs            = body_escs `delVarSetList` args'
        result_expr | null args' = body
                    | otherwise  = StgLam args' body

    return (result_expr, fvs, escs)

coreToStgExpr (Tick (HpcTick m n) expr)
  = do (expr2, fvs, escs) <- coreToStgExpr expr
       return (StgTick m n expr2, fvs, escs)

coreToStgExpr (Tick (ProfNote cc tick push) expr)
  = do (expr2, fvs, escs) <- coreToStgExpr expr
       return (StgSCC cc tick push expr2, fvs, escs)

coreToStgExpr (Tick Breakpoint{} _expr)
  = panic "coreToStgExpr: breakpoint should not happen"

coreToStgExpr (Cast expr _)
  = coreToStgExpr expr

-- Cases require a little more real work.

coreToStgExpr (Case scrut _ _ [])
  = coreToStgExpr scrut
    -- See Note [Empty case alternatives] in CoreSyn If the case
    -- alternatives are empty, the scrutinee must diverge or raise an
    -- exception, so we can just dive into it.
    --
    -- Of course this may seg-fault if the scrutinee *does* return.  A
    -- belt-and-braces approach would be to move this case into the
    -- code generator, and put a return point anyway that calls a
    -- runtime system error function.


coreToStgExpr (Case scrut bndr _ alts) = do
    (alts2, alts_fvs, alts_escs)
       <- extendVarEnvLne [(bndr, LambdaBound)] $ do
            (alts2, fvs_s, escs_s) <- mapAndUnzip3M vars_alt alts
            return ( alts2,
                     unionFVInfos fvs_s,
                     unionVarSets escs_s )
    let
        -- Determine whether the default binder is dead or not
        -- This helps the code generator to avoid generating an assignment
        -- for the case binder (is extremely rare cases) ToDo: remove.
        bndr' | bndr `elementOfFVInfo` alts_fvs = bndr
              | otherwise                       = bndr `setIdOccInfo` IAmDead

        -- Don't consider the default binder as being 'live in alts',
        -- since this is from the point of view of the case expr, where
        -- the default binder is not free.
        alts_fvs_wo_bndr  = bndr `minusFVBinder` alts_fvs
        alts_escs_wo_bndr = alts_escs `delVarSet` bndr

    alts_lv_info <- freeVarsToLiveVars alts_fvs_wo_bndr

        -- We tell the scrutinee that everything
        -- live in the alts is live in it, too.
    (scrut2, scrut_fvs, _scrut_escs, scrut_lv_info)
       <- setVarsLiveInCont alts_lv_info $ do
            (scrut2, scrut_fvs, scrut_escs) <- coreToStgExpr scrut
            scrut_lv_info <- freeVarsToLiveVars scrut_fvs
            return (scrut2, scrut_fvs, scrut_escs, scrut_lv_info)

    return (
      StgCase scrut2 (getLiveVars scrut_lv_info)
                     (getLiveVars alts_lv_info)
                     bndr'
                     (mkSRT alts_lv_info)
                     (mkStgAltType bndr alts)
                     alts2,
      scrut_fvs `unionFVInfo` alts_fvs_wo_bndr,
      alts_escs_wo_bndr `unionVarSet` getFVSet scrut_fvs
                -- You might think we should have scrut_escs, not
                -- (getFVSet scrut_fvs), but actually we can't call, and
                -- then return from, a let-no-escape thing.
      )
  where
    vars_alt (con, binders, rhs)
      | DataAlt c <- con, c == unboxedUnitDataCon
      = -- This case is a bit smelly.
        -- See Note [Nullary unboxed tuple] in Type.lhs
        -- where a nullary tuple is mapped to (State# World#)
        ASSERT( null binders )
        do { (rhs2, rhs_fvs, rhs_escs) <- coreToStgExpr rhs
           ; return ((DEFAULT, [], [], rhs2), rhs_fvs, rhs_escs) }
      | otherwise
      = let     -- Remove type variables
            binders' = filterStgBinders binders
        in
        extendVarEnvLne [(b, LambdaBound) | b <- binders'] $ do
        (rhs2, rhs_fvs, rhs_escs) <- coreToStgExpr rhs
        let
                -- Records whether each param is used in the RHS
            good_use_mask = [ b `elementOfFVInfo` rhs_fvs | b <- binders' ]

        return ( (con, binders', good_use_mask, rhs2),
                 binders' `minusFVBinders` rhs_fvs,
                 rhs_escs `delVarSetList` binders' )
                -- ToDo: remove the delVarSet;
                -- since escs won't include any of these binders
\end{code}

Lets not only take quite a bit of work, but this is where we convert
then to let-no-escapes, if we wish.

