/**
 *    Copyright (C) 2018-present MongoDB, Inc.
 *
 *    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *    it under the terms of the Server Side Public License, version 1,
 *    as published by MongoDB, Inc.
 *
 *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *    Server Side Public License for more details.
 *
 *    You should have received a copy of the Server Side Public License
 *    along with this program. If not, see
 *    <http://www.mongodb.com/licensing/server-side-public-license>.
 *
 *    As a special exception, the copyright holders give permission to link the
 *    code of portions of this program with the OpenSSL library under certain
 *    conditions as described in each individual source file and distribute
 *    linked combinations including the program with the OpenSSL library. You
 *    must comply with the Server Side Public License in all respects for
 *    all of the code used other than as permitted herein. If you modify file(s)
 *    with this exception, you may extend this exception to your version of the
 *    file(s), but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so,
 *    delete this exception statement from your version. If you delete this
 *    exception statement from all source files in the program, then also delete
 *    it in the license file.
 */

#include "mongo/db/geo/hash.h"
#include "mongo/config.h"
#include "mongo/db/field_parser.h"
#include "mongo/db/geo/shapes.h"
#include "mongo/db/jsobj.h"
#include "mongo/util/str.h"

#include <algorithm>  // for max()
#include <iostream>

namespace mongo {

using std::stringstream;

static constexpr bool kNativeLittle = (endian::Order::kNative == endian::Order::kLittle);

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const GeoHash& h) {
    return s << h.toString();
}

/*
 * GeoBitSets fills out various bit patterns that are used by GeoHash.
 * What patterns?  Look at the comments next to the fields.
 */
class GeoBitSets {
public:
    GeoBitSets() {
        /*
         * oddBitmasks' values are all possible 8-bit odd bitmasks which are used in unhash_fast():
         * "00000000", "00000001", "00000100", "00000101", "00010000", "00010001", "00010100",
         * "00010101", "01000000", "01000001", "01000100", "01000101", "01010000", "01010001",
         * "01010100", "01010101"
         */
        unsigned oddBitmasks[16] = {0, 1, 4, 5, 16, 17, 20, 21, 64, 65, 68, 69, 80, 81, 84, 85};
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
            hashedToNormal[oddBitmasks[i]] = i;
        }

        // Generate all 32 + 1 all-on bit patterns by repeatedly shifting the next bit to the
        // correct position

        long long currAllX = 0, currAllY = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 64 + 2; i++) {
            long long thisBit = 1LL << (63 >= i ? 63 - i : 0);

            if (i % 2 == 0) {
                allX[i / 2] = currAllX;
                currAllX |= thisBit;
            } else {
                allY[i / 2] = currAllY;
                currAllY |= thisBit;
            }
        }
    }

    // The 0-th entries of each all[XY] is 0.
    // The i-th entry of allX has i alternating bits turned on starting
    // with the most significant.  Example:
    // allX[1] = 8000000000000000
    // allX[2] = a000000000000000
    // allX[3] = a800000000000000
    // Note that 32 + 1 entries are needed, since 0 and 32 are both valid numbers of bits.
    long long allX[33];
    // Same alternating bits but starting with one from the MSB:
    // allY[1] = 4000000000000000
    // allY[2] = 5000000000000000
    // allY[3] = 5400000000000000
    long long allY[33];

    unsigned hashedToNormal[256];
};

// Oh global variables.
GeoBitSets geoBitSets;

// For i return the i-th most significant bit.
// masks(0) = 80000..000
// masks(1) = 40000..000
// etc.
// Number of 0s depends on 32 vs. 64 bit.
inline static int mask32For(const int i) {
    return 1 << (31 - i);
}

inline static long long mask64For(const int i) {
    return 1LL << (63 - i);
}

// copyAndReverse is used to reverse the order of bytes when copying between BinData and GeoHash.
// GeoHashes are meant to be compared from MSB to LSB, where the first 2 MSB indicate the quadrant.
// In BinData, the GeoHash of a 2D index is compared from LSB to MSB, so the bytes should be
// reversed on little-endian systems.
inline static void copyAndReverse(char* dst, const char* src) {
    for (unsigned a = 0; a < 8; a++) {
        dst[a] = src[7 - a];
    }
}

// Definition
unsigned int const GeoHash::kMaxBits = 32;

