PerlFAQ sync.

p4raw-id: //depot/perl@18459

10 files changed, 254 insertions, 238 deletions

diff --git a/pod/perlfaq.pod b/pod/perlfaq.pod
index 419d973a5b..73f12e7712 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq.pod
@@ -1,11 +1,74 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2002/11/13 06:23:50 $)
+perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2003/01/03 20:00:25 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
-The perlfaq is structured into the following documents:
+The perlfaq is divided into several documents based on topics.  A table
+of contents is at the end of this document.
 
+=head2 Where to get the perlfaq
+
+Extracts of the perlfaq are posted regularly to
+comp.lang.perl.misc.  It is available on many web sites:
+http://www.perldoc.com/ and http://faq.perl.org/
+
+=head2 How to contribute to the perlfaq
+
+You may mail corrections, additions, and suggestions to
+perlfaq-workers@perl.org .  This alias should not be used to
+I<ask> FAQs.  It's for fixing the current FAQ. Send
+questions to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup.  You can
+view the source tree at http://cvs.perl.org/cvsweb/perlfaq/
+(which is outside of the main Perl source tree).  The CVS
+repository notes all changes to the FAQ.
+
+=head2 What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors
+
+Your questions will probably go unread, unless they're
+suggestions of new questions to add to the FAQ, in which
+case they should have gone to the perlfaq-workers@perl.org
+instead.
+
+You should have read section 2 of this faq.  There you would
+have learned that comp.lang.perl.misc is the appropriate
+place to go for free advice.  If your question is really
+important and you require a prompt and correct answer, you
+should hire a consultant.
+
+=head1 Credits
+
+The original perlfaq was written by Tom Christiansen, then expanded
+by collaboration between Tom and Nathan Torkington.  The current
+document is maintained by the perlfaq-workers (perlfaq-workers@perl.org).
+Several people have contributed answers, corrections, and comments.
+
+=head1 Author and Copyright Information
+
+Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and 
+other contributors noted in the answers.
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+=head2 Bundled Distributions
+
+This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in these files
+are hereby placed into the public domain.  You are permitted and
+encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun
+or for profit as you see fit.  A simple comment in the code giving
+credit would be courteous but is not required.
+
+=head2 Disclaimer
+
+This information is offered in good faith and in the hope that it may
+be of use, but is not guaranteed to be correct, up to date, or suitable
+for any particular purpose whatsoever.  The authors accept no liability
+in respect of this information or its use.
+
+=head1 Table of Contents
 
 =head2 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ.
 
@@ -1309,61 +1372,3 @@ How can I do RPC in Perl?
 =back
 
 
-=head1 About the perlfaq documents
-
-=head2 Where to get the perlfaq
-
-This document is posted regularly to comp.lang.perl.announce and
-several other related newsgroups.  It is available on many
-web sites: http://www.perldoc.com/ and http://perlfaq.cpan.org/ .
-
-=head2 How to contribute to the perlfaq
-
-You may mail corrections, additions, and suggestions to
-perlfaq-workers@perl.org .  This alias should not be 
-used to I<ask> FAQs.  It's for fixing the current FAQ.
-Send questions to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup.
-
-=head2 What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors
-
-Your questions will probably go unread, unless they're suggestions of
-new questions to add to the FAQ, in which case they should have gone
-to the perlfaq-workers@perl.org instead.
-
-You should have read section 2 of this faq.  There you would have
-learned that comp.lang.perl.misc is the appropriate place to go for
-free advice.  If your question is really important and you require a
-prompt and correct answer, you should hire a consultant.
-
-=head1 Credits
-
-When I first began the Perl FAQ in the late 80s, I never realized it
-would have grown to over a hundred pages, nor that Perl would ever become
-so popular and widespread.  This document could not have been written
-without the tremendous help provided by Larry Wall and the rest of the
-Perl Porters.
-
-=head1 Author and Copyright Information
-
-Copyright (c) 1997-2002 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
-All rights reserved.
-
-=head2 Bundled Distributions
-
-This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in these files
-are hereby placed into the public domain.  You are permitted and
-encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun
-or for profit as you see fit.  A simple comment in the code giving
-credit would be courteous but is not required.
-
-=head2 Disclaimer
-
-This information is offered in good faith and in the hope that it may
-be of use, but is not guaranteed to be correct, up to date, or suitable
-for any particular purpose whatsoever.  The authors accept no liability
-in respect of this information or its use.
-
-=back
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq1.pod b/pod/perlfaq1.pod
index 69490de5e4..ea3a4c3676 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq1.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq1.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.10 $, $Date: 2002/08/29 03:34:00 $)
+perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.11 $, $Date: 2002/12/06 07:40:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ The 5.0 release is, essentially, a ground-up rewrite of the original
 perl source code from releases 1 through 4.  It has been modularized,
 object-oriented, tweaked, trimmed, and optimized until it almost doesn't
 look like the old code.  However, the interface is mostly the same, and
-compatibility with previous releases is very high. 
+compatibility with previous releases is very high.
 See L<perltrap/"Perl4 to Perl5 Traps">.
 
 To avoid the "what language is perl5?" confusion, some people prefer to
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ See L<perlhist> for a history of Perl revisions.
 
 =head2 What is perl6?
 
-At The Second O'Reilly Open Source Software Convention, Larry Wall            
+At The Second O'Reilly Open Source Software Convention, Larry Wall
 announced Perl6 development would begin in earnest. Perl6 was an oft
 used term for Chip Salzenberg's project to rewrite Perl in C++ named
 Topaz. However, Topaz provided valuable insights to the next version
-of Perl and its implementation, but was ultimately abandoned.   
+of Perl and its implementation, but was ultimately abandoned.
 
-If you want to learn more about Perl6, or have a desire to help in 
-the crusade to make Perl a better place then peruse the Perl6 developers 
+If you want to learn more about Perl6, or have a desire to help in
+the crusade to make Perl a better place then peruse the Perl6 developers
 page at http://dev.perl.org/perl6/ and get involved.
 
 Perl6 is not scheduled for release yet, and Perl5 will still be supported
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq2.pod b/pod/perlfaq2.pod
index 46bdd40f03..22f7ad7ce0 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq2.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq2.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.17 $, $Date: 2002/11/16 23:33:08 $)
+perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.18 $, $Date: 2002/12/06 07:40:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ see their FAQ ( http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/ ) for details.
 