(Meanwhile, we don't expect to see let-no-escapes...)
\begin{code}
coreToStgExpr (Let bind body) = do
    (new_let, fvs, escs, _)
       <- mfix (\ ~(_, _, _, no_binder_escapes) ->
             coreToStgLet no_binder_escapes bind body
          )

    return (new_let, fvs, escs)

coreToStgExpr e = pprPanic "coreToStgExpr" (ppr e)
\end{code}

\begin{code}
mkStgAltType :: Id -> [CoreAlt] -> AltType
mkStgAltType bndr alts = case repType (idType bndr) of
    UnaryRep rep_ty -> case tyConAppTyCon_maybe rep_ty of
        Just tc | isUnLiftedTyCon tc -> PrimAlt tc
                | isAbstractTyCon tc -> look_for_better_tycon
                | isAlgTyCon tc      -> AlgAlt tc
                | otherwise          -> ASSERT2( _is_poly_alt_tycon tc, ppr tc )
                                        PolyAlt
        Nothing                      -> PolyAlt
    UbxTupleRep rep_tys -> UbxTupAlt (length rep_tys)
    -- NB Nullary unboxed tuples have UnaryRep, and generate a PrimAlt
  where
   _is_poly_alt_tycon tc
        =  isFunTyCon tc
        || isPrimTyCon tc   -- "Any" is lifted but primitive
        || isFamilyTyCon tc -- Type family; e.g. Any, or arising from strict
                            -- function application where argument has a
                            -- type-family type

   -- Sometimes, the TyCon is a AbstractTyCon which may not have any
   -- constructors inside it.  Then we may get a better TyCon by
   -- grabbing the one from a constructor alternative
   -- if one exists.
   look_for_better_tycon
        | ((DataAlt con, _, _) : _) <- data_alts =
                AlgAlt (dataConTyCon con)
        | otherwise =
                ASSERT(null data_alts)
                PolyAlt
        where
                (data_alts, _deflt) = findDefault alts
\end{code}


-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Applications
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{code}
coreToStgApp
         :: Maybe UpdateFlag            -- Just upd <=> this application is
                                        -- the rhs of a thunk binding
                                        --      x = [...] \upd [] -> the_app
                                        -- with specified update flag
        -> Id                           -- Function
        -> [CoreArg]                    -- Arguments
        -> LneM (StgExpr, FreeVarsInfo, EscVarsSet)


coreToStgApp _ f args = do
    (args', args_fvs) <- coreToStgArgs args
    how_bound <- lookupVarLne f

    let
        n_val_args       = valArgCount args
        not_letrec_bound = not (isLetBound how_bound)
        fun_fvs = singletonFVInfo f how_bound fun_occ
            -- e.g. (f :: a -> int) (x :: a)
            -- Here the free variables are "f", "x" AND the type variable "a"
            -- coreToStgArgs will deal with the arguments recursively

        -- Mostly, the arity info of a function is in the fn's IdInfo
        -- But new bindings introduced by CoreSat may not have no
        -- arity info; it would do us no good anyway.  For example:
        --      let f = \ab -> e in f
        -- No point in having correct arity info for f!
        -- Hence the hasArity stuff below.
        -- NB: f_arity is only consulted for LetBound things
        f_arity   = stgArity f how_bound
        saturated = f_arity <= n_val_args

        fun_occ
         | not_letrec_bound         = noBinderInfo      -- Uninteresting variable
         | f_arity > 0 && saturated = stgSatOcc -- Saturated or over-saturated function call
         | otherwise                = stgUnsatOcc       -- Unsaturated function or thunk

        fun_escs
         | not_letrec_bound      = emptyVarSet  -- Only letrec-bound escapees are interesting
         | f_arity == n_val_args = emptyVarSet  -- A function *or thunk* with an exactly
                                                -- saturated call doesn't escape
                                                -- (let-no-escape applies to 'thunks' too)

         | otherwise         = unitVarSet f     -- Inexact application; it does escape

        -- At the moment of the call:

        --  either the function is *not* let-no-escaped, in which case
        --         nothing is live except live_in_cont
        --      or the function *is* let-no-escaped in which case the
        --         variables it uses are live, but still the function
        --         itself is not.  PS.  In this case, the function's
        --         live vars should already include those of the
        --         continuation, but it does no harm to just union the
        --         two regardless.

        res_ty = exprType (mkApps (Var f) args)
        app = case idDetails f of
                DataConWorkId dc | saturated -> StgConApp dc args'

                -- Some primitive operator that might be implemented as a library call.
                PrimOpId op      -> ASSERT( saturated )
                                    StgOpApp (StgPrimOp op) args' res_ty

                -- A call to some primitive Cmm function.
                FCallId (CCall (CCallSpec (StaticTarget lbl (Just pkgId) True) PrimCallConv _))
                                 -> ASSERT( saturated )
                                    StgOpApp (StgPrimCallOp (PrimCall lbl pkgId)) args' res_ty

                -- A regular foreign call.
                FCallId call     -> ASSERT( saturated )
                                    StgOpApp (StgFCallOp call (idUnique f)) args' res_ty

                TickBoxOpId {}   -> pprPanic "coreToStg TickBox" $ ppr (f,args')
                _other           -> StgApp f args'
        fvs = fun_fvs  `unionFVInfo` args_fvs
        vars = fun_escs `unionVarSet` (getFVSet args_fvs)
                                -- All the free vars of the args are disqualified
                                -- from being let-no-escaped.

    -- Forcing these fixes a leak in the code generator, noticed while
    -- profiling for trac #4367
    app `seq` fvs `seq` seqVarSet vars `seq` return (
        app,
        fvs,
        vars
     )



-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Argument lists
-- This is the guy that turns applications into A-normal form
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

coreToStgArgs :: [CoreArg] -> LneM ([StgArg], FreeVarsInfo)
coreToStgArgs []
  = return ([], emptyFVInfo)

coreToStgArgs (Type _ : args) = do     -- Type argument
    (args', fvs) <- coreToStgArgs args
    return (args', fvs)

coreToStgArgs (Coercion _ : args)  -- Coercion argument; replace with place holder
  = do { (args', fvs) <- coreToStgArgs args
       ; return (StgVarArg coercionTokenId : args', fvs) }

coreToStgArgs (arg : args) = do         -- Non-type argument
    (stg_args, args_fvs) <- coreToStgArgs args
    (arg', arg_fvs, _escs) <- coreToStgExpr arg
    let
        fvs = args_fvs `unionFVInfo` arg_fvs
        stg_arg = case arg' of
                       StgApp v []      -> StgVarArg v
                       StgConApp con [] -> StgVarArg (dataConWorkId con)
                       StgLit lit       -> StgLitArg lit
                       _                -> pprPanic "coreToStgArgs" (ppr arg)

        -- WARNING: what if we have an argument like (v `cast` co)
        --          where 'co' changes the representation type?
        --          (This really only happens if co is unsafe.)
        -- Then all the getArgAmode stuff in CgBindery will set the
        -- cg_rep of the CgIdInfo based on the type of v, rather
        -- than the type of 'co'.
        -- This matters particularly when the function is a primop
        -- or foreign call.
        -- Wanted: a better solution than this hacky warning
    let
        arg_ty = exprType arg
        stg_arg_ty = stgArgType stg_arg
        bad_args = (isUnLiftedType arg_ty && not (isUnLiftedType stg_arg_ty))
                || (map typePrimRep (flattenRepType (repType arg_ty))
                        /= map typePrimRep (flattenRepType (repType stg_arg_ty)))
        -- In GHCi we coerce an argument of type BCO# (unlifted) to HValue (lifted),
        -- and pass it to a function expecting an HValue (arg_ty).  This is ok because
        -- we can treat an unlifted value as lifted.  But the other way round
        -- we complain.
        -- We also want to check if a pointer is cast to a non-ptr etc