/* This class maps an x,y coordinate pair to a hash value.
 * This should probably be renamed/generalized so that it's more of a planar hash,
 * and we also have a spherical hash, etc.
 */
GeoHash::GeoHash() : _hash(0), _bits(0) {}

GeoHash::GeoHash(const string& hash) {
    initFromString(hash.c_str());
}

GeoHash::GeoHash(const char* s) {
    initFromString(s);
}

void GeoHash::initFromString(const char* s) {
    int length = strlen(s);
    uassert(16457, "initFromString passed a too-long string", length <= 64);
    uassert(16458, "initFromString passed an odd length string ", 0 == (length % 2));
    _hash = 0;
    // _bits is how many bits for X or Y, not both, so we divide by 2.
    _bits = length / 2;
    for (int i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; ++i)
        if (s[i] == '1')
            setBit(i, 1);
}

GeoHash::GeoHash(unsigned x, unsigned y, unsigned bits) {
    verify(bits <= 32);
    _hash = 0;
    _bits = bits;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < bits; i++) {
        if (isBitSet(x, i))
            _hash |= mask64For(i * 2);
        if (isBitSet(y, i))
            _hash |= mask64For((i * 2) + 1);
    }
}

GeoHash::GeoHash(const GeoHash& old) {
    _hash = old._hash;
    _bits = old._bits;
}

GeoHash::GeoHash(long long hash, unsigned bits) : _hash(hash), _bits(bits) {
    clearUnusedBits();
}

/**
 * Explanation & Example:
 * bitset<64>(_hash) = "00000001 00000010 00000100 00001000 00010000 00100000 01000000 10000000";
 *
 * the reinterpret_cast() of _hash results in:
 * c[0] = 10000000 (the last 8 bits of _hash)
 * c[1] = 01000000 (the second to last 8 bits of _hash)
 * ...
 * c[6] = 00000010 (the second 8 bits of _hash)
 * c[7] = 00000001 (the first 8 bits of _hash)
 *
 * Calculating the Value of Y:
 * in the for loop,
 * t is c[i] but with all the even bits turned off:
 * t = 00000000 (when i is even)
 * t = 01000000 (i = 1)
 * t = 00010000 (i = 3)
 * t = 00000100 (i = 5)
 * t = 00000001 (i = 7)
 *
 * then for each t,
 * get the hashedToNormal(t):
 * hashedToNormal(t) = 0 = 00000000 (when i is even)
 * hashedToNormal(t) = 8 = 00001000 (i = 1)
 * hashedToNormal(t) = 4 = 00000100 (i = 3)
 * hashedToNormal(t) = 2 = 00000010 (i = 5)
 * hashedToNormal(t) = 1 = 00000001 (i = 7)
 * then shift it by (4 * i) (Little Endian) then
 * bitwise OR it with y
 *
 * visually, all together it looks like:
 * y =       00000000000000000000000000000000 (32 bits)
 * y |=                              00000000 (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 0)
 * y |=                          00001000     (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 1)
 * y |=                      00000000         (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 2)
 * y |=                  00000100             (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 3)
 * y |=              00000000                 (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 4)
 * y |=          00000010                     (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 5)
 * y |=      00000000                         (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 6)
 * y |=  00000001                             (hashedToNormal(t) when i = 7)
 * ---------------------------------------------
 * y =       00010000001000000100000010000000
 *
 * Calculating the Value of X:
 * in the for loop,
 * t is c[i] right shifted by 1 with all the even bits turned off:
 * t = 00000000 (when i is odd)
 * t = 01000000 (i = 0)
 * t = 00010000 (i = 2)
 * t = 00000100 (i = 4)
 * t = 00000001 (i = 6)
 *
 * then for each t,
 * get the hashedToNormal(t) and shift it by (4 * i) (Little Endian) then
 * bitwise OR it with x
 */
void GeoHash::unhash_fast(unsigned* x, unsigned* y) const {
    *x = 0;
    *y = 0;
    const char* c = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&_hash);
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        // 0x55 in binary is "01010101",
        // it's an odd bitmask that we use to turn off all the even bits
        unsigned t = (unsigned)(c[i]) & 0x55;
        const int leftShift = 4 * (kNativeLittle ? i : (7 - i));
        *y |= geoBitSets.hashedToNormal[t] << leftShift;

