From 3df27dd0d7b5dd75a7c14b7c316975d96a3eec99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michele Simionato Date: Tue, 31 Aug 2010 08:04:29 +0200 Subject: Fix to the doc --- plac/doc/plac.html | 189 +- plac/doc/plac.pdf | 9511 +++++++++++++++++++------------------------------ plac/doc/plac_adv.txt | 8 - 3 files changed, 3815 insertions(+), 5893 deletions(-) diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html index 88271c1..240ba5e 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac.html +++ b/plac/doc/plac.html @@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
-

Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way

+

Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way

@@ -441,49 +441,49 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {

Contents

-

The importance of scaling down

+

The importance of scaling down

There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone contains three different modules: getopt (from the stone age), @@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will show.

-

Scripts with required arguments

+

Scripts with required arguments

Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line @@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ optional arguments: This is only the tip of the iceberg: plac is able to do much more than that.

-

Scripts with default arguments

+

Scripts with default arguments

The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:

@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ optional arguments: I will show in the next paragraphs.

-

Scripts with options (and smart options)

+

Scripts with options (and smart options)

It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years (probably less than a hundred), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote (certainly more @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ executing 'select * from table' on dsn

-

Scripts with flags

+

Scripts with flags

plac is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are True if they are passed to the command line and False if they are absent. Here is an example:

@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ the one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.

-

plac for Python 2.X users

+

plac for Python 2.X users

I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas @@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ X >= 4 and I will use the plac that the core features of plac run even on Python 2.3.

-

More features

+

More features

One of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of minutes for its core features, compared to the learning curve of hours of argparse. In order to reach this goal, I have not sacrificed all @@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ line as soon as available, whereas the default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.

-

A realistic example

+

A realistic example

Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of plac to run SQL queries on a database by relying on SQLAlchemy. Notice the usage of the type feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection @@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ optional arguments:

You can check for yourself that the script works.

-

Keyword arguments

+

Keyword arguments

Starting from release 0.4, plac supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main function has keyword arguments, plac treats specially arguments of the form "name=value" in the @@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in function calls by the Python language.

-

Final example: a shelve interface

+

Final example: a shelve interface

Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve @@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler

-

plac vs argparse

+

plac vs argparse

plac is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of argparse in an easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences (the @@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ adding such options to the main

-

plac vs the rest of the world

+

plac vs the rest of the world

Originally plac boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea @@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since I became aware of the cmd2 module only after writing plac.

-

The future

+

The future

Currently the core of plac is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should @@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas

-

Trivia: the story behind the name

+

Trivia: the story behind the name

The plac project started very humbly: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old optionparse recipe, and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of plac was optionparser and the idea behind it was @@ -1488,58 +1488,9 @@ will steal it from me!

-

Advanced usages of plac

-

The present document discusses a few of the advanced use -cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive -interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic -application. It assumes you have already read an understood the -basic documentation.

- +

Advanced usages of plac

-

Introduction

+

Introduction

One of the design goals of plac is to make it dead easy to write a scriptable and testable interface for an application. You can use plac whenever you have an API with strings in input and strings in @@ -1562,7 +1513,7 @@ or a Web application on top of plac, your imagination is the only limit!

-

From scripts to interactive applications

+

From scripts to interactive applications

Command-line scripts have many advantages, but they are no substitute for interactive applications. In particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run @@ -1666,7 +1617,7 @@ are using a recent version of Python (>= 2.5), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.

-

Testing a plac application

+

Testing a plac application

You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor substitute for automatic testing.

In principle, one could write automatic tests for the @@ -1731,7 +1682,7 @@ once at the beginning and at the end of the interpreter loop. plac.call instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.

-

Plac easy tests

+

Plac easy tests

Writing your tests in terms of Interpreter.check is certainly an improvement over writing them in terms of plac.call, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The Interpreter class provides @@ -1824,7 +1775,7 @@ a string containing directory names separated by colons). If the variable If the plac tool is not found, an ImportError is raised.

-

Plac batch scripts

+

Plac batch scripts

It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. @@ -1876,7 +1827,7 @@ the output of the batch script and turn it into a < (cool, isn't it?).

-

Implementing subcommands

+

Implementing subcommands

When I discussed the ishelve implementation in the basic documentation, I said that it looked like a poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that plac was @@ -2005,7 +1956,7 @@ i> you pass the verbose flag to the Interpreter.interact method.

-

plac.Interpreter.call

+

plac.Interpreter.call

At the core of plac there is the call function which invokes a callable with the list of the arguments passed at the command-line (sys.argv[1:]). Thanks to plac.call you can launch your module @@ -2096,7 +2047,7 @@ a comment, the splitting function, the input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.

-

Readline support

+

Readline support

Starting from release 0.6 plac offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default @@ -2208,7 +2159,7 @@ NameError: Ambiguous command 'sh': matching ['showall', 'show']

-

The plac runner

+

The plac runner

The distribution of plac includes a runner script named plac_runner.py, which will be installed in a suitable directory in your system by distutils (say in \usr\local\bin\plac_runner.py in a Unix-like operative system). @@ -2318,7 +2269,7 @@ a=1 on the main object of the Python module.

-

A non class-based example

+

A non class-based example

plac does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a valid command container, it is enough to add to it a .commands attribute and possibly @@ -2431,7 +2382,7 @@ a method container. In other situations, it is best to use a custom class.

-

Writing your own plac runner

+

Writing your own plac runner

The runner included in the plac distribution is intentionally kept small (around 50 lines of code) so that you can study it and write your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level @@ -2508,7 +2459,7 @@ loop in a separate process and send commands to it via the Queue class provided by the multiprocessing module.

-

Long running commands

+

Long running commands

As we saw, by default a plac interpreter blocks until the command terminates. This is an issue, in the sense that it makes the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An @@ -2557,7 +2508,7 @@ the interface responsive. -

Threaded commands

+

Threaded commands

The most familiar way to execute a task in the background (even if not necessarily the best way) is to run it into a separated thread. In our example it is sufficient to replace the line

@@ -2657,7 +2608,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
-

Running commands as external processes

+

Running commands as external processes

Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people prefer to use processes instead. For this reason plac provides the option to execute long running commands as external processes. Unfortunately @@ -2700,7 +2651,7 @@ and it is safer than using threads, so it is the recommended approach unless you are working on Windows.

-

Managing the output of concurrent commands

+

Managing the output of concurrent commands

plac acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base to build a GUI-based task launcher and task monitor. To this aim the interpreter class provides a .submit method which returns a task @@ -2752,7 +2703,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':

-

Parallel computing with plac

+

Parallel computing with plac

plac is certainly not intended as a tool for parallel computing, but still you can use it to launch a set of commands and to collect the results, similarly to the MapReduce pattern recently popularized by @@ -2884,7 +2835,7 @@ sum(task.result for task in plac.runp(calc_pi(N) for i in range(ncpus)))/ncpus

-

The plac server

+

The plac server

A command-line oriented interface can be easily converted into a socket-based interface. Starting from release 0.7 plac features a builtin server which is able to accept commands from multiple @@ -2930,7 +2881,7 @@ Connection closed by foreign host.

-

Summary

+

Summary

Once plac claimed to be the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world. Having read this document you may think that it is not so easy after all. But it is a false impression. Actually the @@ -2956,7 +2907,7 @@ given port number (default 2199)

-

Appendix: custom annotation objects

+

Appendix: custom annotation objects

Internally plac uses an Annotation class to convert the tuples in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with six attributes help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar.