    WARN( bad_args, ptext (sLit "Dangerous-looking argument. Probable cause: bad unsafeCoerce#") $$ ppr arg )
     return (stg_arg : stg_args, fvs)


-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The magic for lets:
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

coreToStgLet
         :: Bool        -- True <=> yes, we are let-no-escaping this let
         -> CoreBind    -- bindings
         -> CoreExpr    -- body
         -> LneM (StgExpr,      -- new let
                  FreeVarsInfo, -- variables free in the whole let
                  EscVarsSet,   -- variables that escape from the whole let
                  Bool)         -- True <=> none of the binders in the bindings
                                -- is among the escaping vars

coreToStgLet let_no_escape bind body = do
    (bind2, bind_fvs, bind_escs, bind_lvs,
     body2, body_fvs, body_escs, body_lvs)
       <- mfix $ \ ~(_, _, _, _, _, rec_body_fvs, _, _) -> do

          -- Do the bindings, setting live_in_cont to empty if
          -- we ain't in a let-no-escape world
          live_in_cont <- getVarsLiveInCont
          ( bind2, bind_fvs, bind_escs, bind_lv_info, env_ext)
                <- setVarsLiveInCont (if let_no_escape
                                          then live_in_cont
                                          else emptyLiveInfo)
                                     (vars_bind rec_body_fvs bind)

          -- Do the body
          extendVarEnvLne env_ext $ do
             (body2, body_fvs, body_escs) <- coreToStgExpr body
             body_lv_info <- freeVarsToLiveVars body_fvs

             return (bind2, bind_fvs, bind_escs, getLiveVars bind_lv_info,
                     body2, body_fvs, body_escs, getLiveVars body_lv_info)


        -- Compute the new let-expression
    let
        new_let | let_no_escape = StgLetNoEscape live_in_whole_let bind_lvs bind2 body2
                | otherwise     = StgLet bind2 body2

        free_in_whole_let
          = binders `minusFVBinders` (bind_fvs `unionFVInfo` body_fvs)

        live_in_whole_let
          = bind_lvs `unionVarSet` (body_lvs `delVarSetList` binders)

        real_bind_escs = if let_no_escape then
                            bind_escs
                         else
                            getFVSet bind_fvs
                            -- Everything escapes which is free in the bindings

        let_escs = (real_bind_escs `unionVarSet` body_escs) `delVarSetList` binders

        all_escs = bind_escs `unionVarSet` body_escs    -- Still includes binders of
                                                        -- this let(rec)

        no_binder_escapes = isEmptyVarSet (set_of_binders `intersectVarSet` all_escs)

        -- Debugging code as requested by Andrew Kennedy
        checked_no_binder_escapes
                | debugIsOn && not no_binder_escapes && any is_join_var binders
                = pprTrace "Interesting!  A join var that isn't let-no-escaped" (ppr binders)
                  False
                | otherwise = no_binder_escapes

                -- Mustn't depend on the passed-in let_no_escape flag, since
                -- no_binder_escapes is used by the caller to derive the flag!
    return (
        new_let,
        free_in_whole_let,
        let_escs,
        checked_no_binder_escapes
      )
  where
    set_of_binders = mkVarSet binders
    binders        = bindersOf bind

    mk_binding bind_lv_info binder rhs
        = (binder, LetBound (NestedLet live_vars) (manifestArity rhs))
        where
           live_vars | let_no_escape = addLiveVar bind_lv_info binder
                     | otherwise     = unitLiveVar binder
                -- c.f. the invariant on NestedLet

    vars_bind :: FreeVarsInfo           -- Free var info for body of binding
              -> CoreBind
              -> LneM (StgBinding,
                       FreeVarsInfo,
                       EscVarsSet,        -- free vars; escapee vars
                       LiveInfo,          -- Vars and CAFs live in binding
                       [(Id, HowBound)])  -- extension to environment


    vars_bind body_fvs (NonRec binder rhs) = do
        (rhs2, bind_fvs, bind_lv_info, escs) <- coreToStgRhs body_fvs [] (binder,rhs)
        let
            env_ext_item = mk_binding bind_lv_info binder rhs

        return (StgNonRec binder rhs2,
                bind_fvs, escs, bind_lv_info, [env_ext_item])