        t = ((unsigned)(c[i]) >> 1) & 0x55;
        *x |= geoBitSets.hashedToNormal[t] << leftShift;
    }
}

void GeoHash::unhash_slow(unsigned* x, unsigned* y) const {
    *x = 0;
    *y = 0;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < _bits; i++) {
        if (getBitX(i))
            *x |= mask32For(i);
        if (getBitY(i))
            *y |= mask32For(i);
    }
}

void GeoHash::unhash(unsigned* x, unsigned* y) const {
    if constexpr (kNativeLittle) {
        unhash_fast(x, y);
    } else {
        unhash_slow(x, y);
    }
}

/** Is the 'bit'-th most significant bit set?  (NOT the least significant) */
bool GeoHash::isBitSet(unsigned val, unsigned bit) {
    return mask32For(bit) & val;
}

/** Return a GeoHash with one bit of precision lost. */
GeoHash GeoHash::up() const {
    return GeoHash(_hash, _bits - 1);
}

bool GeoHash::hasPrefix(const GeoHash& other) const {
    verify(other._bits <= _bits);
    if (other._bits == 0)
        return true;

    long long x = other._hash ^ _hash;
    // We only care about the leftmost other._bits (well, really _bits*2 since we have x and
    // y)
    x = x >> (64 - (other._bits * 2));
    return x == 0;
}

string GeoHash::toString() const {
    StringBuilder buf;
    for (unsigned x = 0; x < _bits * 2; x++)
        buf.append((_hash & mask64For(x)) ? "1" : "0");
    return buf.str();
}

string GeoHash::toStringHex1() const {
    stringstream ss;
    ss << std::hex << _hash;
    return ss.str();
}

void GeoHash::setBit(unsigned pos, bool value) {
    verify(pos < _bits * 2);
    const long long mask = mask64For(pos);
    if (value)
        _hash |= mask;
    else  // if (_hash & mask)
        _hash &= ~mask;
}

bool GeoHash::getBit(unsigned pos) const {
    return _hash & mask64For(pos);
}

bool GeoHash::getBitX(unsigned pos) const {
    verify(pos < 32);
    return getBit(pos * 2);
}

bool GeoHash::getBitY(unsigned pos) const {
    verify(pos < 32);
    return getBit((pos * 2) + 1);
}

// TODO(hk): Comment this.
BSONObj GeoHash::wrap(const char* name) const {
    BSONObjBuilder b(20);
    appendHashMin(&b, name);
    BSONObj o = b.obj();
    if ('\0' == name[0])
        verify(o.objsize() == 20);
    return o;
}

// Do we have a non-trivial GeoHash?
bool GeoHash::constrains() const {
    return _bits > 0;
}

// Could our GeoHash have higher precision?
bool GeoHash::canRefine() const {
    return _bits < 32;
}

/**
 * Hashing works like this:
 * Divide the world into 4 buckets.  Label each one as such:
 *  -----------------
 *  |       |       |
 *  |       |       |
 *  | 0,1   | 1,1   |
 *  -----------------
 *  |       |       |
 *  |       |       |
 *  | 0,0   | 1,0   |
 *  -----------------
 * We recursively divide each cell, furthermore.
 * The functions below tell us what quadrant we're in *at the finest level
 * of the subdivision.*
 */
bool GeoHash::atMinX() const {
    return (_hash & geoBitSets.allX[_bits]) == 0;
}
bool GeoHash::atMinY() const {
    return (_hash & geoBitSets.allY[_bits]) == 0;
}
bool GeoHash::atMaxX() const {
    return (_hash & geoBitSets.allX[_bits]) == geoBitSets.allX[_bits];
}
bool GeoHash::atMaxY() const {
    return (_hash & geoBitSets.allY[_bits]) == geoBitSets.allY[_bits];
}

// TODO(hk): comment better
void GeoHash::move(int x, int y) {
    verify(_bits);
    _move(0, x);
    _move(1, y);
}

