Introduce `git_fs_path`, which operates on generic filesystem paths.
`git_path` will be kept for only git-specific path functionality (for
example, checking for `.git` in a path).

libgit2 has two distinct requirements that were previously solved by
`git_buf`.  We require:

1. A general purpose string class that provides a number of utility APIs
   for manipulating data (eg, concatenating, truncating, etc).
2. A structure that we can use to return strings to callers that they
   can take ownership of.

By using a single class (`git_buf`) for both of these purposes, we have
confused the API to the point that refactorings are difficult and
reasoning about correctness is also difficult.

Move the utility class `git_buf` to be called `git_str`: this represents
its general purpose, as an internal string buffer class.  The name also
is an homage to Junio Hamano ("gitstr").

The public API remains `git_buf`, and has a much smaller footprint.  It
is generally only used as an "out" param with strict requirements that
follow the documentation.  (Exceptions exist for some legacy APIs to
avoid breaking callers unnecessarily.)

Utility functions exist to convert a user-specified `git_buf` to a
`git_str` so that we can call internal functions, then converting it
back again.

Our file utils functions all have a "futils" prefix, e.g.
`git_futils_touch`. One would thus naturally guess that their
definitions and implementation would live in files "futils.h" and
"futils.c", respectively, but in fact they live in "fileops.h".

Rename the files to match expectations.

`cvar` is an unhelpful name.  Refactor its usage to `configmap` for more
clarity.

Use the new object_type enumeration names within the codebase.

Use the new-style index names throughout our own codebase.

When testing whether symlinks are correctly checked out, examine the
`core.symlinks` configuration option to determine if symlinks are
supported in a repository, don't simply assume that Windows means that
symbolic links are not supported.

Further, when testing the expected default behavior of `core.symlinks`,
test the filesystem's support to determine if symlinks are supported.

Finally, ensure that `core.symlinks=true` fails on a system where
symlinks are actually not supported.  This aligns with the behavior of
Git for Windows.

Reported by Coverity, CID 1393678-1393697.