path: root/docs/users_guide/9.4.1-notes.rst

.. _release-9-4-1:

Version 9.4.1
==============

Compiler
~~~~~~~~

- New :ghc-flag:`-Wredundant-strictness-flags` that checks for strictness flags
  (``!``) applied to unlifted types, which are always strict.

- A new type of plugin: defaulting plugins. These plugins can propose
  defaults for ambiguous variables that would otherwise cause errors
  just like the built-in defaulting mechanism.

- The way GHC checks for representation polymorphism has been overhauled:
  all the checks are now done during typechecking. The error messages
  now contain more detailed information about the specific check that was performed.

- The parsing of implicit parameters is slightly more permissive, as GHC now allows ::

      foo :: (?ip :: forall a. a -> a)

  without requiring parentheses around ``forall a. a -> a``. Note that implicit
  parameters with such kinds are unlikely to be very useful, due to
  :ghc-ticket:`18759`.

- Changes to the treatment of :extension:`UnboxedSums`:

  - GHC can now parse unboxed sum type constructors ``(# | #)``, ``(# | | #)``,
    ``(# | | | #)`, etc. Partial applications need to be written in prefix form,
    e.g. ``(# | #) Int#``.

  - Unboxed sums now require the :extension:`UnboxedSums` extension to be enabled.

  - The :extension:`UnboxedTuples` extension now implies
    :extension:`UnboxedSums`. This means that code using unboxed sums that
    enabled the :extension:`UnboxedTuples` extension but didn't explicitly
    enable :extension:`UnboxedSums` will continue to work without changes.

- Constructed Product Result analysis (c.f. :ghc-flag:`-fcpr-anal`) has been
  overhauled and will now unbox nestedly, if termination properties of the
  function permit. This allows unboxing of constructed results returned by
  ``IO`` actions. E.g.::

      sumIO :: [Int] -> IO Int
      sumIO []     = return 0
      sumIO (x:xs) = do
        r <- sumIO xs
        return $! x + r

  Note the use of ``$!``: Without it, GHC would be unable to see that evaluation
  of ``r`` and ``x`` terminates (and rapidly, at that). An alternative would be to
  evaluate both with a bang pattern or a ``seq``, but the ``return $! <res>``
  idiom should work more reliably and needs less thinking.

- Demand analysis (cf. :ghc-flag:`-fstrictness`) now integrates a
  Boxity Analysis that tracks whether a function needs a parameter boxed. If
  that is the case, the worker/wrapper transformation (cf.
  :ghc-flag:`-fworker-wrapper`) will not unbox that parameter, leading to less
  reboxing in many cases.

  For reasons of backwards-compatible performance, you may find that the new
  mechanism is too aggressive in a few cases (e.g., still unboxing a parameter
  that is used boxed in a hot path). Do post a bug report with your example!
  Then wrap the uses of the parameter in ``GHC.Exts.lazy`` for a short-term fix.

- Support for Sun SPARC architecture has been dropped (:ghc-ticket:`16883`).

``base`` library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- ``GHC.Exts.magicDict`` has been renamed to ``withDict`` and given a more
  specific type: ::

        withDict :: forall {rr :: RuntimeRep} st dt (r :: TYPE rr). st -> (dt => r) -> r

  Unlike ``magicDict``, ``withDict`` can be used without defining an
  intermediate data type. For example, the ``withTypeable`` function from the
  ``Data.Typeable`` module can now be defined as: ::

        withTypeable :: forall k (a :: k) rep (r :: TYPE rep). ()
                     => TypeRep a -> (Typeable a => r) -> r
        withTypeable rep k = withDict @(TypeRep a) @(Typeable a) rep k

  Note that the explicit type applications are required, as the call to
  ``withDict`` would be ambiguous otherwise.

``ghc-prim`` library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Primitive types and functions which handle boxed values are now levity-polymorphic,
  meaning that they now also work with unlifted boxed values (i.e. values whose type
  has kind ``TYPE (BoxedRep Unlifted)``).

