perl 5.0 alpha 2perl-5a2

[editor's note: from history.perl.org.  The sparc executables
originally included in the distribution are not in this commit.]

1 files changed, 492 insertions, 1880 deletions

diff --git a/doio.c b/doio.c
index dd3b616c6c..ce0eae3786 100644
--- a/doio.c
+++ b/doio.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $RCSfile: doio.c,v $$Revision: 4.0.1.6 $$Date: 92/06/11 21:08:16 $
+/* $RCSfile: doio.c,v $$Revision: 4.1 $$Date: 92/08/07 17:19:42 $
  *
  *    Copyright (c) 1991, Larry Wall
  *
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
  *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
  *
  * $Log:	doio.c,v $
+ * Revision 4.1  92/08/07  17:19:42  lwall
+ * Stage 6 Snapshot
+ * 
  * Revision 4.0.1.6  92/06/11  21:08:16  lwall
  * patch34: some systems don't declare h_errno extern in header files
  * 
@@ -51,26 +54,6 @@
 #include "EXTERN.h"
 #include "perl.h"
 
-#ifdef HAS_SOCKET
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#ifndef ENOTSOCK
-#include <net/errno.h>
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAS_SELECT
-#ifdef I_SYS_SELECT
-#ifndef I_SYS_TIME
-#include <sys/select.h>
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HOST_NOT_FOUND
-extern int h_errno;
-#endif
-
 #if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)
 #include <sys/ipc.h>
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
@@ -84,12 +67,6 @@ extern int h_errno;
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#ifdef I_PWD
-#include <pwd.h>
-#endif
-#ifdef I_GRP
-#include <grp.h>
-#endif
 #ifdef I_UTIME
 #include <utime.h>
 #endif
@@ -100,19 +77,14 @@ extern int h_errno;
 #include <sys/file.h>
 #endif
 
-int laststatval = -1;
-int laststype = O_STAT;
-
-static char* warn_nl = "Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline";
-
 bool
-do_open(stab,name,len)
-STAB *stab;
+do_open(gv,name,len)
+GV *gv;
 register char *name;
-int len;
+I32 len;
 {
     FILE *fp;
-    register STIO *stio = stab_io(stab);
+    register IO *io = GvIO(gv);
     char *myname = savestr(name);
     int result;
     int fd;
@@ -127,34 +99,34 @@ int len;
     forkprocess = 1;		/* assume true if no fork */
     while (len && isSPACE(name[len-1]))
 	name[--len] = '\0';
-    if (!stio)
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio->ifp) {
-	fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-	if (stio->type == '-')
+    if (!io)
+	io = GvIO(gv) = newIO();
+    else if (io->ifp) {
+	fd = fileno(io->ifp);
+	if (io->type == '-')
 	    result = 0;
 	else if (fd <= maxsysfd) {
-	    saveifp = stio->ifp;
-	    saveofp = stio->ofp;
-	    savetype = stio->type;
+	    saveifp = io->ifp;
+	    saveofp = io->ofp;
+	    savetype = io->type;
 	    result = 0;
 	}
-	else if (stio->type == '|')
-	    result = mypclose(stio->ifp);
-	else if (stio->ifp != stio->ofp) {
-	    if (stio->ofp) {
-		result = fclose(stio->ofp);
-		fclose(stio->ifp);	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
+	else if (io->type == '|')
+	    result = my_pclose(io->ifp);
+	else if (io->ifp != io->ofp) {
+	    if (io->ofp) {
+		result = fclose(io->ofp);
+		fclose(io->ifp);	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
 	    }
 	    else
-		result = fclose(stio->ifp);
+		result = fclose(io->ifp);
 	}
 	else
-	    result = fclose(stio->ifp);
+	    result = fclose(io->ifp);
 	if (result == EOF && fd > maxsysfd)
 	    fprintf(stderr,"Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly.\n",
-	      stab_ename(stab));
-	stio->ofp = stio->ifp = Nullfp;
+	      GvENAME(gv));
+	io->ofp = io->ifp = Nullfp;
     }
     if (*name == '+' && len > 1 && name[len-1] != '|') {	/* scary */
 	mode[1] = *name++;
@@ -165,24 +137,21 @@ int len;
     else  {
 	mode[1] = '\0';
     }
-    stio->type = *name;
+    io->type = *name;
     if (*name == '|') {
 	/*SUPPRESS 530*/
 	for (name++; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintenv();
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in piped open");
-#endif
-	fp = mypopen(name,"w");
+	if (strNE(name,"-"))
+	    TAINT_ENV();
+	TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
+	fp = my_popen(name,"w");
 	writing = 1;
     }
     else if (*name == '>') {
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in open");
-#endif
+	TAINT_PROPER("open");
 	name++;
 	if (*name == '>') {
-	    mode[0] = stio->type = 'a';
+	    mode[0] = io->type = 'a';
 	    name++;
 	}
 	else
@@ -196,17 +165,17 @@ int len;
 	    if (isDIGIT(*name))
 		fd = atoi(name);
 	    else {
-		stab = stabent(name,FALSE);
-		if (!stab || !stab_io(stab)) {
+		gv = gv_fetchpv(name,FALSE);
+		if (!gv || !GvIO(gv)) {
 #ifdef EINVAL
 		    errno = EINVAL;
 #endif
 		    goto say_false;
 		}
-		if (stab_io(stab) && stab_io(stab)->ifp) {
-		    fd = fileno(stab_io(stab)->ifp);
-		    if (stab_io(stab)->type == 's')
-			stio->type = 's';
+		if (GvIO(gv) && GvIO(gv)->ifp) {
+		    fd = fileno(GvIO(gv)->ifp);
+		    if (GvIO(gv)->type == 's')
+			io->type = 's';
 		}
 		else
 		    fd = -1;
@@ -220,7 +189,7 @@ int len;
 		name++;
 	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
 		fp = stdout;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		io->type = '-';
 	    }
 	    else  {
 		fp = fopen(name,mode);
@@ -237,51 +206,50 @@ int len;
 		goto duplicity;
 	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
 		fp = stdin;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		io->type = '-';
 	    }
 	    else
 		fp = fopen(name,mode);
 	}
 	else if (name[len-1] == '|') {
-#ifdef TAINT
-	    taintenv();
-	    taintproper("Insecure dependency in piped open");
-#endif
 	    name[--len] = '\0';
 	    while (len && isSPACE(name[len-1]))
 		name[--len] = '\0';
 	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
 	    for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
-	    fp = mypopen(name,"r");
-	    stio->type = '|';
+	    if (strNE(name,"-"))
+		TAINT_ENV();
+	    TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
+	    fp = my_popen(name,"r");
+	    io->type = '|';
 	}
 	else {
-	    stio->type = '<';
+	    io->type = '<';
 	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
 	    for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
 	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
 		fp = stdin;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		io->type = '-';
 	    }
 	    else
 		fp = fopen(name,"r");
 	}
     }
     if (!fp) {
-	if (dowarn && stio->type == '<' && index(name, '\n'))
+	if (dowarn && io->type == '<' && index(name, '\n'))
 	    warn(warn_nl, "open");
 	Safefree(myname);
 	goto say_false;
     }
     Safefree(myname);
-    if (stio->type &&
-      stio->type != '|' && stio->type != '-') {
+    if (io->type &&
+      io->type != '|' && io->type != '-') {
 	if (fstat(fileno(fp),&statbuf) < 0) {
 	    (void)fclose(fp);
 	    goto say_false;
 	}
 	if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode))
-	    stio->type = 's';	/* in case a socket was passed in to us */
+	    io->type = 's';	/* in case a socket was passed in to us */
 #ifdef HAS_SOCKET
 	else if (
 #ifdef S_IFMT
@@ -290,10 +258,10 @@ int len;
 	    !statbuf.st_mode
 #endif
 	) {
-	    int buflen = sizeof tokenbuf;
+	    I32 buflen = sizeof tokenbuf;
 	    if (getsockname(fileno(fp), tokenbuf, &buflen) >= 0
 		|| errno != ENOTSOCK)
-		stio->type = 's'; /* some OS's return 0 on fstat()ed socket */
+		io->type = 's'; /* some OS's return 0 on fstat()ed socket */
 				/* but some return 0 for streams too, sigh */
 	}
 #endif
@@ -310,65 +278,64 @@ int len;
 	}
 	if (fd != fileno(fp)) {
 	    int pid;
-	    STR *str;
+	    SV *sv;
 
 	    dup2(fileno(fp), fd);
-	    str = afetch(fdpid,fileno(fp),TRUE);
-	    pid = str->str_u.str_useful;
-	    str->str_u.str_useful = 0;
-	    str = afetch(fdpid,fd,TRUE);
-	    str->str_u.str_useful = pid;
+	    sv = *av_fetch(fdpid,fileno(fp),TRUE);
+	    SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
+	    pid = SvIV(sv);
+	    SvIV(sv) = 0;
+	    sv = *av_fetch(fdpid,fd,TRUE);
+	    SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
+	    SvIV(sv) = pid;
 	    fclose(fp);
 