    vars_bind body_fvs (Rec pairs)
      = mfix $ \ ~(_, rec_rhs_fvs, _, bind_lv_info, _) ->
           let
                rec_scope_fvs = unionFVInfo body_fvs rec_rhs_fvs
                binders = map fst pairs
                env_ext = [ mk_binding bind_lv_info b rhs
                          | (b,rhs) <- pairs ]
           in
           extendVarEnvLne env_ext $ do
              (rhss2, fvss, lv_infos, escss)
                     <- mapAndUnzip4M (coreToStgRhs rec_scope_fvs binders) pairs
              let
                        bind_fvs = unionFVInfos fvss
                        bind_lv_info = foldr unionLiveInfo emptyLiveInfo lv_infos
                        escs     = unionVarSets escss

              return (StgRec (binders `zip` rhss2),
                      bind_fvs, escs, bind_lv_info, env_ext)


is_join_var :: Id -> Bool
-- A hack (used only for compiler debuggging) to tell if
-- a variable started life as a join point ($j)
is_join_var j = occNameString (getOccName j) == "$j"
\end{code}

\begin{code}
coreToStgRhs :: FreeVarsInfo            -- Free var info for the scope of the binding
             -> [Id]
             -> (Id,CoreExpr)
             -> LneM (StgRhs, FreeVarsInfo, LiveInfo, EscVarsSet)

coreToStgRhs scope_fv_info binders (bndr, rhs) = do
    (new_rhs, rhs_fvs, rhs_escs) <- coreToStgExpr rhs
    lv_info <- freeVarsToLiveVars (binders `minusFVBinders` rhs_fvs)
    return (mkStgRhs rhs_fvs (mkSRT lv_info) bndr_info new_rhs,
            rhs_fvs, lv_info, rhs_escs)
  where
    bndr_info = lookupFVInfo scope_fv_info bndr

mkStgRhs :: FreeVarsInfo -> SRT -> StgBinderInfo -> StgExpr -> StgRhs

mkStgRhs _ _ _ (StgConApp con args) = StgRhsCon noCCS con args

mkStgRhs rhs_fvs srt binder_info (StgLam bndrs body)
  = StgRhsClosure noCCS binder_info
                  (getFVs rhs_fvs)
                  ReEntrant
                  srt bndrs body

mkStgRhs rhs_fvs srt binder_info rhs
  = StgRhsClosure noCCS binder_info
                  (getFVs rhs_fvs)
                  upd_flag srt [] rhs
  where
   upd_flag = Updatable
  {-
    SDM: disabled.  Eval/Apply can't handle functions with arity zero very
    well; and making these into simple non-updatable thunks breaks other
    assumptions (namely that they will be entered only once).

    upd_flag | isPAP env rhs  = ReEntrant
             | otherwise      = Updatable
  -}

{- ToDo:
          upd = if isOnceDem dem
                    then (if isNotTop toplev
                            then SingleEntry    -- HA!  Paydirt for "dem"
                            else
                     (if debugIsOn then trace "WARNING: SE CAFs unsupported, forcing UPD instead" else id) $
                     Updatable)
                else Updatable
        -- For now we forbid SingleEntry CAFs; they tickle the
        -- ASSERT in rts/Storage.c line 215 at newCAF() re mut_link,
        -- and I don't understand why.  There's only one SE_CAF (well,
        -- only one that tickled a great gaping bug in an earlier attempt
        -- at ClosureInfo.getEntryConvention) in the whole of nofib,
        -- specifically Main.lvl6 in spectral/cryptarithm2.
        -- So no great loss.  KSW 2000-07.
-}
\end{code}

Detect thunks which will reduce immediately to PAPs, and make them
non-updatable.  This has several advantages:

        - the non-updatable thunk behaves exactly like the PAP,

        - the thunk is more efficient to enter, because it is
          specialised to the task.

        - we save one update frame, one stg_update_PAP, one update
          and lots of PAP_enters.

        - in the case where the thunk is top-level, we save building
          a black hole and futhermore the thunk isn't considered to
          be a CAF any more, so it doesn't appear in any SRTs.