// TODO(hk): comment much better
void GeoHash::_move(unsigned offset, int d) {
    if (d == 0)
        return;
    verify(d <= 1 && d >= -1);  // TEMP

    bool from, to;
    if (d > 0) {
        from = 0;
        to = 1;
    } else {
        from = 1;
        to = 0;
    }

    unsigned pos = (_bits * 2) - 1;
    if (offset == 0)
        pos--;
    while (true) {
        if (getBit(pos) == from) {
            setBit(pos, to);
            return;
        }

        if (pos < 2) {
            // overflow
            for (; pos < (_bits * 2); pos += 2) {
                setBit(pos, from);
            }
            return;
        }

        setBit(pos, from);
        pos -= 2;
    }

    verify(0);
}

GeoHash& GeoHash::operator=(const GeoHash& h) {
    _hash = h._hash;
    _bits = h._bits;
    return *this;
}

bool GeoHash::operator==(const GeoHash& h) const {
    return _hash == h._hash && _bits == h._bits;
}

bool GeoHash::operator!=(const GeoHash& h) const {
    return !(*this == h);
}

bool GeoHash::operator<(const GeoHash& h) const {
    if (_hash != h._hash) {
        return static_cast<unsigned long long>(_hash) < static_cast<unsigned long long>(h._hash);
    }

    return _bits < h._bits;
}

// Append the hash in s to our current hash.  We expect s to be '0' or '1' or '\0',
// though we also treat non-'1' values as '0'.
GeoHash& GeoHash::operator+=(const char* s) {
    unsigned pos = _bits * 2;
    _bits += strlen(s) / 2;
    verify(_bits <= 32);
    while ('\0' != s[0]) {
        if (s[0] == '1')
            setBit(pos, 1);
        pos++;
        s++;
    }
    return *this;
}

GeoHash GeoHash::operator+(const char* s) const {
    GeoHash n = *this;
    n += s;
    return n;
}

GeoHash GeoHash::operator+(const std::string& s) const {
    return operator+(s.c_str());
}

// Keep the most significant _bits*2 bits of _hash, clear the least significant bits. If shorter
// than 64 bits, the hash occupies the higher order bits, so we ensure that the lower order bits are
// zeroed.
void GeoHash::clearUnusedBits() {
    // Left shift count should be less than 64
    if (_bits == 0) {
        _hash = 0;
        return;
    }

    unsigned long long mask = (1LL << (64U - (_bits * 2U))) - 1LL;
    _hash &= ~mask;
}

static void appendHashToBuilder(long long hash, BSONObjBuilder* builder, const char* fieldName) {
    char buf[8];
    if constexpr (kNativeLittle) {
        // Reverse the order of bytes when copying between BinData and GeoHash.
        // GeoHashes are meant to be compared from MSB to LSB, where the first 2 MSB indicate the
        // quadrant.
        // In BinData, the GeoHash of a 2D index is compared from LSB to MSB, so the bytes should be
        // reversed on little-endian systems
        copyAndReverse(buf, (char*)&hash);
    } else {
        std::memcpy(buf, reinterpret_cast<char*>(&hash), 8);
    }
    builder->appendBinData(fieldName, 8, bdtCustom, buf);
}

static void appendHashToKeyString(long long hash, KeyString::Builder* ks) {
    char buf[8];
    if constexpr (kNativeLittle) {
        // Reverse the order of bytes when copying between BinData and GeoHash.
        // GeoHashes are meant to be compared from MSB to LSB, where the first 2 MSB indicate the
        // quadrant.
        // In BinData, the GeoHash of a 2D index is compared from LSB to MSB, so the bytes should be
        // reversed on little-endian systems
        copyAndReverse(buf, (char*)&hash);
    } else {
        std::memcpy(buf, reinterpret_cast<char*>(&hash), 8);
    }
    ks->appendBinData(BSONBinData(buf, 8, bdtCustom));
}

void GeoHash::appendHashMin(BSONObjBuilder* builder, const char* fieldName) const {
    // The min bound of a GeoHash region has all the unused suffix bits set to 0
    appendHashToBuilder(_hash, builder, fieldName);
}

void GeoHash::appendHashMin(KeyString::Builder* ks) const {
    // The min bound of a GeoHash region has all the unused suffix bits set to 0
    appendHashToKeyString(_hash, ks);
}

void GeoHash::appendHashMax(BSONObjBuilder* builder, const char* fieldName) const {
    // The max bound of a GeoHash region has all the unused suffix bits set to 1
    long long suffixMax = ~(geoBitSets.allX[_bits] | geoBitSets.allY[_bits]);
    long long hashMax = _hash | suffixMax;

