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href="../../cli-commands/npm-org">npm org<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Manage orgs</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-outdated">npm outdated<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Check for outdated packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-owner">npm owner<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Manage package owners</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-pack">npm pack<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Create a tarball from a package</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-ping">npm ping<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Ping npm registry</span></a></div><div 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class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Start a package</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-stop">npm stop<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Stop a package</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-team">npm team<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Manage organization teams and team memberships</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-test">npm test<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Test a package</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-token">npm token<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Manage your authentication tokens</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a 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bNiGAM">View registry info</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../cli-commands/npm-whoami">npm whoami<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Display npm username</span></a></div></div></div><div><button class="Accordion__SectionButton-i8yhwx-0 dsecBh">configuring-npm</button><div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a aria-current="page" class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl active-sidebar-link" href="../../configuring-npm/folders">folders<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Folder Structures Used by npm</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/install">install<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Download and install node and npm</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/npmrc">npmrc<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">The npm config files</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-lock-json">package-lock.json<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">A manifestation of the manifest</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-locks">package-locks<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">An explanation of npm lockfiles</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/package-json">package.json<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Specifics of npm's package.json handling</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../configuring-npm/shrinkwrap-json">shrinkwrap.json<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">A publishable lockfile</span></a></div></div></div><div><button class="Accordion__SectionButton-i8yhwx-0 dsecBh">using-npm</button><div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/config">config<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">More than you probably want to know about npm configuration</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/developers">developers<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Developer Guide</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/disputes">disputes<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Handling Module Name Disputes</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/orgs">orgs<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Working with Teams & Orgs</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/registry">registry<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">The JavaScript Package Registry</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/removal">removal<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Cleaning the Slate</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/scope">scope<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">Scoped packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/scripts">scripts<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">How npm handles the "scripts" field</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/semver">semver<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">The semantic versioner for npm</span></a></div></div></div></nav><style data-emotion-css="16vu25q">.css-16vu25q{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;min-width:0;width:100%;}</style><div class="css-16vu25q"><div class="Page__Content-sc-4b62ym-0 gJQTGP documentation"><div><h1 id="folders5" style="position:relative;"><a href="#folders5" aria-label="folders5 permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>folders</h1>
<h2 id="folder-structures-used-by-npm" style="position:relative;"><a href="#folder-structures-used-by-npm" aria-label="folder structures used by npm permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Folder Structures Used by npm</h2>
<h3 id="description" style="position:relative;"><a href="#description" aria-label="description permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Description</h3>
<p>npm puts various things on your computer. That's its job.</p>
<p>This document will tell you what it puts where.</p>
<h4 id="tldr" style="position:relative;"><a href="#tldr" aria-label="tldr permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>tl;dr</h4>
<ul>
<li>Local install (default): puts stuff in <code class="language-text">./node_modules</code> of the current
package root.</li>
<li>Global install (with <code class="language-text">-g</code>): puts stuff in /usr/local or wherever node
is installed.</li>
<li>Install it <strong>locally</strong> if you're going to <code class="language-text">require()</code> it.</li>
<li>Install it <strong>globally</strong> if you're going to run it on the command line.</li>
<li>If you need both, then install it in both places, or use <code class="language-text">npm link</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="prefix-configuration" style="position:relative;"><a href="#prefix-configuration" aria-label="prefix configuration permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>prefix Configuration</h4>
<p>The <code class="language-text">prefix</code> config defaults to the location where node is installed.
On most systems, this is <code class="language-text">/usr/local</code>. On Windows, it's <code class="language-text">%AppData%\npm</code>.
On Unix systems, it's one level up, since node is typically installed at
<code class="language-text">{prefix}/bin/node</code> rather than <code class="language-text">{prefix}/node.exe</code>.</p>
<p>When the <code class="language-text">global</code> flag is set, npm installs things into this prefix.
When it is not set, it uses the root of the current package, or the
current working directory if not in a package already.</p>
<h4 id="node-modules" style="position:relative;"><a href="#node-modules" aria-label="node modules permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Node Modules</h4>
<p>Packages are dropped into the <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder under the <code class="language-text">prefix</code>.
When installing locally, this means that you can
<code class="language-text">require("packagename")</code> to load its main module, or
<code class="language-text">require("packagename/lib/path/to/sub/module")</code> to load other modules.</p>
<p>Global installs on Unix systems go to <code class="language-text">{prefix}/lib/node_modules</code>.
