#!/usr/bin/perl # Copyright (C) 2000-2001, 2003 MySQL AB # # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public # License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 # of the License. # # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # Library General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public # License along with this library; if not, write to the Free # Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, # MA 02111-1307, USA # # Test of creating the ATIS database and doing many different selects on it # # changes made for Oracle compatibility # - added Oracle to the '' to ' ' translation # - skip blank lines from the datafiles # - skip a couple of the tests in Q4 that Oracle doesn't understand ################### Standard benchmark inits ############################## use Cwd; use DBI; use Benchmark; $opt_loop_count=5000; # Run selects this many times $pwd = cwd(); $pwd = "." if ($pwd eq ''); require "$pwd/bench-init.pl" || die "Can't read Configuration file: $!\n"; if ($opt_small_test) { $opt_loop_count/=10; } print "ATIS table test\n\n"; #### #### Connect and start timeing #### $dbh = $server->connect(); $start_time=new Benchmark; #### #### Create needed tables #### init_data(); # Get table definitions if (!$opt_skip_create) { print "Creating tables\n"; $loop_time= new Benchmark; for ($ti = 0; $ti <= $#table_names; $ti++) { my $table_name = $table_names[$ti]; my $array_ref = $tables[$ti]; # This may fail if we have no table so do not check answer $sth = $dbh->do("drop table $table_name" . $server->{'drop_attr'}); print "Creating table $table_name\n" if ($opt_verbose); do_many($dbh,@$array_ref); } $end_time=new Benchmark; print "Time for create_table (" . ($#tables+1) ."): " . timestr(timediff($end_time, $loop_time),"all") . "\n\n"; if ($opt_fast && defined($server->{vacuum})) { $server->vacuum(0,\$dbh); } #### #### Insert data #### print "Inserting data\n"; $loop_time= new Benchmark; $row_count=0; $double_quotes=$server->{'double_quotes'}; if ($opt_lock_tables) { @tmp=@table_names; push(@tmp,@extra_names); print "LOCK TABLES @tmp\n" if ($opt_debug); $sth = $dbh->do("LOCK TABLES " . join(" WRITE,", @tmp) . " WRITE") || die $DBI::errstr; } if ($opt_fast && $server->{'limits'}->{'load_data_infile'}) { for ($ti = 0; $ti <= $#table_names; $ti++) { my $table_name = $table_names[$ti]; my $file = "$pwd/Data/ATIS/${table_name}.txt"; print "$table_name - $file\n" if ($opt_debug); $row_count += $server->insert_file($table_name,$file,$dbh); } } else { if ($opt_fast && $server->{transactions}) { $dbh->{AutoCommit} = 0; print "Transactions enabled\n" if ($opt_debug); } for ($ti = 0; $ti <= $#table_names; $ti++) { my $table_name = $table_names[$ti]; my $array_ref = $tables[$ti]; my @table = @$array_ref; my $insert_start = "insert into $table_name values ("; open(DATA, "$pwd/Data/ATIS/${table_name}.txt") || die "Can't open text file: $pwd/Data/ATIS/${table_name}.txt\n"; while() { chomp; next unless ( $_ =~ /\w/ ); # skip blank lines my $command = $insert_start . $_ . ")"; $command = $server->fix_for_insert($command); print "$command\n" if ($opt_debug); $command =~ s/\\'/\'\'/g if ($double_quotes); $sth = $dbh->do($command) or die "Got error: $DBI::errstr when executing '$command'\n"; $row_count++; } } if ($opt_fast && $server->{transactions}) { $dbh->commit; $dbh->{AutoCommit} = 1; } close(DATA); } if ($opt_lock_tables) { $dbh->do("UNLOCK TABLES"); } $end_time=new Benchmark; print "Time to insert ($row_count): " . timestr(timediff($end_time, $loop_time),"all") . "\n\n"; } if ($opt_fast && defined($server->{vacuum})) { $server->vacuum(0,\$dbh,@table_names); } if ($opt_lock_tables) { @tmp=@table_names; push(@tmp,@extra_names); $sth = $dbh->do("LOCK TABLES " . join(" READ,", @tmp) . " READ") || die $DBI::errstr; } # # Now the fun begins. Let's do some simple queries on the result # # The query array is defined as: # query, number of rows in result, 0|1 where 1 means that the query is possible # print "Retrieving data\n"; @Q1=("select_simple_join", "select city.city_name,state.state_name,city.city_code from city,state where city.city_code='MATL' and city.state_code=state.state_code",1,1, "select city.city_name,state.state_name,city.city_code from state,city where city.state_code=state.state_code",11,1, "select month_name.month_name,day_name.day_name from month_name,day_name where month_name.month_number=day_name.day_code",7,1, "select month_name.month_name,day_name.day_name from month_name,day_name where month_name.month_number=day_name.day_code and day_name.day_code >= 4",4,1, "select flight.flight_code,aircraft.aircraft_type from flight,aircraft where flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code",579,1, ); @Q2=("select_join", "select airline.airline_name,aircraft.aircraft_type from aircraft,airline,flight where flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code and flight.airline_code=airline.airline_code",579,1); @Q21=("select_key_prefix_join", "select fare.fare_code from restrict_carrier,airline,fare where restrict_carrier.airline_code=airline.airline_code and fare.restrict_code=restrict_carrier.restrict_code",5692,1, ); @Q3=("select_distinct", "select distinct category from aircraft",6,1, "select distinct from_airport from flight",9,1, "select distinct aircraft_code from flight",22,1, "select distinct * from fare",534,1, "select distinct flight_code from flight_fare",579,1, "select distinct flight.flight_code,aircraft.aircraft_type from flight,aircraft where flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code",579,1, "select distinct airline.airline_name,aircraft.aircraft_type from aircraft,airline,flight where flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code and flight.airline_code=airline.airline_code",44,$limits->{'join_optimizer'}, "select distinct airline.airline_name,aircraft.aircraft_type from flight,aircraft,airline where flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code and flight.airline_code=airline.airline_code",44,1, ); @Q4=("select_group", "select day_name.day_name,day_name.day_code,count(*) from flight_day,day_name where day_name.day_code=flight_day.day_code group by day_name.day_name,day_name.day_code order by day_name.day_code",7,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select day_name.day_name,count(*) from flight_day,day_name where day_name.day_code=flight_day.day_code group by day_name.day_name",7,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select month_name,day_name from month_name,day_name where month_number=day_code and day_code>3 group by month_name,day_name",4,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select day_name.day_name,flight_day.day_code,count(*) from flight_day,day_name where day_name.day_code=flight_day.day_code group by flight_day.day_code,day_name.day_name order by flight_day.day_code",7,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select sum(engines) from aircraft",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select avg(engines) from aircraft",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select avg(engines) from aircraft where engines>0",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select count(*),min(pay_load),max(pay_load) from aircraft where pay_load>0",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select min(flight_code),min(flight_code) from flight",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select min(from_airport),min(to_airport) from flight",1,$limits->{'group_functions'} && $limits->{'group_func_sql_min_str'}, "select count(*) from aircraft where pay_load>10000",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select count(*) from aircraft where pay_load<>0",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select count(*) from flight where flight_code >= 112793",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select count(if(pay_load,1,NULL)) from aircraft",1,$limits->{'if'} && $limits->{'group_functions'}, "select std(engines) from aircraft",1,$limits->{'group_func_extra_std'}, "SELECT from_airport,to_airport,avg(time_elapsed) FROM flight WHERE from_airport='ATL' AND to_airport='BOS' group by from_airport,to_airport",1,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select city_code, avg(ground_fare) from ground_service where ground_fare<>0 group by city_code",11,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select count(*), ground_service.city_code from ground_service group by ground_service.city_code",12,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select category,count(*) as totalnr from aircraft where engines=2 group by category having totalnr>4",3,$limits->{'group_functions'} && $limits->{'having_with_alias'}, "select category,count(*) from aircraft where engines=2 group by category having count(*)>4",3,$limits->{'group_functions'} && $limits->{'having_with_group'}, "select flight_number,range_miles,fare_class FROM aircraft,flight,flight_class WHERE flight.flight_code=flight_class.flight_code AND flight.aircraft_code=aircraft.aircraft_code AND range_miles<>0 AND (stops=1 OR stops=2) GROUP BY flight_number,range_miles,fare_class",150,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select distinct from_airport.time_zone_code,to_airport.time_zone_code,(FLOOR(arrival_time/100)*60+MOD(arrival_time,100)-FLOOR(departure_time/100)*60-MOD(departure_time,100)-time_elapsed)/60 AS time_zone_diff FROM flight,airport AS from_airport,airport AS to_airport WHERE flight.from_airport=from_airport.airport_code AND flight.to_airport=to_airport.airport_code GROUP BY