 If you're just looking for software, first use Google
 ( http://www.google.com ), Google's usenet search interface
-( http://groups.google.com ),  and CPAN Search ( http://search.cpan.org ).  
+( http://groups.google.com ),  and CPAN Search ( http://search.cpan.org ).
 This is faster and more productive than just posting a request.
 
 =head2 Perl Books
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ A comprehensive list of Perl related mailing lists can be found at:
 =head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
 
 The Google search engine now carries archived and searchable newsgroup
-content. 
+content.
 
 http://groups.google.com/groups?group=comp.lang.perl.misc
 
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq3.pod b/pod/perlfaq3.pod
index 37be251412..7843dbff7d 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq3.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq3.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.29 $, $Date: 2002/11/13 06:23:50 $)
+perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.31 $, $Date: 2003/01/03 20:10:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ shows up as "Perl" (although you can get those with
 Mod::CoreList).
 
 	use ExtUtils::Installed;
-	
+
 	my $inst    = ExtUtils::Installed->new();
 	my @modules = $inst->modules();
 
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ If you want a list of all of the Perl module filenames, you
 can use File::Find::Rule.
 
 	use File::Find::Rule;
-	
+
 	my @files = File::Find::Rule->file()->name( '*.pm' )->in( @INC );
 
 If you do not have that module, you can do the same thing
-with File::Find which is part of the standard library.  
+with File::Find which is part of the standard library.
 
     use File::Find;
     my @files;
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ with File::Find which is part of the standard library.
          @INC;
 
 	print join "\n", @files;
-	
+
 If you simply need to quickly check to see if a module is
 available, you can check for its documentation.  If you can
-read the documentation the module is most likely installed. 
+read the documentation the module is most likely installed.
 If you cannot read the documentation, the module might not
 have any (in rare cases).
 
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ You can also try to include the module in a one-liner to see if
 perl finds it.
 
 	perl -MModule::Name -e1
-	
+
 =head2 How do I debug my Perl programs?
 
-Have you tried C<use warnings> or used C<-w>?  They enable warnings 
+Have you tried C<use warnings> or used C<-w>?  They enable warnings
 to detect dubious practices.
 
 Have you tried C<use strict>?  It prevents you from using symbolic
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ why what it's doing isn't what it should be doing.
 =head2 How do I profile my Perl programs?
 
 You should get the Devel::DProf module from the standard distribution
-(or separately on CPAN) and also use Benchmark.pm from the standard 
-distribution.  The Benchmark module lets you time specific portions of 
-your code, while Devel::DProf gives detailed breakdowns of where your 
+(or separately on CPAN) and also use Benchmark.pm from the standard
+distribution.  The Benchmark module lets you time specific portions of
+your code, while Devel::DProf gives detailed breakdowns of where your
 code spends its time.
 
 Here's a sample use of Benchmark:
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ of contrasting algorithms.
 
 =head2 How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
 
-The B::Xref module can be used to generate cross-reference reports 
+The B::Xref module can be used to generate cross-reference reports
 for Perl programs.
 
     perl -MO=Xref[,OPTIONS] scriptname.plx
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ instead of this:
 
 When the files you're processing are small, it doesn't much matter which
 way you do it, but it makes a huge difference when they start getting
-larger. 
+larger.
 
 =item * Use map and grep selectively
 
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ everything works out right.
 	return \@a;
     }
 
-    for $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
+    for ( 1 .. 10 ) {
         push @many, makeone();
     }
 
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>, and L<perlbot> for reference.
 try http://www.perldoc.com/ , but consider upgrading your perl.)
 
 A good book on OO on Perl is the "Object-Oriented Perl"
-by Damian Conway from Manning Publications, 
+by Damian Conway from Manning Publications,
 http://www.manning.com/Conway/index.html
 
 =head2 Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq4.pod b/pod/perlfaq4.pod
index 7c616aca3d..f7215e2eef 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq4.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq4.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.37 $, $Date: 2002/11/13 06:04:00 $)
+perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 2003/01/03 20:06:21 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ representations and conversions.
 
 To limit the number of decimal places in your numbers, you
 can use the printf or sprintf function.  See the
-L<perlop|"Floating Point Arithmetic"> for more details.
+L<"Floating Point Arithmetic"|perlop> for more details.
 
 	printf "%.2f", 10/3;
-	
+
 	my $number = sprintf "%.2f", 10/3;
-	
+
 =head2 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
 
 Perl only understands octal and hex numbers as such when they occur as
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ The inverse mapping from decimal to octal can be done with either the
 "%o" or "%O" sprintf() formats.
 
 This problem shows up most often when people try using chmod(), mkdir(),
-umask(), or sysopen(), which by widespread tradition typically take 
+umask(), or sysopen(), which by widespread tradition typically take
 permissions in octal.
 
     chmod(644,  $file);	# WRONG
     chmod(0644, $file);	# right
 
-Note the mistake in the first line was specifying the decimal literal 
+Note the mistake in the first line was specifying the decimal literal
 644, rather than the intended octal literal 0644.  The problem can
 be seen with:
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ be seen with:
 
 Surely you had not intended C<chmod(01204, $file);> - did you?  If you
 want to use numeric literals as arguments to chmod() et al. then please
-try to express them as octal constants, that is with a leading zero and 
+try to express them as octal constants, that is with a leading zero and
 with the following digits restricted to the set 0..7.
 