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4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 26.91937 0 Td (Requires:) Tj T* -26.91937 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Python 2.3+) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 16.91937 0 Td (Installation:) Tj T* -16.91937 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (easy_install -U plac) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 600.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 32.46937 0 Td (License:) Tj T* -32.46937 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (BSD license) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (1) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET -Q -Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R410': class PDFStream -410 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 9594 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Contents) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 0 615 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 615 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (1) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 597 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 597 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 579 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 579 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 561 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 561 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 543 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 543 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 525 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 525 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 507 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 507 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 489 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 489 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 471 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 471 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 453 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 453 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 435 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 435 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 417 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 417 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 399 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 399 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 381 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 381 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 363 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 363 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 345 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 345 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 327 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 327 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 309 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 309 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 291 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 291 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 273 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 273 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 255 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 255 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (25) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 237 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 237 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 219 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 219 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 201 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 201 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (30) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 183 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 183 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 165 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 165 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 147 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 147 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 129 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 129 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (36) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 111 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 111 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q +% page tree +<< /Count 43 + /Kids [ 8 0 R + 79 0 R + 95 0 R + 105 0 R + 109 0 R + 113 0 R + 119 0 R + 120 0 R + 123 0 R + 131 0 R + 132 0 R + 136 0 R + 139 0 R + 141 0 R + 144 0 R + 158 0 R + 173 0 R + 207 0 R + 221 0 R + 222 0 R + 224 0 R + 227 0 R + 238 0 R + 243 0 R + 247 0 R + 248 0 R + 249 0 R + 254 0 R + 267 0 R + 268 0 R + 271 0 R + 272 0 R + 274 0 R + 278 0 R + 281 0 R + 282 0 R + 285 0 R + 287 0 R + 289 0 R + 290 0 R + 294 0 R + 296 0 R + 297 0 R ] + /Type /Pages >> +endobj +% 'R337': class PDFStream +337 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 2996 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 0 93 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 93 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 732.0236 cm +Q q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 36.93937 0 Td (Author:) Tj T* -36.93937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 75 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Michele Simionato) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 75 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (40) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 57 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 702.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 39.69937 0 Td (E-mail:) Tj T* -39.69937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 57 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q 0 0 .501961 rg 0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (michele.simionato@gmail.com) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 39 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 39 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 687.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (43) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 48.03937 0 Td (Date:) Tj T* -48.03937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 21 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (August 2010) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 21 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (43) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 660.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 25.25937 0 Td (Download) Tj T* 21.11 0 Td (page:) Tj T* -46.36937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 3 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 15 cm q 0 0 .501961 rg 0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (44) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm -q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 645.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (2) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET -Q -Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R411': class PDFStream -411 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 5985 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 9.68937 0 Td (Project page:) Tj T* -9.68937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (http://micheles.googlecode.com/hg/plac/doc/plac.html) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.20186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless, a lot of people are) Tj T* 0 Tw .968555 Tw (obsessed with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, forgetting the equally important) Tj T* 0 Tw .048221 Tw (issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs should address the common) Tj T* 0 Tw .36311 Tw (cases simply and simple things should be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things possible.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09332 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the simple cases,) Tj T* 0 Tw (while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 630.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw (command-line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 26.91937 0 Td (Requires:) Tj T* -26.91937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 393.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Python 2.3+) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET -Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 125.8236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 615.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ( if n == 0:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif n == 1:) Tj T* ( main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 93.82362 cm +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.972927 Tw (should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 16.91937 0 Td (Installation:) Tj T* -16.91937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (3) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (easy_install -U plac) Tj T* ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R412': class PDFStream -412 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 4448 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 3.309147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 527.8236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 600.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import argparse) Tj T* ( p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* ( p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* ( main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 32.46937 0 Td (License:) Tj T* -32.46937 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 91.03937 3 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (BSD license) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.6236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (1) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R338': class PDFStream +338 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 9594 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 292.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Contents) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 259.4236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 0 615 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 130.2236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 615 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (1) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T* T* (Do something with the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 597 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 597 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.22362 cm +1 0 0 1 0 579 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages the case of missing arguments and of too many arguments. This is only the tip of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 579 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (4) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R413': class PDFStream -413 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 4050 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 561 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 561 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.609984 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 0 543 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 543 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* ( if not args:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ( main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 525 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 525 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 507 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .038488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the most recent data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F3 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.313984 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 402.6236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 507 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 489 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 489 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 471 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 471 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and we get the usage message for free:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 0 453 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 453 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T* T* (Do something on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( table) Tj T* ( today) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 435 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 435 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 197.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 417 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm -q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 417 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 399 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 399 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 381 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 381 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (5) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R414': class PDFStream -414 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 3901 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q +1 0 0 1 0 363 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 363 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 345 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 345 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 327 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 542.6236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 327 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 309 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 309 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 291 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 291 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .952485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command-line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 456.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 273 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.036235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to an old Python Cookbook recipe \() Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), in the sense that it delivers the) Tj T* 0 Tw .847209 Tw (programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 273 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (22) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 273.4236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 255 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7_.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 255 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 237 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 241.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 237 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .17528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the arguments of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the help message:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.2236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 0 219 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 219 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn Database dsn) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 201 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 201 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 0 183 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (6) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R415': class PDFStream -415 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 5019 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 183 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize much more complex annotations, as I will show in the next paragraphs.) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (29) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 165 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 165 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 0 147 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 147 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* ( if command:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 129 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 129 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (34) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 459.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 111 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .929213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* 0 Tw .62683 Tw (the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that) Tj T* 0 Tw .931894 Tw /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the long form) Tj T* 0 Tw (being ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 111 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 93 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 93 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 75 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 310.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 75 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (38) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4236 cm -q +1 0 0 1 0 57 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 397.8898 57 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 39 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 39 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 21 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .268935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such case it will be assumed to be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.839213 Tw (The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options \(GNU-style options\)) Tj T* 0 Tw .396235 Tw (disappears: we get ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (smart options) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like) Tj T* 0 Tw (both long and short options, since they can be abbreviated. Here is an example featuring smart options:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm -q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 21 cm q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 0 3 cm q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* +BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example6.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ET Q +q +1 0 0 1 397.8898 3 cm +q +0 0 .501961 rg +0 0 .501961 RG +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (42) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q +q Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (7) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (2) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R416': class PDFStream -416 0 obj +% 'R339': class PDFStream +339 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4318 >> +<< /Length 5985 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.50936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python world. The standard library alone) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.087126 Tw (contains three different modules: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from the stone age\), ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.3\) and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .223735 Tw 0 0 0 rg (\(from Python 2.7\). All of them are quite powerful and especially ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is an industrial strength solution;) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.40311 Tw (unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning curve and a certain verbosity. They do not scale) Tj T* 0 Tw (down well, at least in my opinion.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.20186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should not be necessary to stress the importance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (scaling down) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; nevertheless, a lot of people are) Tj T* 0 Tw .968555 Tw (obsessed with features and concerned with the possibility of scaling up, forgetting the equally important) Tj T* 0 Tw .048221 Tw (issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world: programs should address the common) Tj T* 0 Tw .36311 Tw (cases simply and simple things should be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things possible.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09332 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the simple cases,) Tj T* 0 Tw (while retaining the ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.488221 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is just a simple wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which hides most of its complexity by using a) Tj T* 0 Tw .203318 Tw (declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. Still, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is) Tj T* 0 Tw .125984 Tw (surprisingly scalable upwards, even without using the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. I have been using Python for 8) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.618876 Tw (years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will ever need to go beyond the features) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.776457 Tw (provided by the declarative interface of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the use) Tj T* 0 Tw (cases.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.0236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.540888 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general) Tj T* 0 Tw .81284 Tw (people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing the command line interface because it is the) Tj T* 0 Tw .471751 Tw (quick and simple. Such users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve:) Tj T* 0 Tw .984988 Tw (they just want to be able to write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.127318 Tw (command-line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the) Tj T* 0 Tw .014104 Tw (hard way. They are designed to implement power user tools and they have a non-trivial learning curve. On) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.584104 Tw (the contrary, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is designed to be simple to use and extremely concise, as the examples below will) Tj T* 0 Tw (show.) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 393.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET +Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .352209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.053984 Tw (it. It cannot get simpler than that, unless you consider a script without command-line arguments, where) Tj T* 0 Tw .735488 Tw (there is nothing to parse. Still, it is a use case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (extremely common) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: I need to write scripts like that nearly) Tj T* 0 Tw .486655 Tw (every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is a typical) Tj T* 0 Tw (example of code I have been writing by hand for years:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 622.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 125.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8294,52 +6325,47 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example1.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( n = len\(sys.argv[1:]\)) Tj T* ( if n == 0:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif n == 1:) Tj T* ( main\(sys.argv[1]\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(sys.argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 93.82362 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The following are all valid invocations ot the script:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .880651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you see the whole ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block \(nine lines\) is essentially boilerplate that ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.972927 Tw (should not exist. Actually I think the language should recognize the main function and pass to it the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 509.4236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -c "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -com "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -command="select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (3) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R340': class PDFStream +340 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 4448 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 3.309147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (command-line arguments automatically; unfortunaly this is unlikely to happen. I have been writing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.767356 Tw (boilerplate like this in hundreds of scripts for years, and every time I ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (it. The purpose of using a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47229 Tw (scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be trivial. Unfortunately the standard library) Tj T* 0 Tw .69881 Tw (does not help for this incredibly common use case. Using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (getopt ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not help, since they) Tj T* 0 Tw .894104 Tw (are intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module helps a bit and it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (able to reduce the boilerplate from nine lines to six lines:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 527.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8349,24 +6375,31 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn) Tj T* (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* (example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example2.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import argparse) Tj T* ( p = argparse.ArgumentParser\(\)) Tj T* ( p.add_argument\('dsn'\)) Tj T* ( arg = p.parse_args\(\)) Tj T* ( main\(arg.dsn\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 400.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206303 Tw (switch to Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years.) Tj T* 0 Tw .678488 Tw (Moreover, it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (task.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 307.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.123145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module is designed to manage well such use cases, and it is able to reduce the original nine) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines of boiler plate to two lines. With the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module all you need to write is) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8376,25 +6409,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example3.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn\):) Tj T* ( "Do something with the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 292.6236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Notice that the default value appears in the help message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .929986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module provides for free \(actually the work is done by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module\) a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 157.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 259.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8404,24 +6436,18 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8_.py [-h] [-command select * from table] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command select * from table) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example3.py -h) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 137.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.62362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 130.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8431,68 +6457,80 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example3.py [-h] dsn) Tj T* T* (Do something with the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.22362 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .167765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages the case of missing arguments and of too many arguments. This is only the tip of) Tj T* 0 Tw (the iceberg: ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to do much more than that.) Tj T* ET +Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (8) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (4) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R417': class PDFStream -417 0 obj +% 'R341': class PDFStream +341 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4916 >> +<< /Length 4050 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.609984 Tw (The need to have suitable defaults for command-line scripts is quite common. For instance I have) Tj T* 0 Tw (encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 592.1299 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm q q -.96447 0 0 .96447 0 0 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.843137 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 486 120 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# example4.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, table='product', today=datetime.today\(\)\):) Tj T* ( "Do something on the database") Tj T* ( print\(dsn, table, today\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import sys) Tj T* ( args = sys.argv[1:]) Tj T* ( if not args:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('usage: python %s dsn' % sys.argv[0]\)) Tj T* ( elif len\(args\) ) Tj (>) Tj ( 2:) Tj T* ( sys.exit\('Unrecognized arguments: %s' % ' '.join\(argv[2:]\)\)) Tj T* ( main\(*args\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 474.9299 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .038488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here I want to perform a query on a database table, by extracting the most recent data: it makes sense for) Tj T* 0 Tw .299988 Tw /F3 10 Tf (today ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be a default argument. If there is a most used table \(in this example a table called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ('product') Tj /F1 10 Tf (\)) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.313984 Tw (it also makes sense to make it a default argument. Performing the parsing of the command-line) Tj T* 0 Tw .083735 Tw (arguments by hand takes 8 ugly lines of boilerplate \(using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (would require about the same number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of lines\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the entire ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block reduces to the usual two lines:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 402.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8502,18 +6540,25 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn connection string) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -v, --verbose prints more info) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.7299 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.6236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In other words, six lines of boilerplate have been removed, and we get the usage message for free:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8523,48 +6568,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -v dsn) Tj T* (connecting to dsn) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 385.7299 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 319.7299 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example5.py [-h] dsn [table] [today]) Tj T* T* (Do something on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( table) Tj T* ( today) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 277.7299 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.7299 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.7299 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 197.