from_airport.time_zone_code,to_airport.time_zone_code,arrival_time,departure_time,time_elapsed",21,$limits->{'func_odbc_mod'} && $limits->{'func_odbc_floor'} && $limits->{'group_functions'}, "select DISTINCT from_airport.time_zone_code,to_airport.time_zone_code,MOD((FLOOR(arrival_time/100)*60+MOD(arrival_time,100)-FLOOR(departure_time/100)*60-MOD(departure_time,100)-time_elapsed)/60+36,24)-12 AS time_zone_diff FROM flight,airport AS from_airport,airport AS to_airport WHERE flight.from_airport=from_airport.airport_code AND flight.to_airport=to_airport.airport_code and MOD((FLOOR(arrival_time/100)*60+MOD(arrival_time,100)-FLOOR(departure_time/100)*60-MOD(departure_time,100)-time_elapsed)/60+36,24)-12 < 10",14,$limits->{'func_odbc_mod'} && $limits->{'func_odbc_floor'} && $limits->{'group_functions'}, "select from_airport,to_airport,range_miles,time_elapsed FROM aircraft,flight WHERE aircraft.aircraft_code=flight.aircraft_code AND to_airport NOT LIKE from_airport AND range_miles<>0 AND time_elapsed<>0 GROUP BY from_airport,to_airport,range_miles,time_elapsed",409,$limits->{'group_functions'} && $limits->{'like_with_column'}, "SELECT airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction FROM airport_service,state,airport,city WHERE airport_service.city_code=city.city_code AND airport_service.airport_code=airport.airport_code AND state.state_code=airport.state_code AND state.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.country_name=city.country_name AND airport.country_name=state.country_name AND city.time_zone_code=airport.time_zone_code GROUP BY airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction ORDER BY state_name",11,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "SELECT airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction FROM airport_service,state,airport,city WHERE airport_service.city_code=city.city_code AND airport_service.airport_code=airport.airport_code AND state.state_code=airport.state_code AND state.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.country_name=city.country_name AND airport.country_name=state.country_name AND city.time_zone_code=airport.time_zone_code GROUP BY airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction ORDER BY state_name DESC",11,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "SELECT airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction FROM airport_service,state,airport,city WHERE airport_service.city_code=city.city_code AND airport_service.airport_code=airport.airport_code AND state.state_code=airport.state_code AND state.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.state_code=city.state_code AND airport.country_name=city.country_name AND airport.country_name=state.country_name AND city.time_zone_code=airport.time_zone_code GROUP BY airport.country_name,state.state_name,city.city_name,airport_service.direction ORDER BY state_name",11,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "SELECT from_airport,to_airport,fare.fare_class,night,one_way_cost,rnd_trip_cost,class_days FROM compound_class,fare WHERE compound_class.fare_class=fare.fare_class AND one_way_cost <= 825 AND one_way_cost >= 280 AND from_airport='SFO' AND to_airport='DFW' GROUP BY from_airport,to_airport,fare.fare_class,night,one_way_cost,rnd_trip_cost,class_days ORDER BY one_way_cost",10,$limits->{'group_functions'}, "select engines,category,cruising_speed,from_airport,to_airport FROM aircraft,flight WHERE category='JET' AND engines >= 1 AND aircraft.aircraft_code=flight.aircraft_code AND to_airport NOT LIKE from_airport AND stops>0 GROUP BY engines,category,cruising_speed,from_airport,to_airport ORDER BY engines DESC",29,$limits->{'group_functions'} && $limits->{'like_with_column'}, ); @Q=(\@Q1,\@Q2,\@Q21,\@Q3,\@Q4); foreach $Q (@Q) { $count=$estimated=0; $loop_time= new Benchmark; for ($i=1 ; $i <= $opt_loop_count; $i++) { for ($j=1 ; $j < $#$Q ; $j+=3) { if ($Q->[$j+2]) { # We can do it with current limits $count++; if ($i == 100) # Do something different { if (($row_count=fetch_all_rows($dbh,$server->query($Q->[$j]))) != $Q->[$j+1]) { if ($row_count == undef()) { die "Got error: $DBI::errstr when executing " . $Q->[$j] ."\n"."got $row_count instead of $Q->[$j+1] *** \n"; } print "Warning: Query '" . $Q->[$j] . "' returned $row_count rows when it should have returned " . $Q->[$j+1] . " rows\n"; } } else { defined(fetch_all_rows($dbh,$server->query($Q->[$j]))) or die "ERROR: $DBI::errstr executing '$Q->[$j]'\n"; } } } $end_time=new Benchmark; last if ($estimated=predict_query_time($loop_time,$end_time,\$count,$i, $opt_loop_count)); print "Loop $i\n" if ($opt_verbose); } if ($count) { if ($estimated) { print "Estimated time"; } else { print "Time"; } print " for " . $Q->[0] . " ($count): " . timestr(timediff($end_time, $loop_time),"all") . "\n"; } } print "\n"; #### #### Delete the tables #### if (!