Renamed clap to plac (version 0.3)

author: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-01 13:12:27 +0200
committer: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-01 13:12:27 +0200
commit: 97dcd8ebb064319da3060d9795d4943b88870cd3 (patch)
tree: c0e4feb38d35fc8534f25176dd3f46494966338e
parent: baa78b50ebcccd789b89f083b36ab2e9a6a389d5 (diff)
download: micheles-97dcd8ebb064319da3060d9795d4943b88870cd3.tar.gz
20 files changed, 5879 insertions, 35 deletions
diff --git a/clap/calc.py b/clap/calc.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d761cd..0000000
--- a/clap/calc.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-import operator
-
-def calc(op, numbers):
-    """
-    usage: %prog op numbers ... where op can be sum or mul
-    """
-    if op == 'sum':
-        print sum(map(float, numbers))
-    elif op == 'mul':
-        print reduce(operator.__mul__, map(float, numbers), 1)
-    else:
-        raise ValueError('Invalid operator %r' % op)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import clap; clap.call(calc)
diff --git a/clap/example2.py b/clap/example2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 842d9a9..0000000
--- a/clap/example2.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-def print_(color, txt):
-    code = {'black': 30, 'red': 31}[color]
-    print '\x1b[%dm%s\x1b[0m' % (code, txt)
-
-def main(delete, delete_all, color):
-    """usage: %prog
-    -c, --color=black: set default color
-    -d, --delete=: delete the given file
-    -a, --delete-all: delete all files
-    """
-    if delete_all:
-        print_(option.color, "Delete all files")
-    elif delete:
-        print_(option.color, "Delete the file %s" % option.delete)
-    else:
-        clap.exit()
-
-if __name__=='__main__':
-    import clap; clap.call(main)
-
diff --git a/plac/doc/annotations.py b/plac/doc/annotations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c84cc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/annotations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class Positional(object):
+    def __init__(self, help='', type=None, choices=None, metavar=None):
+        self.help = help
+        self.kind = 'positional'
+        self.abbrev = None
+        self.type = type
+        self.choices = choices
+        self.metavar = metavar
diff --git a/plac/doc/article.html b/plac/doc/article.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59feb07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/article.html
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<title></title>
+<style type="text/css">
+
+.highlight  { background: #f8f8f8; }
+.highlight .c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
+.highlight .cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #808080 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #0040D0 } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #7D9029 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */
+.highlight .ni { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
+.highlight .nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
+
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="document">
+
+
+<div class="section" id="the-easiest-command-line-arguments-parser-in-the-python-world">
+<h1>The easiest command line arguments parser in the Python world</h1>
+<p>Today I want to announce to the general public the birth of my latest
+project, which aims to be the easiest command line arguments
+parser in the Python world: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a>.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> is designed to be <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">downwardly scalable</a>, i.e. to be trivially simple
+to use for trivial use cases, while being surprisingly scalable upwards
+for less trivial use cases. Still, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> is not intended to
+be an industrial strength command line parsing module. Its
+capabilities are limited by design. If you need more power, by all means
+use the parsing modules in the standard library. Still, I have been using
+Python for 8 years and never once I had to use the full power of the
+standard library modules.</p>
+<p>Actually I am prettu much convinced that features provided by <tt class="docutils literal">plac</tt>
+aee more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases of a scripter
+working in a Unix-like environment. I am targetting here programmers,
+sysadmins, scientists and in general people writing throw-away scripts
+for themselves, choosing to use a command line interface because it is
+the quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features,
+they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a
+simple specification, not to build a command line parser by
+hand. Unfortunately, the current modules in the standard library
+forces them to go the hard way. They are designed to implement
+power user tools for programmers or system administrators, and
+they have a non-trivial learning curve.</p>
+<p>This is why, even  if there is no want of command line arguments
+parsers in Python world, sometime like <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> was still lacking.</p>
+<p>The standard library alone contains three different modules for the
+parsing of command line options: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> (from the stone age),
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a> (from Python 2.3) and <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> (from Python 2.7).  All of
+them are quite powerful and especially <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> is an industrial
+strength solution; <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> is just a nice and simple wrapper over
+<a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>, hiding most of the complexity while retaining most of
+the power.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down">
+<h1>The importance of scaling down</h1>
+<p>An ex-coworket of mine, David Welton, once wrote a nice article about
+the importance of <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">scaling down</a>: most people are concerned with the
+possibility of scaling up, but we should also be concerned with the
+issue of scaling down: in other worlds, simple things should be kept
+simple. To be concrete, let me start with the simplest possible
+thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to it.