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .396235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (manages transparently even the case when you want to pass a variable number of arguments. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (is an example, a script running on a database a series of SQL scripts:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 136.5299 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8574,42 +6595,35 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.5299 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (5) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R418': class PDFStream -418 0 obj +% 'R342': class PDFStream +342 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 6172 >> +<< /Length 3901 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8619,128 +6633,105 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 566.6236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 504.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 450.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 542.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 444.6236 cm -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.6236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 20 0 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (\(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* ( scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q Q -q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .952485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples here should have made clear that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac is able to figure out the command-line arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .899988 Tw (parser to use from the signature of the main function) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is the whole idea behind ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: if the intent is) Tj T* 0 Tw (clear, let's the machine take care of the details.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 456.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.036235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to an old Python Cookbook recipe \() Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\), in the sense that it delivers the) Tj T* 0 Tw .847209 Tw (programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the docstring of the module, it extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .319987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The idea comes from the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (function annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (concept, a new feature of Python 3. An example is worth a) Tj T* 0 Tw (thousand words, so here it is:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 273.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.171163 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352209 Tw (usage message \(and only there\). By default the metavar is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the name in the usage message is) Tj T* 0 Tw .752339 Tw (the same as the argument name. For an option the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used differently in the usage message,) Tj T* 0 Tw .802927 Tw (which has now the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([--option-name METAVAR]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, then it is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .50683 Tw (uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example7_.py) Tj T* (from datetime import datetime) Tj T* T* (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( "Run the given scripts on the database") Tj T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s' % script\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 241.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .17528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the arguments of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function have been annotated with strings which are intented to be used) Tj T* 0 Tw (in the help message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 96.55439 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.2236 cm q q -.976496 0 0 .976496 0 0 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.758862 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 480 132 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example7_.py [-h] dsn [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (Run the given scripts on the database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn Database dsn) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -8750,49 +6741,39 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (10) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (6) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R419': class PDFStream -419 0 obj +% 'R343': class PDFStream +343 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4255 >> +<< /Length 5019 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 631.8236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize much more complex annotations, as I will show in the next paragraphs.) Tj T* ET Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.0236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .016457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is surprising how few command-line scripts with options I have written over the years \(probably less than) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02311 Tw (a hundred\), compared to the number of scripts with positional arguments I wrote \(certainly more than a) Tj T* 0 Tw .177045 Tw (thousand of them\). Still, this use case cannot be neglected. The standard library modules \(all of them\) are) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.30686 Tw (quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly I have never used them directly.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.557126 Tw (Instead, I have always relied on the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, which provides a convenient wrapper over) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.09061 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Alternatively, in the simplest cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand. In ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser is inferred by the function annotations. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 470.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8802,51 +6783,52 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( {add,mul} The name of an operator) Tj T* ( n A number) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8.py) Tj T* (def main\(command: \("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\), dsn\):) Tj T* ( if command:) Tj T* ( print\('executing %s on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 459.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .929213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been annotated with the tuple ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\("SQL query", 'option', 'c'\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* 0 Tw .62683 Tw (the first string is the help string which will appear in the usage message, the second string tells ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (that) Tj T* 0 Tw .931894 Tw /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an option and the third string that there is also a short form of the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-c) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, the long form) Tj T* 0 Tw (being ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--command) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The usage message is the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 345.2849 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm q q -.87797 0 0 .87797 0 0 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 7.517338 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 534 96 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -c COMMAND, --command COMMAND) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 325.2849 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 310.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can also be used in doctests like this:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 268.0849 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 229.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8856,23 +6838,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac, example10) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']\)) Tj T* (3.0) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8.py -c"select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* T* ($ python3 example8.py --command="select * from table" dsn) Tj T* (executing select * from table on dsn) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 248.0849 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works for generators too:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .268935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The third argument in the function annotation can be omitted: in such case it will be assumed to be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.839213 Tw (The consequence is that the usual dichotomy between long and short options \(GNU-style options\)) Tj T* 0 Tw .396235 Tw (disappears: we get ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (smart options) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have the single character prefix of short options and behave like) Tj T* 0 Tw (both long and short options, since they can be abbreviated. Here is an example featuring smart options:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 166.8849 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8885,43 +6868,32 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(n\):) Tj T* (... for i in range\(int\(n\)\):) Tj T* (... yield i) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(main, ['3']\)) Tj T* ([0, 1, 2]) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example6.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ET Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.8849 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.8849 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.450751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This behavior avoids mistakes like forgetting of applying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (list\(result\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the result of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* 0 Tw (moreover it makes errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (11) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (7) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R420': class PDFStream -420 0 obj +% 'R344': class PDFStream +344 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4298 >> +<< /Length 4318 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8931,31 +6903,18 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (try:) Tj T* ( result = plac.call\(main, args\)) Tj T* (except:) Tj T* ( # do something) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.122126 Tw (Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any) Tj T* 0 Tw (exception until the generator is iterated over.) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 596.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 622.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -8965,36 +6924,25 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (for line in plac.call\(main, args, eager=False\):) Tj T* ( print\(line\)) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command COMMAND SQL query) Tj T* ET Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 564.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The following are all valid invocations ot the script:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 509.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9004,54 +6952,51 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 360 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* ( header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* ( sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* ( delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* ( \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* ( yield 'Working on %s' % db.bind.url) Tj T* T* ( if sqlcmd:) Tj T* ( result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* ( if header: # print the header) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)) Tj T* ( for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)) Tj T* T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T* ( yield 'executed %s' % script) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -c "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -com "select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ($ python3 example6.py -command="select" dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select' on dsn) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command=SQL ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is recognized only for the full option, not for its abbreviations:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.2236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (12) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example6.py -com="select" dsn) Tj T* (usage: example6.py [-h] [-command COMMAND] dsn) Tj T* (example6.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -com=select) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R421': class PDFStream -421 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 3562 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 400.2236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.724987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the option is not passed, the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will get the value ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. However, it is possible to) Tj T* 0 Tw (specify a non-trivial default. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 545.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 307.0236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9061,37 +7006,25 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example8_.py) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, command: \("SQL query", 'option'\)='select * from table'\):) Tj T* ( print\('executing %r on %s' % \(command, dsn\)\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check for yourself that the script works.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Notice that the default value appears in the help message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 157.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9101,25 +7034,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 228 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 120 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( args='default arguments',) Tj T* ( kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* ( if opt:) Tj T* ( yield 'opt=%s' % opt) Tj T* ( if args:) Tj T* ( yield 'args=%s' % str\(args\)) Tj T* ( if kw:) Tj T* ( yield 'kw=%s' % kw) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example8_.py [-h] [-command select * from table] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -command select * from table) Tj T* ( SQL query) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 137.8236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the generated usage message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When you run the script and you do not pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-command ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option, the default query will be executed:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.62362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9129,11 +7061,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( args default arguments) Tj T* ( kw keyword arguments) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example8_.py dsn) Tj T* (executing 'select * from table' on dsn) Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -9143,49 +7075,54 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (13) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (8) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R422': class PDFStream -422 0 obj +% 'R345': class PDFStream +345 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4297 >> +<< /Length 4916 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .815542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command) Tj T* 0 Tw (line and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 592.1299 cm +q +q +.96447 0 0 .96447 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.843137 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 486 120 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example9.py) Tj T* T* (def main\(verbose: \('prints more info', 'flag', 'v'\), dsn: 'connection string'\):) Tj T* ( if verbose:) Tj T* ( print\('connecting to %s' % dsn\)) Tj T* ( # ...) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 638.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 474.9299 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9195,24 +7132,18 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 108 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example9.py [-h] [-v] dsn) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( dsn connection string) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -v, --verbose prints more info) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 606.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.7299 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9222,74 +7153,93 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python3 example9.py -v dsn) Tj T* (connecting to dsn) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 505.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 385.7299 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 475.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 319.7299 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end as it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 433.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 277.7299 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .897045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I also suggests to specify a one-character abbreviation for flags: in this way you can use the GNU-style) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.034431 Tw (composition of flags \(i.e. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-zxvf ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-z -x -v -f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). I usually do not provide the) Tj T* 0 Tw (one-character abbreviation for options, since it does not make sense to compose them.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 115.5936 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.7299 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.7299 cm q -.952737 0 0 .952737 0 0 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw .304724 Tw (before we think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same situation.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.459984 Tw (Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.692339 Tw (2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance the) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotated function declaration) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.927412 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 136.5299 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 492 324 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q Q Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.5299 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (is equivalent to the following code:) Tj T* ET +Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (14) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 238.1649 0 Td (9) Tj T* -238.1649 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R423': class PDFStream -423 0 obj +% 'R346': class PDFStream +346 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 6595 >> +<< /Length 6172 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9299,245 +7249,260 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 348 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* (main.__annotations__ = dict\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 647.8236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (A few notes are in order:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .536098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to match the keys of the annotation dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 389.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 566.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 389.8236 cm -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( dsn="Database dsn",) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts"\)) Tj T* (def main\(dsn, *scripts\):) Tj T* ( ...) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.075318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have disabled the ordinary help provided by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and I have implemented a custom help) Tj T* 0 Tw (command.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.846077 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with X >) Tj (= 4 and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the core features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (run even on Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 504.6236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 450.6236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.483488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (minutes ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (for its core features, compared to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152093 Tw (learning curve of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In order to reach this goal, I have ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sacrificed all the features of) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.89936 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple) Tj T* 0 Tw (annotations, but in general an annotation is a 6-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 444.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +1 0 0 1 20 0 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (\(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar\)) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (I have changed the prefix character used to recognize the options to a dot.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 432.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.068735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string in the set { ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("flag") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("option") Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("positional") Tj /F1 10 Tf (},) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.579431 Tw /F3 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a one-character string or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a callable taking a string in input, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (discrete sequence of values and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (3.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.05061 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the command line arguments from the string type to any Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (type; by default there is no conversion and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .864985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments recognition \(in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (**setters) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used to make it possible to store a value in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the shelve with the syntax ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (param_name=param_value) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.171163 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has two meanings. For a positional argument it is used to change the argument name in the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352209 Tw (usage message \(and only there\). By default the metavar is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the name in the usage message is) Tj T* 0 Tw .752339 Tw (the same as the argument name. For an option the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used differently in the usage message,) Tj T* 0 Tw .802927 Tw (which has now the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ([--option-name METAVAR]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, then it is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .50683 Tw (uppercased name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is equal to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(copied from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 96.55439 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +.976496 0 0 .976496 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.758862 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 480 132 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (4.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ( "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* ( if operator == 'mul':) Tj T* ( op = float.__mul__) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .649318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*params ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the case of missing parameters) Tj T* ET Q Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (10) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R347': class PDFStream +347 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 4255 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 631.8236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( result = 1.0) Tj T* ( else: # operator == 'add') Tj T* ( op = float.__add__) Tj T* ( result = 0.0) Tj T* ( for n in numbers:) Tj T* ( result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* ( return result) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( print\(plac.call\(main\)\)) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.clear) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 470.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to add and multiply numbers) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( {add,mul} The name of an operator) Tj T* ( n A number) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.6236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 345.2849 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +.87797 0 0 .87797 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 7.517338 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (7.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET -Q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 534 96 re B* Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is an option with default \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.filename=conf.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) to store the filename of the shelve.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (10.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py mul 1 2 3 4) Tj T* (24.0) Tj T* ($ python example10.py ad 1 2 3 4 # a mispelling error) Tj T* (usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]) Tj T* (example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' \(choose from 'add', 'mul'\)) Tj T* ET Q Q -q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 325.2849 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can also be used in doctests like this:) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 268.0849 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 27 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (8.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.001984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.345251 Tw (chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can do better than that, but let me start from a) Tj T* 0 Tw (low-level approach first.) Tj T* ET -Q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac, example10) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(example10.main, ['add', '1', '2']\)) Tj T* (3.0) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 248.0849 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works for generators too:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 166.8849 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9547,37 +7512,42 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py) Tj T* (no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(n\):) Tj T* (... for i in range\(int\(n\)\):) Tj T* (... yield i) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( plac.call\(main, ['3']\)) Tj T* ([0, 1, 2]) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.8849 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .158409 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tries to convert the output of the main function into a list, if possible. If the output is) Tj T* 0 Tw .725703 Tw (not iterable or it is a string, it is left unchanged, but if it is iterable it is converted. In particular, generator) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects are exhausted by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.8849 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.450751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This behavior avoids mistakes like forgetting of applying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (list\(result\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the result of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (;) Tj T* 0 Tw (moreover it makes errors visible early, and avoids mistakes in code like the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (15) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (11) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R424': class PDFStream -424 0 obj +% 'R348': class PDFStream +348 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 6264 >> +<< /Length 4298 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q @@ -9594,21 +7564,28 @@ q n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve.py .h) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (try:) Tj T* ( result = plac.call\(main, args\)) Tj T* (except:) Tj T* ( # do something) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.122126 Tw (Without the "listify" functionality, a main function returning a generator object would not raise any) Tj T* 0 Tw (exception until the generator is iterated over.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 434.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .647262 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are a fan of lazyness, you can still have it by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (eager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, as in the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 596.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9618,227 +7595,254 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (for line in plac.call\(main, args, eager=False\):) Tj T* ( print\(line\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 404.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 564.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.35528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a generator object this example will print each line as soon as available, whereas the) Tj T* 0 Tw (default behaviour is to print all the lines together and the end of the computation.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 362.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 534.