  The following type constructors are now levity-polymorphic:

    - ``Array#``, ``SmallArray#``, ``Weak#``, ``StablePtr#``, ``StableName#``,

    - ``MutableArray#``, ``SmallMutableArray#``, ``MutVar#``,
      ``TVar#``, ``MVar#``, ``IOPort#``.

  For example, ``Array#`` used to have kind: ::

        Type -> UnliftedType

  but it now has kind: ::

        forall {l :: Levity}. TYPE (BoxedRep l) -> UnliftedType

  Similarly, ``MutVar#`` used to have kind: ::

        Type -> Type -> UnliftedType

  but it now has kind: ::

        forall {l :: Levity}. Type -> TYPE (BoxedRep l) -> UnliftedType

  This means that in ``Array# a``, ``MutableArray# s a``, ``MutVar# s a``, ...,
  the element type ``a``, must always be boxed, but it can now either be lifted
  or unlifted.
  In particular, arrays and mutable variables can now be used to store
  other arrays and mutable variables.

  All functions which use these updated primitive types are also levity-polymorphic:

    - all array operations (reading/writing/copying/...), for both arrays and small arrays,
      mutable and immutable:

      - ``newArray#``, ``readArray#``, ``writeArray#``, ``sizeofArray#``, ``sizeofMutableArray#``, ``indexArray#``,
        ``unsafeFreezeArray#``, ``unsafeThawArray#``, ``copyArray#``, ``copyMutableArray#``, ``cloneArray#``,
        ``cloneMutableArray#``, ``freezeArray#``, ``thawArray#``, ``casArray#``,

      - ``newSmallArray#``, ``shrinkSmallMutableArray#``, ``readSmallArray#``, ``writeSmallArray#``, ``sizeofSmallArray#``,
        ``getSizeofSmallMutableArray#``, ``indexSmallArray#``, ``unsafeFreezeSmallArray#``,
        ``unsafeThawSmallArray#``, ``copySmallArray#``, ``copySmallMutableArray#``, ``cloneSmallArray#``,
        ``cloneSmallMutableArray#``, ``freezeSmallArray#``, ``thawSmallArray#``, ``casSmallArray#``,

    - ``newMutVar#``,``readMutVar#``,``writeMutV#``,``casMutVar#``,

    - operations on ``MVar#`` and ``TVar#``:

      - ``newTVar#``, ``readTVar#``, ``readTVarIO#``, ``writeTVar#``,

      - ``newMVar#``, ``takeMVar#``, ``tryTakeMVar#``, ``putMVar#``,
        ``tryPutMVar#``, ``readMVar#``, ``tryReadMVar#``,

    - ``STM`` operations ``atomically#``, ``retry#``, ``catchRetry#`` and ``catchSTM#``.

    - ``newIOPort#``, ``readIOPort#``, ``writeIOPort#``,

    - ``mkWeak#``, ``mkWeakNoFinalizer#``, ``addCFinalizerToWeak#``, ``deRefWeak#``, ``finalizeWeak#``,

    - ``makeStablePtr#``, ``deRefStablePtr#``, ``eqStablePtr#``, ``makeStableName#``, ``stableNameToInt#``,

  For example, the full type of ``newMutVar#`` is now: ::

        newMutVar#
          :: forall s {l :: Levity} (a :: TYPE (BoxedRep l)).
             a -> State# s -> (# State# s, MVar# s a #)

  and the full type of ``writeSmallArray#`` is: ::

        writeSmallArray#
          :: forall s {l :: Levity} (a :: TYPE ('BoxedRep l)).
             SmallMutableArray# s a -> Int# -> a -> State# s -> State# s

- ``ArrayArray#` and ``MutableArrayArray#`` have been moved from ``GHC.Prim`` to ``GHC.Exts``.
  They are deprecated, because their functionality is now subsumed by ``Array#``
  and ``MutableArray#``.

- ``mkWeak#``, ``mkWeakNoFinalizer#``, ``touch#``
  and ``keepAlive#`` are now levity-polymorphic instead of
  representation-polymorphic. For instance: ::

        mkWeakNoFinalizer#
          :: forall {l :: Levity} (a :: TYPE ('BoxedRep l))
                    {k :: Levity} (b :: TYPE ('BoxedRep k)).
             a -> b -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, Weak# b #)

  That is, the type signature now quantifies over the ``GHC.Exts.Levity`` of ``a``
  instead of its ``GHC.Exts.RuntimeRep``. In addition, this variable is now inferred,
  instead of specified, meaning that it is no longer eligible for visible type application.