We do it here, because the arity information is accurate, and we need
to do it before the SRT pass to save the SRT entries associated with
any top-level PAPs.

isPAP env (StgApp f args) = listLengthCmp args arity == LT -- idArity f > length args
                          where
                            arity = stgArity f (lookupBinding env f)
isPAP env _               = False


%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection[LNE-monad]{A little monad for this let-no-escaping pass}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

There's a lot of stuff to pass around, so we use this @LneM@ monad to
help.  All the stuff here is only passed *down*.

\begin{code}
newtype LneM a = LneM
    { unLneM :: IdEnv HowBound
             -> LiveInfo                -- Vars and CAFs live in continuation
             -> a
    }

type LiveInfo = (StgLiveVars,   -- Dynamic live variables;
                                -- i.e. ones with a nested (non-top-level) binding
                 CafSet)        -- Static live variables;
                                -- i.e. top-level variables that are CAFs or refer to them

type EscVarsSet = IdSet
type CafSet     = IdSet

data HowBound
  = ImportBound         -- Used only as a response to lookupBinding; never
                        -- exists in the range of the (IdEnv HowBound)

  | LetBound            -- A let(rec) in this module
        LetInfo         -- Whether top level or nested
        Arity           -- Its arity (local Ids don't have arity info at this point)

  | LambdaBound         -- Used for both lambda and case

data LetInfo
  = TopLet              -- top level things
  | NestedLet LiveInfo  -- For nested things, what is live if this
                        -- thing is live?  Invariant: the binder
                        -- itself is always a member of
                        -- the dynamic set of its own LiveInfo

isLetBound :: HowBound -> Bool
isLetBound (LetBound _ _) = True
isLetBound _              = False

topLevelBound :: HowBound -> Bool
topLevelBound ImportBound         = True
topLevelBound (LetBound TopLet _) = True
topLevelBound _                   = False
\end{code}

For a let(rec)-bound variable, x, we record LiveInfo, the set of
variables that are live if x is live.  This LiveInfo comprises
        (a) dynamic live variables (ones with a non-top-level binding)
        (b) static live variabes (CAFs or things that refer to CAFs)

For "normal" variables (a) is just x alone.  If x is a let-no-escaped
variable then x is represented by a code pointer and a stack pointer
(well, one for each stack).  So all of the variables needed in the
execution of x are live if x is, and are therefore recorded in the
LetBound constructor; x itself *is* included.

The set of dynamic live variables is guaranteed ot have no further let-no-escaped
variables in it.

\begin{code}
emptyLiveInfo :: LiveInfo
emptyLiveInfo = (emptyVarSet,emptyVarSet)

unitLiveVar :: Id -> LiveInfo
unitLiveVar lv = (unitVarSet lv, emptyVarSet)

unitLiveCaf :: Id -> LiveInfo
unitLiveCaf caf = (emptyVarSet, unitVarSet caf)

addLiveVar :: LiveInfo -> Id -> LiveInfo
addLiveVar (lvs, cafs) id = (lvs `extendVarSet` id, cafs)

unionLiveInfo :: LiveInfo -> LiveInfo -> LiveInfo
unionLiveInfo (lv1,caf1) (lv2,caf2) = (lv1 `unionVarSet` lv2, caf1 `unionVarSet` caf2)

mkSRT :: LiveInfo -> SRT
mkSRT (_, cafs) = SRTEntries cafs

getLiveVars :: LiveInfo -> StgLiveVars
getLiveVars (lvs, _) = lvs
\end{code}


The std monad functions:
\begin{code}
initLne :: IdEnv HowBound -> LneM a -> a
initLne env m = unLneM m env emptyLiveInfo



{-# INLINE thenLne #-}
{-# INLINE returnLne #-}

returnLne :: a -> LneM a
returnLne e = LneM $ \_ _ -> e

thenLne :: LneM a -> (a -> LneM b) -> LneM b
thenLne m k = LneM $ \env lvs_cont
  -> unLneM (k (unLneM m env lvs_cont)) env lvs_cont

instance Monad LneM where
    return = returnLne
    (>>=)  = thenLne

instance MonadFix LneM where
    mfix expr = LneM $ \env lvs_cont ->
                       let result = unLneM (expr result) env lvs_cont
                       in  result
\end{code}