 =head2 Does Perl have a round() function?  What about ceil() and floor()?  Trig functions?
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ alternation:
 
     for ($i = 0; $i < 1.01; $i += 0.05) { printf "%.1f ",$i}
 
-    0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 
+    0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
     0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0
 
 Don't blame Perl.  It's the same as in C.  IEEE says we have to do this.
@@ -364,18 +364,18 @@ L<perlfunc/"localtime">):
 
 Use the following simple functions:
 
-    sub get_century    { 
+    sub get_century    {
 	return int((((localtime(shift || time))[5] + 1999))/100);
-    } 
-    sub get_millennium { 
+    }
+    sub get_millennium {
 	return 1+int((((localtime(shift || time))[5] + 1899))/1000);
-    } 
+    }
 
 You can also use the POSIX strftime() function which may be a bit
 slower but is easier to read and maintain.
 
 	use POSIX qw/strftime/;
-	
+
 	my $week_of_the_year = strftime "%W", localtime;
 	my $day_of_the_year  = strftime "%j", localtime;
 
@@ -434,9 +434,9 @@ If you only need to find the date (and not the same time), you
 can use the Date::Calc module.
 
 	use Date::Calc qw(Today Add_Delta_Days);
-	
+
 	my @date = Add_Delta_Days( Today(), -1 );
-	
+
 	print "@date\n";
 
 Most people try to use the time rather than the calendar to
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ throws this off. Russ Allbery offers this solution.
 		my $tdst = (localtime $then)[8] > 0;
 		$then - ($tdst - $ndst) * 60 * 60;
 		}
-		
+
 Should give you "this time yesterday" in seconds since epoch relative to
 the first argument or the current time if no argument is given and
 suitable for passing to localtime or whatever else you need to do with
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ pull out the smallest nesting parts one at a time:
 
     while (s/BEGIN((?:(?!BEGIN)(?!END).)*)END//gs) {
 	# do something with $1
-    } 
+    }
 
 A more complicated and sneaky approach is to make Perl's regular
 expression engine do it for you.  This is courtesy Dean Inada, and
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ capabilities.
 
 You can access the first characters of a string with substr().
 To get the first character, for example, start at position 0
-and grab the string of length 1.  
+and grab the string of length 1.
 
 
 	$string = "Just another Perl Hacker";
@@ -645,11 +645,11 @@ To change part of a string, you can use the optional fourth
 argument which is the replacement string.
 
     substr( $string, 13, 4, "Perl 5.8.0" );
-	
+
 You can also use substr() as an lvalue.
 
     substr( $string, 13, 4 ) =  "Perl 5.8.0";
-	
+
 =head2 How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
 
 You have to keep track of N yourself.  For example, let's say you want
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ example, take a data line like this:
     SAR001,"","Cimetrix, Inc","Bob Smith","CAM",N,8,1,0,7,"Error, Core Dumped"
 
 Due to the restriction of the quotes, this is a fairly complex
-problem.  Thankfully, we have Jeffrey Friedl, author of 
+problem.  Thankfully, we have Jeffrey Friedl, author of
 I<Mastering Regular Expressions>, to handle these for us.  He
 suggests (assuming your string is contained in $text):
 
@@ -799,10 +799,10 @@ Or more nicely written as:
 
 This idiom takes advantage of the C<foreach> loop's aliasing
 behavior to factor out common code.  You can do this
-on several strings at once, or arrays, or even the 
+on several strings at once, or arrays, or even the
 values of a hash if you use a slice:
 
-    # trim whitespace in the scalar, the array, 
+    # trim whitespace in the scalar, the array,
     # and all the values in the hash
     foreach ($scalar, @array, @hash{keys %hash}) {
         s/^\s+//;
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ values of a hash if you use a slice:
 =head2 How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
 
 (This answer contributed by Uri Guttman, with kibitzing from
-Bart Lateur.) 
+Bart Lateur.)
 
 In the following examples, C<$pad_len> is the length to which you wish
 to pad the string, C<$text> or C<$num> contains the string to be padded,
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ C<$pad_len>.
     # Right padding a string with blanks (no truncation):
     $padded = sprintf("%-${pad_len}s", $text);
 
-    # Left padding a number with 0 (no truncation): 
+    # Left padding a number with 0 (no truncation):
     $padded = sprintf("%0${pad_len}d", $num);
 
     # Right padding a string with blanks using pack (will truncate):
@@ -857,19 +857,19 @@ Left and right padding with any character, modifying C<$text> directly:
 =head2 How do I extract selected columns from a string?
 
 Use substr() or unpack(), both documented in L<perlfunc>.
-If you prefer thinking in terms of columns instead of widths, 
+If you prefer thinking in terms of columns instead of widths,
 you can use this kind of thing:
 
     # determine the unpack format needed to split Linux ps output
     # arguments are cut columns
     my $fmt = cut2fmt(8, 14, 20, 26, 30, 34, 41, 47, 59, 63, 67, 72);
 
-    sub cut2fmt { 
+    sub cut2fmt {
 	my(@positions) = @_;
 	my $template  = '';
 	my $lastpos   = 1;
 	for my $place (@positions) {
-	    $template .= "A" . ($place - $lastpos) . " "; 
+	    $template .= "A" . ($place - $lastpos) . " ";
 	    $lastpos   = $place;
 	}
 	$template .= "A*";
@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ be, you'd have to do this:
 It's probably better in the general case to treat those
 variables as entries in some special hash.  For example:
 
-    %user_defs = ( 
+    %user_defs = (
 	foo  => 23,
 	bar  => 19,
     );
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ of the FAQ.
 The problem is that those double-quotes force stringification--
 coercing numbers and references into strings--even when you
 don't want them to be strings.  Think of it this way: double-quote
-expansion is used to produce new strings.  If you already 
+expansion is used to produce new strings.  If you already
 have a string, why do you need more?
 
 If you get used to writing odd things like these:
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ that actually do care about the difference between a string and a
 number, such as the magical C<++> autoincrement operator or the
 syscall() function.
 
-Stringification also destroys arrays.  
+Stringification also destroys arrays.
 
     @lines = `command`;
     print "@lines";		# WRONG - extra blanks
@@ -964,15 +964,15 @@ Check for these three things:
 
 =over 4
 
-=item 1. There must be no space after the << part.
+=item There must be no space after the << part.
 
-=item 2. There (probably) should be a semicolon at the end.
+=item There (probably) should be a semicolon at the end.
 
-=item 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of the tag.
+=item You can't (easily) have any space in front of the tag.
 
 =back
 
-If you want to indent the text in the here document, you 
+If you want to indent the text in the here document, you
 can do this:
 
     # all in one
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ can do this:
     HERE_TARGET
 
 But the HERE_TARGET must still be flush against the margin.
-If you want that indented also, you'll have to quote 
+If you want that indented also, you'll have to quote
 in the indentation.
 
     ($quote = <<'    FINIS') =~ s/^\s+//gm;
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ with
 
     @bad[0]  = `same program that outputs several lines`;
 
-The C<use warnings> pragma and the B<-w> flag will warn you about these 
+The C<use warnings> pragma and the B<-w> flag will warn you about these
 matters.
 