$opt_skip_delete) # Only used when testing { print "Removing tables\n"; $loop_time= new Benchmark; if ($opt_lock_tables) { $sth = $dbh->do("UNLOCK TABLES") || die $DBI::errstr; } for ($ti = 0; $ti <= $#table_names; $ti++) { my $table_name = $table_names[$ti]; $sth = $dbh->do("drop table $table_name" . $server->{'drop_attr'}); } $end_time=new Benchmark; print "Time to drop_table (" .($#table_names+1) . "): " . timestr(timediff($end_time, $loop_time),"all") . "\n"; } if ($opt_fast && defined($server->{vacuum})) { $server->vacuum(0,\$dbh); } #### #### End of benchmark #### $dbh->disconnect; # close connection end_benchmark($start_time); sub init_data { @aircraft= $server->create("aircraft", ["aircraft_code char(3) NOT NULL", "aircraft_type char(64) NOT NULL", "engines tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "category char(10) NOT NULL", "wide_body char(3) NOT NULL", "wing_span float(6,2) NOT NULL", "length1 float(6,2) NOT NULL", "weight integer(7) NOT NULL", "capacity smallint(3) NOT NULL", "pay_load integer(7) NOT NULL", "cruising_speed mediumint(5) NOT NULL", "range_miles mediumint(5) NOT NULL", "pressurized char(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (aircraft_code)"]); @airline= $server->create("airline", ["airline_code char(2) NOT NULL", "airline_name char(64) NOT NULL", "notes char(38) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (airline_code)"]); @airport= $server->create("airport", ["airport_code char(3) NOT NULL", "airport_name char(40) NOT NULL", "location char(36) NOT NULL", "state_code char(2) NOT NULL", "country_name char(25) NOT NULL", "time_zone_code char(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (airport_code)"]); @airport_service= $server->create("airport_service", ["city_code char(4) NOT NULL", "airport_code char(3) NOT NULL", "miles_distant float(4,1) NOT NULL", "direction char(3) NOT NULL", "minutes_distant smallint(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (city_code, airport_code)"]); @city= $server->create("city", ["city_code char(4) NOT NULL", "city_name char(25) NOT NULL", "state_code char(2) NOT NULL", "country_name char(25) NOT NULL", "time_zone_code char(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (city_code)"]); @class_of_service= $server->create("class_of_service", ["class_code char(2) NOT NULL", "rank tinyint(2) NOT NULL", "class_description char(80) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (class_code)"]); @code_description= $server->create("code_description", ["code char(5) NOT NULL", "description char(110) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (code)"]); @compound_class= $server->create("compound_class", ["fare_class char(3) NOT NULL", "base_class char(2) NOT NULL", "class_type char(10) NOT NULL", "premium char(3) NOT NULL", "economy char(3) NOT NULL", "discounted char(3) NOT NULL", "night char(3) NOT NULL", "season_fare char(4) NOT NULL", "class_days char(7) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (fare_class)"]); @connect_leg= $server->create("connect_leg", ["connect_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "leg_number tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "flight_code integer(8) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (connect_code, leg_number, flight_code)"]); @connection= $server->create("fconnection", ["connect_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "from_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "to_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "departure_time smallint(4) NOT NULL", "arrival_time smallint(4) NOT NULL", "flight_days char(7) NOT NULL", "stops tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "connections tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "time_elapsed smallint(4) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (connect_code)", "INDEX from_airport1 (from_airport)", "INDEX to_airport1 (to_airport)"]); @day_name= $server->create("day_name", ["day_code tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "day_name char(9) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (day_code)"]); @dual_carrier= $server->create("dual_carrier", ["main_airline char(2) NOT NULL", "dual_airline char(2) NOT NULL", "low_flight smallint(4) NOT NULL", "high_flight smallint(4) NOT NULL", "fconnection_name char(64) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (main_airline, dual_airline, low_flight)", "INDEX main_airline1 (main_airline)"]); @fare= $server->create("fare", ["fare_code char(8) NOT NULL", "from_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "to_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "fare_class char(3) NOT NULL", "fare_airline char(2) NOT NULL", "restrict_code char(5) NOT NULL", "one_way_cost float(7,2) NOT NULL", "rnd_trip_cost float(8,2) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (fare_code)", "INDEX