 	}
 	fp = saveifp;
 	clearerr(fp);
     }
-#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD)
+#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(FFt_SETFD)
     fd = fileno(fp);
-    fcntl(fd,F_SETFD,fd > maxsysfd);
+    fcntl(fd,FFt_SETFD,fd > maxsysfd);
 #endif
-    stio->ifp = fp;
+    io->ifp = fp;
     if (writing) {
-	if (stio->type == 's'
-	  || (stio->type == '>' && S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode)) ) {
-	    if (!(stio->ofp = fdopen(fileno(fp),"w"))) {
+	if (io->type == 's'
+	  || (io->type == '>' && S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode)) ) {
+	    if (!(io->ofp = fdopen(fileno(fp),"w"))) {
 		fclose(fp);
-		stio->ifp = Nullfp;
+		io->ifp = Nullfp;
 		goto say_false;
 	    }
 	}
 	else
-	    stio->ofp = fp;
+	    io->ofp = fp;
     }
     return TRUE;
 
 say_false:
-    stio->ifp = saveifp;
-    stio->ofp = saveofp;
-    stio->type = savetype;
+    io->ifp = saveifp;
+    io->ofp = saveofp;
+    io->type = savetype;
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 FILE *
-nextargv(stab)
-register STAB *stab;
+nextargv(gv)
+register GV *gv;
 {
-    register STR *str;
+    register SV *sv;
 #ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
     int filedev;
     int fileino;
 #endif
     int fileuid;
     int filegid;
-    static int filemode = 0;
-    static int lastfd;
-    static char *oldname;
 
-    if (!argvoutstab)
-	argvoutstab = stabent("ARGVOUT",TRUE);
+    if (!argvoutgv)
+	argvoutgv = gv_fetchpv("ARGVOUT",TRUE);
     if (filemode & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID)) {
-	fflush(stab_io(argvoutstab)->ifp);  /* chmod must follow last write */
+	fflush(GvIO(argvoutgv)->ifp);  /* chmod must follow last write */
 #ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
 	(void)fchmod(lastfd,filemode);
 #else
@@ -376,20 +343,18 @@ register STAB *stab;
 #endif
     }
     filemode = 0;
-    while (alen(stab_xarray(stab)) >= 0) {
-	str = ashift(stab_xarray(stab));
-	str_sset(stab_val(stab),str);
-	STABSET(stab_val(stab));
-	oldname = str_get(stab_val(stab));
-	if (do_open(stab,oldname,stab_val(stab)->str_cur)) {
+    while (av_len(GvAV(gv)) >= 0) {
+	sv = av_shift(GvAV(gv));
+	sv_setsv(GvSV(gv),sv);
+	SvSETMAGIC(GvSV(gv));
+	oldname = SvPVnx(GvSV(gv));
+	if (do_open(gv,oldname,SvCUR(GvSV(gv)))) {
 	    if (inplace) {
-#ifdef TAINT
-		taintproper("Insecure dependency in inplace open");
-#endif
+		TAINT_PROPER("inplace open");
 		if (strEQ(oldname,"-")) {
-		    str_free(str);
-		    defoutstab = stabent("STDOUT",TRUE);
-		    return stab_io(stab)->ifp;
+		    sv_free(sv);
+		    defoutgv = gv_fetchpv("STDOUT",TRUE);
+		    return GvIO(gv)->ifp;
 		}
 #ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
 		filedev = statbuf.st_dev;
@@ -401,49 +366,49 @@ register STAB *stab;
 		if (!S_ISREG(filemode)) {
 		    warn("Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file",
 		      oldname );
-		    do_close(stab,FALSE);
-		    str_free(str);
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    sv_free(sv);
 		    continue;
 		}
 		if (*inplace) {
 #ifdef SUFFIX
-		    add_suffix(str,inplace);
+		    add_suffix(sv,inplace);
 #else
-		    str_cat(str,inplace);
+		    sv_catpv(sv,inplace);
 #endif
 #ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
-		    if (stat(str->str_ptr,&statbuf) >= 0
+		    if (stat(SvPV(sv),&statbuf) >= 0
 		      && statbuf.st_dev == filedev
 		      && statbuf.st_ino == fileino ) {
 			warn("Can't do inplace edit: %s > 14 characters",
-			  str->str_ptr );
-			do_close(stab,FALSE);
-			str_free(str);
+			  SvPV(sv) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			sv_free(sv);
 			continue;
 		    }
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_RENAME
 #ifndef DOSISH
-		    if (rename(oldname,str->str_ptr) < 0) {
+		    if (rename(oldname,SvPV(sv)) < 0) {
 			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
-			  oldname, str->str_ptr, strerror(errno) );
-			do_close(stab,FALSE);
-			str_free(str);
+			  oldname, SvPV(sv), strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			sv_free(sv);
 			continue;
 		    }
 #else
-		    do_close(stab,FALSE);
-		    (void)unlink(str->str_ptr);
-		    (void)rename(oldname,str->str_ptr);
-		    do_open(stab,str->str_ptr,stab_val(stab)->str_cur);
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    (void)unlink(SvPV(sv));
+		    (void)rename(oldname,SvPV(sv));
+		    do_open(gv,SvPV(sv),SvCUR(GvSV(gv)));
 #endif /* MSDOS */
 #else
-		    (void)UNLINK(str->str_ptr);
-		    if (link(oldname,str->str_ptr) < 0) {
+		    (void)UNLINK(SvPV(sv));
+		    if (link(oldname,SvPV(sv)) < 0) {
 			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
-			  oldname, str->str_ptr, strerror(errno) );
-			do_close(stab,FALSE);
-			str_free(str);
+			  oldname, SvPV(sv), strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			sv_free(sv);
 			continue;
 		    }
 		    (void)UNLINK(oldname);
@@ -453,9 +418,9 @@ register STAB *stab;
 #ifndef DOSISH
 		    if (UNLINK(oldname) < 0) {
 			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
-			  oldname, str->str_ptr, strerror(errno) );
-			do_close(stab,FALSE);
-			str_free(str);
+			  oldname, SvPV(sv), strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			sv_free(sv);
 			continue;
 		    }
 #else
@@ -463,18 +428,18 @@ register STAB *stab;
 #endif
 		}
 
-		str_nset(str,">",1);
-		str_cat(str,oldname);
+		sv_setpvn(sv,">",1);
+		sv_catpv(sv,oldname);
 		errno = 0;		/* in case sprintf set errno */
-		if (!do_open(argvoutstab,str->str_ptr,str->str_cur)) {
+		if (!do_open(argvoutgv,SvPV(sv),SvCUR(sv))) {
 		    warn("Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s",
 		      oldname, strerror(errno) );
-		    do_close(stab,FALSE);
-		    str_free(str);
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    sv_free(sv);
 		    continue;
 		}
-		defoutstab = argvoutstab;
-		lastfd = fileno(stab_io(argvoutstab)->ifp);
+		defoutgv = argvoutgv;
+		lastfd = fileno(GvIO(argvoutgv)->ifp);
 		(void)fstat(lastfd,&statbuf);
 #ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
 		(void)fchmod(lastfd,filemode);
@@ -491,47 +456,47 @@ register STAB *stab;
 #endif
 		}
 	    }
-	    str_free(str);
-	    return stab_io(stab)->ifp;
+	    sv_free(sv);
+	    return GvIO(gv)->ifp;
 	}
 	else
-	    fprintf(stderr,"Can't open %s: %s\n",str_get(str), strerror(errno));
-	str_free(str);
+	    fprintf(stderr,"Can't open %s: %s\n",SvPVn(sv), strerror(errno));
+	sv_free(sv);
     }
     if (inplace) {
-	(void)do_close(argvoutstab,FALSE);
-	defoutstab = stabent("STDOUT",TRUE);
+	(void)do_close(argvoutgv,FALSE);
+	defoutgv = gv_fetchpv("STDOUT",TRUE);
     }
     return Nullfp;
 }
 
 #ifdef HAS_PIPE
 void
-do_pipe(str, rstab, wstab)
-STR *str;
-STAB *rstab;
-STAB *wstab;
+do_pipe(sv, rgv, wgv)
+SV *sv;
+GV *rgv;
+GV *wgv;
 {
-    register STIO *rstio;
-    register STIO *wstio;
+    register IO *rstio;
+    register IO *wstio;
     int fd[2];
 
-    if (!rstab)
+    if (!rgv)
 	goto badexit;
-    if (!wstab)
+    if (!wgv)
 	goto badexit;
 
-    rstio = stab_io(rstab);
-    wstio = stab_io(wstab);
+    rstio = GvIO(rgv);
+    wstio = GvIO(wgv);
 
     if (!rstio)
-	rstio = stab_io(rstab) = stio_new();
+	rstio = GvIO(rgv) = newIO();
     else if (rstio->ifp)
-	do_close(rstab,FALSE);
+	do_close(rgv,FALSE);
     if (!wstio)
-	wstio = stab_io(wstab) = stio_new();
+	wstio = GvIO(wgv) = newIO();
     else if (wstio->ifp)
-	do_close(wstab,FALSE);
+	do_close(wgv,FALSE);
 
     if (pipe(fd) < 0)
 	goto badexit;
@@ -548,97 +513,93 @@ STAB *wstab;
 	goto badexit;
     }
 
-    str_sset(str,&str_yes);
+    sv_setsv(sv,&sv_yes);
     return;
 
 badexit:
-    str_sset(str,&str_undef);
+    sv_setsv(sv,&sv_undef);
     return;
 }
 #endif
 
 bool
-do_close(stab,explicit)
-STAB *stab;
+do_close(gv,explicit)
+GV *gv;
 bool explicit;
 {
     bool retval = FALSE;
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
     int status;
 
