The function 'lua_pushfstring' is seldom called with large strings,
there is no need to optimize too much for that cases.

The string "(null)" used for non-collectable values must be printed as a
string, not as a pointer. (Bug introduced in commit e0cbaa50fa7).

The result of 'string.format("%a", 0.0)' can have multiple zeros
after the dot.

The macro 'luaL_pushfail' documents all places in the standard libraries
that return nil to signal some kind of failure. It is defined as
'lua_pushnil'. The manual also got a notation (@fail) to document those
returns. The tests were changed to be agnostic regarding whether 'fail'
is 'nil' or 'false'.

Attributes changed to posfixed ('x <const>', instead of '<const> x'),
and "toclose" renamed to "close". Posfixed attributes seem to make it
clearer that it applies to only one variable when there are multiple
variables.

Instead of updating 'L->top' in every place that may call a
metamethod, the metamethod functions themselves (luaT_trybinTM and
luaT_callorderTM) correct the top. (When calling metamethods from
the C API, however, the callers must preserve 'L->top'.)

As an example, 'print(string.format("%.99f", 1e70))' may have a
lot of garbage after the number.

The old test to ensure that 'string.format("%.99f", n)' was not too
large, 'fabs(n) < 1e100', assumes that the number will fit in the 99
bytes; but the 99 is not the space for the number, it is the added
extra zeros.  The option worked for smaller numbers because of the
extra space added to MAX_ITEM.

This commit brings a new implementation for HARDMEMTESTS, which forces
an emergency GC whenever possible. It also fixes some issues detected
with this option:
  - A small bug in lvm.c: a closure could be collected by an emergency
  GC while being initialized.
  - Some tests: a memory address can be immediatly reused after a GC;
  for instance, two consecutive '{}' expressions can return exactly the
  same address, if the first one is not anchored.

- new error message for "attempt to assign to const variable"
- note in the manual about compatibility options
- comments
- small changes in 'read_line' and 'pushstr'