 =head2 How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
@@ -1233,8 +1233,8 @@ like this one.  It uses the CPAN module FreezeThaw:
     @a = @b = ( "this", "that", [ "more", "stuff" ] );
 
     printf "a and b contain %s arrays\n",
-        cmpStr(\@a, \@b) == 0 
-	    ? "the same" 
+        cmpStr(\@a, \@b) == 0
+	    ? "the same"
 	    : "different";
 
 This approach also works for comparing hashes.  Here
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ we'll demonstrate two different answers:
 
     %a = %b = ( "this" => "that", "extra" => [ "more", "stuff" ] );
     $a{EXTRA} = \%b;
-    $b{EXTRA} = \%a;                    
+    $b{EXTRA} = \%a;
 
     printf "a and b contain %s hashes\n",
 	cmpStr(\%a, \%b) == 0 ? "the same" : "different";
@@ -1264,9 +1264,9 @@ use the first() function in the List::Util module, which comes with
 Perl 5.8.  This example finds the first element that contains "Perl".
 
 	use List::Util qw(first);
-	
+
 	my $element = first { /Perl/ } @array;
-	
+
 If you cannot use List::Util, you can make your own loop to do the
 same thing.  Once you find the element, you stop the loop with last.
 
@@ -1280,13 +1280,13 @@ If you want the array index, you can iterate through the indices
 and check the array element at each index until you find one
 that satisfies the condition.
 
-	my( $found, $i ) = ( undef, -1 );
-    for( $i = 0; $i < @array; $i++ ) 
+	my( $found, $index ) = ( undef, -1 );
+    for( $i = 0; $i < @array; $i++ )
     	{
-        if( $array[$i] =~ /Perl/ ) 
-        	{ 
+        if( $array[$i] =~ /Perl/ )
+        	{
         	$found = $array[$i];
-        	$index = $i; 
+        	$index = $i;
         	last;
         	}
         }
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ Here's another; let's compute spherical volumes:
 	$_ **= 3;
 	$_ *= (4/3) * 3.14159;  # this will be constant folded
     }
-    
+
 which can also be done with map() which is made to transform
 one list into another:
 
@@ -1420,7 +1420,7 @@ the values are not copied, so if you modify $orbit (in this
 case), you modify the value.
 
     for $orbit ( values %orbits ) {
-	($orbit **= 3) *= (4/3) * 3.14159; 
+	($orbit **= 3) *= (4/3) * 3.14159;
     }
 
 Prior to perl 5.6 C<values> returned copies of the values,
@@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@ Use the rand() function (see L<perlfunc/rand>):
     $element = $array[$index];
 
 Make sure you I<only call srand once per program, if then>.
-If you are calling it more than once (such as before each 
+If you are calling it more than once (such as before each
 call to rand), you're almost certainly doing something wrong.
 
 =head2 How do I permute N elements of a list?
@@ -1456,6 +1456,14 @@ on CPAN).  It's written in XS code and is very efficient.
 	   print "next permutation: (@perm)\n";
 	}
 
+For even faster execution, you could do:
+
+   use Algorithm::Permute;
+   my @array = 'a'..'d';
+   Algorithm::Permute::permute {
+      print "next permutation: (@array)\n";
+   } @array;
+
 Here's a little program that generates all permutations of
 all the words on each line of input. The algorithm embodied
 in the permute() function is discussed in Volume 4 (still
@@ -1585,13 +1593,13 @@ Or use the CPAN module Bit::Vector:
     @ints = $vector->Index_List_Read();
 
 Bit::Vector provides efficient methods for bit vector, sets of small integers
-and "big int" math. 
+and "big int" math.
 
 Here's a more extensive illustration using vec():
 
     # vec demo
     $vector = "\xff\x0f\xef\xfe";
-    print "Ilya's string \\xff\\x0f\\xef\\xfe represents the number ", 
+    print "Ilya's string \\xff\\x0f\\xef\\xfe represents the number ",
 	unpack("N", $vector), "\n";
     $is_set = vec($vector, 23, 1);
     print "Its 23rd bit is ", $is_set ? "set" : "clear", ".\n";
@@ -1611,7 +1619,7 @@ Here's a more extensive illustration using vec():
     set_vec(0,32,17);
     set_vec(1,32,17);
 
-    sub set_vec { 
+    sub set_vec {
 	my ($offset, $width, $value) = @_;
 	my $vector = '';
 	vec($vector, $offset, $width) = $value;
@@ -1628,7 +1636,7 @@ Here's a more extensive illustration using vec():
 	print "vector length in bytes: ", length($vector), "\n";
 	@bytes = unpack("A8" x length($vector), $bits);
 	print "bits are: @bytes\n\n";
-    } 
+    }
 
 =head2 Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
 
@@ -1695,8 +1703,8 @@ use the keys() function in a scalar context:
 
     $num_keys = keys %hash;
 
-The keys() function also resets the iterator, which means that you may 
-see strange results if you use this between uses of other hash operators 
+The keys() function also resets the iterator, which means that you may
+see strange results if you use this between uses of other hash operators
 such as each().
 
 =head2 How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
@@ -1967,10 +1975,10 @@ if you just want to say, ``Is this a float?''
             return undef;
         } else {
             return $num;
-        } 
-    } 
+        }
+    }
 
-    sub is_numeric { defined getnum($_[0]) } 
+    sub is_numeric { defined getnum($_[0]) }
 
 Or you could check out the L<String::Scanf|String::Scanf> module on the CPAN
 instead. The POSIX module (part of the standard Perl distribution) provides
@@ -1985,10 +1993,10 @@ or Storable modules from CPAN.  Starting from Perl 5.8 Storable is part
 of the standard distribution.  Here's one example using Storable's C<store>
 and C<retrieve> functions:
 
-    use Storable; 
+    use Storable;
     store(\%hash, "filename");
 
-    # later on...  
+    # later on...
     $href = retrieve("filename");        # by ref
     %hash = %{ retrieve("filename") };   # direct to hash
 
@@ -1998,7 +2006,7 @@ The Data::Dumper module on CPAN (or the 5.005 release of Perl) is great
 for printing out data structures.  The Storable module, found on CPAN,
 provides a function called C<dclone> that recursively copies its argument.
 