    appendHashToBuilder(hashMax, builder, fieldName);
}

long long GeoHash::getHash() const {
    return _hash;
}

unsigned GeoHash::getBits() const {
    return _bits;
}

GeoHash GeoHash::commonPrefix(const GeoHash& other) const {
    unsigned i = 0;
    for (; i < _bits && i < other._bits; i++) {
        if (getBitX(i) == other.getBitX(i) && getBitY(i) == other.getBitY(i))
            continue;
        break;
    }
    // i is how many bits match between this and other.
    return GeoHash(_hash, i);
}


bool GeoHash::subdivide(GeoHash children[4]) const {
    if (_bits == 32) {
        return false;
    }

    children[0] = GeoHash(_hash, _bits + 1);  // (0, 0)
    children[1] = children[0];
    children[1].setBit(_bits * 2 + 1, 1);  // (0, 1)
    children[2] = children[0];
    children[2].setBit(_bits * 2, 1);                                         // (1, 0)
    children[3] = GeoHash(children[1]._hash | children[2]._hash, _bits + 1);  // (1, 1)
    return true;
}

bool GeoHash::contains(const GeoHash& other) const {
    return _bits <= other._bits && other.hasPrefix(*this);
}

GeoHash GeoHash::parent(unsigned int level) const {
    return GeoHash(_hash, level);
}

GeoHash GeoHash::parent() const {
    verify(_bits > 0);
    return GeoHash(_hash, _bits - 1);
}


void GeoHash::appendVertexNeighbors(unsigned level, vector<GeoHash>* output) const {
    invariant(level >= 0 && level < _bits);

    // Parent at the given level.
    GeoHash parentHash = parent(level);
    output->push_back(parentHash);

    // Generate the neighbors of parent that are closest to me.
    unsigned px, py, parentBits;
    parentHash.unhash(&px, &py);
    parentBits = parentHash.getBits();

    // No Neighbors for the top level.
    if (parentBits == 0U)
        return;

    // Position in parent
    // Y
    // ^
    // |  01, 11
    // |  00, 10
    // +----------> X
    // We can guarantee _bits > 0.
    long long posInParent = (_hash >> (64 - 2 * (parentBits + 1))) & 3LL;

    // 1 bit at parent's level, the least significant bit of parent.
    unsigned parentMask = 1U << (32 - parentBits);

    // Along X Axis
    if ((posInParent & 2LL) == 0LL) {
        // Left side of parent, X - 1
        if (!parentHash.atMinX())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px - parentMask, py, parentBits));
    } else {
        // Right side of parent, X + 1
        if (!parentHash.atMaxX())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px + parentMask, py, parentBits));
    }

    // Along Y Axis
    if ((posInParent & 1LL) == 0LL) {
        // Bottom of parent, Y - 1
        if (!parentHash.atMinY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px, py - parentMask, parentBits));
    } else {
        // Top of parent, Y + 1
        if (!parentHash.atMaxY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px, py + parentMask, parentBits));
    }

    // Four corners
    if (posInParent == 0LL) {
        if (!parentHash.atMinX() && !parentHash.atMinY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px - parentMask, py - parentMask, parentBits));
    } else if (posInParent == 1LL) {
        if (!parentHash.atMinX() && !parentHash.atMaxY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px - parentMask, py + parentMask, parentBits));
    } else if (posInParent == 2LL) {
        if (!parentHash.atMaxX() && !parentHash.atMinY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px + parentMask, py - parentMask, parentBits));
    } else {
        // PosInParent == 3LL
        if (!parentHash.atMaxX() && !parentHash.atMaxY())
            output->push_back(GeoHash(px + parentMask, py + parentMask, parentBits));
    }
}

static BSONField<int> bitsField("bits", 26);
static BSONField<double> maxField("max", 180.0);
static BSONField<double> minField("min", -180.0);

//      a   x     b
//      |   |     |
// -----|---o-----|---------|--   "|" is a representable double number.
//
// In the above figure, b is the next representable double number after a, so
// |a - b|/|a| = epsilon (ULP) ~= 2.22E-16.
//
// An exact number x will be represented as the nearest representable double, which is a.
// |x - a|/|a| <= 0.5 ULP ~= 1.11e-16
//
// IEEE floating-point operations have a maximum error of 0.5 ULPS (units in
// the last place).  For double-precision numbers, this works out to 2**-53
// (about 1.11e-16) times the magnitude of the result.
double const GeoHashConverter::kMachinePrecision = 0.5 * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();