-    if (!stab)
-	stab = argvstab;
-    if (!stab) {
+    if (!gv)
+	gv = argvgv;
+    if (!gv) {
 	errno = EBADF;
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio) {		/* never opened */
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io) {		/* never opened */
 	if (dowarn && explicit)
-	    warn("Close on unopened file <%s>",stab_ename(stab));
+	    warn("Close on unopened file <%s>",GvENAME(gv));
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    if (stio->ifp) {
-	if (stio->type == '|') {
-	    status = mypclose(stio->ifp);
+    if (io->ifp) {
+	if (io->type == '|') {
+	    status = my_pclose(io->ifp);
 	    retval = (status == 0);
 	    statusvalue = (unsigned short)status & 0xffff;
 	}
-	else if (stio->type == '-')
+	else if (io->type == '-')
 	    retval = TRUE;
 	else {
-	    if (stio->ofp && stio->ofp != stio->ifp) {		/* a socket */
-		retval = (fclose(stio->ofp) != EOF);
-		fclose(stio->ifp);	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
+	    if (io->ofp && io->ofp != io->ifp) {		/* a socket */
+		retval = (fclose(io->ofp) != EOF);
+		fclose(io->ifp);	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
 	    }
 	    else
-		retval = (fclose(stio->ifp) != EOF);
+		retval = (fclose(io->ifp) != EOF);
 	}
-	stio->ofp = stio->ifp = Nullfp;
+	io->ofp = io->ifp = Nullfp;
+    }
+    if (explicit) {
+	io->lines = 0;
+	io->page = 0;
+	io->lines_left = io->page_len;
     }
-    if (explicit)
-	stio->lines = 0;
-    stio->type = ' ';
+    io->type = ' ';
     return retval;
 }
 
 bool
-do_eof(stab)
-STAB *stab;
+do_eof(gv)
+GV *gv;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
     int ch;
 
-    if (!stab) {			/* eof() */
-	if (argvstab)
-	    stio = stab_io(argvstab);
-	else
-	    return TRUE;
-    }
-    else
-	stio = stab_io(stab);
+    io = GvIO(gv);
 
-    if (!stio)
+    if (!io)
 	return TRUE;
 
-    while (stio->ifp) {
+    while (io->ifp) {
 
 #ifdef STDSTDIO			/* (the code works without this) */
-	if (stio->ifp->_cnt > 0)	/* cheat a little, since */
+	if (io->ifp->_cnt > 0)	/* cheat a little, since */
 	    return FALSE;		/* this is the most usual case */
 #endif
 
-	ch = getc(stio->ifp);
+	ch = getc(io->ifp);
 	if (ch != EOF) {
-	    (void)ungetc(ch, stio->ifp);
+	    (void)ungetc(ch, io->ifp);
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
 #ifdef STDSTDIO
-	if (stio->ifp->_cnt < -1)
-	    stio->ifp->_cnt = -1;
+	if (io->ifp->_cnt < -1)
+	    io->ifp->_cnt = -1;
 #endif
-	if (!stab) {			/* not necessarily a real EOF yet? */
-	    if (!nextargv(argvstab))	/* get another fp handy */
+	if (gv == argvgv) {		/* not necessarily a real EOF yet? */
+	    if (!nextargv(argvgv))	/* get another fp handy */
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 	else
@@ -648,24 +609,24 @@ STAB *stab;
 }
 
 long
-do_tell(stab)
-STAB *stab;
+do_tell(gv)
+GV *gv;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
 
-    if (!stab)
+    if (!gv)
 	goto phooey;
 
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io || !io->ifp)
 	goto phooey;
 
 #ifdef ULTRIX_STDIO_BOTCH
-    if (feof(stio->ifp))
-	(void)fseek (stio->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+    if (feof(io->ifp))
+	(void)fseek (io->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
 #endif
 
-    return ftell(stio->ifp);
+    return ftell(io->ifp);
 
 phooey:
     if (dowarn)
@@ -675,26 +636,26 @@ phooey:
 }
 
 bool
-do_seek(stab, pos, whence)
-STAB *stab;
+do_seek(gv, pos, whence)
+GV *gv;
 long pos;
 int whence;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
 
-    if (!stab)
+    if (!gv)
 	goto nuts;
 
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io || !io->ifp)
 	goto nuts;
 
 #ifdef ULTRIX_STDIO_BOTCH
-    if (feof(stio->ifp))
-	(void)fseek (stio->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+    if (feof(io->ifp))
+	(void)fseek (io->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
 #endif
 
-    return fseek(stio->ifp, pos, whence) >= 0;
+    return fseek(io->ifp, pos, whence) >= 0;
 
 nuts:
     if (dowarn)
@@ -703,25 +664,25 @@ nuts:
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-int
-do_ctl(optype,stab,func,argstr)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int func;
-STR *argstr;
+I32
+do_ctl(optype,gv,func,argstr)
+I32 optype;
+GV *gv;
+I32 func;
+SV *argstr;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
     register char *s;
-    int retval;
+    I32 retval;
 
-    if (!stab || !argstr || !(stio = stab_io(stab)) || !stio->ifp) {
+    if (!gv || !argstr || !(io = GvIO(gv)) || !io->ifp) {
 	errno = EBADF;	/* well, sort of... */
 	return -1;
     }
 
-    if (argstr->str_pok || !argstr->str_nok) {
-	if (!argstr->str_pok)
-	    s = str_get(argstr);
+    if (SvPOK(argstr) || !SvNIOK(argstr)) {
+	if (!SvPOK(argstr))
+	    s = SvPVn(argstr);
 
 #ifdef IOCPARM_MASK
 #ifndef IOCPARM_LEN
@@ -733,16 +694,16 @@ STR *argstr;
 #else
 	retval = 256;			/* otherwise guess at what's safe */
 #endif
-	if (argstr->str_cur < retval) {
-	    Str_Grow(argstr,retval+1);
-	    argstr->str_cur = retval;
+	if (SvCUR(argstr) < retval) {
+	    Sv_Grow(argstr,retval+1);
+	    SvCUR_set(argstr, retval);
 	}
 
-	s = argstr->str_ptr;
-	s[argstr->str_cur] = 17;	/* a little sanity check here */
+	s = SvPV(argstr);
+	s[SvCUR(argstr)] = 17;	/* a little sanity check here */
     }
     else {
-	retval = (int)str_gnum(argstr);
+	retval = SvIVn(argstr);
 #ifdef DOSISH
 	s = (char*)(long)retval;		/* ouch */
 #else
@@ -751,14 +712,14 @@ STR *argstr;
     }
 
 #ifndef lint
-    if (optype == O_IOCTL)
-	retval = ioctl(fileno(stio->ifp), func, s);
+    if (optype == OP_IOCTL)
+	retval = ioctl(fileno(io->ifp), func, s);
     else
 #ifdef DOSISH
 	fatal("fcntl is not implemented");
 #else
 #ifdef HAS_FCNTL
-	retval = fcntl(fileno(stio->ifp), func, s);
+	retval = fcntl(fileno(io->ifp), func, s);
 #else
 	fatal("fcntl is not implemented");
 #endif
@@ -767,115 +728,20 @@ STR *argstr;
     retval = 0;
 #endif /* lint */
 
-    if (argstr->str_pok) {
-	if (s[argstr->str_cur] != 17)
+    if (SvPOK(argstr)) {
+	if (s[SvCUR(argstr)] != 17)
 	    fatal("Return value overflowed string");
-	s[argstr->str_cur] = 0;		/* put our null back */
+	s[SvCUR(argstr)] = 0;		/* put our null back */
     }
     return retval;
 }
 
-int
-do_stat(str,arg,gimme,arglast)
-STR *str;
-register ARG *arg;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0] + 1;
-    int max = 13;
-
-    if ((arg[1].arg_type & A_MASK) == A_WORD) {
-	tmpstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	if (tmpstab != defstab) {
-	    laststype = O_STAT;
-	    statstab = tmpstab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    if (!stab_io(tmpstab) || !stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp ||
-	      fstat(fileno(stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp),&statcache) < 0) {
-		max = 0;
-		laststatval = -1;
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (laststatval < 0)
-	    max = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	str_set(statname,str_get(ary->ary_array[sp]));
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-#ifdef HAS_LSTAT
-	laststype = arg->arg_type;
-	if (arg->arg_type == O_LSTAT)
-	    laststatval = lstat(str_get(statname),&statcache);
-	else
-#endif
-	    laststatval = stat(str_get(statname),&statcache);
-	if (laststatval < 0) {
-	    if (dowarn && index(str_get(statname), '\n'))
-		warn(warn_nl, "stat");
-	    max = 0;
-	}
-    }
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	if (max)
-	    str_sset(str,&str_yes);
-	else
-	    str_sset(str,&str_undef);
-	STABSET(str);
-	ary->ary_array[sp] = str;
-	return sp;
-    }
-    sp--;
-    if (max) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_dev)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_ino)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_mode)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_nlink)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_uid)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_gid)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_rdev)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_size)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_atime)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_mtime)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_ctime)));
-#ifdef STATBLOCKS
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_blksize)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_blocks)));
-#else
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_make("",0)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2mortal(str_make("",0)));
-#endif
-#else /* lint */
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,str_nmake(0.0));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-    return sp;
-}
-
-#if !defined(HAS_TRUNCATE) && !defined(HAS_CHSIZE) && defined(F_FREESP)
+#if !defined(HAS_TRUNCATE) && !defined(HAS_CHSIZE) && defined(FFt_FREESP)
 	/* code courtesy of William Kucharski */
 #define HAS_CHSIZE
 