-    use Storable qw(dclone); 
+    use Storable qw(dclone);
     $r2 = dclone($r1);
 
 Where $r1 can be a reference to any kind of data structure you'd like.
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq5.pod b/pod/perlfaq5.pod
index ca2fb7e87c..c04f3c6872 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq5.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq5.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 2002/09/21 21:04:17 $)
+perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 2002/12/06 07:40:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ value, Perl will flush the handle's buffer after each
 print() or write(). Setting $| affects buffering only for
 the currently selected default file handle. You choose this
 handle with the one argument select() call (see
-L<perlvar/$|> and L<perlfunc/select>).
+L<perlvar/$E<verbar>> and L<perlfunc/select>).
 
 Use select() to choose the desired handle, then set its
 per-filehandle variables.
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ C<.c.orig> file.
 
 Use the File::Temp module, see L<File::Temp> for more information.
 
-  use File::Temp qw/ tempfile tempdir /; 
+  use File::Temp qw/ tempfile tempdir /;
 
   $dir = tempdir( CLEANUP => 1 );
   ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( DIR => $dir );
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Berkeley-style ps:
     #   15158 p5  T      0:00 perl /home/tchrist/scripts/now-what
     $PS_T = 'A6 A4 A7 A5 A*';
     open(PS, "ps|");
-    print scalar <PS>; 
+    print scalar <PS>;
     while (<PS>) {
 	($pid, $tt, $stat, $time, $command) = unpack($PS_T, $_);
 	for $var (qw!pid tt stat time command!) {
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ an expression where you would place the filehandle:
 That block is a proper block like any other, so you can put more
 complicated code there.  This sends the message out to one of two places:
 
-    $ok = -x "/bin/cat";                
+    $ok = -x "/bin/cat";
     print { $ok ? $fd[1] : $fd[2] } "cat stat $ok\n";
-    print { $fd[ 1+ ($ok || 0) ]  } "cat stat $ok\n";           
+    print { $fd[ 1+ ($ok || 0) ]  } "cat stat $ok\n";
 
 This approach of treating C<print> and C<printf> like object methods
 calls doesn't work for the diamond operator.  That's because it's a
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ I<then> gives you read-write access:
     open(FH, "+> /path/name");		# WRONG (almost always)
 
 Whoops.  You should instead use this, which will fail if the file
-doesn't exist.  
+doesn't exist.
 
     open(FH, "+< /path/name");  	# open for update
 
@@ -458,11 +458,11 @@ best therefore to use glob() only in list context.
 
 Normally perl ignores trailing blanks in filenames, and interprets
 certain leading characters (or a trailing "|") to mean something
-special. 
+special.
 
 The three argument form of open() lets you specify the mode
 separately from the filename.  The open() function treats
-special mode characters and whitespace in the filename as 
+special mode characters and whitespace in the filename as
 literals
 
 	open FILE, "<", "  file  ";  # filename is "   file   "
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ for your own system's idiosyncrasies (sometimes called "features").
 Slavish adherence to portability concerns shouldn't get in the way of
 your getting your job done.)
 
-For more information on file locking, see also 
+For more information on file locking, see also
 L<perlopentut/"File Locking"> if you have it (new for 5.6).
 
 =back
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ to each filehandle.
 You can use the File::Slurp module to do it in one step.
 
 	use File::Slurp;
-	
+
 	$all_of_it = read_file($filename); # entire file in scalar
     @all_lines = read_file($filename); # one line perl element
 
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ do so one line at a time:
     while (<INPUT>) {
 	chomp;
 	# do something with $_
-    } 
+    }
     close(INPUT)	    	|| die "can't close $file: $!";
 
 This is tremendously more efficient than reading the entire file into
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ You can read the entire filehandle contents into a scalar.
 	$var = <INPUT>;
     }
 
-That temporarily undefs your record separator, and will automatically 
+That temporarily undefs your record separator, and will automatically
 close the file at block exit.  If the file is already open, just use this:
 
     $var = do { local $/; <INPUT> };
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ set it to C<""> to eliminate empty paragraphs (C<"abc\n\n\n\ndef">,
 for instance, gets treated as two paragraphs and not three), or
 C<"\n\n"> to accept empty paragraphs.
 
-Note that a blank line must have no blanks in it.  Thus 
+Note that a blank line must have no blanks in it.  Thus
 S<C<"fred\n \nstuff\n\n">> is one paragraph, but C<"fred\n\nstuff\n\n"> is two.
 
 =head2 How can I read a single character from a file?  From the keyboard?
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ Or even with a literal numeric descriptor:
 
 Note that "<&STDIN" makes a copy, but "<&=STDIN" make
 an alias.  That means if you close an aliased handle, all
-aliases become inaccessible.  This is not true with 
+aliases become inaccessible.  This is not true with
 a copied one.
 
 Error checking, as always, has been left as an exercise for the reader.
@@ -949,8 +949,8 @@ to, you may be able to do this:
 
 Or, just use the fdopen(3S) feature of open():
 
-    { 
-	local *F; 
+    {
+	local *F;
 	open F, "<&=$fd" or die "Cannot reopen fd=$fd: $!";
 	close F;
     }
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq6.pod b/pod/perlfaq6.pod
index cf3a8fb7ca..9bbf80a018 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq6.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq6.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions ($Revision: 1.18 $, $Date: 2002/10/30 18:44:21 $)
+perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions ($Revision: 1.20 $, $Date: 2003/01/03 20:05:28 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This section is surprisingly small because the rest of the FAQ is
 littered with answers involving regular expressions.  For example,
 decoding a URL and checking whether something is a number are handled
 with regular expressions, but those answers are found elsewhere in
-this document (in L<perlfaq9>: ``How do I decode or create those %-encodings 
+this document (in L<perlfaq9>: ``How do I decode or create those %-encodings
 on the web'' and L<perlfaq4>: ``How do I determine whether a scalar is
 a number/whole/integer/float'', to be precise).
 