Functions specific to this monad:

\begin{code}
getVarsLiveInCont :: LneM LiveInfo
getVarsLiveInCont = LneM $ \_env lvs_cont -> lvs_cont

setVarsLiveInCont :: LiveInfo -> LneM a -> LneM a
setVarsLiveInCont new_lvs_cont expr
   =    LneM $   \env _lvs_cont
   -> unLneM expr env new_lvs_cont

extendVarEnvLne :: [(Id, HowBound)] -> LneM a -> LneM a
extendVarEnvLne ids_w_howbound expr
   =    LneM $   \env lvs_cont
   -> unLneM expr (extendVarEnvList env ids_w_howbound) lvs_cont

lookupVarLne :: Id -> LneM HowBound
lookupVarLne v = LneM $ \env _lvs_cont -> lookupBinding env v

lookupBinding :: IdEnv HowBound -> Id -> HowBound
lookupBinding env v = case lookupVarEnv env v of
                        Just xx -> xx
                        Nothing -> ASSERT2( isGlobalId v, ppr v ) ImportBound


-- The result of lookupLiveVarsForSet, a set of live variables, is
-- only ever tacked onto a decorated expression. It is never used as
-- the basis of a control decision, which might give a black hole.

freeVarsToLiveVars :: FreeVarsInfo -> LneM LiveInfo
freeVarsToLiveVars fvs = LneM freeVarsToLiveVars'
 where
  freeVarsToLiveVars' _env live_in_cont = live_info
   where
    live_info    = foldr unionLiveInfo live_in_cont lvs_from_fvs
    lvs_from_fvs = map do_one (allFreeIds fvs)

    do_one (v, how_bound)
      = case how_bound of
          ImportBound                     -> unitLiveCaf v      -- Only CAF imports are
                                                                -- recorded in fvs
          LetBound TopLet _
                | mayHaveCafRefs (idCafInfo v) -> unitLiveCaf v
                | otherwise                    -> emptyLiveInfo

          LetBound (NestedLet lvs) _      -> lvs        -- lvs already contains v
                                                        -- (see the invariant on NestedLet)

          _lambda_or_case_binding         -> unitLiveVar v      -- Bound by lambda or case
\end{code}

%************************************************************************
%*                                                                      *
\subsection[Free-var info]{Free variable information}
%*                                                                      *
%************************************************************************

\begin{code}
type FreeVarsInfo = VarEnv (Var, HowBound, StgBinderInfo)
        -- The Var is so we can gather up the free variables
        -- as a set.
        --
        -- The HowBound info just saves repeated lookups;
        -- we look up just once when we encounter the occurrence.
        -- INVARIANT: Any ImportBound Ids are HaveCafRef Ids
        --            Imported Ids without CAF refs are simply
        --            not put in the FreeVarsInfo for an expression.
        --            See singletonFVInfo and freeVarsToLiveVars
        --
        -- StgBinderInfo records how it occurs; notably, we
        -- are interested in whether it only occurs in saturated
        -- applications, because then we don't need to build a
        -- curried version.
        -- If f is mapped to noBinderInfo, that means
        -- that f *is* mentioned (else it wouldn't be in the
        -- IdEnv at all), but perhaps in an unsaturated applications.
        --
        -- All case/lambda-bound things are also mapped to
        -- noBinderInfo, since we aren't interested in their
        -- occurence info.
        --
        -- For ILX we track free var info for type variables too;
        -- hence VarEnv not IdEnv
\end{code}

\begin{code}
emptyFVInfo :: FreeVarsInfo
emptyFVInfo = emptyVarEnv

singletonFVInfo :: Id -> HowBound -> StgBinderInfo -> FreeVarsInfo
-- Don't record non-CAF imports at all, to keep free-var sets small
singletonFVInfo id ImportBound info
   | mayHaveCafRefs (idCafInfo id) = unitVarEnv id (id, ImportBound, info)
   | otherwise                     = emptyVarEnv
singletonFVInfo id how_bound info  = unitVarEnv id (id, how_bound, info)

unionFVInfo :: FreeVarsInfo -> FreeVarsInfo -> FreeVarsInfo
unionFVInfo fv1 fv2 = plusVarEnv_C plusFVInfo fv1 fv2

unionFVInfos :: [FreeVarsInfo] -> FreeVarsInfo
unionFVInfos fvs = foldr unionFVInfo emptyFVInfo fvs