-int chsize(fd, length)
-int fd;			/* file descriptor */
+I32 chsize(fd, length)
+I32 fd;			/* file descriptor */
 off_t length;		/* length to set file to */
 {
     extern long lseek();
@@ -903,91 +769,36 @@ off_t length;		/* length to set file to */
 	fl.l_whence = 0;
 	fl.l_len = 0;
 	fl.l_start = length;
-	fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;    /* write lock on file space */
+	fl.l_type = FFt_WRLCK;    /* write lock on file space */
 
 	/*
-	* This relies on the UNDOCUMENTED F_FREESP argument to
+	* This relies on the UNDOCUMENTED FFt_FREESP argument to
 	* fcntl(2), which truncates the file so that it ends at the
 	* position indicated by fl.l_start.
 	*
 	* Will minor miracles never cease?
 	*/
 
-	if (fcntl(fd, F_FREESP, &fl) < 0)
+	if (fcntl(fd, FFt_FREESP, &fl) < 0)
 	    return -1;
 
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
-#endif /* F_FREESP */
-
-int					/*SUPPRESS 590*/
-do_truncate(str,arg,gimme,arglast)
-STR *str;
-register ARG *arg;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0] + 1;
-    off_t len = (off_t)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-    int result = 1;
-    STAB *tmpstab;
-
-#if defined(HAS_TRUNCATE) || defined(HAS_CHSIZE)
-#ifdef HAS_TRUNCATE
-    if ((arg[1].arg_type & A_MASK) == A_WORD) {
-	tmpstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	if (!stab_io(tmpstab) || !stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp ||
-	  ftruncate(fileno(stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp), len) < 0)
-	    result = 0;
-    }
-    else if (truncate(str_get(ary->ary_array[sp]), len) < 0)
-	result = 0;
-#else
-    if ((arg[1].arg_type & A_MASK) == A_WORD) {
-	tmpstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	if (!stab_io(tmpstab) || !stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp ||
-	  chsize(fileno(stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp), len) < 0)
-	    result = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-	int tmpfd;
+#endif /* FFt_FREESP */
 
-	if ((tmpfd = open(str_get(ary->ary_array[sp]), 0)) < 0)
-	    result = 0;
-	else {
-	    if (chsize(tmpfd, len) < 0)
-		result = 0;
-	    close(tmpfd);
-	}
-    }
-#endif
-
-    if (result)
-	str_sset(str,&str_yes);
-    else
-	str_sset(str,&str_undef);
-    STABSET(str);
-    ary->ary_array[sp] = str;
-    return sp;
-#else
-    fatal("truncate not implemented");
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-looks_like_number(str)
-STR *str;
+I32
+looks_like_number(sv)
+SV *sv;
 {
     register char *s;
     register char *send;
 
-    if (!str->str_pok)
+    if (!SvPOK(sv))
 	return TRUE;
-    s = str->str_ptr; 
-    send = s + str->str_cur;
+    s = SvPV(sv); 
+    send = s + SvCUR(sv);
     while (isSPACE(*s))
 	s++;
     if (s >= send)
@@ -1000,7 +811,7 @@ STR *str;
 	return TRUE;
     if (*s == '.') 
 	s++;
-    else if (s == str->str_ptr)
+    else if (s == SvPV(sv))
 	return FALSE;
     while (isDIGIT(*s))
 	s++;
@@ -1021,270 +832,142 @@ STR *str;
 }
 
 bool
-do_print(str,fp)
-register STR *str;
+do_print(sv,fp)
+register SV *sv;
 FILE *fp;
 {
     register char *tmps;
+    SV* tmpstr;
 
-    if (!fp) {
-	if (dowarn)
-	    warn("print to unopened file");
-	errno = EBADF;
-	return FALSE;
+    /* assuming fp is checked earlier */
+    if (!sv)
+	return TRUE;
+    if (ofmt) {
+	if (SvMAGICAL(sv))
+	    mg_get(sv);
+        if (SvIOK(sv) && SvIV(sv) != 0) {
+	    fprintf(fp, ofmt, (double)SvIV(sv));
+	    return !ferror(fp);
+	}
+	if (  (SvNOK(sv) && SvNV(sv) != 0.0)
+	   || (looks_like_number(sv) && sv_2nv(sv) != 0.0) ) {
+	    fprintf(fp, ofmt, SvNV(sv));
+	    return !ferror(fp);
+	}
     }
-    if (!str)
+    switch (SvTYPE(sv)) {
+    case SVt_NULL:
 	return TRUE;
-    if (ofmt &&
-      ((str->str_nok && str->str_u.str_nval != 0.0)
-       || (looks_like_number(str) && str_gnum(str) != 0.0) ) ) {
-	fprintf(fp, ofmt, str->str_u.str_nval);
+    case SVt_REF:
+	fprintf(fp, "%s", sv_2pv(sv));
 	return !ferror(fp);
+    case SVt_IV:
+	if (SvMAGICAL(sv))
+	    mg_get(sv);
+	fprintf(fp, "%d", SvIV(sv));
+	return !ferror(fp);
+    default:
+	tmps = SvPVn(sv);
+	break;
     }
-    else {
-	tmps = str_get(str);
-	if (*tmps == 'S' && tmps[1] == 't' && tmps[2] == 'B' && tmps[3] == '\0'
-	  && str->str_cur == sizeof(STBP) && strlen(tmps) < str->str_cur) {
-	    STR *tmpstr = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-	    stab_efullname(tmpstr,((STAB*)str));/* a stab value, be nice */
-	    str = tmpstr;
-	    tmps = str->str_ptr;
-	    putc('*',fp);
-	}
-	if (str->str_cur && (fwrite(tmps,1,str->str_cur,fp) == 0 || ferror(fp)))
-	    return FALSE;
-    }
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-bool
-do_aprint(arg,fp,arglast)
-register ARG *arg;
-register FILE *fp;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int retval;
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
-
-    if (!fp) {
-	if (dowarn)
-	    warn("print to unopened file");
-	errno = EBADF;
+    if (SvCUR(sv) && (fwrite(tmps,1,SvCUR(sv),fp) == 0 || ferror(fp)))
 	return FALSE;
-    }
-    st += ++sp;
-    if (arg->arg_type == O_PRTF) {
-	do_sprintf(arg->arg_ptr.arg_str,items,st);
-	retval = do_print(arg->arg_ptr.arg_str,fp);
-    }
-    else {
-	retval = (items <= 0);
-	for (; items > 0; items--,st++) {
-	    if (retval && ofslen) {
-		if (fwrite(ofs, 1, ofslen, fp) == 0 || ferror(fp)) {
-		    retval = FALSE;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	    if (!(retval = do_print(*st, fp)))
-		break;
-	}
-	if (retval && orslen)
-	    if (fwrite(ors, 1, orslen, fp) == 0 || ferror(fp))
-		retval = FALSE;
-    }
-    return retval;
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
-int
-mystat(arg,str)
-ARG *arg;
-STR *str;
+I32
+my_stat(ARGS)
+dARGS
 {
-    STIO *stio;
-
-    if (arg[1].arg_type & A_DONT) {
-	stio = stab_io(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab);
-	if (stio && stio->ifp) {
-	    statstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    laststype = O_STAT;
-	    return (laststatval = fstat(fileno(stio->ifp), &statcache));
+    dSP;
+    IO *io;
+
+    if (op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
+	EXTEND(sp,1);
+	io = GvIO(cGVOP->op_gv);
+	if (io && io->ifp) {
+	    statgv = cGVOP->op_gv;
+	    sv_setpv(statname,"");
+	    laststype = OP_STAT;
+	    return (laststatval = fstat(fileno(io->ifp), &statcache));
 	}
 	else {
-	    if (arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab == defstab)
+	    if (cGVOP->op_gv == defgv)
 		return laststatval;
 	    if (dowarn)
 		warn("Stat on unopened file <%s>",
-		  stab_ename(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab));
-	    statstab = Nullstab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
+		  GvENAME(cGVOP->op_gv));
+	    statgv = Nullgv;
+	    sv_setpv(statname,"");
 	    return (laststatval = -1);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-	str_set(statname,str_get(str));
-	laststype = O_STAT;
-	laststatval = stat(str_get(str),&statcache);
-	if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && index(str_get(str), '\n'))
+	dPOPss;
+	PUTBACK;
+	statgv = Nullgv;
+	sv_setpv(statname,SvPVn(sv));
+	laststype = OP_STAT;
+	laststatval = stat(SvPVn(sv),&statcache);
+	if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && index(SvPVn(sv), '\n'))
 	    warn(warn_nl, "stat");
 	return laststatval;
     }
 }
 
-int
-mylstat(arg,str)
-ARG *arg;
-STR *str;
+I32
+my_lstat(ARGS)
+dARGS
 {
-    if (arg[1].arg_type & A_DONT) {
-	if (arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab == defstab) {
-	    if (laststype != O_LSTAT)
+    dSP;
+    SV *sv;
+    if (op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
+	EXTEND(sp,1);
+	if (cGVOP->op_gv == defgv) {
+	    if (laststype != OP_LSTAT)
 		fatal("The stat preceding -l _ wasn't an lstat");
 	    return laststatval;
 	}
 	fatal("You can't use -l on a filehandle");
     }
 