+It cannot get more trivial than that (discarding the possibility of
+a script without command line arguments, where there is nothing to parse),
+nevertheless it is a use case <em>extremely important</em>:
+I need to write scripts like that nearly every day, I wrote hundreds
+of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is
+a typical example:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn):
+    &quot;Do something with the database&quot;
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    n = len(sys.argv[1:])
+    if n == 0:
+        sys.exit('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0])
+    elif n == 1:
+        main(sys.argv[1])
+    else:
+        sys.exit('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]))
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> block (10 lines
+counting an empty line) is essentially boilerplate that should not exists.
+Actually I think the Python language should recognize the
+main function and perform trivial arguments parsing behind the
+scenes; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. Therefore I have
+been writing boilerplate like this for years, and every time
+I <em>hate</em> having to check for the <tt class="docutils literal">IndexError</tt> by hand, and I hate having
+to write always the same usage message. The purpose of using a
+scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be
+trivial. Unfortunately the standard library modules do not help
+for this use case, which may be trivial, but it is still
+incredibly common. Using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a> does not help,
+since they are intended to manage options and not positional arguments;
+the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> module helps a bit and it is able to reduce the
+boilerplate from 10 lines to 7 lines:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn):
+    &quot;Do something on the database&quot;
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import argparse
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument('dsn')
+    arg = p.parse_args()
+    main(arg.dsn)
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>However saving a three lines does not justify introducing the external
+dependency (most people will not switch Python 2.7, currenctly in beta
+for many years).
+Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to
+define a parser by hand for such a trivial task.</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> module works pretty well when scaling down, and it is able
+to reduce the ten lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> module all you need to write is</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn):
+    &quot;Do something with the database&quot;
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>As an additional bonus she <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> module automatically recognizes the help flag:</p>
+<blockquote>
+# python example1.py -h</blockquote>
+<p>This is only the tip of the iceberg, as you will see.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="optional-arguments">
+<h1>Optional arguments</h1>
+<p>I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn):
+    &quot;Do something on the database&quot;
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import argparse
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument('dsn')
+    arg = p.parse_args()
+    main(arg.dsn)
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>9 lines of boilerplate are removed.</p>
+<p>Finally, often you want to pass a variable number of arguments to
+your command line script. Here is an example, a script which runs
+on the database a series of .sql scripts:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, *scripts):
+    &quot;Run the given scripts on the database&quot;
+    for script in scripts:
+        print('executing %s' % script)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) &lt; 2:
+        sys.exit('usage: python %s dsn script.sql ...' % sys.argv[0])
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Using <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a>, you can just replace the <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block with the usual
+<tt class="docutils literal">import plac; plac.call(main)</tt>. The importanting is that you get a
+much nicer usage message:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]
+
+positional arguments:
+  dsn
+  scripts
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="options-and-flags">
+<h1>Options and flags</h1>
+<p>It is surprising how little command line scripts with options
+I have written over the years (probably less than a hundred),
+compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments
+(I certainly have written more than a thousand of them).
+Still, this use case is quite common and cannot be neglected.
+The standard library modules (all of them) are quite verbose
+when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have
+never used them directly. Instead, I have always relied on
+an old recipe of mine, the <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, which provides a
+convenient wrapper over <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> or I have just performed the
+parsing by hand in the simplest cases.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> is inspired to the <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, in the sense that
+it delivers the programmer from the burden of writing the
+parser for the options by hand, but is less of a hack: instead
+of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it
+extracts it from the signature of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function.</p>
+<p>The idea is to leverage on the <cite>function annotations</cite> concept, a new
+feature of Python 3. An example is worth a thousand words, so here
+it is:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(command: (&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option-c'), dsn):
+    if command:
+        print('executing %s on %s' % (command, dsn))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>As you see, the argument <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> has been annotated with the
+tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;SQL query&quot;, <span class="pre">'option-c')</span></tt>: the first string is the
+help string which will appear in the usage message, whereas the
+second string tells <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> that <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> is an option and that
+it can be abbreviated with the letter <tt class="docutils literal">c</tt>. Of course, it also
+possible to use the long option format, by prefixing the option
+with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--command=</span></tt>. The resulting usage message is the following:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python3 example8.py -h
+usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn
+
+positional arguments:
+  dsn
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND
+                        SQL query
+</pre>
+<p>Here are two examples of usage:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python3 example8.py -c&quot;select * from table&quot; dsn
+executing select * from table on dsn
+
+$ python3 example8.py --command=&quot;select * from table&quot; dsn
+executing select * from table on dsn
+</pre>
+<p>Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt>
+will get the value <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>.</p>
+<p>Even positional argument can be annotated, but it makes no sense to
+specify the &quot;option-c&quot; string, so you can skip it and write:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(command: (&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option-c'), dsn: (&quot;Database dsn&quot;,)):
+    ...