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.4236 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 63 cm +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 360 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* ( header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* ( sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* ( delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* ( scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* ( \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* ( "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* ( yield 'Working on %s' % db.bind.url) Tj T* T* ( if sqlcmd:) Tj T* ( result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* ( if header: # print the header) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)) Tj T* ( for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* ( yield delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)) Tj T* T* ( for script in scripts:) Tj T* ( db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T* ( yield 'executed %s' % script) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .049987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can see the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield-is-print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (pattern here: instead of using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (print ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the main function, I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.55061 Tw (I perform the print in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__main__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block. The advantage of the pattern is that tests invoking) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (12) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R349': class PDFStream +349 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 3562 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .52936 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and checking the result become trivial: had I performed the printing in the main function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (test would have involved an ugly hack like redirecting ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.stdout ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (StringIO ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object.) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 39 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 545.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw .874269 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible. ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (Notice that since ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports them, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can) Tj T* 0 Tw (manage them too, but not directly.) Tj T* ET -Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 168 re B* Q q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 149.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: dbcli.py [-h] [-H] [-c SQL] [-d |] db [scripts [scripts ...]]) Tj T* T* (A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( db Connection string) Tj T* ( scripts SQL scripts) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -H, --header Header) Tj T* ( -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL SQL command) Tj T* ( -d |, --delimiter | Column separator) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.8236 cm +q 0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check for yourself that the script works.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q q -1 0 0 1 6 51 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.8236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.831984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.4, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports keyword arguments. In practice that means that if your main) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.099213 Tw (function has keyword arguments, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (treats specially arguments of the form ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ("name=value" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 228 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# example12.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( opt=\('some option', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( args='default arguments',) Tj T* ( kw='keyword arguments'\)) Tj T* (def main\(opt, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* ( if opt:) Tj T* ( yield 'opt=%s' % opt) Tj T* ( if args:) Tj T* ( yield 'args=%s' % str\(args\)) Tj T* ( if kw:) Tj T* ( yield 'kw=%s' % kw) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 27 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the generated usage message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET -Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* Q q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (usage: example12.py [-h] [-opt OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* T* (positional arguments:) Tj T* ( args default arguments) Tj T* ( kw keyword arguments) Tj T* T* (optional arguments:) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (16) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (13) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R425': class PDFStream -425 0 obj +% 'R350': class PDFStream +350 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 7562 >> +<< /Length 4297 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.111318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does support subparsers, but you must read the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to see how it) Tj T* 0 Tw (works.) Tj T* ET -Q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( -h, --help show this help message and exit) Tj T* ( -opt OPT some option) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 27 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you call the script:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 638.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .406651 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects \(again, see the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage document) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) may mitigate the need for custom actions.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q q -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm -Q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py -o X a1 a2 name=value) Tj T* (opt=X) Tj T* (args=\('a1', 'a2'\)) Tj T* (kw={'name': 'value'}) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F3 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 579.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 606.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.133735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When using keyword arguments, one must be careful to use names which are not alreay taken; for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance in this examples the name ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (opt ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is taken:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 509.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9848,70 +7852,74 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(...\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python example12.py 1 2 kw1=1 kw2=2 opt=0) Tj T* (usage: example12.py [-h] [-o OPT] [args [args ...]] [kw [kw ...]]) Tj T* (example12.py: error: colliding keyword arguments: opt) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 465.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 505.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.024104 Tw (The names taken are the names of the flags, of the options, and of the positional arguments, excepted) Tj T* 0 Tw .60561 Tw (varargs and keywords. This limitation is a consequence of the way the argument names are managed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (function calls by the Python language.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 435.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 475.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 405.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 433.4236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .603516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a less trivial example for the keyword arguments feature. The use case is the following: suppose) Tj T* 0 Tw .82881 Tw (we have stored the configuration parameters of a given application into a Python shelve and we need a) Tj T* 0 Tw (command-line tool to edit the shelve. A possible implementation using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could be the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 372.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 115.5936 cm q q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +.952737 0 0 .952737 0 0 cm q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.927412 cm q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +n -6 -6 492 324 re B* Q q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (main.prefix_chars='/-') Tj T* ET -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 305.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (# ishelve.py) Tj T* (import os, shelve, plac) Tj T* T* (DEFAULT_SHELVE = os.path.expanduser\('~/conf.shelve'\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( help=\('show help', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( showall=\('show all parameters in the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( clear=\('clear the shelve', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( delete=\('delete an element', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( filename=\('filename of the shelve', 'option'\),) Tj T* ( params='names of the parameters in the shelve',) Tj T* ( setters='setters param=value'\)) Tj T* (def main\(help, showall, clear, delete, filename=DEFAULT_SHELVE,) Tj T* ( *params, **setters\):) Tj T* ( "A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.") Tj T* ( sh = shelve.open\(filename\)) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( if not any\([help, showall, clear, delete, params, setters]\):) Tj T* ( yield 'no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands') Tj T* ( elif help: # custom help) Tj T* ( yield 'Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( yield ') Tj (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...') Tj T* ( elif showall:) Tj T* ( for param, name in sh.items\(\):) Tj T* ET Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 328.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 298.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (14) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R351': class PDFStream +351 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 6595 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 205.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -9921,887 +7929,965 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 348 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (... pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print\(plac.parser_from\(main\)\) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS) Tj T* (ArgumentParser\(prog=...\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 329.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( yield '%s=%s' % \(param, name\)) Tj T* ( elif clear:) Tj T* ( sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( yield 'cleared the shelve') Tj T* ( elif delete:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( del sh[delete]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % delete) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleted %s' % delete) Tj T* ( for param in params:) Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( yield sh[param]) Tj T* ( except KeyError:) Tj T* ( yield '%s: not found' % param ) Tj T* ( for param, value in setters.items\(\):) Tj T* ( sh[param] = value) Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(param, value\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( sh.close\(\)) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False # there is a custom help, remove the default one) Tj T* (main.prefix_chars = '.' # use dot-prefixed commands) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( for output in plac.call\(main\):) Tj T* ( print\(output\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 161.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (A few notes are in order:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 131.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 389.8236 cm +Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 389.8236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.42362 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other ) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.075318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have disabled the ordinary help provided by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and I have implemented a custom help) Tj T* 0 Tw (command.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (17) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R426': class PDFStream -426 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 8202 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (addition of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (I have changed the prefix character used to recognize the options to a dot.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +Q +Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (3.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .864985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Keyword arguments recognition \(in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (**setters) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used to make it possible to store a value in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the shelve with the syntax ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (param_name=param_value) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm +Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (4.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (opterator ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Dusty Phillips) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .649318 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*params ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are used to retrieve parameters from the shelve and some error checking is performed in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the case of missing parameters) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q 1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (5.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (CLIArgs ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Pavel Panchekha) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to clear the shelve is implemented as a flag \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.clear) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 567.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (6.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .622488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can also be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library and as such it shares) Tj T* 0 Tw .377126 Tw (many features with the module ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since) Tj T* 0 Tw (I became aware of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module only after writing ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A command to delete a given parameter is implemented as an option \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The future) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .135542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently the core of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do) Tj T* 0 Tw .968626 Tw (not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (remain a little wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the core back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.307485 Tw 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be) Tj T* 0 Tw (considered in alpha status.) Tj T* ET -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 387.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .927488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that even if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has been designed to be simple to use for simple stuff, its power should not be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02186 Tw (underestimated; it is actually a quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the) Tj T* 0 Tw (realm of command-line arguments parsers.) Tj T* ET -Q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 321.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .285988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 0.5 of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (doubled the code base and the documentation: it is based on the idea of using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to) Tj T* 0 Tw .408555 Tw (implement command-line interpreters, i.e. something akin to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, only) Tj T* 0 Tw .49936 Tw (better. The new features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (are described in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. They are implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .313828 Tw (in a separated module \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_ext.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), since they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_core.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (only requires Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (7.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 291.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is an option with default \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.filename=conf.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) to store the filename of the shelve.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 225.0236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .979984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project started very humbly: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw .565988 Tw (and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was optionparser and the idea behind it was to build) Tj T* 0 Tw .603735 Tw (an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OptionParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from the docstring of the module. However, before doing that, I decided to check) Tj T* 0 Tw .244198 Tw (out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module, since I knew it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out. Soon) Tj T* 0 Tw (enough I realized two things:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 227.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +1 0 0 1 6 27 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (8.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .103735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the single greatest idea of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was unifying the positional arguments and the options in a single) Tj T* 0 Tw (namespace object;) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.001984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (All things considered, the code looks like a poor man object oriented interface implemented with a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.345251 Tw (chain of elifs instead of methods. Of course, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can do better than that, but let me start from a) Tj T* 0 Tw (low-level approach first.) Tj T* ET Q Q q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 185.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm -0 0 0 rg -BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.8236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (without arguments you get the following message:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 23 3 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.6236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.66748 Tw (parsing the docstring was so old-fashioned, considering the existence of functions annotations in) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 3.) Tj T* ET -Q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py) Tj T* (no arguments passed, use .help to see the available commands) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 105.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .600574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an) Tj T* 0 Tw .516905 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from function annotations. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (optionparser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (name was ruled out, since I was) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.085984 Tw (now using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; a name like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse_plus ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (was also ruled out, since the typical usage was) Tj T* 0 Tw (completely different from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (usage.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the option ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(or any abbreviation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) you get:) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (18) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (15) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R427': class PDFStream -427 0 obj +% 'R352': class PDFStream +352 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 1639 >> +<< /Length 6264 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.093876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I made a research on PyPI and the name ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (clap ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(Command Line Arguments Parser\) was not taken, so I) Tj T* 0 Tw (renamed everything to clap. After two days a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module appeared on PyPI <) Tj (expletives deleted) Tj (>) Tj (!) Tj T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +Q +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve.py .h) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .877209 Tw (Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac, an anagram of clap: since it is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (non-existing English name, I hope nobody will steal it from me!) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can check by hand that the tool work:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 434.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (!) Tj T* ET -Q -Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 660.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 618.0236 cm +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B* +Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL 2.399986 Tw (The present document discusses a few of the advanced use cases for plac. It shows how to write) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.164651 Tw (interactive and non-interactive interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a) Tj T* 0 Tw (generic application. It assumes you have already read an understood the basic documentation.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ python ishelve.py .clear # start from an empty shelve) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .showall) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .del b # abbreviation for .delete) Tj T* (deleted b) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py b) Tj T* (b: not found) Tj T* ($ python ishelve.py .cler # mispelled command) Tj T* (usage: ishelve.py [.help] [.showall] [.clear] [.delete DELETE]) Tj T* ( [.filename /home/micheles/conf.shelve]) Tj T* ( [params [params ...]] [setters [setters ...]]) Tj T* (ishelve.py: error: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 404.6236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (19) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R428': class PDFStream -428 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 9595 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 362.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Contents) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.065988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (in an) Tj T* 0 Tw .177126 Tw (easy way. In particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes) Tj T* 0 Tw (knowledge of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 108.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 356.6236 cm +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 0 615 cm +1 0 0 1 6 63 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac: Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 615 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (1) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 597 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The importance of scaling down) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 597 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 579 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with required arguments) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 39 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 579 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (3) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw .874269 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible. ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (Notice that since ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports them, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can) Tj T* 0 Tw (manage them too, but not directly.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 561 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with default arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 561 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (5) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 543 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with options \(and smart options\)) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 51 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 543 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (7) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 525 cm +Q +Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Scripts with flags) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 158.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 525 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6 27 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 507 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 507 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 66.44 0 Td (9) Tj T* -66.44 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 489 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (More features) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 116.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 489 cm +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (10) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (16) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R353': class PDFStream +353 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 7562 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 0 471 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A realistic example) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 471 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (12) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.111318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does support subparsers, but you must read the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to see how it) Tj T* 0 Tw (works.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 453 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Keyword arguments) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 453 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (13) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 435 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Final example: a shelve interface) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 27 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 435 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (14) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .406651 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects \(again, see the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced) Tj T* 0 Tw (usage document) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) may mitigate the need for custom actions.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 417 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs argparse) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 417 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (16) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 399 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can leverage directly on many ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 399 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F3 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 381 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 579.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The future) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.639213 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is also possible to pass options to the underlying ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse.ArgumentParser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object \(currently it) Tj T* 0 Tw .285529 Tw (accepts the default arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (epilog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prog) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (usage) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (add_help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argument_default) Tj /F1 10 Tf (,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.439953 Tw /F3 10 Tf (parents) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (fromfile_prefix_chars) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (conflict_handler) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (formatter_class) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). It) Tj T* 0 Tw (is enough to set such attributes on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function. For instance) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 381 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 509.8236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET -Q -Q q -1 0 0 1 0 363 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET -Q -Q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 363 cm +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +Q q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (18) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (def main\(...\):) Tj T* ( pass) Tj T* T* (main.add_help = False) Tj T* ET +Q Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 0 345 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 345 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 465.8236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F2 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (19) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disables the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This mechanism does not look particularly elegant,) Tj T* 0 Tw .566988 Tw (but it works well enough. I assume that the typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would) Tj T* 0 Tw (not want to change them; still it is possible if she wants to.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 327 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 435.8236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.391235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage) Tj T* 0 Tw (message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 327 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 405.8236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .392619 Tw (It is also possible to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you) Tj T* 0 Tw (want to use "/" as option prefix you can add the line:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 309 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 372.