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{-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : Control.Applicative
-- Copyright : Conor McBride and Ross Paterson 2005
-- License : BSD-style (see the LICENSE file in the distribution)
--
-- Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org
-- Stability : experimental
-- Portability : portable
--
-- This module describes a structure intermediate between a functor and
-- a monad (technically, a strong lax monoidal functor). Compared with
-- monads, this interface lacks the full power of the binding operation
-- '>>=', but
--
-- * it has more instances.
--
-- * it is sufficient for many uses, e.g. context-free parsing, or the
-- 'Data.Traversable.Traversable' class.
--
-- * instances can perform analysis of computations before they are
-- executed, and thus produce shared optimizations.
--
-- This interface was introduced for parsers by Niklas Röjemo, because
-- it admits more sharing than the monadic interface. The names here are
-- mostly based on parsing work by Doaitse Swierstra.
--
-- For more details, see
-- <http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/Applicative.html Applicative Programming with Effects>,
-- by Conor McBride and Ross Paterson.
module Control.Applicative (
-- * Applicative functors
Applicative(..),
-- * Alternatives
Alternative(..),
-- * Instances
Const(..), WrappedMonad(..), WrappedArrow(..), ZipList(..),
-- * Utility functions
(<$>), (<$), (<**>),
liftA, liftA3,
optional,
) where
import Control.Category hiding ((.), id)
import Control.Arrow
import Data.Maybe
import Data.Tuple
import Data.Eq
import Data.Ord
import Data.Foldable (Foldable(..))
import Data.Functor ((<$>))
import Data.Functor.Const (Const(..))
import GHC.Base
import GHC.Generics
import GHC.List (repeat, zipWith, drop)
import GHC.Read (Read)
import GHC.Show (Show)
newtype WrappedMonad m a = WrapMonad { unwrapMonad :: m a }
deriving ( Generic -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Generic1 -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Monad -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
)
-- | @since 2.01
instance Monad m => Functor (WrappedMonad m) where
fmap f (WrapMonad v) = WrapMonad (liftM f v)
-- | @since 2.01
instance Monad m => Applicative (WrappedMonad m) where
pure = WrapMonad . pure
WrapMonad f <*> WrapMonad v = WrapMonad (f `ap` v)
liftA2 f (WrapMonad x) (WrapMonad y) = WrapMonad (liftM2 f x y)
-- | @since 2.01
instance MonadPlus m => Alternative (WrappedMonad m) where
empty = WrapMonad mzero
WrapMonad u <|> WrapMonad v = WrapMonad (u `mplus` v)
newtype WrappedArrow a b c = WrapArrow { unwrapArrow :: a b c }
deriving ( Generic -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Generic1 -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
)
-- | @since 2.01
instance Arrow a => Functor (WrappedArrow a b) where
fmap f (WrapArrow a) = WrapArrow (a >>> arr f)
-- | @since 2.01
instance Arrow a => Applicative (WrappedArrow a b) where
pure x = WrapArrow (arr (const x))
liftA2 f (WrapArrow u) (WrapArrow v) =
WrapArrow (u &&& v >>> arr (uncurry f))
-- | @since 2.01
instance (ArrowZero a, ArrowPlus a) => Alternative (WrappedArrow a b) where
empty = WrapArrow zeroArrow
WrapArrow u <|> WrapArrow v = WrapArrow (u <+> v)
-- | Lists, but with an 'Applicative' functor based on zipping.
newtype ZipList a = ZipList { getZipList :: [a] }
deriving ( Show -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Eq -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Ord -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Read -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Functor -- ^ @since 2.01
, Foldable -- ^ @since 4.9.0.0
, Generic -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
, Generic1 -- ^ @since 4.7.0.0
)
-- See Data.Traversable for Traversable instance due to import loops
-- |
-- > f <$> ZipList xs1 <*> ... <*> ZipList xsN
-- > = ZipList (zipWithN f xs1 ... xsN)
--
-- where @zipWithN@ refers to the @zipWith@ function of the appropriate arity
-- (@zipWith@, @zipWith3@, @zipWith4@, ...). For example:
--
-- > (\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) <$> ZipList "abcd" <*> ZipList "567" <*> ZipList [1..]
-- > = ZipList (zipWith3 (\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) "abcd" "567" [1..])
-- > = ZipList {getZipList = ["a5","b6b6","c7c7c7"]}
--
-- @since 2.01
instance Applicative ZipList where
pure x = ZipList (repeat x)
liftA2 f (ZipList xs) (ZipList ys) = ZipList (zipWith f xs ys)
-- | @since 4.11.0.0
instance Alternative ZipList where
empty = ZipList []
ZipList xs <|> ZipList ys = ZipList (xs ++ drop (length xs) ys)
-- extra functions
-- | One or none.
--
-- It is useful for modelling any computation that is allowed to fail.
--
-- ==== __Examples__
--
-- Using the 'Alternative' instance of `Control.Monad.Except`, the following functions:
--
-- >>> canFail = throwError "it failed" :: Except String Int
-- >>> final = return 42 :: Except String Int
--
-- Can be combined by allowing the first function to fail:
--
-- >>> runExcept $ canFail *> final
-- Left "it failed"
-- >>> runExcept $ optional canFail *> final
-- Right 42
optional :: Alternative f => f a -> f (Maybe a)
optional v = Just <$> v <|> pure Nothing
|