+</pre>
+<p>Alternatively, you can write <tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;Database dsn&quot;, None)</tt>. In both cases
+the usage message now will show a nice help string on the right hand side
+of the <tt class="docutils literal">dsn</tt> positional argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also
+be annotated:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn: (&quot;Database dsn&quot;,), *scripts: (&quot;SQL scripts&quot;,)):
+    ...
+</pre>
+<p>is a valid signature for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a>, which will recognize the help strings
+for both <tt class="docutils literal">dsn</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">scripts</tt>.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are
+True if they are passed to the command line and False if they are absent.
+Here is an example:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+$ python3 example9.py -v dsn
+connecting to dsn
+</pre>
+<p>For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest to
+follow the FOP convention: in the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function write first
+the flag arguments, then the option arguments and finally the positional
+arguments. This is a convention and you are not forced to use it, but
+it makes sense to put the position arguments at the end, since they
+may be default arguments and varargs. In this document I will always use
+the FOP convention.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="plac-is-also-for-people-not-using-python-3">
+<h1>plac is also for people not using Python 3</h1>
+<p>I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about
+migrating to Python 2.6. I think it will take years before we even
+think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas
+are in the same situation. Therefore <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a> provides a way to work
+with function annotations even in Python 2.X (including Python 2.3).
+There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations
+by hand. For instance</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn: (&quot;Database dsn&quot;,), *scripts: (&quot;SQL scripts&quot;,)):
+</pre>
+<p>becomes:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+def main(dsn, *scripts):
+    ...
+main.__annotations__ = dict(
+dsn= (&quot;Database dsn&quot;,),
+scripts=(&quot;SQL scripts&quot;,))
+</pre>
+<p>One should be careful to much the keys of the annotations dictionary
+with the names of the arguments in the annotated function; for lazy
+people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the
+<tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator that performs the check for you.</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+&#64;annotations(
+dsn= (&quot;Database dsn&quot;,),
+scripts=(&quot;SQL scripts&quot;,))
+def main(dsn, *scripts):
+    ...
+</pre>
+<p>In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with
+X &gt;= 4 and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="advanced-usage">
+<h1>Advanced usage</h1>
+<p>One of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of <em>minutes</em>, compared
+to the learning curve of <em>hours</em> of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. That does not mean
+that I have removed all the advanced features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. Actually
+a lot of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> power persists in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">plac</a>: in particular, the
+<tt class="docutils literal">type</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> concepts are there.
+Here is an example showing all of them:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="literal-block">
+import plac
+
+&#64;plac.annotations(
+operator=(&quot;The name of an operator&quot;, None, str, ['add', 'mul']),
+numbers=(&quot;A number&quot;, None, float, None, &quot;n&quot;))
+def main(operator, *numbers):
+    op = getattr(float, '__%s__' % operator)
+    result = dict(add=0.0, mul=1.0)[operator]
+    for n in numbers:
+        result = op(result, n)
+    print(result)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    plac.call(main)
+
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Let me begin by discussing the <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> feature: given any callable
+taking a string in input a returning any Python object, it is possible
+to automagically convert the parsed arguments with the callable, simply
+by listing it in the annotation</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/plac/doc/article.pdf b/plac/doc/article.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3cf4d7
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/plac/doc/article.txt b/plac/doc/article.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+Plac, the Easiest Command Line Arguments Parser in the World
+================================================================
+
+:Author: Michele Simionato
+:E-mail: michele.simionato@gmail.com
+:Requires: Python 2.3+
+:Download page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac
+:Installation: ``easy_install plac``
+:License: BSD license
+
+.. contents::
+
+Introduction
+------------------------------------------------
+
+There is no want of command line arguments parsers in Python
+world. The standard library alone contains three different modules for
+the parsing of command line options: getopt_ (from the stone age),
+optparse_ (from Python 2.3) and argparse_ (from Python 2.7).  All of
+them are quite powerful and especially argparse_ is an industrial
+strength solution; unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning
+curve and a certain verbosity.