-    laststype = O_LSTAT;
-    statstab = Nullstab;
-    str_set(statname,str_get(str));
+    laststype = OP_LSTAT;
+    statgv = Nullgv;
+    sv = POPs;
+    PUTBACK;
+    sv_setpv(statname,SvPVn(sv));
 #ifdef HAS_LSTAT
-    laststatval = lstat(str_get(str),&statcache);
+    laststatval = lstat(SvPVn(sv),&statcache);
 #else
-    laststatval = stat(str_get(str),&statcache);
+    laststatval = stat(SvPVn(sv),&statcache);
 #endif
-    if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && index(str_get(str), '\n'))
+    if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && index(SvPVn(sv), '\n'))
 	warn(warn_nl, "lstat");
     return laststatval;
 }
 
-STR *
-do_fttext(arg,str)
-register ARG *arg;
-STR *str;
-{
-    int i;
-    int len;
-    int odd = 0;
-    STDCHAR tbuf[512];
-    register STDCHAR *s;
-    register STIO *stio;
-
-    if (arg[1].arg_type & A_DONT) {
-	if (arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab == defstab) {
-	    if (statstab)
-		stio = stab_io(statstab);
-	    else {
-		str = statname;
-		goto really_filename;
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    statstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    stio = stab_io(statstab);
-	}
-	if (stio && stio->ifp) {
-#if defined(STDSTDIO) || defined(atarist) /* this will work with atariST */
-	    fstat(fileno(stio->ifp),&statcache);
-	    if (S_ISDIR(statcache.st_mode))	/* handle NFS glitch */
-		return arg->arg_type == O_FTTEXT ? &str_no : &str_yes;
-	    if (stio->ifp->_cnt <= 0) {
-		i = getc(stio->ifp);
-		if (i != EOF)
-		    (void)ungetc(i,stio->ifp);
-	    }
-	    if (stio->ifp->_cnt <= 0)	/* null file is anything */
-		return &str_yes;
-	    len = stio->ifp->_cnt + (stio->ifp->_ptr - stio->ifp->_base);
-	    s = stio->ifp->_base;
-#else
-	    fatal("-T and -B not implemented on filehandles");
-#endif
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (dowarn)
-		warn("Test on unopened file <%s>",
-		  stab_ename(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab));
-	    errno = EBADF;
-	    return &str_undef;
-	}
-    }
-    else {
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-	str_set(statname,str_get(str));
-      really_filename:
-	i = open(str_get(str),0);
-	if (i < 0) {
-	    if (dowarn && index(str_get(str), '\n'))
-		warn(warn_nl, "open");
-	    return &str_undef;
-	}
-	fstat(i,&statcache);
-	len = read(i,tbuf,512);
-	(void)close(i);
-	if (len <= 0) {
-	    if (S_ISDIR(statcache.st_mode) && arg->arg_type == O_FTTEXT)
-		return &str_no;		/* special case NFS directories */
-	    return &str_yes;		/* null file is anything */
-	}
-	s = tbuf;
-    }
-
-    /* now scan s to look for textiness */
-
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i++,s++) {
-	if (!*s) {			/* null never allowed in text */
-	    odd += len;
-	    break;
-	}
-	else if (*s & 128)
-	    odd++;
-	else if (*s < 32 &&
-	  *s != '\n' && *s != '\r' && *s != '\b' &&
-	  *s != '\t' && *s != '\f' && *s != 27)
-	    odd++;
-    }
-
-    if ((odd * 10 > len) == (arg->arg_type == O_FTTEXT)) /* allow 10% odd */
-	return &str_no;
-    else
-	return &str_yes;
-}
-
-static char **Argv = Null(char **);
-static char *Cmd = Nullch;
-
 bool
-do_aexec(really,arglast)
-STR *really;
-int *arglast;
+do_aexec(really,mark,sp)
+SV *really;
+register SV **mark;
+register SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
     register char **a;
     char *tmps;
 