Status GeoHashConverter::parseParameters(const BSONObj& paramDoc,
                                         GeoHashConverter::Parameters* params) {
    string errMsg;

    if (FieldParser::FIELD_INVALID ==
        FieldParser::extractNumber(paramDoc, bitsField, &params->bits, &errMsg)) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions, errMsg);
    }

    if (FieldParser::FIELD_INVALID ==
        FieldParser::extractNumber(paramDoc, maxField, &params->max, &errMsg)) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions, errMsg);
    }

    if (FieldParser::FIELD_INVALID ==
        FieldParser::extractNumber(paramDoc, minField, &params->min, &errMsg)) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions, errMsg);
    }

    if (params->bits < 1 || params->bits > 32) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions,
                      str::stream() << "bits for hash must be > 0 and <= 32, "
                                    << "but " << params->bits << " bits were specified");
    }

    const bool rangeValid = params->min < params->max;
    if (!rangeValid || std::isinf(params->min) || std::isinf(params->max)) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions,
                      str::stream() << "region for hash must be valid and have positive area, "
                                    << "but [" << params->min << ", " << params->max << "] "
                                    << "was specified");
    }

    constexpr double numBuckets = 4.0 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
    params->scaling = numBuckets / (params->max - params->min);
    const bool scalingValid = params->scaling > 0;
    if (!scalingValid || std::isinf(params->scaling)) {
        return Status(ErrorCodes::InvalidOptions,
                      str::stream()
                          << "range [" << params->min << ", " << params->max << "] is too small.");
    }

    return Status::OK();
}

GeoHashConverter::GeoHashConverter(const Parameters& params) : _params(params) {
    init();
    uassert(
        4799400, "Invalid GeoHashConverter parameters", _params.max - _params.min >= _error / 2);
}

void GeoHashConverter::init() {
    // TODO(hk): What do we require of the values in params?

    // Compute how much error there is so it can be used as a fudge factor.
    GeoHash a(0, 0, _params.bits);
    GeoHash b = a;
    b.move(1, 1);

    // Epsilon is 1/100th of a bucket size
    // TODO:  Can we actually find error bounds for the sqrt function?
    double epsilon = 0.001 / _params.scaling;
    _error = distanceBetweenHashes(a, b) + epsilon;

    // Error in radians
    _errorSphere = deg2rad(_error);

    // 8 * max(|max|, |min|) * u
    _errorUnhashToBox = calcUnhashToBoxError(_params);
}

double GeoHashConverter::distanceBetweenHashes(const GeoHash& a, const GeoHash& b) const {
    double ax, ay, bx, by;
    unhash(a, &ax, &ay);
    unhash(b, &bx, &by);

    double dx = bx - ax;
    double dy = by - ay;

    return sqrt((dx * dx) + (dy * dy));
}

/**
 * Hashing functions.  Convert the following types (which have a double precision point)
 * to a GeoHash:
 * BSONElement
 * BSONObj
 * Point
 * double, double
 */

GeoHash GeoHashConverter::hash(const Point& p) const {
    return hash(p.x, p.y);
}

GeoHash GeoHashConverter::hash(const BSONObj& o) const {
    return hash(o, nullptr);
}

// src is printed out as debugging information.  Maybe it is actually somehow the 'source' of o?
GeoHash GeoHashConverter::hash(const BSONObj& o, const BSONObj* src) const {
    BSONObjIterator i(o);
    uassert(13067,
            str::stream() << "geo field is empty" << (src ? causedBy((*src).toString()) : ""),
            i.more());

    BSONElement x = i.next();
    uassert(13068,
            str::stream() << "geo field only has 1 element"
                          << causedBy(src ? (*src).toString() : x.toString()),
            i.more());