+
+Enters plac_. plac_ is designed to be downwardly scalable, i.e. to
+be trivially simple to use for trivial use cases, and to have a
+next-to-zero learning curve. Technically plac_ is just a simple
+wrapper over argparse_, hiding most of the complexity while retaining
+most of the power.  plac_ is surprisingly scalable upwards even for
+non-trivial use cases, but it is not intended to be an industrial
+strength command line parsing module. Its capabilities are limited by
+design. If you need more power, by all means use the parsing modules
+in the standard library. Still, I have been using Python for 8 years
+and never once I had to use the full power of the standard library
+modules.
+
+Actually I am pretty much convinced that features provided by ``plac``
+are more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases of a scripter.
+I am targetting here programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in
+general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to
+use a command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such
+users are not interested in features, they just want to be able to
+write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to
+build a command line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the current
+modules in the standard library forces them to go the hard way. They
+are designed to implement power user tools for programmers or system
+administrators, and they have a non-trivial learning curve.
+
+The importance of scaling down
+------------------------------------
+
+An ex-coworker of mine, David Welton, once wrote a nice article about
+the import<ance of `scaling down`_: most people are concerned with the
+possibility of scaling up, but we should also be concerned with the
+issue of scaling down. In other worlds, simple things should be kept
+simple, and programs should address the common cases in an easy way,
+hopefully without loosing too much power and keeping difficult things
+possible. plac_ adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it
+is designed to handle well the trivial case, while retaining the
+ability to handle complex cases relying on the underlying power of
+argparse_.
+
+To be concrete, let me start with the simplest possible
+thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to it.
+It cannot get more trivial than that (discarding the possibility of
+a script without command line arguments, where there is nothing to parse),
+nevertheless it is a use case *extremely common*:
+I need to write scripts like that nearly every day, I wrote hundreds
+of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is
+a typical example of code I have been writing by hand for years:
+
+ .. include:: example1.py
+    :literal:
+
+As you see the whole ``if __name__ == '__main__'`` block (nine lines) is
+essentially boilerplate that should not exists.  Actually I think the
+Python language should recognize the main function and perform trivial
+arguments parsing behind the scenes; unfortunaly this is unlikely to
+happen. I have been writing boilerplate like this in hundreds of
+scripts for years, and every time I *hate* it. The purpose of using a
+scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be
+trivial. Unfortunately the standard library modules do not help for
+this use case, which may be trivial, but it is still incredibly
+common. Using getopt_ and optparse_ does not help, since they are
+intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the argparse_
+module helps a bit and it is able to reduce the boilerplate from nine
+lines to six lines:
+
+ .. include:: example2.py
+    :literal:
+
+However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external
+dependency: most people will not switch Python 2.7, which at the time of
+this writing is just about to be released, for many years. 
+Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to
+define a parser by hand for such a trivial task.
+
+The plac_ module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able
+to reduce the original nine lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the
+plac_ module all you need to write is
+
+ .. include:: example3.py
+    :literal:
+
+The plac_ module provides for free (actually the work is done by the
+underlying argparse_ module) a nice usage message::
+
+ $ python example3.py -h
+ usage: example3.py [-h] dsn
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+This is only the tip of the iceberg: plac_ is able to do much more than that.
+
+Positional default arguments
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:
+
+ .. include:: example4.py
+    :literal:
+
+With plac_ the entire ``__main__`` block reduces to the usual two lines::
+
+  if __name__ == '__main__':
+      import plac; plac.call(main)
+
+In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and I have
+the usage message for free::
+
+ usage: example4_.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn
+   table
+   today
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+plac_ manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a
+variable number of arguments. Here is an example, a script running
+on a database a series of ``.sql`` scripts:
+
+ .. include:: example6.py
+    :literal:
+
+Using plac_, you can just replace the ``__main__`` block with the
+usual two lines (I have defined an Emacs keybinding for them)
+and you get the following usage message::
+
+ usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn
+   scripts
+
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+The examples here should have made clear that *plac is able to figure out
+the command line arguments parser to use from the signature of the main
+function*. This is the whole idea behind plac_: if my intent is clear,
+let's the machine take care of the details.