-    if (items) {
-	New(401,Argv, items+1, char*);
+    if (sp > mark) {
+	New(401,Argv, sp - mark + 1, char*);
 	a = Argv;
-	for (st += ++sp; items > 0; items--,st++) {
-	    if (*st)
-		*a++ = str_get(*st);
+	while (++mark <= sp) {
+	    if (*mark)
+		*a++ = SvPVnx(*mark);
 	    else
 		*a++ = "";
 	}
 	*a = Nullch;
-#ifdef TAINT
 	if (*Argv[0] != '/')	/* will execvp use PATH? */
-	    taintenv();		/* testing IFS here is overkill, probably */
-#endif
-	if (really && *(tmps = str_get(really)))
+	    TAINT_ENV();		/* testing IFS here is overkill, probably */
+	if (really && *(tmps = SvPVn(really)))
 	    execvp(tmps,Argv);
 	else
 	    execvp(Argv[0],Argv);
@@ -1383,1146 +1066,87 @@ char *cmd;
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-#ifdef HAS_SOCKET
-int
-do_socket(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int domain, type, protocol, fd;
-
-    if (!stab) {
-	errno = EBADF;
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio)
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio->ifp)
-	do_close(stab,FALSE);
-
-    domain = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    type = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    protocol = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in socket");
-#endif
-    fd = socket(domain,type,protocol);
-    if (fd < 0)
-	return FALSE;
-    stio->ifp = fdopen(fd, "r");	/* stdio gets confused about sockets */
-    stio->ofp = fdopen(fd, "w");
-    stio->type = 's';
-    if (!stio->ifp || !stio->ofp) {
-	if (stio->ifp) fclose(stio->ifp);
-	if (stio->ofp) fclose(stio->ofp);
-	if (!stio->ifp && !stio->ofp) close(fd);
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-int
-do_bind(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
+I32
+apply(type,mark,sp)
+I32 type;
+register SV **mark;
+register SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    char *addr;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    addr = str_get(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in bind");
-#endif
-    return bind(fileno(stio->ifp), addr, st[sp]->str_cur) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("bind() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_connect(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    char *addr;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    addr = str_get(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in connect");
-#endif
-    return connect(fileno(stio->ifp), addr, st[sp]->str_cur) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("connect() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_listen(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int backlog;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    backlog = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    return listen(fileno(stio->ifp), backlog) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("listen() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-void
-do_accept(str, nstab, gstab)
-STR *str;
-STAB *nstab;
-STAB *gstab;
-{
-    register STIO *nstio;
-    register STIO *gstio;
-    int len = sizeof buf;
-    int fd;
-
-    if (!nstab)
-	goto badexit;
-    if (!gstab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    gstio = stab_io(gstab);
-    nstio = stab_io(nstab);
-
-    if (!gstio || !gstio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-    if (!nstio)
-	nstio = stab_io(nstab) = stio_new();
-    else if (nstio->ifp)
-	do_close(nstab,FALSE);
-
-    fd = accept(fileno(gstio->ifp),(struct sockaddr *)buf,&len);
-    if (fd < 0)
-	goto badexit;
-    nstio->ifp = fdopen(fd, "r");
-    nstio->ofp = fdopen(fd, "w");
-    nstio->type = 's';
-    if (!nstio->ifp || !nstio->ofp) {
-	if (nstio->ifp) fclose(nstio->ifp);
-	if (nstio->ofp) fclose(nstio->ofp);
-	if (!nstio->ifp && !nstio->ofp) close(fd);
-	goto badexit;
-    }
-
-    str_nset(str, buf, len);
-    return;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("accept() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-badexit:
-    str_sset(str,&str_undef);
-    return;
-}
-
-int
-do_shutdown(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int how;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    how = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    return shutdown(fileno(stio->ifp), how) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("shutdown() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_sopt(optype, stab, arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int fd;
-    unsigned int lvl;
-    unsigned int optname;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-    lvl = (unsigned int)str_gnum(st[sp+1]);
-    optname = (unsigned int)str_gnum(st[sp+2]);
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_GSOCKOPT:
-	st[sp] = str_2mortal(Str_new(22,257));
-	st[sp]->str_cur = 256;
-	st[sp]->str_pok = 1;
-	if (getsockopt(fd, lvl, optname, st[sp]->str_ptr,
-			(int*)&st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	break;
-    case O_SSOCKOPT:
-	st[sp] = st[sp+3];
-	if (setsockopt(fd, lvl, optname, st[sp]->str_ptr, st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	st[sp] = &str_yes;
-	break;
-    }
-    
-    return sp;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("[gs]etsockopt() on closed fd");
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    errno = EBADF;
-    return sp;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_getsockname(optype, stab, arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int fd;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    st[sp] = str_2mortal(Str_new(22,257));
-    st[sp]->str_cur = 256;
-    st[sp]->str_pok = 1;
-    fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_GETSOCKNAME:
-	if (getsockname(fd, st[sp]->str_ptr, (int*)&st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts2;
-	break;
-    case O_GETPEERNAME:
-	if (getpeername(fd, st[sp]->str_ptr, (int*)&st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts2;
-	break;
-    }
-    
-    return sp;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("get{sock,peer}name() on closed fd");
-    errno = EBADF;
-nuts2:
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    return sp;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_ghent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct hostent *gethostbyname();
-    struct hostent *gethostbyaddr();
-#ifdef HAS_GETHOSTENT
-    struct hostent *gethostent();
-#endif
-    struct hostent *hent;
-    unsigned long len;
-
-    if (which == O_GHBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	hent = gethostbyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GHBYADDR) {
-	STR *addrstr = ary->ary_array[sp+1];
-	int addrtype = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-	char *addr = str_get(addrstr);
-
-	hent = gethostbyaddr(addr,addrstr->str_cur,addrtype);
-    }
-    else
-#ifdef HAS_GETHOSTENT
-	hent = gethostent();
-#else
-	fatal("gethostent not implemented");
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HOST_NOT_FOUND
-    if (!hent)
-	statusvalue = (unsigned short)h_errno & 0xffff;
-#endif
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (hent) {
-	    if (which == O_GHBYNAME) {
-#ifdef h_addr
-		str_nset(str, *hent->h_addr, hent->h_length);
-#else
-		str_nset(str, hent->h_addr, hent->h_length);
-#endif
-	    }
-	    else
-		str_set(str, hent->h_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (hent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, hent->h_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	for (elem = hent->h_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)hent->h_addrtype);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	len = hent->h_length;
-	str_numset(str, (double)len);
-#ifdef h_addr
-	for (elem = hent->h_addr_list; *elem; elem++) {
-	    (void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	    str_nset(str, *elem, len);
-	}
-#else
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_nset(str, hent->h_addr, len);
-#endif /* h_addr */
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_mortal(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gnent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct netent *getnetbyname();
-    struct netent *getnetbyaddr();
-    struct netent *getnetent();
-    struct netent *nent;
-
-    if (which == O_GNBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	nent = getnetbyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GNBYADDR) {
-	unsigned long addr = U_L(str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]));
-	int addrtype = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-
-	nent = getnetbyaddr((long)addr,addrtype);
-    }
-    else
-	nent = getnetent();
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (nent) {
-	    if (which == O_GNBYNAME)
-		str_numset(str, (double)nent->n_net);
-	    else
-		str_set(str, nent->n_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (nent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, nent->n_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	for (elem = nent->n_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)nent->n_addrtype);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)nent->n_net);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_mortal(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gpent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct protoent *getprotobyname();
-    struct protoent *getprotobynumber();
-    struct protoent *getprotoent();
-    struct protoent *pent;
-
-    if (which == O_GPBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pent = getprotobyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GPBYNUMBER) {
-	int proto = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pent = getprotobynumber(proto);
-    }
-    else
-	pent = getprotoent();
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (pent) {
-	    if (which == O_GPBYNAME)
-		str_numset(str, (double)pent->p_proto);
-	    else
-		str_set(str, pent->p_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (pent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pent->p_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	for (elem = pent->p_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pent->p_proto);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_mortal(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gsent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct servent *getservbyname();
-    struct servent *getservbynumber();
-    struct servent *getservent();
-    struct servent *sent;
-
-    if (which == O_GSBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-	char *proto = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-
-	if (proto && !*proto)
-	    proto = Nullch;
-
-	sent = getservbyname(name,proto);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GSBYPORT) {
-	int port = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-	char *proto = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-
-	sent = getservbyport(port,proto);
-    }
-    else
-	sent = getservent();
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (sent) {
-	    if (which == O_GSBYNAME) {
-#ifdef HAS_NTOHS
-		str_numset(str, (double)ntohs(sent->s_port));
-#else
-		str_numset(str, (double)(sent->s_port));
-#endif
-	    }
-	    else
-		str_set(str, sent->s_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (sent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, sent->s_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	for (elem = sent->s_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-#ifdef HAS_NTOHS
-	str_numset(str, (double)ntohs(sent->s_port));
-#else
-	str_numset(str, (double)(sent->s_port));
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, sent->s_proto);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_mortal(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-#endif /* HAS_SOCKET */
-
-#ifdef HAS_SELECT
-int
-do_select(gimme,arglast)
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register int i;
-    register int j;
-    register char *s;
-    register STR *str;
-    double value;
-    int maxlen = 0;
-    int nfound;
-    struct timeval timebuf;
-    struct timeval *tbuf = &timebuf;
-    int growsize;
-#if BYTEORDER != 0x1234 && BYTEORDER != 0x12345678
-    int masksize;
-    int offset;
-    char *fd_sets[4];
-    int k;
-
-#if BYTEORDER & 0xf0000
-#define ORDERBYTE (0x88888888 - BYTEORDER)
-#else
-#define ORDERBYTE (0x4444 - BYTEORDER)
-#endif
-
-#endif
-
-    for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
-	j = st[sp+i]->str_cur;
-	if (maxlen < j)
-	    maxlen = j;
-    }
-
-#if BYTEORDER == 0x1234 || BYTEORDER == 0x12345678
-    growsize = maxlen;		/* little endians can use vecs directly */
-#else
-#ifdef NFDBITS
-
-#ifndef NBBY
-#define NBBY 8
-#endif
-
-    masksize = NFDBITS / NBBY;
-#else
-    masksize = sizeof(long);	/* documented int, everyone seems to use long */
-#endif
-    growsize = maxlen + (masksize - (maxlen % masksize));
-    Zero(&fd_sets[0], 4, char*);
-#endif
-
-    for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
-	str = st[sp+i];
-	j = str->str_len;
-	if (j < growsize) {
-	    if (str->str_pok) {
-		Str_Grow(str,growsize);
-		s = str_get(str) + j;
-		while (++j <= growsize) {
-		    *s++ = '\0';
-		}
-	    }
-	    else if (str->str_ptr) {
-		Safefree(str->str_ptr);
-		str->str_ptr = Nullch;
-	    }
-	}
-#if BYTEORDER != 0x1234 && BYTEORDER != 0x12345678
-	s = str->str_ptr;
-	if (s) {
-	    New(403, fd_sets[i], growsize, char);
-	    for (offset = 0; offset < growsize; offset += masksize) {
-		for (j = 0, k=ORDERBYTE; j < masksize; j++, (k >>= 4))
-		    fd_sets[i][j+offset] = s[(k % masksize) + offset];
-	    }
-	}
-#endif
-    }
-    str = st[sp+4];
-    if (str->str_nok || str->str_pok) {
-	value = str_gnum(str);
-	if (value < 0.0)
-	    value = 0.0;
-	timebuf.tv_sec = (long)value;
-	value -= (double)timebuf.tv_sec;
-	timebuf.tv_usec = (long)(value * 1000000.0);
-    }
-    else
-	tbuf = Null(struct timeval*);
-
-#if BYTEORDER == 0x1234 || BYTEORDER == 0x12345678
-    nfound = select(
-	maxlen * 8,
-	st[sp+1]->str_ptr,
-	st[sp+2]->str_ptr,
-	st[sp+3]->str_ptr,
-	tbuf);
-#else
-    nfound = select(
-	maxlen * 8,
-	fd_sets[1],
-	fd_sets[2],
-	fd_sets[3],
-	tbuf);
-    for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
-	if (fd_sets[i]) {
-	    str = st[sp+i];
-	    s = str->str_ptr;
-	    for (offset = 0; offset < growsize; offset += masksize) {
-		for (j = 0, k=ORDERBYTE; j < masksize; j++, (k >>= 4))
-		    s[(k % masksize) + offset] = fd_sets[i][j+offset];
-	    }
-	    Safefree(fd_sets[i]);
-	}
-    }
-#endif
-
-    st[++sp] = str_mortal(&str_no);
-    str_numset(st[sp], (double)nfound);
-    if (gimme == G_ARRAY && tbuf) {
-	value = (double)(timebuf.tv_sec) +
-		(double)(timebuf.tv_usec) / 1000000.0;
-	st[++sp] = str_mortal(&str_no);
-	str_numset(st[sp], value);
-    }
-    return sp;
-}
-#endif /* SELECT */
-
-#ifdef HAS_SOCKET
-int
-do_spair(stab1, stab2, arglast)
-STAB *stab1;
-STAB *stab2;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[2];
-    register STIO *stio1;
-    register STIO *stio2;
-    int domain, type, protocol, fd[2];
-
-    if (!stab1 || !stab2)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    stio1 = stab_io(stab1);
-    stio2 = stab_io(stab2);
-    if (!stio1)
-	stio1 = stab_io(stab1) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio1->ifp)
-	do_close(stab1,FALSE);
-    if (!stio2)
-	stio2 = stab_io(stab2) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio2->ifp)
-	do_close(stab2,FALSE);
-
-    domain = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    type = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    protocol = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in socketpair");
-#endif
-#ifdef HAS_SOCKETPAIR
-    if (socketpair(domain,type,protocol,fd) < 0)
-	return FALSE;
-#else
-    fatal("Socketpair unimplemented");
-#endif
-    stio1->ifp = fdopen(fd[0], "r");
-    stio1->ofp = fdopen(fd[0], "w");
-    stio1->type = 's';
-    stio2->ifp = fdopen(fd[1], "r");
-    stio2->ofp = fdopen(fd[1], "w");
-    stio2->type = 's';
-    if (!stio1->ifp || !stio1->ofp || !stio2->ifp || !stio2->ofp) {
-	if (stio1->ifp) fclose(stio1->ifp);
-	if (stio1->ofp) fclose(stio1->ofp);
-	if (!stio1->ifp && !stio1->ofp) close(fd[0]);
-	if (stio2->ifp) fclose(stio2->ifp);
-	if (stio2->ofp) fclose(stio2->ofp);
-	if (!stio2->ifp && !stio2->ofp) close(fd[1]);
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-#endif /* HAS_SOCKET */
-
-int
-do_gpwent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#ifdef I_PWD
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register STR *str;
-    struct passwd *getpwnam();
-    struct passwd *getpwuid();
-    struct passwd *getpwent();
-    struct passwd *pwent;
-
-    if (which == O_GPWNAM) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pwent = getpwnam(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GPWUID) {
-	int uid = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pwent = getpwuid(uid);
-    }
-    else
-	pwent = getpwent();
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (pwent) {
-	    if (which == O_GPWNAM)
-		str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_uid);
-	    else
-		str_set(str, pwent->pw_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (pwent) {
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_passwd);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_uid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_gid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-#ifdef PWCHANGE
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_change);
-#else
-#ifdef PWQUOTA
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_quota);
-#else
-#ifdef PWAGE
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_age);
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-#ifdef PWCLASS
-	str_set(str,pwent->pw_class);
-#else
-#ifdef PWCOMMENT
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_comment);
-#endif
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_gecos);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_dir);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_shell);
-#ifdef PWEXPIRE
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_expire);
-#endif
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-#else
-    fatal("password routines not implemented");
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-do_ggrent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#ifdef I_GRP
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct group *getgrnam();
-    struct group *getgrgid();
-    struct group *getgrent();
-    struct group *grent;
-
-    if (which == O_GGRNAM) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	grent = getgrnam(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GGRGID) {
-	int gid = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	grent = getgrgid(gid);
-    }
-    else
-	grent = getgrent();
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_undef));
-	if (grent) {
-	    if (which == O_GGRNAM)
-		str_numset(str, (double)grent->gr_gid);
-	    else
-		str_set(str, grent->gr_name);
-	}
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (grent) {
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, grent->gr_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, grent->gr_passwd);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)grent->gr_gid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_mortal(&str_no));
-	for (elem = grent->gr_mem; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-#else
-    fatal("group routines not implemented");
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-do_dirop(optype,stab,gimme,arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#if defined(DIRENT) && defined(HAS_READDIR)
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register STR **st = ary->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    long along;
-#ifndef apollo
-    struct DIRENT *readdir();
-#endif
-    register struct DIRENT *dp;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nope;
-    if (!(stio = stab_io(stab)))
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    if (!stio->dirp && optype != O_OPEN_DIR)
-	goto nope;
-    st[sp] = &str_yes;
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_OPEN_DIR:
-	if (stio->dirp)
-	    closedir(stio->dirp);
-	if (!(stio->dirp = opendir(str_get(st[sp+1]))))
-	    goto nope;
-	break;
-    case O_READDIR:
-	if (gimme == G_ARRAY) {
-	    --sp;
-	    /*SUPPRESS 560*/
-	    while (dp = readdir(stio->dirp)) {
-#ifdef DIRNAMLEN
-		(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-		  str_2mortal(str_make(dp->d_name,dp->d_namlen)));
-#else
-		(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-		  str_2mortal(str_make(dp->d_name,0)));
-#endif
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (!(dp = readdir(stio->dirp)))
-		goto nope;
-	    st[sp] = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-#ifdef DIRNAMLEN
-	    str_nset(st[sp], dp->d_name, dp->d_namlen);
-#else
-	    str_set(st[sp], dp->d_name);
-#endif
-	}
-	break;
-#if defined(HAS_TELLDIR) || defined(telldir)
-    case O_TELLDIR: {
-#ifndef telldir
-	    long telldir();
-#endif
-	    st[sp] = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-	    str_numset(st[sp], (double)telldir(stio->dirp));
-	    break;
-	}
-#endif
-#if defined(HAS_SEEKDIR) || defined(seekdir)
-    case O_SEEKDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-	along = (long)str_gnum(st[sp+1]);
-	(void)seekdir(stio->dirp,along);
-	break;
-#endif
-#if defined(HAS_REWINDDIR) || defined(rewinddir)
-    case O_REWINDDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-	(void)rewinddir(stio->dirp);
-	break;
-#endif
-    case O_CLOSEDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_mortal(&str_undef);
-	(void)closedir(stio->dirp);
-	stio->dirp = 0;
-	break;
-    default:
-	goto phooey;
-    }
-    return sp;
-
-nope:
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    if (!errno)
-	errno = EBADF;
-    return sp;
-
-#endif
-phooey:
-    fatal("Unimplemented directory operation");
-}
-
-int
-apply(type,arglast)
-int type;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
-    register int val;
-    register int val2;
-    register int tot = 0;
+    register I32 val;
+    register I32 val2;
+    register I32 tot = 0;
     char *s;
+    SV **oldmark = mark;
 