@@ -143,16 +143,16 @@ Here's another example of using C<..>:
 	# now choose between them
     } continue {
 	reset if eof();		# fix $.
-    } 
+    }
 
 =head2 I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
 
-As of Perl 5.8.0, $/ has to be a string.  This may change in 5.10,
+Up to Perl 5.8.0, $/ has to be a string.  This may change in 5.10,
 but don't get your hopes up. Until then, you can use these examples
 if you really need to do this.
 
-Use the four argument form of sysread to continually add to 
-a buffer.  After you add to the buffer, you check if you have a 
+Use the four argument form of sysread to continually add to
+a buffer.  After you add to the buffer, you check if you have a
 complete line (using your regular expression).
 
        local $_ = "";
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ complete line (using your regular expression).
              # do stuff here.
           }
        }
- 
+
  You can do the same thing with foreach and a match using the
  c flag and the \G anchor, if you do not mind your entire file
  being in memory at the end.
-       
+
        local $_ = "";
        while( sysread FH, $_, 8192, length ) {
           foreach my $record ( m/\G((?s).*?)your_pattern/gc ) {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ And here it is as a subroutine, modeled after the above:
 	my $mask = uc $old ^ $old;
 
 	uc $new | $mask .
-	    substr($mask, -1) x (length($new) - length($old))        
+	    substr($mask, -1) x (length($new) - length($old))
     }
 
     $a = "this is a TEsT case";
@@ -280,8 +280,8 @@ documented in L<perlre>.
 No matter which locale you are in, the alphabetic characters are
 the characters in \w without the digits and the underscore.
 As a regex, that looks like C</[^\W\d_]/>.  Its complement,
-the non-alphabetics, is then everything in \W along with 
-the digits and the underscore, or C</[\W\d_]/>. 
+the non-alphabetics, is then everything in \W along with
+the digits and the underscore, or C</[\W\d_]/>.
 
 =head2 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
 
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ playing hot potato.
 Use the split function:
 
     while (<>) {
-	foreach $word ( split ) { 
+	foreach $word ( split ) {
 	    # do something with $word here
-	} 
+	}
     }
 
 Note that this isn't really a word in the English sense; it's just
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ in the previous question:
 If you wanted to do the same thing for lines, you wouldn't need a
 regular expression:
 
-    while (<>) { 
+    while (<>) {
 	$seen{$_}++;
     }
     while ( ($line, $count) = each %seen ) {
@@ -500,12 +500,12 @@ The following is extremely inefficient:
     @popstates = qw(CO ON MI WI MN);
     while (defined($line = <>)) {
 	for $state (@popstates) {
-	    if ($line =~ /\b$state\b/i) {  
+	    if ($line =~ /\b$state\b/i) {
 		print $line;
 		last;
 	    }
 	}
-    }                                        
+    }
 
 That's because Perl has to recompile all those patterns for each of
 the lines of the file.  As of the 5.005 release, there's a much better
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ still need the C<g> flag.
 		{
 		print "Found $1\n";
 		}
-		
+
 After the match fails at the letter C<a>, perl resets pos()
 and the next match on the same string starts at the beginning.
 
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ which works in 5.004 or later.
 For each line, the PARSER loop first tries to match a series
 of digits followed by a word boundary.  This match has to
 start at the place the last match left off (or the beginning
-of the string on the first match). Since C<m/ \G( \d+\b   
+of the string on the first match). Since C<m/ \G( \d+\b
 )/gcx> uses the C<c> flag, if the string does not match that
 regular expression, perl does not reset pos() and the next
 match starts at the same position to try a different
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ Goldberg:
 	   (?:[A-Z][A-Z])*?
 	   GX
 	/x;
-	
+
 This succeeds if the "martian" character GX is in the string, and fails
 otherwise.  If you don't like using (?!<), you can replace (?!<[A-Z])
 with (?:^|[^A-Z]).
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq7.pod b/pod/perlfaq7.pod
index 23a1f556a8..6eb2a6b4bf 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq7.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq7.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.11 $, $Date: 2002/11/10 17:35:47 $)
+perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.12 $, $Date: 2002/12/06 07:40:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ really type specifiers:
 Note that <FILE> is I<neither> the type specifier for files
 nor the name of the handle.  It is the C<< <> >> operator applied
 to the handle FILE.  It reads one line (well, record--see
-L<perlvar/$/>) from the handle FILE in scalar context, or I<all> lines
+L<perlvar/$E<sol>>) from the handle FILE in scalar context, or I<all> lines
 in list context.  When performing open, close, or any other operation
 besides C<< <> >> on files, or even when talking about the handle, do
 I<not> use the brackets.  These are correct: C<eof(FH)>, C<seek(FH, 0,
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ One way is to treat the return values as a list and index into it:
 Another way is to use undef as an element on the left-hand-side:
 
     ($dev, $ino, undef, undef, $uid, $gid) = stat($file);
-    
+
 You can also use a list slice to select only the elements that
 you need:
 
@@ -308,13 +308,13 @@ which you treat as any other scalar.
 
 	open my $fh, $filename or die "Cannot open $filename! $!";
 	func( $fh );
-	
+
 	sub func {
 		my $passed_fh = shift;
-		
+
 		my $line = <$fh>;
 		}
-	
+
 Before Perl 5.6, you had to use the C<*FH> or C<\*FH> notations.
 These are "typeglobs"--see L<perldata/"Typeglobs and Filehandles">
 and especially L<perlsub/"Pass by Reference"> for more information.
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ In summary, local() doesn't make what you think of as private, local
 variables.  It gives a global variable a temporary value.  my() is
 what you're looking for if you want private variables.
 
-See L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> and 
+See L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> and
 L<perlsub/"Temporary Values via local()"> for excruciating details.
 
 =head2 How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ construct like this:
 	elsif (/pat2/)  { }     # do something else
 	elsif (/pat3/)  { }     # do something else
 	else            { }     # default
-    } 
+    }
 
 Here's a simple example of a switch based on pattern matching, this
 time lined up in a way to make it look more like a switch statement.
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ in $whatchamacallit:
 
     }
 
-See C<perlsyn/"Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements"> for many other 
+See C<perlsyn/"Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements"> for many other
 examples in this style.
 
