Introduce `git_fs_path`, which operates on generic filesystem paths.
`git_path` will be kept for only git-specific path functionality (for
example, checking for `.git` in a path).

libgit2 has two distinct requirements that were previously solved by
`git_buf`.  We require:

1. A general purpose string class that provides a number of utility APIs
   for manipulating data (eg, concatenating, truncating, etc).
2. A structure that we can use to return strings to callers that they
   can take ownership of.

By using a single class (`git_buf`) for both of these purposes, we have
confused the API to the point that refactorings are difficult and
reasoning about correctness is also difficult.

Move the utility class `git_buf` to be called `git_str`: this represents
its general purpose, as an internal string buffer class.  The name also
is an homage to Junio Hamano ("gitstr").

The public API remains `git_buf`, and has a much smaller footprint.  It
is generally only used as an "out" param with strict requirements that
follow the documentation.  (Exceptions exist for some legacy APIs to
avoid breaking callers unnecessarily.)

Utility functions exist to convert a user-specified `git_buf` to a
`git_str` so that we can call internal functions, then converting it
back again.

Our file utils functions all have a "futils" prefix, e.g.
`git_futils_touch`. One would thus naturally guess that their
definitions and implementation would live in files "futils.h" and
"futils.c", respectively, but in fact they live in "fileops.h".

Rename the files to match expectations.

Wrap function calls in the `checkout::crlf` tests with `cl_git_pass`,
`cl_assert`, etc. to ensure that they're successful.

After sandboxing the crlf directory, remove the working directory
contents.  This allows us to package data within the crlf directory
(for simplicity, this allows us to script the to-odb and to-workdir
crlf filter conversion data in a single location).

Move the crlf_data folders reponsible for holding the state of the
filters going into the working directory to "to_workdir" variations of
the folder name to accommodate future growth into the "to odb" filter
variation.  Update the script to create these new folders as appopriate.

When there's no matching index entry (for whatever reason), don't
try to dereference the null return value to get at the id.

Otherwise when we break something in the index API, the checkout
test crashes for confusing reasons and causes us to step through
it in a debugger thinking that we had broken much more than we
actually did.