+
+Options and flags
+---------------------------------------
+
+It is surprising how few command line scripts with options I have
+written over the years (probably less than a hundred), compared to the
+number of scripts with positional arguments (I certainly have written
+more than a thousand of them).  Still, this use case is quite common
+and cannot be neglected.  The standard library modules (all of them)
+are quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly
+I have never used them directly. Instead, I have always relied on an
+old recipe of mine, the optionparse_ recipe, which provides a
+convenient wrapper over optionparse_. Alternatively, in the simplest
+cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand, instead of manually
+building a suitable OptionParser.
+
+plac_ is inspired to the optionparse_ recipe, in the sense that it
+delivers the programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is
+less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of
+the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ``main``
+function.
+
+The idea comes from the `function annotations` concept, a new
+feature of Python 3. An example is worth a thousand words, so here
+it is:
+
+ .. include:: example8.py
+    :literal:
+
+As you see, the argument ``command`` has been annotated with the
+tuple ``("SQL query", 'option', 'c')``: the first string is the
+help string which will appear in the usage message, whereas the
+second and third strings tell plac_ that ``command`` is an option and that
+it can be abbreviated with the letter ``c``. Of course, it also
+possible to use the long option format, by prefixing the option
+with ``--command=``. The resulting usage message is the following::
+
+ $ python3 example8.py -h
+ usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn
+
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+   -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND
+                         SQL query
+
+Here are two examples of usage::
+
+ $ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn
+ executing select * from table on dsn
+
+ $ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn
+ executing select * from table on dsn
+
+Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable ``command``
+will get the value ``None``. It is possible to specify a non-trivial
+default for an option. Here is an example:
+
+ .. include:: example8_.py
+    :literal:
+
+Now if you do not pass the ``command option``, the
+default query will be executed::
+
+ $ python article/example8_.py dsn
+ executing 'select * from table' on dsn
+
+Positional argument can be annotated too::
+
+ def main(command: ("SQL query", 'option', 'c'),
+          dsn: ("Database dsn", 'positional', None)):
+     ...
+
+Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are
+special enough, but sometimes practicality beats purity, so plac_ is
+smart enough to convert help messages into tuples internally; in other
+words, you can just write "Database dsn" instead of ``("Database dsn",
+'positional', None)``::
+
+ def main(command: ("SQL query", 'option', 'c'), dsn: "Database dsn"):
+     ...
+
+In both cases
+the usage message will show a nice help string on the right hand side
+of the ``dsn`` positional argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also
+be annotated::
+
+  def main(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"):
+      ...
+
+is a valid signature for plac_, which will recognize the help strings
+for both ``dsn`` and ``scripts``::
+
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn                          Database dsn
+   scripts                      SQL scripts
+
+plac_ also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are
+``True`` if they are passed to the command line and ``False`` 
+if they are absent. Here is an example::
+
+ $ python3 example9.py -v dsn
+ connecting to dsn
+
+::
+
+ $ python3 example9.py -h
+ usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   dsn            connection string
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help     show this help message and exit
+   -v, --verbose  prints more info
+
+Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the
+default value for a flag is always ``False``. If you feel the need to
+implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two
+choices, as explained in the "more features" section.
+
+For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest
+you to follow the Flag-Option-Required-Default (FORD) convention: in
+the ``main`` function write first the flag arguments, then the option
+arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default
+arguments. This is just a convention and you are not forced to use it,
+except for the default arguments (including the varargs) which must
+stay at the end since it is required by the Python syntax.
+
+plac for Python 2.X users
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about
+migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years before we even
+think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas
+are in the same situation. Therefore plac_ provides a way to work
+with function annotations even in Python 2.X (including Python 2.3).
+There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations
+by hand. For instance
+
+::
+
+  def main(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"):
+
+becomes::
+
+  def main(dsn, *scripts):
+      ...
+  main.__annotations__ = dict(
+  dsn="Database dsn",
+  scripts="SQL scripts")
+
+One should be careful to much the keys of the annotations dictionary
+with the names of the arguments in the annotated function; for lazy
+people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the
+``plac.annotations`` decorator that performs the check for you.
+
+::
+
+  @annotations(
+      dsn="Database dsn",
+      scripts="SQL scripts")
+  def main(dsn, *scripts):
+      ...
+
+In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with
+``X >= 4`` and I will use the ``plac.annotations`` decorator. Notice however
+that the tests for plac_ are supposed to run even with Python 2.3.