 Sometimes you should change the positions of the constant and the variable.
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ C<"STOP"> here:
     elsif ("LIST"  =~ /^\Q$answer/i) { print "Action is list\n"  }
     elsif ("EDIT"  =~ /^\Q$answer/i) { print "Action is edit\n"  }
 
-A totally different approach is to create a hash of function references.  
+A totally different approach is to create a hash of function references.
 
     my %commands = (
         "happy" => \&joy,
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ A totally different approach is to create a hash of function references.
         $commands{$string}->();
     } else {
         print "No such command: $string\n";
-    } 
+    }
 
 =head2 How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or methods?
 
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ Use this code, provided by Mark-Jason Dominus:
     sub scrub_package {
 	no strict 'refs';
 	my $pack = shift;
-	die "Shouldn't delete main package" 
+	die "Shouldn't delete main package"
 	    if $pack eq "" || $pack eq "main";
 	my $stash = *{$pack . '::'}{HASH};
 	my $name;
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ Use this code, provided by Mark-Jason Dominus:
 	}
     }
 
-Or, if you're using a recent release of Perl, you can 
+Or, if you're using a recent release of Perl, you can
 just use the Symbol::delete_package() function instead.
 
 =head2 How can I use a variable as a variable name?
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ wanted to use another scalar variable to refer to those by name.
     $name = "fred";
     $$name{WIFE} = "wilma";     # set %fred
 
-    $name = "barney";           
+    $name = "barney";
     $$name{WIFE} = "betty";	# set %barney
 
 This is still a symbolic reference, and is still saddled with the
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ can play around with the symbol table.  For example:
     for my $name (@colors) {
         no strict 'refs';  # renege for the block
         *$name = sub { "<FONT COLOR='$name'>@_</FONT>" };
-    } 
+    }
 
 All those functions (red(), blue(), green(), etc.) appear to be separate,
 but the real code in the closure actually was compiled only once.
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq8.pod b/pod/perlfaq8.pod
index e00d007912..31af4bd7df 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq8.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq8.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.14 $, $Date: 2002/11/10 17:35:47 $)
+perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.16 $, $Date: 2003/01/03 20:03:57 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Or like this:
 Controlling input buffering is a remarkably system-dependent matter.
 On many systems, you can just use the B<stty> command as shown in
 L<perlfunc/getc>, but as you see, that's already getting you into
-portability snags.  
+portability snags.
 
     open(TTY, "+</dev/tty") or die "no tty: $!";
     system "stty  cbreak </dev/tty >/dev/tty 2>&1";
@@ -188,14 +188,14 @@ positions, etc, you might wish to use Term::Cap module:
 
 =head2 How do I get the screen size?
 
-If you have Term::ReadKey module installed from CPAN, 
+If you have Term::ReadKey module installed from CPAN,
 you can use it to fetch the width and height in characters
 and in pixels:
 
     use Term::ReadKey;
     ($wchar, $hchar, $wpixels, $hpixels) = GetTerminalSize();
 
-This is more portable than the raw C<ioctl>, but not as 
+This is more portable than the raw C<ioctl>, but not as
 illustrative:
 
     require 'sys/ioctl.ph';
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ next.
 
 If you expect characters to get to your device when you print() them,
 you'll want to autoflush that filehandle.  You can use select()
-and the C<$|> variable to control autoflushing (see L<perlvar/$|>
+and the C<$|> variable to control autoflushing (see L<perlvar/$E<verbar>>
 and L<perlfunc/select>, or L<perlfaq5>, ``How do I flush/unbuffer an
 output filehandle?  Why must I do this?''):
 
@@ -383,11 +383,11 @@ not an issue with C<system("cmd&")>.
 You have to be prepared to "reap" the child process when it finishes.
 
     $SIG{CHLD} = sub { wait };
-    
+
     $SIG{CHLD} = 'IGNORE';
-    
-You can also use a double fork. You immediately wait() for your 
-first child, and the init daemon will wait() for your grandchild once 
+
+You can also use a double fork. You immediately wait() for your
+first child, and the init daemon will wait() for your grandchild once
 it exits.
 
 	unless ($pid = fork) {
@@ -445,8 +445,8 @@ If perl was installed correctly and your shadow library was written
 properly, the getpw*() functions described in L<perlfunc> should in
 theory provide (read-only) access to entries in the shadow password
 file.  To change the file, make a new shadow password file (the format
-varies from system to system--see L<passwd(5)> for specifics) and use
-pwd_mkdb(8) to install it (see L<pwd_mkdb(8)> for more details).
+varies from system to system--see L<passwd> for specifics) and use
+pwd_mkdb(8) to install it (see L<pwd_mkdb> for more details).
 
 =head2 How do I set the time and date?
 
@@ -511,14 +511,14 @@ something like this:
 
 Release 5 of Perl added the END block, which can be used to simulate
 atexit().  Each package's END block is called when the program or
-thread ends (see L<perlmod> manpage for more details).  
+thread ends (see L<perlmod> manpage for more details).
 
 For example, you can use this to make sure your filter program
 managed to finish its output without filling up the disk:
 
     END {
 	close(STDOUT) || die "stdout close failed: $!";
-    } 
+    }
 
 The END block isn't called when untrapped signals kill the program,
 though, so if you use END blocks you should also use
@@ -556,7 +556,10 @@ syscall(), you can use the syscall function (documented in
 L<perlfunc>).
 
 Remember to check the modules that came with your distribution, and
-CPAN as well--someone may already have written a module to do it.
+CPAN as well---someone may already have written a module to do it. On
+Windows, try Win32::API.  On Macs, try Mac::Carbon.  If no module
+has an interface to the C function, you can inline a bit of C in your
+Perl source with Inline::C.
 
 =head2 Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
 
@@ -594,8 +597,8 @@ scripts inherently insecure.  Perl gives you a number of options
 The IPC::Open2 module (part of the standard perl distribution) is an
 easy-to-use approach that internally uses pipe(), fork(), and exec() to do
 the job.  Make sure you read the deadlock warnings in its documentation,
-though (see L<IPC::Open2>).  See 
-L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication with Another Process"> and 
+though (see L<IPC::Open2>).  See
+L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication with Another Process"> and
 L<perlipc/"Bidirectional Communication with Yourself">
 
 You may also use the IPC::Open3 module (part of the standard perl
@@ -783,7 +786,7 @@ Strictly speaking, nothing.  Stylistically speaking, it's not a good
 way to write maintainable code.  Perl has several operators for
 running external commands.  Backticks are one; they collect the output
 from the command for use in your program.  The C<system> function is
-another; it doesn't do this.  
+another; it doesn't do this.
 