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET -Q -Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 309 cm +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (21) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (main.prefix_chars='/-') Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 291 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 328.6236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .924198 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first prefix char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (/) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is used as the default for the recognition of options and flags; the second prefix) Tj T* 0 Tw .26832 Tw (char \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (-) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) is kept to keep the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (option working: however you can disable it and reimplement it, if) Tj T* 0 Tw (you like, as seen in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 291 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 298.6236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (23) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 7.709147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is possible to access directly the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object, by invoking the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (utility function:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 273 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 205.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* +Q +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( def main\(arg\):) Tj T* (... pass) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( print\(plac.parser_from\(main\)\) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS) Tj T* (ArgumentParser\(prog=...\)) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 273 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 161.4236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (24) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.646905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and adds the parser to the main function as an) Tj T* 0 Tw .982126 Tw (attribute. When ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call\(func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is invoked multiple time, the parser is re-used and not rebuilt from) Tj T* 0 Tw (scratch again.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 255 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 131.4236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .982765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.parser_from ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in the unit tests of the module, but regular users should not need to use it,) Tj T* 0 Tw (unless they want to access ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (all ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (directly without calling the main function.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 255 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.42362 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (25) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.442126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interested readers should read the documentation of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to understand the meaning of the other ) Tj T* 0 Tw .771567 Tw (options. If there is a set of options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator adding ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.257045 Tw (such options to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function for you. For simplicity, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not perform any magic except the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 237 cm +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (17) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R354': class PDFStream +354 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 8202 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 237 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (26) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (addition of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.p ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 219 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac vs the rest of the world) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 219 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (28) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.866905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Originally ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (boasted about being "the easiest command-line arguments parser in the world". Since) Tj T* 0 Tw .306457 Tw (then, people started pointing out to me various projects which are based on the same idea \(extracting the) Tj T* 0 Tw (parser from the main function signature\) and are arguably even easier than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 201 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 201 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (30) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 183 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (opterator ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Dusty Phillips) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 183 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (31) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 165 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 165 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (33) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6 3 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 10.5 0 Td (\177) Tj T* -10.5 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 147 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (CLIArgs ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Pavel Panchekha) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 147 cm +Q +Q q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (35) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 129 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.136457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Luckily for me none of such projects had the idea of using function annotations and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (consequence, they are no match for the capabilities of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 129 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 567.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (36) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.551163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course, there are tons of other libraries to parse the command line. For instance ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Matthew) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.211567 Tw (Frazier which appeared on PyPI just the day before ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is fine but it is certainly not easier than) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 111 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .622488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (can also be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library and as such it shares) Tj T* 0 Tw .377126 Tw (many features with the module ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (by Catherine Devlin. However, this is completely coincidental, since) Tj T* 0 Tw (I became aware of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd2 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module only after writing ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 111 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 495.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (37) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The future) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 93 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .135542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Currently the core of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is around 200 lines of code, not counting blanks, comments and docstrings. I do) Tj T* 0 Tw .968626 Tw (not plan to extend the core much in the future. The idea is to keep the module short: it is and it should) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (remain a little wrapper over ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually I have thought about contributing the core back to ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.307485 Tw 0 0 0 rg (if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (becomes successfull and gains a reasonable number of users. For the moment it should be) Tj T* 0 Tw (considered in alpha status.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 93 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 387.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (39) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .927488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that even if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has been designed to be simple to use for simple stuff, its power should not be) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.02186 Tw (underestimated; it is actually a quite advanced tool with a domain of applicability which far exceeds the) Tj T* 0 Tw (realm of command-line arguments parsers.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 75 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 321.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .285988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 0.5 of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (doubled the code base and the documentation: it is based on the idea of using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to) Tj T* 0 Tw .408555 Tw (implement command-line interpreters, i.e. something akin to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library, only) Tj T* 0 Tw .49936 Tw (better. The new features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (are described in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (advanced usage document ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. They are implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .313828 Tw (in a separated module \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_ext.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), since they require Python 2.5 to work, whereas ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_core.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (only requires Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 75 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 291.0236 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (40) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Trivia: the story behind the name) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 57 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 225.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Parallel computing with plac) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .979984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project started very humbly: I just wanted to make easy_installable my old ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe,) Tj T* 0 Tw .565988 Tw (and to publish it on PyPI. The original name of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was optionparser and the idea behind it was to build) Tj T* 0 Tw .603735 Tw (an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (OptionParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from the docstring of the module. However, before doing that, I decided to check) Tj T* 0 Tw .244198 Tw (out the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module, since I knew it was going into Python 2.7 and Python 2.7 was coming out. Soon) Tj T* 0 Tw (enough I realized two things:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 57 cm -q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (41) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 219.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 0 39 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (The plac server) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (1.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 39 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (43) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .103735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the single greatest idea of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was unifying the positional arguments and the options in a single) Tj T* 0 Tw (namespace object;) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 21 cm +Q +Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Summary) Tj T* ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 189.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 21 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm +0 0 0 rg +BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (43) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 6 15 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 5.66 0 Td (2.) Tj T* -5.66 0 Td ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 0 3 cm +1 0 0 1 23 3 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 20 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (Appendix: custom annotation objects) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.66748 Tw (parsing the docstring was so old-fashioned, considering the existence of functions annotations in) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 3.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 397.8898 3 cm +Q +Q q -0 0 .501961 rg -0 0 .501961 RG -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 60.88 0 Td (44) Tj T* -60.88 0 Td ET +1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.0236 cm Q q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 105.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .600574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the parser I decided to build an) Tj T* 0 Tw .516905 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (ArgumentParser ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object from function annotations. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (optionparser ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (name was ruled out, since I was) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.085984 Tw (now using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (; a name like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (argparse_plus ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (was also ruled out, since the typical usage was) Tj T* 0 Tw (completely different from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (usage.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (20) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (18) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R429': class PDFStream -429 0 obj +% 'R355': class PDFStream +355 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5414 >> +<< /Length 5857 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.093876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I made a research on PyPI and the name ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (clap ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(Command Line Arguments Parser\) was not taken, so I) Tj T* 0 Tw (renamed everything to clap. After two days a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (Clap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module appeared on PyPI <) Tj (expletives deleted) Tj (>) Tj (!) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .877209 Tw (Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac, an anagram of clap: since it is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (non-existing English name, I hope nobody will steal it from me!) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (That's all, I hope you will enjoy working with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (!) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 660.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Advanced usages of plac) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 630.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Introduction) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 705.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 588.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .539036 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the design goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is to make it dead easy to write a scriptable and testable interface for an) Tj T* 0 Tw .813876 Tw (application. You can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (whenever you have an API with strings in input and strings in output, and) Tj T* 0 Tw (that includes a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (huge ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (domain of applications.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 663.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 546.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A string-oriented interface is a scriptable interface by construction. That means that you can define a) Tj T* 0 Tw .918735 Tw (command language for your application and that it is possible to write scripts which are interpretable by) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and can be run as batch scripts.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 621.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 504.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .444987 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Actually, at the most general level, you can see ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (as a generic tool to write domain specific languages) Tj T* 0 Tw .107209 Tw (\(DSL\). With ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (you can test your application interactively as well as with batch scripts, and even with the) Tj T* 0 Tw (analogous of Python doctests for your defined language.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 555.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .694104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can easily replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (cmd ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module of the standard library and you could easily write an application) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.271751 Tw (like ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (twill ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Or you could use it to script your building procedure. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also supports parallel) Tj T* 0 Tw .907765 Tw (execution of multiple commands and can be used as task manager and monitor. It is also quite easy to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.483488 Tw (build a GUI or a Web application on top of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. When speaking of things you can do with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, your) Tj T* 0 Tw (imagination is the only limit!) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (From scripts to interactive applications) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 354.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.300751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Command-line scripts have many advantages, but they are no substitute for interactive applications. In) Tj T* 0 Tw .088171 Tw (particular, if you have a script with a large startup time which must be run multiple times, it is best to turn it) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.582126 Tw (into an interactive application, so that the startup is performed only once. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides an) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class just for this purpose.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 441.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.293984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class wraps the main function of a script and provides an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to) Tj T* 0 Tw (start an interactive interpreter reading commands from the console.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 411.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.49436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can define an interactive interpreter on top of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script introduced in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 161.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.82362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -10811,41 +8897,62 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# shelve_interpreter.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( interactive=\('start interactive interface', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( subcommands='the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter'\)) Tj T* (def main\(interactive, *subcommands\):) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* ( Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( if interactive:) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( for out in plac.call\(ishelve.main, subcommands\):) Tj T* ( print\(out\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# shelve_interpreter.py) Tj T* (import plac, ishelve) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( interactive=\('start interactive interface', 'flag'\),) Tj T* ( subcommands='the commands of the underlying ishelve interpreter'\)) Tj T* (def main\(interactive, *subcommands\):) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( This script works both interactively and non-interactively.) Tj T* ( Use .help to see the internal commands.) Tj T* ( """) Tj T* ( if interactive:) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( for out in plac.call\(ishelve.main, subcommands\):) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 117.8236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.200651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A trick has been used here: the ishelve command-line interface has been hidden inside an external) Tj T* 0 Tw .917674 Tw (interface. They are distinct: for instance the external interface recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag whereas) Tj T* 0 Tw (the internal interface only recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command:) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (21) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (19) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R430': class PDFStream -430 0 obj +% 'R356': class PDFStream +356 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4068 >> +<< /Length 3560 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +Q +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( print\(out\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.200651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A trick has been used here: the ishelve command-line interface has been hidden inside an external) Tj T* 0 Tw .917674 Tw (interface. They are distinct: for instance the external interface recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h/--help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag whereas) Tj T* 0 Tw (the internal interface only recognizes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command:) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 626.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -10866,7 +8973,7 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 562.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 449.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -10887,14 +8994,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 542.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Thanks to this ingenuous trick, the script can be run both interactively and non-interactively:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 497.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 384.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -10915,14 +9022,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 477.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.2236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an usage session:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 192.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.02362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -10932,65 +9039,85 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 276 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 264 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 257.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 245.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python shelve_interpreter.py -i # interactive use) Tj T* (A simple interface to a shelve. Use .help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* (Commands: .help, .showall, .clear, .delete) Tj T* (<) Tj (param) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (<) Tj (param=value) Tj (>) Tj ( ...) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( b=2) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a b) Tj T* (1) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a) Tj T* (a: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 124.2236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET -Q Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 94.22362 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (22) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (20) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R431': class PDFStream -431 0 obj +% 'R357': class PDFStream +357 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5808 >> +<< /Length 5568 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( [CTRL-D]) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .256412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method reads commands from the console and send them to the underlying interpreter,) Tj T* 0 Tw .065984 Tw (until the user send a CTRL-D command \(CTRL-Z in Windows\). There is a default argument ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (prompt='i) Tj (>) Tj T* 0 Tw .41832 Tw (' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which can be used to change the prompt. The text displayed at the beginning of the interactive session) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.407126 Tw (is the docstring of the main function. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations: in this example) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (del ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is an abbreviation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In case of ambiguous abbreviations ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .847045 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally I must notice that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is available only if you are using a recent version of) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python \() Tj (>) Tj (= 2.5\), because it is a context manager object which uses extended generators internally.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Testing a plac application) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 581.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 3.034269 Tw (You can conveniently test your application in interactive mode. However manual testing is a poor) Tj T* 0 Tw (substitute for automatic testing.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 563.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In principle, one could write automatic tests for the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (application by using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 533.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 398.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11011,19 +9138,19 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 489.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 354.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .390651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, using ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not especially nice. The big issue is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responds to invalid) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.249987 Tw (input by printing an error message on stderr and by raising a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: this is certainly not a nice) Tj T* 0 Tw (thing to do in a test.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.616457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As a consequence of this behavior it is impossible to test for invalid commands, unless you wrap the) Tj T* 0 Tw .259985 Tw /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception by hand each time \(a possibly you do something with the error message in stderr) Tj T* 0 Tw (too\). Luckily, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (offers a better testing support through the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 159.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11044,28 +9171,45 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 238.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 103.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 6.299974 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The method ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.check\(given_input, expected_output\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works on strings and raises an) Tj T* 0 Tw .971318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if the output produced by the interpreter is different from the expected output for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.186905 Tw (given input. Notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is catched by tools like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nosetests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw (actually ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests are intended to be run with such tools.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 184.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +q +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (21) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +Q +Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R358': class PDFStream +358 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 6085 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .239984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interpreters offer a minor syntactic advantage with respect to calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (directly, but they offer a) Tj T* 0 Tw .96748 Tw /F4 10 Tf (major ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (semantic advantage when things go wrong \(read exceptions\): an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object internally) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181318 Tw (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but it wraps all exceptions, so that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is guaranteed not to) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise any exception except ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (AssertionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 166.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is captured and you can write your test as) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 160.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 148.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -11080,64 +9224,41 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 148.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 130.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 663.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (without risk of exiting from the Python interpreter.