+
+More features
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+One of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of *minutes*, compared
+to the learning curve of *hours* of argparse_. That does not mean
+that I have removed all the features of argparse_. Actually
+a lot of argparse_ power persists in plac_.
+Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general
+an annotation is a 5-tuple of the form
+
+  ``(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar)``
+
+where ``help`` is the help message, ``kind`` is one of {"flag",
+"option ", "positional"}, ``abbrev`` is a one-character string,
+``type`` is callable taking a string in input, choices is a sequence
+of values and ``metavar`` is a string.
+
+``type`` is used to automagically convert the arguments from string
+to any Python type; by default there is no convertion i.e. ``type=None``.
+
+``choices`` is used to restrict the number of the valid
+options; by default there is no restriction i.e. ``choices=None``.
+
+``metavar`` is used to change the argument name in the usage message
+(and only there); by default the metavar is equal to the name of the
+argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is
+equal to the stringified form of the default.
+
+Here is an example showing many of the features (shamelessly stolen
+from the argparse_ documentation):
+
+ .. include:: example10.py
+    :literal:
+
+Here is the usage for the script::
+
+ usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]
+ 
+ A script to add and multiply numbers
+
+ positional arguments:
+   {add,mul}   The name of an operator
+   n           A number
+
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+Notice that the docstring of the ``main`` function has been automatically added
+to the usage message. Here are a couple of examples of use::
+
+ $ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4
+ 10.0
+ $ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4
+ 24.0
+ $ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error
+ usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]
+ example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', 'mul')
+
+A few notes on the underlying implementation
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+plac_ relies on a argparse_ for all of the heavy lifting work and it is
+possible to leverage on argparse_ features directly or indirectly.
+
+For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by
+using '==SUPPRESS==' as help string (or ``argparse.SUPPRESS``). Similarly, you can
+use ``argparse.FileType`` directly.
+
+It is also possible to pass options to the underlying
+``argparse.ArgumentParser`` object (currently it accepts the default
+arguments ``description``, ``epilog``, ``prog``, ``usage``,
+``add_help``, ``argument_default``, ``parents``, ``prefix_chars``,
+``fromfile_prefix_chars``, ``conflict_handler``, ``formatter_class``).
+It is enough to set such attributes on the ``main`` function.  For
+instance
+
+::
+
+  def main(...):
+      pass
+
+  main.add_help = False
+
+disable the recognition of the help flag ``-h, --help``. This is not
+particularly elegant, but I assume the typical user of plac_ will be
+happy with the default message and would not want to go at this level
+of detail; still it is possible if she wants to. For instance, by
+setting the ``description`` attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the
+usage message (by default the docstring of the ``main`` function is
+used as description). It is also possible to change the option prefix;
+for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use
+"/" as option prefix you can add the lines::
+
+  main.prefix_chars='-/'
+  main.short_prefix = '/'
+
+The recognition of the ``short_prefix`` attribute is a plac_
+extension; there is also a companion ``long_prefix``
+attribute with default value of ``--``. ``prefix_chars`` is an argparse_ feature. 
+Interested readers should read the documentation of argparse_ to understand the
+meaning of the other options. If there is a set of options that you
+use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding such
+options to the ``main`` function for you. For simplicity, plac_ does
+not perform any magic of that kind.
+
+It is possible to access directly the underlying ArgumentParser_ object, by
+invoking the ``plac.parser_from`` utility function:
+
+>>> import plac
+>>> def main(arg):
+...     pass
+... 
+>>> print plac.parser_from(main)
+ArgumentParser(prog='', usage=None, description=None, version=None, 
+formatter_class=<class 'argparse.HelpFormatter'>, conflict_handler='error',
+add_help=True)
+
+I use ``plac.parser_from`` in the unit tests of the module, but regular
+users should never need to use it.
+
+Custom annotation objects
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+Internally plac_ uses an ``Annotation`` class to convert the tuples
+in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with
+six attributes ``help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar``.
+
+Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects.
+For instance, here is an example of how you could implement annotations for
+positional arguments:
+
+ .. include:: annotations.py
+    :literal:
+
+You can use such annotations objects as follows:
+
+ .. include:: example11.py
+    :literal:
+
+Here is the usage message you get::
+
+ usage: example11.py [-h] i n [rest [rest ...]]
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   i           This is an int
+   n           This is a float
+   rest        Other arguments
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
+
+You can go on and define ``Option`` and ``Flag`` classes, if you like.