 Writing backticks in your program sends a clear message to the readers
 of your code that you wanted to collect the output of the command.
@@ -944,7 +947,7 @@ different process from the shell it was started from.  Changes to a
 process are not reflected in its parent--only in any children
 created after the change.  There is shell magic that may allow you to
 fake it by eval()ing the script's output in your shell; check out the
-comp.unix.questions FAQ for details.  
+comp.unix.questions FAQ for details.
 
 =back
 
@@ -965,7 +968,7 @@ module for other solutions.
 
 =item *
 
-Open /dev/tty and use the TIOCNOTTY ioctl on it.  See L<tty(4)>
+Open /dev/tty and use the TIOCNOTTY ioctl on it.  See L<tty>
 for details.  Or better yet, you can just use the POSIX::setsid()
 function, so you don't have to worry about process groups.
 
@@ -1044,7 +1047,7 @@ sample code) and then have a signal handler for the INT signal that
 passes the signal on to the subprocess.  Or you can check for it:
 
     $rc = system($cmd);
-    if ($rc & 127) { die "signal death" } 
+    if ($rc & 127) { die "signal death" }
 
 =head2 How do I open a file without blocking?
 
@@ -1060,16 +1063,16 @@ sysopen():
 =head2 How do I install a module from CPAN?
 
 The easiest way is to have a module also named CPAN do it for you.
-This module comes with perl version 5.004 and later.  
+This module comes with perl version 5.004 and later.
 
     $ perl -MCPAN -e shell
 
     cpan shell -- CPAN exploration and modules installation (v1.59_54)
     ReadLine support enabled
 
-    cpan> install Some::Module 
+    cpan> install Some::Module
 
-To manually install the CPAN module, or any well-behaved CPAN module 
+To manually install the CPAN module, or any well-behaved CPAN module
 for that matter, follow these steps:
 
 =over 4
@@ -1176,7 +1179,7 @@ but other times it is not.  Modern programs C<use Socket;> instead.
 
 =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
-Copyright (c) 1997-2002 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
+Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
 All rights reserved.
 
 This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
diff --git a/pod/perlfaq9.pod b/pod/perlfaq9.pod
index e4206bba15..ec0a4f5b74 100644
--- a/pod/perlfaq9.pod
+++ b/pod/perlfaq9.pod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 =head1 NAME
 
-perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.13 $, $Date: 2002/11/13 06:07:58 $)
+perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.14 $, $Date: 2002/12/06 07:40:11 $)
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ and a few on the web.
 
 (Alan Flavell <flavell+www@a5.ph.gla.ac.uk> answers...)
 
-The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) specifies a software interface between 
-a program ("CGI script") and a web server (HTTPD). It is not specific 
-to Perl, and has its own FAQs and tutorials, and usenet group, 
-comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi 
+The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) specifies a software interface between
+a program ("CGI script") and a web server (HTTPD). It is not specific
+to Perl, and has its own FAQs and tutorials, and usenet group,
+comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi
 
 The original CGI specification is at: http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/
 
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ Current best-practice RFC draft at: http://CGI-Spec.Golux.Com/
 
 Other relevant documentation listed in: http://www.perl.org/CGI_MetaFAQ.html
 
-These Perl FAQs very selectively cover some CGI issues. However, Perl 
+These Perl FAQs very selectively cover some CGI issues. However, Perl
 programmers are strongly advised to use the CGI.pm module, to take care
-of the details for them. 
+of the details for them.
 
 The similarity between CGI response headers (defined in the CGI
 specification) and HTTP response headers (defined in the HTTP
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Perl CGI scripts" guide at
 
 	http://www.perl.org/troubleshooting_CGI.html
 
-If, after that, you can demonstrate that you've read the FAQs and that 
+If, after that, you can demonstrate that you've read the FAQs and that
 your problem isn't something simple that can be easily answered, you'll
 probably receive a courteous and useful reply to your question if you
 post it on comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi (if it's something to do
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ with HTTP or the CGI protocols).  Questions that appear to be Perl
 questions but are really CGI ones that are posted to comp.lang.perl.misc
 are not so well received.
 
-The useful FAQs, related documents, and troubleshooting guides are 
+The useful FAQs, related documents, and troubleshooting guides are
 listed in the CGI Meta FAQ:
 
 	http://www.perl.org/CGI_MetaFAQ.html
@@ -150,19 +150,19 @@ on text like this:
 
 You can easily extract all sorts of URLs from HTML with
 C<HTML::SimpleLinkExtor> which handles anchors, images, objects,
-frames, and many other tags that can contain a URL.  If you need 
-anything more complex, you can create your own subclass of 
-C<HTML::LinkExtor> or C<HTML::Parser>.  You might even use 
+frames, and many other tags that can contain a URL.  If you need
+anything more complex, you can create your own subclass of
+C<HTML::LinkExtor> or C<HTML::Parser>.  You might even use
 C<HTML::SimpleLinkExtor> as an example for something specifically
 suited to your needs.
 
 You can use URI::Find to extract URLs from an arbitrary text document.
 
-Less complete solutions involving regular expressions can save 
+Less complete solutions involving regular expressions can save
 you a lot of processing time if you know that the input is simple.  One
 solution from Tom Christiansen runs 100 times faster than most
 module based approaches but only extracts URLs from anchors where the first
-attribute is HREF and there are no other attributes. 
+attribute is HREF and there are no other attributes.
 
         #!/usr/bin/perl -n00
         # qxurl - tchrist@perl.com
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ redirection is handled by the local web server.
       print redirect($url);
 
 
-But if coded directly, it could be as follows (the final "\n" is 
+But if coded directly, it could be as follows (the final "\n" is
 shown separately, for clarity), using either a complete URL or
-an absolute URLpath. 
+an absolute URLpath.
 
       print "Location: $url\n";   # CGI response header
       print "\n";                 # end of headers
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ MIME::Lite also includes a method for sending these things.
 
     $msg->send;
 
-This defaults to using L<sendmail(1)> but can be customized to use
+This defaults to using L<sendmail> but can be customized to use
 SMTP via L<Net::SMTP>.
 
 =head2 How do I read mail?