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.6236 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and ) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (23) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET -Q -Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R432': class PDFStream -432 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 5996 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 621.0236 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.422651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a second advantage of interpreters: if the main function contains some initialization code and) Tj T* 0 Tw .454651 Tw (finalization code \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (functions\) they will be run only once at the beginning and) Tj T* 0 Tw (at the end of the interpreter loop. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead ignores the initialization/finalization code.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac easy tests) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 681.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your tests in terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is certainly an improvement over writing them in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.807318 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but they are still too low-level for my taste. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (support for doctest-style tests, a.k.a. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (plac easy tests) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 507.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.142209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (By using plac easy tests you can cut and paste your interactive session and turn it into a runnable) Tj T* 0 Tw .519213 Tw (automatics test. Consider for instance the following file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (extension is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (mnemonic for plac easy tests\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 461.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 329.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11157,19 +9278,19 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 405.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 273.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .697132 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the precence of the shebang line containing the name of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool to test \(a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.511751 Tw (Python module with a function called ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). The shebang is ignored by the interpreter \(it looks like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .487608 Tw (comment to it\) but it is there so that external tools \(say a test runner\) can infer the plac interpreter to use) Tj T* 0 Tw (to test the file.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 375.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 243.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can test ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file by calling the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method of the interpreter, as in this) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.0393 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.0393 cm q q .988825 0 0 .988825 0 0 cm @@ -11190,60 +9311,60 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 287.0393 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 155.0393 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 4.007109 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.doctests ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (invokes something like ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.check ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (multiple times) Tj T* 0 Tw .226654 Tw (inside the same context and compare the output with the expected output: if even a check fails, the whole) Tj T* 0 Tw (test fail.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 245.0393 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.0393 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50686 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.794985 Tw (more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the interpreter a custom split function with signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (split\(line, commentchar\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.0393 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .175868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should realize tha the easy tests supported by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (unittests: they are functional tests. They) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.22936 Tw (model then user interaction and the order of the operations generally matters. The single subtests in a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file are not independent and it makes sense to exit immediately at the first failure.) Tj T* ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (24) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (22) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R433': class PDFStream -433 0 obj +% 'R359': class PDFStream +359 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5577 >> +<< /Length 6456 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .414431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The support for doctests in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (comes nearly for free, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library,) Tj T* 0 Tw .352765 Tw (which is able to parse simple languages as the ones you can implement with ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In particular, thanks to) Tj T* 0 Tw .875984 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to recognize comments \(the default comment character is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (#) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), escape sequences and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50686 Tw (more. Look at the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (shlex ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation if you need to customize how the language is interpreted. For) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.794985 Tw (more flexibility, it is even possible to pass to the interpreter a custom split function with signature) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (split\(line, commentchar\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 639.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .136654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In addition, I have implemented from scratch some support for line number recognition, so that if a test fail) Tj T* 0 Tw .042093 Tw (you get the line number of the failing command. This is especially useful if your tests are stored in external) Tj T* 0 Tw .610898 Tw (files, even if plac easy tests does not need to be in a file: you can just pass to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.doctest ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method a) Tj T* 0 Tw (list of strings corresponding to the lines of the file.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .653145 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the present ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not use any code from the doctest module, but the situation may change in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (future \(it would be nice if ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (could reuse doctests directives like ELLIPSIS\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 579.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.447318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is straighforward to integrate your ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (tests with standard testing tools. For instance, you can) Tj T* 0 Tw (integrate your doctests with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (nose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (py.test ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as follow:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 523.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 391.8485 cm q q .988825 0 0 .988825 0 0 cm @@ -11264,37 +9385,37 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 443.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.8485 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.44811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you should notice that usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.import_main) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, an utility which is able to import the main) Tj T* 0 Tw .775703 Tw (function of the script specified in the shebang line. You can use both the full path name of the tool, or a) Tj T* 0 Tw .87686 Tw (relative path name. In this case the runner look at the environment variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it searches) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.900651 Tw (the plac tool in the directories specified there \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is just a string containing directory names) Tj T* 0 Tw .56332 Tw (separated by colons\). If the variable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (PLACPATH ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is not defined, it just looks in the current directory. If the) Tj T* 0 Tw (plac tool is not found, an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ImportError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8485 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Plac batch scripts) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 371.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.8485 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .772093 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is pretty easy to realize that an interactive interpreter can also be used to run batch scripts: instead of) Tj T* 0 Tw .504692 Tw (reading the commands from the console, it is enough to read the commands from a file. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters) Tj T* 0 Tw (provide an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method to perform just that.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 305.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.8485 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .098935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is just a subtle point to notice: whereas in an interactive loop one wants to manage all exceptions, a) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.866412 Tw (batch script should not in the background in case of unexpected errors. The implementation of) Tj T* 0 Tw .103059 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.execute ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (makes sure that any error raised by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (internally is re-raised. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw .407045 Tw (words, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreters ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (wrap the errors, but does not eat them) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: the errors are always accessible and can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be re-raised on demand.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.8485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 143.8485 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.239318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The exception is the case of invalid commands, which are skipped. Consider for instance the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (batch file, which contains a mispelled command \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.del) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 170.6485 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.64848 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11304,24 +9425,35 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (.clear ) Tj T* (a=1 b=2) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* (.del a) Tj T* (.dl b) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve.py) Tj T* (.clear ) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 138.6485 cm +1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.939461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl: not found ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (line and will) Tj T* 0 Tw (continue:) Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (23) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q + +endstream + +endobj +% 'R360': class PDFStream +360 0 obj +% page stream +<< /Length 4430 >> +stream +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 93.44848 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11331,34 +9463,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python -c "import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).execute\(open\('ishelve.plac'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* ET +0 0 0 rg +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (a=1 b=2) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* (.del a) Tj T* (.dl b) Tj T* (.show) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (25) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.939461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you execute the batch file, the interpreter will print a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl: not found ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.dl ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (line and will) Tj T* 0 Tw (continue:) Tj T* ET Q Q - -endstream - -endobj -% 'R434': class PDFStream -434 0 obj -% page stream -<< /Length 4296 >> -stream -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 571.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 434.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11368,54 +9490,54 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 216 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 173.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .dl b) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (.dl: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python -c "import plac, ishelve) Tj T* (plac.Interpreter\(ishelve.main\).execute\(open\('ishelve.plac'\), verbose=True\)") Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .clear) Tj T* (cleared the shelve) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( a=1 b=2) Tj T* (setting a=1) Tj T* (setting b=2) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* (a=1) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .del a) Tj T* (deleted a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .dl b) Tj T* (2) Tj T* (.dl: not found) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .show) Tj T* (b=2) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 527.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .159988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag is there to show the lines which are being interpreted \(prefixed by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (i) Tj (>) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). This is done on) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.359988 Tw (purpose, so that you can cut and paste the output of the batch script and turn it into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (test) Tj T* 0 Tw (\(cool, isn't it?\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 497.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 360.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Implementing subcommands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 455.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 318.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.182485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When I discussed the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (implementation in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (basic documentation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, I said that it looked like a) Tj T* 0 Tw .116655 Tw (poor man implementation of an object system as a chain of elifs; I also said that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (was able to do much) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than that. Here I will substantiate my claim.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .89104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is actually able to infer a set of subparsers from a generic container of commands. This is useful if) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.125814 Tw (you want to implement ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (subcommands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(a familiar example of a command-line application featuring) Tj T* 0 Tw (subcommands is subversion\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 347.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 210.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .015868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Technically a container of commands is any object with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute listing a set of functions or) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.550888 Tw (methods which are valid commands. A command container may have initialization/finalization hooks) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.55664 Tw (\() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__/__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) and dispatch hooks \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, invoked for invalid command names\).) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.113828 Tw (Moreover, only when using command containers ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is able to provide automatic autocompletion of) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 329.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 192.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The shelve interface can be rewritten in an object-oriented way as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.62362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 99.42362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11425,11 +9547,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 228 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (# ishelve2.py) Tj T* (import shelve, os, sys, plac) Tj T* T* (class ShelveInterface\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A minimal interface over a shelve object.") Tj T* ( commands = 'set', 'show', 'showall', 'delete') Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -11439,21 +9561,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (26) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (24) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R435': class PDFStream -435 0 obj +% 'R361': class PDFStream +361 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4325 >> +<< /Length 4362 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 451.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 307.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11463,74 +9585,54 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 312 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 456 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 293.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(ShelveInterface\)\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 437.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( @plac.annotations\() Tj T* ( configfile=\('path name of the shelve', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, configfile\):) Tj T* ( self.configfile = configfile or '~/conf.shelve') Tj T* ( self.fname = os.path.expanduser\(self.configfile\)) Tj T* ( self.__doc__ += '\\nOperating on %s.\\n.help to see '\\) Tj T* ( 'the available commands.\\n' % self.fname) Tj T* ( def __enter__\(self\):) Tj T* ( self.sh = shelve.open\(self.fname\)) Tj T* ( return self) Tj T* ( def __exit__\(self, etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( self.sh.close\(\)) Tj T* ( def set\(self, name, value\):) Tj T* ( "set name value") Tj T* ( yield 'setting %s=%s' % \(name, value\)) Tj T* ( self.sh[name] = value) Tj T* ( def show\(self, *names\):) Tj T* ( "show given parameters") Tj T* ( for name in names:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\) # no error checking) Tj T* ( def showall\(self\):) Tj T* ( "show all parameters") Tj T* ( for name in self.sh:) Tj T* ( yield '%s = %s' % \(name, self.sh[name]\)) Tj T* ( def delete\(self, name=None\):) Tj T* ( "delete given parameter \(or everything\)") Tj T* ( if name is None:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting everything') Tj T* ( self.sh.clear\(\)) Tj T* ( else:) Tj T* ( yield 'deleting %s' % name) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* T* (main = ShelveInterface # useful for the tests) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter\(plac.call\(ShelveInterface\)\).interact\(\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 215.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .885366 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (objects wrap context manager objects consistently. In other words, if you wrap an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.323828 Tw (object with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods, they are invoked in the right order \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw .23528 Tw /F1 10 Tf (before the interpreter loop starts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the interpreter loop ends, both in the regular and in) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.916412 Tw (the exceptional case\). In our example, the methods ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (make sure the the) Tj T* 0 Tw .339398 Tw (shelve is opened and closed correctly even in the case of exceptions. Notice that I have not implemented) Tj T* 0 Tw .814104 Tw (any error checking in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (show ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (delete ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (methods on purpose, to verify that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (works correctly in) Tj T* 0 Tw (the presence of exceptions.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 137.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.567126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (When working with command containers, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (automatically adds two special commands to the set of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.176136 Tw (provided commands: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is the easier to understand: when) Tj T* 0 Tw .39811 Tw (invoked without arguments it displays the list of available commands with the same formatting of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.19561 Tw 0 0 0 rg (module; when invoked with the name of a command it displays the usage message for that command.) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.33686 Tw (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.last_tb ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is useful when debugging: in case of errors, it allows you to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback of the last executed command.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 119.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a session of usage on an Unix-like operating system:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.62362 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B* -Q -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (27) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (25) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R436': class PDFStream -436 0 obj +% 'R362': class PDFStream +362 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4757 >> +<< /Length 4233 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.5042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 374.0679 cm q q .773863 0 0 .773863 0 0 cm @@ -11540,35 +9642,35 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 606 360 re B* +n -6 -6 606 504 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 341.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 485.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ($ python ishelve2.py) Tj T* (A minimal interface over a shelve object.) Tj T* (Operating on /home/micheles/conf.shelve.) Tj T* (.help to see the available commands.) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .help) Tj T* T* (special commands) Tj T* (================) Tj T* (.help .last_tb) Tj T* T* (custom commands) Tj T* (===============) Tj T* (delete set show showall) Tj T* T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete) Tj T* (deleting everything) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set a pippo) Tj T* (setting a=pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( set b lippo) Tj T* (setting b=lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( show a b) Tj T* (a = pippo) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( del a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( showall) Tj T* (b = lippo) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( delete a) Tj T* (deleting a) Tj T* (KeyError: 'a') Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .last_tb) Tj T* ( File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/plac-0.6.0-py2.6.egg/plac_ext.py", line 190, in _wrap) Tj T* ( for value in genobj:) Tj T* ( File "./ishelve2.py", line 37, in delete) Tj T* ( del self.sh[name] # no error checking) Tj T* ( File "/usr/lib/python2.6/shelve.py", line 136, in __delitem__) Tj T* ( del self.dict[key]) Tj T* (i) Tj (>) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.5042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 342.0679 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.571235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in interactive mode the traceback is hidden, unless you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag to the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter.interact ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 423.5042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.0679 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac.Interpreter.call) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 381.5042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.0679 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.066303 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At the core of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (there is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function which invokes a callable with the list of the arguments) Tj T* 0 Tw .937674 Tw (passed at the command-line \() Tj /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:]) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Thanks to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (you can launch your module by) Tj T* 0 Tw (simply adding the lines:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 336.3042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 224.8679 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11589,13 +9691,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 280.3042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.8679 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .50436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Everything works fine if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a simple callable performing some action; however, in many cases, one) Tj T* 0 Tw .087633 Tw (has a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf ("function" which is a actually a factory returning a command container object. For instance, in) Tj T* 0 Tw .573318 Tw (my second shelve example the main function is the class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and the two lines needed) Tj T* 0 Tw (to run the module are a bit ugly:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 235.1042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.6679 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11616,30 +9718,36 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 131.1042 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.66791 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm .435227 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. It) Tj T* 0 Tw .721098 Tw (would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the) Tj T* 0 Tw 4.08229 Tw (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .435227 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover, now the program runs, but only in interactive mode, i.e. it is not possible to run it as a script. It ) Tj T* 0 Tw .721098 Tw (would be nice instead to be able to specify the command to execute on the command-line and have the) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (28) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (26) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R437': class PDFStream -437 0 obj +% 'R363': class PDFStream +363 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4143 >> +<< /Length 4718 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 691.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 4.08229 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (interpreter start, execute the command and finish properly \(I mean by calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and) Tj T* 0 Tw .427633 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\) without needing user input. The the script could be called from a batch shell script working in) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.26816 Tw (the background. In order to provide such functionality ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a classmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.173318 Tw (named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (which takes the factory, instantiates it with the arguments read from the command line,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.517045 Tw (wraps the resulting container object as an interpreter and runs it with the rest arguments found in the) Tj T* 0 Tw (command line. Here is the code to turn the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (into a script) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 611.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11660,14 +9768,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here are a few examples of usage:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 458.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 378.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11688,13 +9796,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 346.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .079989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-i ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag in the command line, then the script will enter in interactive mode and ask the user) Tj T* 0 Tw (for the commands to execute:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 333.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 253.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11714,19 +9822,19 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 289.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .221417 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In a sense, I have closed the circle: at the beginning of this document I discussed how to turn a script into) Tj T* 0 Tw .784147 Tw (an interactive application \(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (shelve_interpreter.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (example\), whereas here I have show how to) Tj T* 0 Tw (turn an interactive application into a script.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 271.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The complete signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.Interpreter.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 214.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 134.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11746,42 +9854,48 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 134.