 #ifdef TAINT
-    for (st += ++sp; items--; st++)
-	tainted |= (*st)->str_tainted;
-    st = stack->ary_array;
-    sp = arglast[1];
-    items = arglast[2] - sp;
+    while (++mark <= sp)
+	TAINT_IF((*mark)->sv_tainted);
+    mark = oldmark;
 #endif
     switch (type) {
-    case O_CHMOD:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in chmod");
-#endif
-	if (--items > 0) {
-	    tot = items;
-	    val = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (chmod(str_get(st[++sp]),val))
+    case OP_CHMOD:
+	TAINT_PROPER("chmod");
+	if (++mark <= sp) {
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    val = SvIVnx(*mark);
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (chmod(SvPVnx(*mark),val))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
 #ifdef HAS_CHOWN
-    case O_CHOWN:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in chown");
-#endif
-	if (items > 2) {
-	    items -= 2;
-	    tot = items;
-	    val = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    val2 = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (chown(str_get(st[++sp]),val,val2))
+    case OP_CHOWN:
+	TAINT_PROPER("chown");
+	if (sp - mark > 2) {
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    val = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+	    val2 = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (chown(SvPVnx(*mark),val,val2))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_KILL
-    case O_KILL:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in kill");
-#endif
-	if (--items > 0) {
-	    tot = items;
-	    s = str_get(st[++sp]);
-	    if (isUPPER(*s)) {
-		if (*s == 'S' && s[1] == 'I' && s[2] == 'G')
-		    s += 3;
-		if (!(val = whichsig(s)))
-		    fatal("Unrecognized signal name \"%s\"",s);
-	    }
-	    else
-		val = (int)str_gnum(st[sp]);
-	    if (val < 0) {
-		val = -val;
-		while (items--) {
-		    int proc = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
+    case OP_KILL:
+	TAINT_PROPER("kill");
+	s = SvPVnx(*++mark);
+	tot = sp - mark;
+	if (isUPPER(*s)) {
+	    if (*s == 'S' && s[1] == 'I' && s[2] == 'G')
+		s += 3;
+	    if (!(val = whichsig(s)))
+		fatal("Unrecognized signal name \"%s\"",s);
+	}
+	else
+	    val = SvIVnx(*mark);
+	if (val < 0) {
+	    val = -val;
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		I32 proc = SvIVnx(*mark);
 #ifdef HAS_KILLPG
-		    if (killpg(proc,val))	/* BSD */
+		if (killpg(proc,val))	/* BSD */
 #else
-		    if (kill(-proc,val))	/* SYSV */
+		if (kill(-proc,val))	/* SYSV */
 #endif
-			tot--;
-		}
+		    tot--;
 	    }
-	    else {
-		while (items--) {
-		    if (kill((int)(str_gnum(st[++sp])),val))
-			tot--;
-		}
+	}
+	else {
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (kill(SvIVnx(*mark),val))
+		    tot--;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
 #endif
-    case O_UNLINK:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in unlink");
-#endif
-	tot = items;
-	while (items--) {
-	    s = str_get(st[++sp]);
+    case OP_UNLINK:
+	TAINT_PROPER("unlink");
+	tot = sp - mark;
+	while (++mark <= sp) {
+	    s = SvPVnx(*mark);
 	    if (euid || unsafe) {
 		if (UNLINK(s))
 		    tot--;
@@ -2541,11 +1165,9 @@ int *arglast;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
-    case O_UTIME:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in utime");
-#endif
-	if (items > 2) {
+    case OP_UTIME:
+	TAINT_PROPER("utime");
+	if (sp - mark > 2) {
 #ifdef I_UTIME
 	    struct utimbuf utbuf;
 #else
@@ -2556,19 +1178,16 @@ int *arglast;
 #endif
 
 	    Zero(&utbuf, sizeof utbuf, char);
-	    utbuf.actime = (long)str_gnum(st[++sp]);    /* time accessed */
-	    utbuf.modtime = (long)str_gnum(st[++sp]);    /* time modified */
-	    items -= 2;
-#ifndef lint
-	    tot = items;
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (utime(str_get(st[++sp]),&utbuf))
+	    utbuf.actime = SvIVnx(*++mark);    /* time accessed */
+	    utbuf.modtime = SvIVnx(*++mark);    /* time modified */
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (utime(SvPVnx(*mark),&utbuf))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
-#endif
 	}
 	else
-	    items = 0;
+	    tot = 0;
 	break;
     }
     return tot;
@@ -2576,10 +1195,10 @@ int *arglast;
 