Global installs on Windows go to <code class="language-text">{prefix}/node_modules</code> (that is, no
<code class="language-text">lib</code> folder.)</p>
<p>Scoped packages are installed the same way, except they are grouped together
in a sub-folder of the relevant <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder with the name of that
scope prefix by the @ symbol, e.g. <code class="language-text">npm install @myorg/package</code> would place
the package in <code class="language-text">{prefix}/node_modules/@myorg/package</code>. See <a href="../../using-npm/scope"><code class="language-text">scope</code></a> for more details.</p>
<p>If you wish to <code class="language-text">require()</code> a package, then install it locally.</p>
<h4 id="executables" style="position:relative;"><a href="#executables" aria-label="executables permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Executables</h4>
<p>When in global mode, executables are linked into <code class="language-text">{prefix}/bin</code> on Unix,
or directly into <code class="language-text">{prefix}</code> on Windows.</p>
<p>When in local mode, executables are linked into
<code class="language-text">./node_modules/.bin</code> so that they can be made available to scripts run
through npm. (For example, so that a test runner will be in the path
when you run <code class="language-text">npm test</code>.)</p>
<h4 id="man-pages" style="position:relative;"><a href="#man-pages" aria-label="man pages permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Man Pages</h4>
<p>When in global mode, man pages are linked into <code class="language-text">{prefix}/share/man</code>.</p>
<p>When in local mode, man pages are not installed.</p>
<p>Man pages are not installed on Windows systems.</p>
<h4 id="cache" style="position:relative;"><a href="#cache" aria-label="cache permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Cache</h4>
<p>See <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-cache"><code class="language-text">npm cache</code></a>. Cache files are stored in <code class="language-text">~/.npm</code> on Posix, or
<code class="language-text">%AppData%/npm-cache</code> on Windows.</p>
<p>This is controlled by the <code class="language-text">cache</code> configuration param.</p>
<h4 id="temp-files" style="position:relative;"><a href="#temp-files" aria-label="temp files permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Temp Files</h4>
<p>Temporary files are stored by default in the folder specified by the
<code class="language-text">tmp</code> config, which defaults to the TMPDIR, TMP, or TEMP environment
variables, or <code class="language-text">/tmp</code> on Unix and <code class="language-text">c:\windows\temp</code> on Windows.</p>
<p>Temp files are given a unique folder under this root for each run of the
program, and are deleted upon successful exit.</p>
<h3 id="more-information" style="position:relative;"><a href="#more-information" aria-label="more information permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>More Information</h3>
<p>When installing locally, npm first tries to find an appropriate
<code class="language-text">prefix</code> folder. This is so that <code class="language-text">npm install foo@1.2.3</code> will install
to the sensible root of your package, even if you happen to have <code class="language-text">cd</code>ed
into some other folder.</p>
<p>Starting at the $PWD, npm will walk up the folder tree checking for a
folder that contains either a <code class="language-text">package.json</code> file, or a <code class="language-text">node_modules</code>
folder. If such a thing is found, then that is treated as the effective
"current directory" for the purpose of running npm commands. (This
behavior is inspired by and similar to git's .git-folder seeking
logic when running git commands in a working dir.)</p>
<p>If no package root is found, then the current folder is used.</p>
<p>When you run <code class="language-text">npm install foo@1.2.3</code>, then the package is loaded into
the cache, and then unpacked into <code class="language-text">./node_modules/foo</code>. Then, any of
foo's dependencies are similarly unpacked into
<code class="language-text">./node_modules/foo/node_modules/...</code>.</p>
<p>Any bin files are symlinked to <code class="language-text">./node_modules/.bin/</code>, so that they may
be found by npm scripts when necessary.</p>
<h4 id="global-installation" style="position:relative;"><a href="#global-installation" aria-label="global installation permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Global Installation</h4>
<p>If the <code class="language-text">global</code> configuration is set to true, then npm will
install packages "globally".</p>
<p>For global installation, packages are installed roughly the same way,
but using the folders described above.</p>
<h4 id="cycles-conflicts-and-folder-parsimony" style="position:relative;"><a href="#cycles-conflicts-and-folder-parsimony" aria-label="cycles conflicts and folder parsimony permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Cycles, Conflicts, and Folder Parsimony</h4>
<p>Cycles are handled using the property of node's module system that it
walks up the directories looking for <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folders. So, at every
stage, if a package is already installed in an ancestor <code class="language-text">node_modules</code>
folder, then it is not installed at the current location.</p>
<p>Consider the case above, where <code class="language-text">foo -> bar -> baz</code>. Imagine if, in
addition to that, baz depended on bar, so you'd have:
<code class="language-text">foo -> bar -> baz -> bar -> baz ...</code>. However, since the folder
structure is: <code class="language-text">foo/node_modules/bar/node_modules/baz</code>, there's no need to
put another copy of bar into <code class="language-text">.../baz/node_modules</code>, since when it calls
require("bar"), it will get the copy that is installed in
<code class="language-text">foo/node_modules/bar</code>.</p>
<p>This shortcut is only used if the exact same
version would be installed in multiple nested <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folders. It
is still possible to have <code class="language-text">a/node_modules/b/node_modules/a</code> if the two
"a" packages are different versions. However, without repeating the
exact same package multiple times, an infinite regress will always be