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 90.22362 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments \(no default arguments, no varargs, no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.87881 Tw (kwargs\), otherwise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TypeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the) Tj T* 0 Tw .829984 Tw (command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.609984 Tw (the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from) Tj T* 0 Tw .513318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:] ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(useful in tests\), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.756651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The factory must have a fixed number of positional arguments \(no default arguments, no varargs, no ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.87881 Tw (kwargs\), otherwise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TypeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is raised: the reason is that we want to be able to distinguish the ) Tj T* 0 Tw .829984 Tw (command-line arguments needed to instantiate the factory from the rest arguments that must be sent to) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (29) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (27) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R438': class PDFStream -438 0 obj +% 'R364': class PDFStream +364 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5174 >> +<< /Length 5072 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 747.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.609984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (the corresponding interpreter object. It is also possible to specify a list of arguments different from) Tj T* 0 Tw .513318 Tw /F3 10 Tf (sys.argv[1:] ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(useful in tests\), the character to be recognized as a comment, the splitting function, the) Tj T* 0 Tw (input source and the prompt to use while in interactive mode, and a verbose flag.) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Readline support) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 669.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 621.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.022485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Starting from release 0.6 ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (offers full readline support. That means that if your Python was compiled) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.120697 Tw (with readline support you get autocompletion and persistent command history for free. By default all) Tj T* 0 Tw .144104 Tw (commands are autocomplete in a case sensitive way. If you want to add new words to the autocompletion) Tj T* 0 Tw .116488 Tw (set, or you want to change the location of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file, or to change the case sensitivity, the way to) Tj T* 0 Tw .18436 Tw (go is to pass a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.ReadlineInput ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object to the interpreter. Here is an example, assuming you want) Tj T* 0 Tw (to build a database interface understanding SQL commands:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.2307 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.2307 cm q q .96447 0 0 .96447 0 0 cm @@ -11801,14 +9915,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 304.2307 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 256.2307 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 247.0307 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.0307 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11828,7 +9942,7 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 167.0307 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 119.0307 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.951318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that entering just ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (sel ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and pressing TAB the readline library completes the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SELECT) Tj T* 0 Tw .797356 Tw /F1 10 Tf (keyword for you and makes it upper case; idem for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (FROM) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (INNER) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (JOIN ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and even for the names of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .256235 Tw (tables. An obvious improvement is to read the names of the tables by introspecting the database: actually) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.616654 Tw (you can even read the names of the views and of the columns, and have full autocompletion. All the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.047251 Tw (entered commands and recorded and saved in the file ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/.sql_interface.history ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when exiting) Tj T* 0 Tw (from the command-line interface.) Tj T* ET Q @@ -11836,34 +9950,40 @@ Q q 1 0 0 1 62.69291 89.03071 cm q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw .389989 Tw (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.010574 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If the readline library is not available, my suggestion is to use the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (rlwrap ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (tool which provides similar ) Tj T* 0 Tw .22561 Tw (features, at least on Unix-like platforms. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (should also work fine on Windows with the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pyreadline ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (library) Tj T* 0 Tw ET Q Q q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (30) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (28) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R439': class PDFStream -439 0 obj +% 'R365': class PDFStream +365 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4651 >> +<< /Length 5002 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .389989 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(I do not use Windows, so this part is very little tested: I tried it only once and it worked, but your mileage) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.206457 Tw (may vary\). For people worried about licenses, I will notice that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (uses the readline library only if) Tj T* 0 Tw .591894 Tw (available, it does not include it and it does not rely on it in any fundamental way, so that the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (licence) Tj T* 0 Tw (does not need to be the GPL \(actually it is a BSD do-whatever-you-want-with-it licence\).) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 675.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .187882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The interactive mode of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can be used as a replacement of the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module in the standard library. It) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.730651 Tw (is actually better than ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (cmd) Tj 0 0 0 rg (: for instance, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command is more powerful, since it provides) Tj T* 0 Tw (information about the arguments accepted by the given command:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 419.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 365.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11883,25 +10003,25 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 363.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 309.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.959985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As you can imagine, the help message is provided by the underlying ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (subparser \(there is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.954524 Tw (subparser for each command\). ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (commands accept options, flags, varargs, keyword arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .719318 Tw (arguments with defaults, arguments with a fixed number of choices, type conversion and all the features) Tj T* 0 Tw (provided of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (which should be reimplemented from scratch using ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 333.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 279.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.78248 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover at the moment ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also understands command abbreviations. However, this feature may) Tj T* 0 Tw (disappear in future releases. It was meaningful in the past, when ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (did not support readline.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 315.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 261.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that if an abbreviation is ambiguous, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (warns you:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11921,63 +10041,42 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 240.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 120.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.531318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The distribution of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (includes a runner script named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac_runner.py) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which will be installed in a) Tj T* 0 Tw .44748 Tw (suitable directory in your system by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(say in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (\\usr\\local\\bin\\plac_runner.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in a Unix-like) Tj T* 0 Tw .680651 Tw (operative system\). The runner provides many facilities to run ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (scripts and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files, as well) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.47311 Tw (as Python modules containg a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object, which can be a function, a command container object or) Tj T* 0 Tw (even a command container class.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 144.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 90.62362 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.994269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to execute a script containing commands defined in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (module like the following one:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 99.42362 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* -Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve) Tj T* (set a 1) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (31) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (29) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R440': class PDFStream -440 0 obj +% 'R366': class PDFStream +366 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4565 >> +<< /Length 4227 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -11987,24 +10086,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (#!ishelve2.py:ShelveInterface -c ~/conf.shelve) Tj T* (set a 1) Tj T* (del a) Tj T* (del a # intentional error) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 635.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .575868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first line of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.plac ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script contains the name of the python module containing the plac interpreter) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.327209 Tw (and the arguments which must be passed to its main function in order to be able to instantiate an) Tj T* 0 Tw .202485 Tw (interpreter object. In this case I appended ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (:ShelveInterface ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the name of the module to specify the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.030574 Tw (object that must be imported: if not specified, by default the object named 'main' is imported. The other) Tj T* 0 Tw (lines contains commands. You can run the script as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 570.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 546.6505 cm q q .952737 0 0 .952737 0 0 cm @@ -12025,24 +10124,24 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 538.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6505 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 2.79186 Tw (The last command intentionally contained an error, to show that the plac runner does not eat the) Tj T* 0 Tw (traceback.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6505 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .437633 Tw (The runner can also be used to run Python modules in interactive mode and non-interactive mode. If you) Tj T* 0 Tw (put this alias in your bashrc) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 478.6505 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 490.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 466.6505 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -12057,16 +10156,16 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 490.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 466.6505 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 460.6505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 436.6505 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.955318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(or you define a suitable ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.bat ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in Windows\) you can run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (ishelve2.py ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (script in) Tj T* 0 Tw (interactive mode as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 283.4505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 259.4505 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12086,13 +10185,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 263.4505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.4505 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now you can cut and paste the interactive session an turns into into a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (file like the following:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 134.2505 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 110.2505 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12112,37 +10211,37 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.2505 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (32) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (30) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R441': class PDFStream -441 0 obj +% 'R367': class PDFStream +367 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4981 >> +<< /Length 5344 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.145697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the first line specifies a test database ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (~/test.shelve) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to avoid clobbering your default) Tj T* 0 Tw (shelve. If you mispell the arguments in the first line plac will give you an ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (error message \(just try\).) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can run placets following the shebang convention directly with the plac runner:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 677.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12163,19 +10262,19 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 663.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .32104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you want to see the output of the tests, pass the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-v/--verbose ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (flag. Notice that he runner ignore the) Tj T* 0 Tw .24856 Tw (extension, so you can actually use any extension your like, but ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (it relies on the first line of the file to invoke) Tj T* 0 Tw (the corresponding plac tool with the given arguments) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 603.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .537209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner does not provide any test discovery facility, but you can use standard Unix tools to help.) Tj T* 0 Tw (For instance, you can run all the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.placet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (files into a directory and its subdirectories as follows:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 600.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 570.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12196,23 +10295,23 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 568.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 538.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .760988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The plac runner expects the main function of your script to return a plac tool, i.e. a function or an object) Tj T* 0 Tw (with a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute. It this is not the case the runner gracefully exits.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 550.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 520.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It also works in non-interactive mode, if you call it as) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 544.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -12227,17 +10326,17 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 502.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 514.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 445.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12258,32 +10357,32 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 383.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .01561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that in non-interactive mode the runner just invokes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac.call ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (object of the Python) Tj T* 0 Tw (module.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 383.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 353.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A non class-based example) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .907209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not force you to use classes to define command containers. Even a simple function can be a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.796651 Tw (valid command container, it is enough to add to it a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute and possibly ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__enter__) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (and/or ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attributes.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 311.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .327485 Tw (In particular, a Python module is a perfect container of commands. As an example, consider the following) Tj T* 0 Tw (module implementing a fake Version Control System:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.22362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.22362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12293,11 +10392,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 204 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ( return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T* T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ("A Fake Version Control System") Tj T* T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (commands = 'checkout', 'commit', 'status') Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(url='url of the source code'\)) Tj T* (def checkout\(url\):) Tj T* ( "A fake checkout command") Tj T* ( return \('checkout ', url\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(message=\('commit message', 'option'\)\)) Tj T* (def commit\(message\):) Tj T* ( "A fake commit command") Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -12307,21 +10406,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (33) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (31) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R442': class PDFStream -442 0 obj +% 'R368': class PDFStream +368 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 3891 >> +<< /Length 3894 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 583.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 559.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12331,30 +10430,30 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 204 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* ( "A fake status command") Tj T* ( return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T* T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* ( return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T* T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* ( if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* ( print\('ok'\)) Tj T* T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( return \('commit ', message\)) Tj T* T* (@plac.annotations\(quiet=\('summary information', 'flag', 'q'\)\)) Tj T* (def status\(quiet\):) Tj T* ( "A fake status command") Tj T* ( return \('status ', quiet\)) Tj T* T* (def __missing__\(name\):) Tj T* ( return 'Command %r does not exist' % name) Tj T* T* (def __exit__\(etype, exc, tb\):) Tj T* ( "Will be called automatically at the end of the call/cmdloop") Tj T* ( if etype in \(None, GeneratorExit\): # success) Tj T* ( print\('ok'\)) Tj T* T* (main = __import__\(__name__\) # the module imports itself!) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 539.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .431318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I have defined both an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook, invoked for non-existing) Tj T* 0 Tw .592651 Tw (commands. The real trick here is the line ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main = __import__\(__name__\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which define ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to be) Tj T* 0 Tw (an alias for the current module.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 509.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.259986 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (vcs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module does not contain an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (if __name__ == '__main__' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (block, but you can still run it) Tj T* 0 Tw (through the plac runner \(try ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (plac vcs.py -h) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 368.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 344.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12375,13 +10474,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 348.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 324.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can get help for the subcommands by postponing ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-h ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (after the name of the command:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 231.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 207.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12402,13 +10501,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 199.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 175.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.064985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice how the docstring of the command is automatically shown in usage message, as well as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (documentation for the sub flag ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (-q) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 181.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 157.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of a non-interactive session:) Tj T* ET @@ -12425,11 +10524,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py check url) Tj T* (checkout) Tj T* (url) Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -12439,21 +10538,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (34) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (32) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R443': class PDFStream -443 0 obj +% 'R369': class PDFStream +369 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5654 >> +<< /Length 5647 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 679.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12463,25 +10562,25 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (True) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ($ plac vcs.py st -q) Tj T* (status) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ($ plac vcs.py co) Tj T* (commit) Tj T* (None) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 659.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and here is an interactive session:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 482.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 458.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12501,38 +10600,38 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 450.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 426.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.986905 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice the invocation of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__missing__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook for non-existing commands. Notice also that the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (__exit__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (hook gets called only in interactive mode.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 420.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 396.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.614104 Tw (If the commands are completely independent, a module is a good fit for a method container. In other) Tj T* 0 Tw (situations, it is best to use a custom class.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 390.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 366.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Writing your own plac runner) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 336.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .167209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The runner included in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (distribution is intentionally kept small \(around 50 lines of code\) so that you) Tj T* 0 Tw .081294 Tw (can study it and write your own runner if want to. If you need to go to such level of detail, you should know) Tj T* 0 Tw .42061 Tw (that the most important method of the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (Interpreter ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class is the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method, which takes strings in) Tj T* 0 Tw (input and returns a four-tuple with attributes ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.str) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.etype) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.exc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.tb) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q @@ -12552,13 +10651,13 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q @@ -12578,13 +10677,13 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 294.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q @@ -12604,13 +10703,13 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 276.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 258.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET q @@ -12630,25 +10729,25 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 258.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 258.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 192.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .937485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Moreover the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (__str__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (representation of the output object is redefined to return the output string if the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.686651 Tw (command was successful or the error message if the command failed \(actually it returns the error) Tj T* 0 Tw (message preceded by the name of the exception class\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 198.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 174.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, if you send a mispelled option to the interpreter a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (SystemExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will be trapped:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 105.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 93.42362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12658,10 +10757,10 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from ishelve import ishelve) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve\) as i:) Tj T* (... print\(i.send\('.cler'\)\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( import plac) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from ishelve import ishelve) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( with plac.Interpreter\(ishelve\) as i:) Tj T* (... print\(i.send\('.cler'\)\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET Q Q Q @@ -12671,34 +10770,54 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (35) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (33) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R444': class PDFStream -444 0 obj +% 'R370': class PDFStream +370 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4883 >> +<< /Length 5039 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 741.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm +q +q +1 0 0 1 0 0 cm +q +1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm +q +.662745 .662745 .662745 RG +.5 w +.960784 .960784 .862745 rg +n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B* +Q +q +BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SystemExit: unrecognized arguments: .cler) Tj T* ET +Q +Q +Q +Q +Q +q +1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.90561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is important to invoke the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method inside the context manager, otherwise you will get a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf (RuntimeError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 699.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .29311 Tw (For instance, suppose you want to implement a graphical runner for a plac-based interpreter with two text) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.548221 Tw (widgets: one to enter the commands and one to display the results. Suppose you want to display the) Tj T* 0 Tw (errors with tracebacks in red. You will need to code something like that \(pseudocode follows\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 461.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 428.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12719,26 +10838,26 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 429.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 396.