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{-# LANGUAGE GADTs, KindSignatures #-}
module Expr0 where
-- See #301
-- This one *does* use GADTs (Fct)
import Data.Kind (Type)
data Expr :: Type -> Type where
Const :: Show a => a -> Expr a
Apply :: Fct a b -> Expr a -> Expr b
data Fct :: Type -> Type -> Type where
Succ :: Fct Int Int
EqZero :: Fct Int Bool
Add :: Fct Int (Int -> Int)
------------------------------
e1 :: Expr Int
e1 = Apply Succ (Const 41)
e2 :: Expr Bool
e2 = Apply EqZero e1
e3 :: Expr (Int -> Int)
e3 = Apply Add e1
------------------------------
eval :: Expr a -> a
eval (Const c) = c
eval (Apply f a) = evalFct f $ eval a
evalFct :: Fct a b -> a -> b
evalFct Succ = succ
evalFct EqZero = (0 ==)
evalFct Add = (+)
{- Up to here, everything works nicely:
\begin{verbatim}
*Expr0> eval e1
42
*Expr0> eval e2
False
*Expr0> eval e3 5
47
\end{verbatim}
But let us now try to define a |Show| instance.
For |Fct|, this is not a problem:
-}
instance Show (Fct a b) where
show Succ = "S"
show EqZero = "isZero"
show Add = "add"
showsExpr :: Expr a -> ShowS
showsExpr (Const c) = shows c
showsExpr (Apply f a) =
('(' :) . shows f . (' ' :) . showsExpr a . (')' :)
instance Show (Expr a) where
showsPrec _ (Const c) = shows c
showsPrec _ (Apply f a) =
('(' :) . shows f . (' ' :) . shows a . (')' :)
{- But we used to get a complaint about the |Const| alternative (then
line 56) that documents that the constraint in the type of |Const|
must have been ignored:
\begin{verbatim}
No instance for (Show a)
arising from use of `shows' at Expr0.lhs:56:22-26
Probable fix: add (Show a) to the type signature(s) for `showsExpr'
In the definition of `showsExpr': showsExpr (Const c) = shows c
\end{verbatim}
But if we do that, the recursive call is of course still unsatisfied:
\begin{verbatim}
No instance for (Show a)
arising from use of `showsExpr' at Expr0.lhs:65:34-42
Probable fix: add (Show a) to the existential context for `Apply'
In the first argument of `(.)', namely `showsExpr a'
In the second argument of `(.)', namely `(showsExpr a) . ((')' :))'
In the second argument of `(.)', namely
`((' ' :)) . ((showsExpr a) . ((')' :)))'
\end{verbatim}
Following also the advice given in this last error message
actually makes GHC accept this, and then we can say:
\begin{verbatim}
*Expr0> showsExpr e1 ""
"(S 41)"
*Expr0> showsExpr e2 ""
"(isZero (S 41))"
\end{verbatim}
However, following this advice is counterintuitive
and should be unnecessary
since the |Show| instance for argument types
is only ever used in the const case.
We get:
\begin{verbatim}
*Expr0> showsExpr e3 ""
<interactive>:1:0:
No instance for (Show (Int -> Int))
arising from use of `showsExpr' at <interactive>:1:0-8
Probable fix: add an instance declaration for (Show (Int -> Int))
In the definition of `it': it = showsExpr e3 ""
\end{verbatim}
But of course we would expect the following:
\begin{verbatim}
*Expr0> showsExpr e3 ""
"(add (S 41))"
\end{verbatim}
\bigskip
The error messages are almost the same
if we define a |Show| instance directly
(line 90 was the |Const| alternative):
\begin{verbatim}
Could not deduce (Show a) from the context (Show (Expr a))
arising from use of `shows' at Expr0.lhs:90:26-30
Probable fix: add (Show a) to the class or instance method `showsPrec'
\end{verbatim}
-}
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