    BSONElement y = i.next();
    uassert(13026,
            str::stream() << "geo values must be 'legacy coordinate pairs' for 2d indexes"
                          << causedBy(src ? (*src).toString() : BSON_ARRAY(x << y).toString()),
            x.isNumber() && y.isNumber());

    uassert(13027,
            str::stream() << "point not in interval of [ " << _params.min << ", " << _params.max
                          << " ]"
                          << causedBy(src ? (*src).toString()
                                          : BSON_ARRAY(x.number() << y.number()).toString()),
            x.number() <= _params.max && x.number() >= _params.min && y.number() <= _params.max &&
                y.number() >= _params.min);

    return GeoHash(convertToHashScale(x.number()), convertToHashScale(y.number()), _params.bits);
}

GeoHash GeoHashConverter::hash(double x, double y) const {
    uassert(16433,
            str::stream() << "point not in interval of [ " << _params.min << ", " << _params.max
                          << " ]" << causedBy(BSON_ARRAY(x << y).toString()),
            x <= _params.max && x >= _params.min && y <= _params.max && y >= _params.min);

    return GeoHash(convertToHashScale(x), convertToHashScale(y), _params.bits);
}

/**
 * Unhashing functions.  These convert from a "discretized" GeoHash to the "continuous"
 * doubles according to our scaling parameters.
 *
 * Possible outputs:
 * double, double
 * Point
 * BSONObj
 */
// TODO(hk): these should have consistent naming
Point GeoHashConverter::unhashToPoint(const GeoHash& h) const {
    Point point;
    unhash(h, &point.x, &point.y);
    return point;
}

BSONObj GeoHashConverter::unhashToBSONObj(const GeoHash& h) const {
    unsigned x, y;
    h.unhash(&x, &y);
    BSONObjBuilder b;
    b.append("x", convertFromHashScale(x));
    b.append("y", convertFromHashScale(y));
    return b.obj();
}

void GeoHashConverter::unhash(const GeoHash& h, double* x, double* y) const {
    unsigned a, b;
    h.unhash(&a, &b);
    *x = convertFromHashScale(a);
    *y = convertFromHashScale(b);
}

Box GeoHashConverter::unhashToBoxCovering(const GeoHash& h) const {
    if (h.getBits() == 0) {
        // Return the result without any error.
        return Box(Point(_params.min, _params.min), Point(_params.max, _params.max));
    }

    double sizeEdgeBox = sizeEdge(h.getBits());
    Point min(unhashToPoint(h));
    Point max(min.x + sizeEdgeBox, min.y + sizeEdgeBox);

    // Expand the box by the error bound
    Box box(min, max);
    box.fudge(_errorUnhashToBox);
    return box;
}

double GeoHashConverter::calcUnhashToBoxError(const GeoHashConverter::Parameters& params) {
    return std::max(fabs(params.min), fabs(params.max)) * GeoHashConverter::kMachinePrecision * 8;
}

double GeoHashConverter::sizeOfDiag(const GeoHash& a) const {
    GeoHash b = a;
    b.move(1, 1);
    return distanceBetweenHashes(a, b);
}


// Relative error = epsilon_(max-min). ldexp() is just a direct translation to
// floating point exponent, and should be exact.
double GeoHashConverter::sizeEdge(unsigned level) const {
    invariant(level >= 0);
    invariant((int)level <= _params.bits);
#pragma warning(push)
// C4146: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned
#pragma warning(disable : 4146)
    return ldexp(_params.max - _params.min, -level);
#pragma warning(pop)
}

// Convert from a double in [0, (max-min)*scaling] to [min, max]
double GeoHashConverter::convertDoubleFromHashScale(double x) const {
    x /= _params.scaling;
    x += _params.min;
    return x;
}

// Convert from an unsigned in [0, (max-min)*scaling] to [min, max]
double GeoHashConverter::convertFromHashScale(unsigned in) const {
    return convertDoubleFromHashScale((double)in);
}

// Convert from a double that is [min, max] to a double in [0, (max-min)*scaling]
double GeoHashConverter::convertToDoubleHashScale(double in) const {
    verify(in <= _params.max && in >= _params.min);

    if (in == _params.max) {
        // prevent aliasing with _min by moving inside the "box"
        // makes 180 == 179.999 (roughly)
        in -= _error / 2;
    }

    in -= _params.min;
    verify(in >= 0);
    return in * _params.scaling;
}

// Convert from a double that is [min, max] to an unsigned in [0, (max-min)*scaling]
unsigned GeoHashConverter::convertToHashScale(double in) const {
    return static_cast<unsigned>(convertToDoubleHashScale(in));
}


}  // namespace mongo