minusFVBinders :: [Id] -> FreeVarsInfo -> FreeVarsInfo
minusFVBinders vs fv = foldr minusFVBinder fv vs

minusFVBinder :: Id -> FreeVarsInfo -> FreeVarsInfo
minusFVBinder v fv = fv `delVarEnv` v
        -- When removing a binder, remember to add its type variables
        -- c.f. CoreFVs.delBinderFV

elementOfFVInfo :: Id -> FreeVarsInfo -> Bool
elementOfFVInfo id fvs = maybeToBool (lookupVarEnv fvs id)

lookupFVInfo :: FreeVarsInfo -> Id -> StgBinderInfo
-- Find how the given Id is used.
-- Externally visible things may be used any old how
lookupFVInfo fvs id
  | isExternalName (idName id) = noBinderInfo
  | otherwise = case lookupVarEnv fvs id of
                        Nothing         -> noBinderInfo
                        Just (_,_,info) -> info

allFreeIds :: FreeVarsInfo -> [(Id,HowBound)]   -- Both top level and non-top-level Ids
allFreeIds fvs = ASSERT( all (isId . fst) ids ) ids
      where
        ids = [(id,how_bound) | (id,how_bound,_) <- varEnvElts fvs]

-- Non-top-level things only, both type variables and ids
getFVs :: FreeVarsInfo -> [Var]
getFVs fvs = [id | (id, how_bound, _) <- varEnvElts fvs,
                    not (topLevelBound how_bound) ]

getFVSet :: FreeVarsInfo -> VarSet
getFVSet fvs = mkVarSet (getFVs fvs)

plusFVInfo :: (Var, HowBound, StgBinderInfo)
           -> (Var, HowBound, StgBinderInfo)
           -> (Var, HowBound, StgBinderInfo)
plusFVInfo (id1,hb1,info1) (id2,hb2,info2)
  = ASSERT (id1 == id2 && hb1 `check_eq_how_bound` hb2)
    (id1, hb1, combineStgBinderInfo info1 info2)

-- The HowBound info for a variable in the FVInfo should be consistent
check_eq_how_bound :: HowBound -> HowBound -> Bool
check_eq_how_bound ImportBound        ImportBound        = True
check_eq_how_bound LambdaBound        LambdaBound        = True
check_eq_how_bound (LetBound li1 ar1) (LetBound li2 ar2) = ar1 == ar2 && check_eq_li li1 li2
check_eq_how_bound _                  _                  = False

check_eq_li :: LetInfo -> LetInfo -> Bool
check_eq_li (NestedLet _) (NestedLet _) = True
check_eq_li TopLet        TopLet        = True
check_eq_li _             _             = False
\end{code}

Misc.
\begin{code}
filterStgBinders :: [Var] -> [Var]
filterStgBinders bndrs = filter isId bndrs
\end{code}


\begin{code}
myCollectBinders :: Expr Var -> ([Var], Expr Var)
myCollectBinders expr
  = go [] expr
  where
    go bs (Lam b e)          = go (b:bs) e
    go bs e@(Tick t e')
        | tickishIsCode t    = (reverse bs, e)
        | otherwise          = go bs e'
        -- Ignore only non-code source annotations
    go bs (Cast e _)         = go bs e
    go bs e                  = (reverse bs, e)

myCollectArgs :: CoreExpr -> (Id, [CoreArg])
        -- We assume that we only have variables
        -- in the function position by now
myCollectArgs expr
  = go expr []
  where
    go (Var v)          as = (v, as)
    go (App f a) as        = go f (a:as)
    go (Tick _ _)     _  = pprPanic "CoreToStg.myCollectArgs" (ppr expr)
    go (Cast e _)       as = go e as
    go (Lam b e)        as
       | isTyVar b         = go e as  -- Note [Collect args]
    go _                _  = pprPanic "CoreToStg.myCollectArgs" (ppr expr)
\end{code}

Note [Collect args]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This big-lambda case occurred following a rather obscure eta expansion.
It all seems a bit yukky to me.

\begin{code}
stgArity :: Id -> HowBound -> Arity
stgArity _ (LetBound _ arity) = arity
stgArity f ImportBound        = idArity f
stgArity _ LambdaBound        = 0
\end{code}