+Using custom annotation objects you could do advanced things like extracting the
+annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I expect such
+use cases to be quite rare: the default mechanism should work 
+pretty well for most users.
+
+plac vs argparse
+---------------------------------------------
+
+plac_ is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available
+all of the features of argparse_.  In particular you should be aware
+of the following limitations/differences.
+
+- plac_ automatically defines both a long and short form for each options,
+  just like optparse_. argparse_ allows you to define only a long form,
+  or only a short form, if you like. However, since I have always been
+  happy with the behavior of optparse_, which I feel is pretty much
+  consistent, I have decided not to support this feature.
+
+- plac_ does not support "required options". As the argparse_
+  documentation puts it: *Required options are generally considered bad
+  form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid
+  the use of required options whenever possible.*
+
+- plac_ supports only regular boolean flags. argparse_ has the ability to 
+  define generalized two-value flags with values different from ``True`` 
+  and ``False``. An earlier version of plac_ had this feature too, but 
+  since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case
+  the conversion from ``{True, False}`` to any couple of values
+  can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator
+  (``value1 if flag else value2``), I have removed it (KISS rules!).
+
+- plac_ does not support ``nargs`` options directly (it uses them internally,
+  though, to implement flag recognition). The reason it that all the use
+  cases of interest to me are covered by plac_ and did not feel the need
+  to increase the learning curve by adding direct support to ``nargs``.
+
+- plac_ does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this
+  looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of plac_.
+
+- plac_ does not support actions directly. This also
+  looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of plac_. Notice however
+  that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the
+  need for custom actions.
+
+I should stress again that if you want to access all of the argparse_ features
+from plac_ you can use ``plac.parser_from`` and you will get
+the underlying ArgumentParser_ object. The the full power of argparse_
+is then available to you: you can use ``add_argument``, ``add_subparsers()``,
+etc. In other words, while some features are not supported directly,
+*all* features are supported indirectly.
+
+A final example
+---------------------------------------
+
+Here is a more realistic script using all of the features of plac_ to run SQL queries
+on a database by relying on SQLAlchemy.
+
+ .. include:: dbcli.py
+    :literal:
+
+Here is the usage message::
+
+ $ python article/dbcli.py -h
+ usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]
+
+ A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database
+ 
+ positional arguments:
+   db                    Connection string
+   scripts               SQL scripts
+ 
+ optional arguments:
+   -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+   -H, --header          Header
+   -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL  SQL command
+   -d |, --delimiter |   Column separator
+
+The future
+-------------------------------
+
+Currently plac is below 100 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments
+and docstrings. I do not plan to extend it much in the future. The idea is
+to keep the module short: it is and it should remain a little wrapper over
+argparse_. Actually I have thought about contributing the code back to
+argparse_ if plac_ becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of
+users. For the moment it should be considered experimental: after all 
+I wrote it in three days, including the tests, the documentation and the
+time to learn argparse_.
+
+Trivia: the story behind the name
+-----------------------------------------
+
+The plac_ project started very humble: I just wanted to make 
+easy_installable my old optionparse_ recipe, and to publish it on PyPI.
+The original name of plac_ was optionparser and the idea behind it was
+to build an OptionParser_ object from the docstring of the module.
+However, before doing that, I decided to check out the argparse_ module,
+since I new it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out.
+Soon enough I realized two things:
+
+1. the single greatest idea of argparse_ was unifying the positional arguments
+   and the options in a single namespace object;
+2. parsing the docstring was so old-fashioned, considering the existence
+   of functions annotations in Python 3.
+
+Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the
+parser I decided to build an ArgumentParser_ object from function
+annotations. The ``optionparser`` name was ruled out, since I was
+using argparse_; a name like ``argparse_plus`` was also ruled out,
+since the typical usage was completely different from the argparse_ usage.
+
+I made a research on PyPI and the name clap (Command Line Arguments Parser)
+was not taken, so I renamed everything to clap. After two days 
+a Clap_ module appeared on PyPI! <expletive deleted>
+
+Having little fantasy, I decided to rename everything again to plac, as
+an anagram of clap: since it is a non-existing English name, I hope nobody
+will stole it from me!