prevented.</p>
<p>Another optimization can be made by installing dependencies at the
highest level possible, below the localized "target" folder.</p>
<h4 id="example" style="position:relative;"><a href="#example" aria-label="example permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Example</h4>
<p>Consider this dependency graph:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">foo
+-- blerg@1.2.5
+-- bar@1.2.3
<span class="token operator">|</span> +-- blerg@1.x <span class="token punctuation">(</span>latest<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1.3</span>.7<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span> +-- baz@2.x
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- quux@3.x
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- bar@1.2.3 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>cycle<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- asdf@*
<span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- baz@1.2.3
<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- quux@3.x
<span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- bar</code></pre></div>
<p>In this case, we might expect a folder structure like this:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">foo
+-- node_modules
+-- blerg <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.2</span>.5<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>---<span class="token punctuation">[</span>A<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
+-- bar <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.2</span>.3<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>---<span class="token punctuation">[</span>B<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- node_modules
<span class="token operator">|</span> +-- baz <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2.0</span>.2<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>---<span class="token punctuation">[</span>C<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- node_modules
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- quux <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3.2</span>.0<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- asdf <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2.3</span>.4<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>-- baz <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1.2</span>.3<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>---<span class="token punctuation">[</span>D<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token variable">`</span></span>-- node_modules
`-- quux <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3.2</span>.0<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>---<span class="token punctuation">[</span>E<span class="token punctuation">]</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Since foo depends directly on <code class="language-text">bar@1.2.3</code> and <code class="language-text">baz@1.2.3</code>, those are
installed in foo's <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder.</p>
<p>Even though the latest copy of blerg is 1.3.7, foo has a specific
dependency on version 1.2.5. So, that gets installed at [A]. Since the
parent installation of blerg satisfies bar's dependency on <code class="language-text">blerg@1.x</code>,
it does not install another copy under [B].</p>
<p>Bar [B] also has dependencies on baz and asdf, so those are installed in
bar's <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder. Because it depends on <code class="language-text">baz@2.x</code>, it cannot
re-use the <code class="language-text">baz@1.2.3</code> installed in the parent <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder [D],
and must install its own copy [C].</p>
<p>Underneath bar, the <code class="language-text">baz -> quux -> bar</code> dependency creates a cycle.
However, because bar is already in quux's ancestry [B], it does not
unpack another copy of bar into that folder.</p>
<p>Underneath <code class="language-text">foo -> baz</code> [D], quux's [E] folder tree is empty, because its
dependency on bar is satisfied by the parent folder copy installed at [B].</p>
<p>For a graphical breakdown of what is installed where, use <code class="language-text">npm ls</code>.</p>
<h4 id="publishing" style="position:relative;"><a href="#publishing" aria-label="publishing permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Publishing</h4>
<p>Upon publishing, npm will look in the <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> folder. If any of
the items there are not in the <code class="language-text">bundledDependencies</code> array, then they will
not be included in the package tarball.</p>
<p>This allows a package maintainer to install all of their dependencies
(and dev dependencies) locally, but only re-publish those items that
cannot be found elsewhere. See <a href="../../configuring-npm/package.json"><code class="language-text">package.json</code></a> for more information.</p>
<h3 id="see-also" style="position:relative;"><a href="#see-also" aria-label="see also permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>See also</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json">package.json</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-install">npm install</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-pack">npm pack</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-cache">npm cache</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-config">npm config</a></li>
<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/npmrc">npmrc</a></li>
<li><a href="../../using-npm/config">config</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-publish">npm publish</a></li>
</ul></div><div class="FoundTypo__Container-sc-1e373sc-0 fMOzaj"><p><span role="img" aria-label="eyes-emoji">👀</span> Found a typo? <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">Let us know!</a></p><p>The current stable version of npm is <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">here</a>. To upgrade, run: <code class="language-text">npm install npm@latest -g</code></p><p>To report bugs or submit feature requests for the docs, please post <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/issues">here</a>. Submit npm issues <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/issues">here.</a></p></div><script>
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