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .102765 Tw (You can adapt the pseudocode to your GUI toolkit of choice and you can also change the file associations) Tj T* 0 Tw (in such a way that clicking on a plac tool file the graphical user interface starts.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 399.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 366.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .259988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (An example of GUI program built on top of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is given later on, in the paragraph ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (Managing the output of) Tj T* 0 Tw (concurrent commands ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\(using Tkinter for simplicity and portability\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 345.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 312.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 2.090651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a final ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (caveat) Tj /F1 10 Tf (: since the plac interpreter loop is implemented via extended generators, plac) Tj T* 0 Tw .988651 Tw (interpreters are single threaded: you will get an error if you ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.send ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (commands from separated threads.) Tj T* 0 Tw .947882 Tw (You can circumvent the problem by using a queue. If EXIT is a sentinel value to signal exiting from the) Tj T* 0 Tw (interpreter look, you can write code like this:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 255.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12759,25 +10878,25 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 256.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 223.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .106098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The same trick also work for processes; you could run the interpreter loop in a separate process and send) Tj T* 0 Tw (commands to it via the Queue class provided by the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (multiprocessing ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 226.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 193.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Long running commands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 184.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 151.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.434431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As we saw, by default a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreter blocks until the command terminates. This is an issue, in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.201318 Tw (sense that it makes the interactive experience quite painful for long running commands. An example is) Tj T* 0 Tw (better than a thousand words, so consider the following fake importer:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 91.42362 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 94.22362 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12787,11 +10906,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* ( commands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* ET Q Q Q @@ -12801,21 +10920,21 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (36) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (34) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R445': class PDFStream -445 0 obj +% 'R371': class PDFStream +371 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4625 >> +<< /Length 4419 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 583.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 547.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12825,24 +10944,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 216 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* ( def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* ( "Import a file into the database") Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* ( time.sleep\(.01\)) Tj T* ( if n % 100 == 99:) Tj T* ( yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* ( commands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* ( def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* ( "Import a file into the database") Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* ( time.sleep\(.01\)) Tj T* ( if n % 100 == 99:) Tj T* ( yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 551.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 515.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.466457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you run the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (import_file ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command, you will have to wait for 200 seconds before entering a new) Tj T* 0 Tw (command:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 410.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 374.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12862,29 +10981,29 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 366.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 330.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .96832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Being unable to enter any other command is quite annoying: in such situation one would like to run the) Tj T* 0 Tw .941318 Tw (long running commands in the background, to keep the interface responsive. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides two ways to) Tj T* 0 Tw (reach this goal: threads and processes.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 336.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 300.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Threaded commands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .317988 Tw (The most familiar way to execute a task in the background \(even if not necessarily the best way\) is to run) Tj T* 0 Tw (it into a separated thread. In our example it is sufficient to replace the line) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 300.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 264.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -12899,20 +11018,20 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 288.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 270.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 234.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (with) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 264.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 228.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -12927,16 +11046,16 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.6236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 222.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 186.6236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.38311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to tell to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (interpreter that the command ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (import_file ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (should be run into a separated thread.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Here is an example session:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 177.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 141.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -12956,50 +11075,30 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 145.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 109.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .595777 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The import task started in a separated thread. You can see the progress of the task by using the special) Tj T* 0 Tw (command ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.output) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 100.2236 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* -Q -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .output 1) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (37) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (35) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R446': class PDFStream -446 0 obj +% 'R372': class PDFStream +372 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 5121 >> +<< /Length 4933 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 703.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13009,24 +11108,24 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B* Q q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (i) Tj (>) Tj ( .output 1) Tj T* (<) Tj (ThreadedTask 1 [import_file file1] RUNNING) Tj (>) Tj T* (Imported 100 lines) Tj T* (Imported 200 lines) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (If you look after a while, you will get more lines of output:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 614.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 590.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13046,14 +11145,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 594.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 570.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (If you look after a time long enough, the task will be finished:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.4236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13073,20 +11172,20 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 517.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 493.4236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.045868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can even skip the number argument: then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.output ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will the return the output of the last launched) Tj T* 0 Tw (command \(the special commands like .output do not count\).) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 499.4236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 475.4236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (You can launch many tasks one after the other:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.2236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13106,13 +11205,13 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 410.2236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 386.2236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.list ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (command displays all the running tasks:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 353.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 329.0236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13132,14 +11231,14 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 333.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 309.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It is even possible to kill a task:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 215.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13159,51 +11258,30 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 147.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 123.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm 1.100542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You should notice that since at the Python level it is impossible to kill a thread, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.kill ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (commands) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.793984 Tw (works by setting the status of the task to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Internally the generator corresponding to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (command is executed in the thread and the status is checked at each iteration: when the status become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.578443 Tw /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (GeneratorExit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (exception is raised and the thread terminates \(softly, so that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.328651 Tw /F3 10 Tf (finally ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (clause is honored\). In our example the generator is yielding back control once every 100) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.152619 Tw (iterations, i.e. every two seconds \(not much\). In order to get a responsive interface it is a good idea to) Tj T* 0 Tw (yield more often, for instance every 10 iterations \(i.e. 5 times per second\), as in the following code:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 90.62362 cm -q -q -1 0 0 1 0 0 cm -q -1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm -q -.662745 .662745 .662745 RG -.5 w -.960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B* -Q -q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* ET -Q -Q -Q -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (38) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (36) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R447': class PDFStream -447 0 obj +% 'R373': class PDFStream +373 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 4760 >> +<< /Length 4291 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 523.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 487.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13213,40 +11291,40 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG .5 w .960784 .960784 .862745 rg -n -6 -6 468.6898 240 re B* +n -6 -6 468.6898 276 re B* Q q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* ( thcommands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* ( def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* ( "Import a file into the database") Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* ( time.sleep\(.02\)) Tj T* ( if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds) Tj T* ( yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* ( if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds) Tj T* ( yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 257.71 Tm /F3 10 Tf 12 TL (import time) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* T* (class FakeImporter\(object\):) Tj T* ( "A fake importer with an import_file command") Tj T* ( thcommands = ['import_file']) Tj T* ( def __init__\(self, dsn\):) Tj T* ( self.dsn = dsn) Tj T* ( def import_file\(self, fname\):) Tj T* ( "Import a file into the database") Tj T* ( try:) Tj T* ( for n in range\(10000\):) Tj T* ( time.sleep\(.02\)) Tj T* ( if n % 100 == 99: # every two seconds) Tj T* ( yield 'Imported %d lines' % \(n+1\)) Tj T* ( if n % 10 == 9: # every 0.2 seconds) Tj T* ( yield # go back and check the TOBEKILLED status) Tj T* ( finally:) Tj T* ( print\('closing the file'\)) Tj T* T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* ( plac.Interpreter.call\(FakeImporter\)) Tj T* ET Q Q Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 493.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 457.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Running commands as external processes) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 403.8236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 2.30686 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Threads are not loved much in the Python world and actually most people prefer to use processes) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.350697 Tw (instead. For this reason ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides the option to execute long running commands as external) Tj T* 0 Tw .632706 Tw (processes. Unfortunately the current implementation only works in Unix-like operating systems \(including) Tj T* 0 Tw (Mac OS X\) because it relies on fork via the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (multiprocessing ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (module.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 421.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 385.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In our example, to enable the feature it is sufficient to replace the line) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 415.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 379.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 403.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 367.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -13261,20 +11339,20 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 403.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 367.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 385.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 349.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (with) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 379.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 343.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 367.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.8236 cm 0 0 0 rg BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm T* ET @@ -13288,17 +11366,17 @@ q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 367.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.8236 cm Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 337.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 301.8236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .772619 Tw (The user experience is exactly the same as with threads and you will not see any difference at the user) Tj T* 0 Tw (interface level:) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 160.6236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13318,70 +11396,63 @@ Q Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 140.6236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 104.6236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.201318 Tw (Still, using processes is quite different than using threads: in particular, when using processes you can) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.313318 Tw (only yield pickleable values and you cannot re-raise an exception first raised in a different process,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.445697 Tw (because traceback objects are not pickleable. Moreover, you cannot rely on automatic sharing of your) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 98.62362 cm -q -BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .128935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about killing a command: they are killed ) Tj T* 0 Tw .466412 Tw (immediately using a SIGTERM signal, and there is not a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (mechanism. Moreover, the killing ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50229 Tw (is guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TerminatedProcess) Tj T* 0 Tw ET -Q -Q -q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (39) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (37) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R448': class PDFStream -448 0 obj +% 'R374': class PDFStream +374 0 obj % page stream -<< /Length 3752 >> +<< /Length 4180 >> stream 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 717.0236 cm q -0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (exception which is trapped in the generator loop, so that the command is closed properly.) Tj T* ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .128935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On the plus side, when using processes you do not need to worry about killing a command: they are killed) Tj T* 0 Tw .466412 Tw (immediately using a SIGTERM signal, and there is not a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TOBEKILLED ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (mechanism. Moreover, the killing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50229 Tw (is guaranteed to be soft: internally a command receiving a SIGTERM raises a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (TerminatedProcess) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (exception which is trapped in the generator loop, so that the command is closed properly.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 723.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 687.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .242927 Tw (Using processes allows to take full advantage of multicore machines and it is safer than using threads, so) Tj T* 0 Tw (it is the recommended approach unless you are working on Windows.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 693.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 7.23 Tm 18 TL /F2 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Managing the output of concurrent commands) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 591.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 555.0236 cm q BT 1 0 0 1 0 88.82 Tm 1.895542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acts as a command-line task launcher and can be used as the base to build a GUI-based task) Tj T* 0 Tw .38561 Tw (launcher and task monitor. To this aim the interpreter class provides a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.submit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method which returns a) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.792339 Tw (task object and a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.tasks ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method returning the list of all the tasks submitted to the interpreter. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .373516 Tw /F3 10 Tf (submit ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method does not start the task and thus it is nonblocking. Each task has an ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .106098 Tw (which is a list storing the value yielded by the generator underlying the task \(the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (None ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (values are skipped) Tj T* 0 Tw .633318 Tw (though\): the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (grows as the task runs and more values are yielded. Accessing the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.outlist) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.051654 Tw /F1 10 Tf (is nonblocking and can be done freely. Finally there is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf (.result ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (property which waits for the task to) Tj T* 0 Tw (finish and returns the last yielded value or raises an exception.) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 561.0236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.0236 cm q 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .014692 Tw (Here is some example code to visualize the output of the FakeImporter in Tkinter \(I chose Tkinter because) Tj T* 0 Tw (it is easy to use and it is in the standard library, but you can use any GUI\):) Tj T* ET Q Q q -1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.8236 cm +1 0 0 1 62.69291 155.8236 cm q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm @@ -13405,15 +11476,15 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (40) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (38) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R449': class PDFStream -449 0 obj +% 'R375': class PDFStream +375 0 obj % page stream << /Length 4667 >> stream @@ -13487,15 +11558,15 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (41) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (39) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R450': class PDFStream -450 0 obj +% 'R376': class PDFStream +376 0 obj % page stream << /Length 3359 >> stream @@ -13558,15 +11629,15 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (42) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (40) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R451': class PDFStream -451 0 obj +% 'R377': class PDFStream +377 0 obj % page stream << /Length 5017 >> stream @@ -13686,15 +11757,15 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (43) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (41) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R452': class PDFStream -452 0 obj +% 'R378': class PDFStream +378 0 obj % page stream << /Length 6620 >> stream @@ -13995,15 +12066,15 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (44) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (42) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R453': class PDFStream -453 0 obj +% 'R379': class PDFStream +379 0 obj % page stream << /Length 1367 >> stream @@ -14046,379 +12117,363 @@ q 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm q 0 0 0 rg -BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (45) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET +BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 235.3849 0 Td (43) Tj T* -235.3849 0 Td ET Q Q endstream endobj -% 'R454': class PDFPageLabels -454 0 obj +% 'R380': class PDFPageLabels +380 0 obj % Document Root << /Nums [ 0 - 455 0 R + 381 0 R 1 - 456 0 R + 382 0 R 2 - 457 0 R + 383 0 R 3 - 458 0 R + 384 0 R 4 - 459 0 R + 385 0 R 5 - 460 0 R + 386 0 R 6 - 461 0 R + 387 0 R 7 - 462 0 R + 388 0 R 8 - 463 0 R + 389 0 R 9 - 464 0 R + 390 0 R 10 - 465 0 R + 391 0 R 11 - 466 0 R + 392 0 R 12 - 467 0 R + 393 0 R 13 - 468 0 R + 394 0 R 14 - 469 0 R + 395 0 R 15 - 470 0 R + 396 0 R 16 - 471 0 R + 397 0 R 17 - 472 0 R + 398 0 R 18 - 473 0 R + 399 0 R 19 - 474 0 R + 400 0 R 20 - 475 0 R + 401 0 R 21 - 476 0 R + 402 0 R 22 - 477 0 R + 403 0 R 23 - 478 0 R + 404 0 R 24 - 479 0 R + 405 0 R 25 - 480 0 R + 406 0 R 26 - 481 0 R + 407 0 R 27 - 482 0 R + 408 0 R 28 - 483 0 R + 409 0 R 29 - 484 0 R + 410 0 R 30 - 485 0 R + 411 0 R 31 - 486 0 R + 412 0 R 32 - 487 0 R + 413 0 R 33 - 488 0 R + 414 0 R 34 - 489 0 R + 415 0 R 35 - 490 0 R + 416 0 R 36 - 491 0 R + 417 0 R 37 - 492 0 R + 418 0 R 38 - 493 0 R + 419 0 R 39 - 494 0 R + 420 0 R 40 - 495 0 R + 421 0 R 41 - 496 0 R + 422 0 R 42 - 497 0 R - 43 - 498 0 R - 44 - 499 0 R ] >> -endobj -% 'R455': class PDFPageLabel -455 0 obj + 423 0 R ] >> +endobj +% 'R381': class PDFPageLabel +381 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 1 >> endobj -% 'R456': class PDFPageLabel -456 0 obj +% 'R382': class PDFPageLabel +382 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 2 >> endobj -% 'R457': class PDFPageLabel -457 0 obj +% 'R383': class PDFPageLabel +383 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 3 >> endobj -% 'R458': class PDFPageLabel -458 0 obj +% 'R384': class PDFPageLabel +384 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 4 >> endobj -% 'R459': class PDFPageLabel -459 0 obj +% 'R385': class PDFPageLabel +385 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 5 >> endobj -% 'R460': class PDFPageLabel -460 0 obj +% 'R386': class PDFPageLabel +386 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 6 >> endobj -% 'R461': class PDFPageLabel -461 0 obj +% 'R387': class PDFPageLabel +387 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 7 >> endobj -% 'R462': class PDFPageLabel -462 0 obj +% 'R388': class PDFPageLabel +388 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 8 >> endobj -% 'R463': class PDFPageLabel -463 0 obj +% 'R389': class PDFPageLabel +389 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 9 >> endobj -% 'R464': class PDFPageLabel -464 0 obj +% 'R390': class PDFPageLabel +390 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 10 >> endobj -% 'R465': class PDFPageLabel -465 0 obj +% 'R391': class PDFPageLabel +391 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 11 >> endobj -% 'R466': class PDFPageLabel -466 0 obj +% 'R392': class PDFPageLabel +392 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 12 >> endobj -% 'R467': class PDFPageLabel -467 0 obj +% 'R393': class PDFPageLabel +393 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 13 >> endobj -% 'R468': class PDFPageLabel -468 0 obj +% 'R394': class PDFPageLabel +394 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 14 >> endobj -% 'R469': class PDFPageLabel -469 0 obj +% 'R395': class PDFPageLabel +395 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 15 >> endobj -% 'R470': class PDFPageLabel -470 0 obj +% 'R396': class PDFPageLabel +396 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 16 >> endobj -% 'R471': class PDFPageLabel -471 0 obj +% 'R397': class PDFPageLabel +397 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 17 >> endobj -% 'R472': class PDFPageLabel -472 0 obj +% 'R398': class PDFPageLabel +398 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 18 >> endobj -% 'R473': class PDFPageLabel -473 0 obj +% 'R399': class PDFPageLabel +399 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 19 >> endobj -% 'R474': class PDFPageLabel -474 0 obj +% 'R400': class PDFPageLabel +400 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 20 >> endobj -% 'R475': class PDFPageLabel -475 0 obj +% 'R401': class PDFPageLabel +401 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 21 >> endobj -% 'R476': class PDFPageLabel -476 0 obj +% 'R402': class PDFPageLabel +402 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 22 >> endobj -% 'R477': class PDFPageLabel -477 0 obj +% 'R403': class PDFPageLabel +403 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 23 >> endobj -% 'R478': class PDFPageLabel -478 0 obj +% 'R404': class PDFPageLabel +404 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 24 >> endobj -% 'R479': class PDFPageLabel -479 0 obj +% 'R405': class PDFPageLabel +405 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 25 >> endobj -% 'R480': class PDFPageLabel -480 0 obj +% 'R406': class PDFPageLabel +406 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 26 >> endobj -% 'R481': class PDFPageLabel -481 0 obj +% 'R407': class PDFPageLabel +407 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 27 >> endobj -% 'R482': class PDFPageLabel -482 0 obj +% 'R408': class PDFPageLabel +408 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 28 >> endobj -% 'R483': class PDFPageLabel -483 0 obj +% 'R409': class PDFPageLabel +409 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 29 >> endobj -% 'R484': class PDFPageLabel -484 0 obj +% 'R410': class PDFPageLabel +410 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 30 >> endobj -% 'R485': class PDFPageLabel -485 0 obj +% 'R411': class PDFPageLabel +411 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 31 >> endobj -% 'R486': class PDFPageLabel -486 0 obj +% 'R412': class PDFPageLabel +412 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 32 >> endobj -% 'R487': class PDFPageLabel -487 0 obj +% 'R413': class PDFPageLabel +413 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 33 >> endobj -% 'R488': class PDFPageLabel -488 0 obj +% 'R414': class PDFPageLabel +414 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 34 >> endobj -% 'R489': class PDFPageLabel -489 0 obj +% 'R415': class PDFPageLabel +415 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 35 >> endobj -% 'R490': class PDFPageLabel -490 0 obj +% 'R416': class PDFPageLabel +416 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 36 >> endobj -% 'R491': class PDFPageLabel -491 0 obj +% 'R417': class PDFPageLabel +417 0 obj % None << /S /D /St 37 >> endobj -% 'R492': class PDFPageLabel -492 0 obj +% 'R418': class PDFPageLabel +418 0 obj % 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ReportLab generated PDF document -- digest (http://www.reportlab.com) - [('Q {:\216\241\335\300\013\271g\314\353\270\237) ('Q {:\216\241\335\300\013\271g\314\353\270\237)] + [(\(\254\234\247\203\244\025~\222\365\014\265\3063$\303) (\(\254\234\247\203\244\025~\222\365\014\265\3063$\303)] - /Info 371 0 R - /Root 370 0 R - /Size 500 >> + /Info 299 0 R + /Root 298 0 R + /Size 424 >> startxref -339950 +310660 %%EOF diff --git a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt index f8480d1..554847e 100644 --- a/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt +++ b/plac/doc/plac_adv.txt @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ Advanced usages of plac ========================================================= -*The present document discusses a few of the advanced use -cases for plac. It shows how to write interactive and non-interactive -interpreters with plac, and how to use plac for testing and scripting a generic -application. It assumes you have already read an understood the -basic documentation.* - -.. contents:: - Introduction ----------------------------------------------------- -- cgit v1.2.1