  Note that ``b`` is now also levity-polymorphic, due to the change outlined in the
  previous point.

- Primitive functions for throwing and catching exceptions are now more polymorphic
  than before. For example, ``catch#`` now has type: ::

        catch#
          :: forall {r :: RuntimeRep} (a :: TYPE r)
                    {l :: Levity} (b :: TYPE ('BoxedRep l)).
              ( State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #) )
          -> ( b -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #) )
          -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #)

  The following functions have been generalised in this way:

    - ``catch#``,

    - ``raise#``, ``raiseIO#``,

    - ``maskAsyncExceptions#``, ``maskUninterruptible#``, ``unmaskAsyncExceptions#``.

  Note in particular that ``raise#`` is now both representation-polymorphic
  (with an inferred `RuntimeRep` argument) and levity-polymorphic, with type: ::

      raise# :: forall {l :: Levity} (a :: TYPE (BoxedRep l))
                       {r :: RuntimeRep} (b :: TYPE r).
                a -> b

- ``fork#`` and ``forkOn#`` are now representation-polymorphic. For example, ``fork#``
  now has type: ::

      fork# :: forall {r :: RuntimeRep} (a :: TYPE r).
               (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))
            -> (State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #))

- ``GHC.Exts.reallyUnsafePtrEquality#`` has been made more general, as it is now
  both levity-polymorphic and heterogeneous: ::

        reallyUnsafePtrEquality#
          :: forall {l :: Levity} (a :: TYPE (BoxedRep l))
                    {k :: Levity} (b :: TYPE (BoxedRep k))
          . a -> b -> Int#

  This means that ``GHC.Exts.reallyUnsafePtrEquality#`` can be used
  on primitive arrays such as ``GHC.Exts.Array#`` and ``GHC.Exts.ByteArray#``.
  It can also be used on values of different types, without needing to call
  ``GHC.Exts.unsafeCoerce#``.

- Added ``GHC.Exts.reallyUnsafePtrEquality`` which recovers the
  previous behaviour of ``GHC.Exts.reallyUnsafePtrEquality#``: ::

        reallyUnsafePtrEquality :: forall (a :: Type). a -> a -> Int#

- Added ``GHC.Exts.sameArray#``, ``GHC.Exts.sameSmallArray#``,
  ``GHC.Exts.sameByteArray#`` and ``GHC.Exts.sameArrayArray#``: ::

        sameArray# :: Array# a -> Array# a -> Int#
        sameSmallArray# :: SmallArray# a -> SmallArray# a -> Int#
        sameByteArray# :: ByteArray# -> ByteArray# -> Int#
        sameArrayArray# :: ArrayArray# -> ArrayArray# -> Int#

``ghc`` library
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- A new ``GHC.Hs.Syn.Type`` module has been introduced which defines functions
  for computing the ``Type`` of an ``HsExpr GhcTc`` in a pure fashion.
  The ``hsLitType`` and ``hsPatType`` functions that previously lived in
  ``GHC.Tc.Utils.Zonk`` have been moved to this module.

- A ``Typeable`` constraint has been added to ``fromStaticPtr`` in the
  class ``GHC.StaticPtr.IsStatic``. GHC automatically wraps each use of
  the ``static`` keyword with ``fromStaticPtr``. Because ``static`` requires
  its argument to be an instance of ``Typeable``, ``fromStaticPtr`` can
  safely carry this constraint as well.

- The ``newWanted`` function exported by ``GHC.Tc.Plugin`` now passes on
  the full ``CtLoc`` instead of reconstituting it from the type-checking
  environment. This makes ``newWanted`` consistent with ``newGiven``.
  For authors of type-checking plugins, this means you don't need to wrap
  a call to ``newWanted`` in ``setCtLocM`` to create a new Wanted constraint
  with the provided ``CtLoc``.