from_airport2 (from_airport)", "INDEX to_airport2 (to_airport)"]); @flight= $server->create("flight", ["flight_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "flight_days char(7) NOT NULL", "from_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "to_airport char(3) NOT NULL", "departure_time smallint(4) NOT NULL", "arrival_time smallint(4) NOT NULL", "airline_code char(2) NOT NULL", "flight_number smallint(4) NOT NULL", "class_string char(8) NOT NULL", "aircraft_code char(3) NOT NULL", "meal_code char(7) NOT NULL", "stops tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "dual_carrier char(1) NOT NULL", "time_elapsed smallint(4) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (flight_code)", "INDEX from_airport3 (from_airport)", "INDEX to_airport3 (to_airport)"]); @flight_class= $server->create("flight_class", ["flight_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "fare_class char(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (flight_code, fare_class)"]); @flight_day= $server->create("flight_day", ["day_mask char(7) NOT NULL", "day_code tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "day_name char(9) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (day_mask, day_code)"]); @flight_fare= $server->create("flight_fare", ["flight_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "fare_code char(8) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (flight_code, fare_code)"]); @food_service= $server->create("food_service", ["meal_code char(4) NOT NULL", "meal_number tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "meal_class char(10) NOT NULL", "meal_description char(10) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (meal_code, meal_number, meal_class)"]); @ground_service= $server->create("ground_service", ["city_code char(4) NOT NULL", "airport_code char(3) NOT NULL", "transport_code char(1) NOT NULL", "ground_fare float(6,2) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (city_code, airport_code, transport_code)"]); @time_interval= $server->create("time_interval", ["period char(20) NOT NULL", "begin_time smallint(4) NOT NULL", "end_time smallint(4) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (period, begin_time)"]); @month_name= $server->create("month_name", ["month_number tinyint(2) NOT NULL", "month_name char(9) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (month_number)"]); @restrict_carrier= $server->create("restrict_carrier", ["restrict_code char(5) NOT NULL", "airline_code char(2) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (restrict_code, airline_code)"]); @restrict_class= $server->create("restrict_class", ["restrict_code char(5) NOT NULL", "ex_fare_class char(12) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (restrict_code, ex_fare_class)"]); @restriction= $server->create("restriction", ["restrict_code char(5) NOT NULL", "application char(80) NOT NULL", "no_discounts char(80) NOT NULL", "reserve_ticket smallint(3) NOT NULL", "stopovers char(1) NOT NULL", "return_min smallint(3) NOT NULL", "return_max smallint(3) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (restrict_code)"]); @state= $server->create("state", ["state_code char(2) NOT NULL", "state_name char(25) NOT NULL", "country_name char(25) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (state_code)"]); @stop= $server->create("stop1", ["flight_code integer(8) NOT NULL", "stop_number tinyint(1) NOT NULL", "stop_flight integer(8) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (flight_code, stop_number)"]); @time_zone= $server->create("time_zone", ["time_zone_code char(3) NOT NULL", "time_zone_name char(32) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (time_zone_code, time_zone_name)"]); @transport= $server->create("transport", ["transport_code char(1) NOT NULL", "transport_desc char(32) NOT NULL"], ["PRIMARY KEY (transport_code)"]); # Avoid not used warnings @tables = (\@aircraft, \@airline, \@airport, \@airport_service, \@city, \@class_of_service, \@code_description, \@compound_class, \@connect_leg, \@connection, \@day_name, \@dual_carrier, \@fare, \@flight, \@flight_class, \@flight_day, \@flight_fare, \@food_service, \@ground_service, \@time_interval, \@month_name, \@restrict_carrier, \@restrict_class, \@restriction, \@state, \@stop, \@time_zone, \@transport); @table_names = ("aircraft", "airline", "airport", "airport_service", "city", "class_of_service", "code_description", "compound_class", "connect_leg", "fconnection", "day_name", "dual_carrier", "fare", "flight", "flight_class", "flight_day", "flight_fare", "food_service", "ground_service", "time_interval", "month_name", "restrict_carrier", "restrict_class", "restriction", "state", "stop1", "time_zone", "transport"); # Alias used in joins @extra_names=("airport as from_airport","airport as to_airport"); }