+
+.. _argparse: http://argparse.googlecode.com
+.. _optparse: http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html
+.. _getopt: http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html
+.. _optionparse: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/
+.. _plac: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac
+.. _scaling down: http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems
+.. _ArgumentParser: http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html
+.. _Clap: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Clap/0.7
+.. _OptionParser: http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html?highlight=optionparser#optparse.OptionParser
diff --git a/plac/doc/dbcli.py b/plac/doc/dbcli.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba6d586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/dbcli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import clap
+from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup
+
+@clap.annotations(
+    db=("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup),
+    header=("Header", 'flag', 'H'),
+    sqlcmd=("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"),
+    delimiter=("Column separator", 'option', 'd'),
+    scripts="SQL scripts",
+    )
+def main(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts):
+    "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database"
+    print('Working on %s' % db.bind.url)
+    if sqlcmd:
+        result = db.bind.execute(sqlcmd)
+        if header: # print the header
+            print(delimiter.join(result.keys()))
+        for row in result: # print the rows
+            print(delimiter.join(map(str, row)))
+
+    for script in scripts:
+        db.execute(file(script).read())
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    clap.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example1.py b/plac/doc/example1.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59d4ef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+def main(dsn):
+    "Do something with the database"
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    n = len(sys.argv[1:])
+    if n == 0:
+        sys.exit('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0])
+    elif n == 1:
+        main(sys.argv[1])
+    else:
+        sys.exit('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]))
diff --git a/plac/doc/example10.py b/plac/doc/example10.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb45343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example10.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import plac
+
+@plac.annotations(
+operator=("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']),
+numbers=("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"))
+def main(operator, *numbers):
+    "A script to add and multiply numbers"
+    op = getattr(float, '__%s__' % operator)
+    result = dict(add=0.0, mul=1.0)[operator]
+    for n in numbers:
+        result = op(result, n)
+    print(result)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example11.py b/plac/doc/example11.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de8395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example11.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import plac
+from annotations import Positional
+
+@plac.annotations(
+    i=Positional("This is an int", int),
+    n=Positional("This is a float", float),
+    rest=Positional("Other arguments"))
+def main(i, n, *rest):
+    print(i, n, rest)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example2.py b/plac/doc/example2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69981ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+def main(dsn):
+    "Do something on the database"
+    print(dsn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import argparse
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument('dsn')
+    arg = p.parse_args()
+    main(arg.dsn)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example3.py b/plac/doc/example3.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c1a0bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+def main(dsn):
+    "Do something with the database"
+    print(dsn)
+ 
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example4.py b/plac/doc/example4.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08a7dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example4.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today()):
+    "Do something on the database"
+    print(dsn, table, today)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args:
+        sys.exit('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0])
+    elif len(args) > 2:
+        sys.exit('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join(argv[2:]))
+    main(*args)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example4_.py b/plac/doc/example4_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a61d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example4_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today()):
+    "Do something on the database"
+    print(dsn, table, today)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example5.py b/plac/doc/example5.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6c8c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, today=datetime.today()):
+    "Do something on the database"
+    print(dsn, today)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example6.py b/plac/doc/example6.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c7b5fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example6.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, *scripts):
+    "Run the given scripts on the database"
+    for script in scripts:
+        print('executing %s' % script)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+        sys.exit('usage: python %s dsn script.sql ...' % sys.argv[0])
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/plac/doc/example7.py b/plac/doc/example7.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1e6b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example7.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def main(dsn, *scripts):
+    "Run the given scripts on the database"
+    for script in scripts:
+        print('executing %s' % script)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example8.py b/plac/doc/example8.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef5a4e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example8.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+def main(command: ("SQL query", 'option', 'c'), dsn):
+    if command:
+        print('executing %s on %s' % (command, dsn))
+        # ...
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example8_.py b/plac/doc/example8_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c14748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example8_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# example8_
+
+def main(dsn, command: ("SQL query", 'option', 'c')='select * from table'):
+    print('executing %r on %s' % (command, dsn))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import clap; clap.call(main)
diff --git a/plac/doc/example9.py b/plac/doc/example9.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ab3932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/doc/example9.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+def main(verbose: ('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'), dsn: 'connection string'):
+    if verbose:
+        print('connecting to %s' % dsn)
+    # ...
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import plac; plac.call(main)
author	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-01 13:12:27 +0200
committer	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-01 13:12:27 +0200
commit	97dcd8ebb064319da3060d9795d4943b88870cd3 (patch)
tree	c0e4feb38d35fc8534f25176dd3f46494966338e
parent	baa78b50ebcccd789b89f083b36ab2e9a6a389d5 (diff)
download	micheles-97dcd8ebb064319da3060d9795d4943b88870cd3.tar.gz