 /* Do the permissions allow some operation?  Assumes statcache already set. */
 
-int
+I32
 cando(bit, effective, statbufp)
-int bit;
-int effective;
+I32 bit;
+I32 effective;
 register struct stat *statbufp;
 {
 #ifdef DOSISH
@@ -2620,7 +1239,7 @@ register struct stat *statbufp;
 	if (statbufp->st_mode & bit)
 	    return TRUE;	/* ok as "user" */
     }
-    else if (ingroup((int)statbufp->st_gid,effective)) {
+    else if (ingroup((I32)statbufp->st_gid,effective)) {
 	if (statbufp->st_mode & bit >> 3)
 	    return TRUE;	/* ok as "group" */
     }
@@ -2630,10 +1249,10 @@ register struct stat *statbufp;
 #endif /* ! MSDOS */
 }
 
-int
+I32
 ingroup(testgid,effective)
-int testgid;
-int effective;
+I32 testgid;
+I32 effective;
 {
     if (testgid == (effective ? egid : gid))
 	return TRUE;
@@ -2643,7 +1262,7 @@ int effective;
 #endif
     {
 	GROUPSTYPE gary[NGROUPS];
-	int anum;
+	I32 anum;
 
 	anum = getgroups(NGROUPS,gary);
 	while (--anum >= 0)
@@ -2656,77 +1275,74 @@ int effective;
 
 #if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)
 
-int
-do_ipcget(optype, arglast)
-int optype;
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_ipcget(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
     key_t key;
-    int n, flags;
+    I32 n, flags;
 
-    key = (key_t)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    n = (optype == O_MSGGET) ? 0 : (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    flags = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
+    key = (key_t)SvNVnx(*++mark);
+    n = (optype == OP_MSGGET) ? 0 : SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    flags = SvIVnx(*++mark);
     errno = 0;
     switch (optype)
     {
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
-    case O_MSGGET:
+    case OP_MSGGET:
 	return msgget(key, flags);
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SEM
-    case O_SEMGET:
+    case OP_SEMGET:
 	return semget(key, n, flags);
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SHM
-    case O_SHMGET:
+    case OP_SHMGET:
 	return shmget(key, n, flags);
 #endif
 #if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
     default:
-	fatal("%s not implemented", opname[optype]);
+	fatal("%s not implemented", op_name[optype]);
 #endif
     }
     return -1;			/* should never happen */
 }
 
-int
-do_ipcctl(optype, arglast)
-int optype;
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_ipcctl(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    STR *astr;
+    SV *astr;
     char *a;
-    int id, n, cmd, infosize, getinfo, ret;
-
-    id = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    n = (optype == O_SEMCTL) ? (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]) : 0;
-    cmd = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    astr = st[++sp];
+    I32 id, n, cmd, infosize, getinfo, ret;
 
+    id = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    n = (optype == OP_SEMCTL) ? SvIVnx(*++mark) : 0;
+    cmd = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    astr = *++mark;
     infosize = 0;
     getinfo = (cmd == IPC_STAT);
 
     switch (optype)
     {
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
-    case O_MSGCTL:
+    case OP_MSGCTL:
 	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
 	    infosize = sizeof(struct msqid_ds);
 	break;
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SHM
-    case O_SHMCTL:
+    case OP_SHMCTL:
 	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
 	    infosize = sizeof(struct shmid_ds);
 	break;
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SEM
-    case O_SEMCTL:
+    case OP_SEMCTL:
 	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
 	    infosize = sizeof(struct semid_ds);
 	else if (cmd == GETALL || cmd == SETALL)
@@ -2743,7 +1359,7 @@ int *arglast;
 #endif
 #if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
     default:
-	fatal("%s not implemented", opname[optype]);
+	fatal("%s not implemented", op_name[optype]);
 #endif
     }
 
@@ -2751,13 +1367,13 @@ int *arglast;
     {
 	if (getinfo)
 	{
-	    STR_GROW(astr, infosize+1);
-	    a = str_get(astr);
+	    SvGROW(astr, infosize+1);
+	    a = SvPVn(astr);
 	}
 	else
 	{
-	    a = str_get(astr);
-	    if (astr->str_cur != infosize)
+	    a = SvPVn(astr);
+	    if (SvCUR(astr) != infosize)
 	    {
 		errno = EINVAL;
 		return -1;
@@ -2766,51 +1382,50 @@ int *arglast;
     }
     else
     {
-	int i = (int)str_gnum(astr);
+	I32 i = SvIVn(astr);
 	a = (char *)i;		/* ouch */
     }
     errno = 0;
     switch (optype)
     {
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
-    case O_MSGCTL:
+    case OP_MSGCTL:
 	ret = msgctl(id, cmd, (struct msqid_ds *)a);
 	break;
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SEM
-    case O_SEMCTL:
-	ret = semctl(id, n, cmd, a);
+    case OP_SEMCTL:
+	ret = semctl(id, n, cmd, (struct semid_ds *)a);
 	break;
 #endif
 #ifdef HAS_SHM
-    case O_SHMCTL:
+    case OP_SHMCTL:
 	ret = shmctl(id, cmd, (struct shmid_ds *)a);
 	break;
 #endif
     }
     if (getinfo && ret >= 0) {
-	astr->str_cur = infosize;
-	astr->str_ptr[infosize] = '\0';
+	SvCUR_set(astr, infosize);
+	*SvEND(astr) = '\0';
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
-int
-do_msgsnd(arglast)
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_msgsnd(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    STR *mstr;
+    SV *mstr;
     char *mbuf;
-    int id, msize, flags;
+    I32 id, msize, flags;
 
-    id = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mstr = st[++sp];
-    flags = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mbuf = str_get(mstr);
-    if ((msize = mstr->str_cur - sizeof(long)) < 0) {
+    id = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    flags = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mbuf = SvPVn(mstr);
+    if ((msize = SvCUR(mstr) - sizeof(long)) < 0) {
 	errno = EINVAL;
 	return -1;
     }
@@ -2821,33 +1436,32 @@ int *arglast;
 #endif
 }
 
-int
-do_msgrcv(arglast)
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_msgrcv(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
 #ifdef HAS_MSG
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    STR *mstr;
+    SV *mstr;
     char *mbuf;
     long mtype;
-    int id, msize, flags, ret;
-
-    id = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mstr = st[++sp];
-    msize = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mtype = (long)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    flags = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mbuf = str_get(mstr);
-    if (mstr->str_cur < sizeof(long)+msize+1) {
-	STR_GROW(mstr, sizeof(long)+msize+1);
-	mbuf = str_get(mstr);
+    I32 id, msize, flags, ret;
+
+    id = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    msize = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mtype = (long)SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    flags = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mbuf = SvPVn(mstr);
+    if (SvCUR(mstr) < sizeof(long)+msize+1) {
+	SvGROW(mstr, sizeof(long)+msize+1);
+	mbuf = SvPVn(mstr);
     }
     errno = 0;
     ret = msgrcv(id, (struct msgbuf *)mbuf, msize, mtype, flags);
     if (ret >= 0) {
-	mstr->str_cur = sizeof(long)+ret;
-	mstr->str_ptr[sizeof(long)+ret] = '\0';
+	SvCUR_set(mstr, sizeof(long)+ret);
+	*SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
     }
     return ret;
 #else
@@ -2855,21 +1469,20 @@ int *arglast;
 #endif
 }
 
-int
-do_semop(arglast)
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_semop(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
 #ifdef HAS_SEM
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    STR *opstr;
+    SV *opstr;
     char *opbuf;
-    int id, opsize;
+    I32 id, opsize;
 
-    id = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    opstr = st[++sp];
-    opbuf = str_get(opstr);
-    opsize = opstr->str_cur;
+    id = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    opstr = *++mark;
+    opbuf = SvPVn(opstr);
+    opsize = SvCUR(opstr);
     if (opsize < sizeof(struct sembuf)
 	|| (opsize % sizeof(struct sembuf)) != 0) {
 	errno = EINVAL;
@@ -2882,26 +1495,25 @@ int *arglast;
 #endif
 }
 
-int
-do_shmio(optype, arglast)
-int optype;
-int *arglast;
+I32
+do_shmio(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
 {
 #ifdef HAS_SHM
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    STR *mstr;
+    SV *mstr;
     char *mbuf, *shm;
-    int id, mpos, msize;
+    I32 id, mpos, msize;
     struct shmid_ds shmds;
 #ifndef VOIDSHMAT
     extern char *shmat();
 #endif
 
-    id = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    mstr = st[++sp];
-    mpos = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    msize = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
+    id = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    mpos = SvIVnx(*++mark);
+    msize = SvIVnx(*++mark);
     errno = 0;
     if (shmctl(id, IPC_STAT, &shmds) == -1)
 	return -1;
@@ -2909,23 +1521,23 @@ int *arglast;
 	errno = EFAULT;		/* can't do as caller requested */
 	return -1;
     }
-    shm = (char*)shmat(id, (char*)NULL, (optype == O_SHMREAD) ? SHM_RDONLY : 0);
+    shm = (char*)shmat(id, (char*)NULL, (optype == OP_SHMREAD) ? SHM_RDONLY : 0);
     if (shm == (char *)-1)	/* I hate System V IPC, I really do */
 	return -1;
-    mbuf = str_get(mstr);
-    if (optype == O_SHMREAD) {
-	if (mstr->str_cur < msize) {
-	    STR_GROW(mstr, msize+1);
-	    mbuf = str_get(mstr);
+    mbuf = SvPVn(mstr);
+    if (optype == OP_SHMREAD) {
+	if (SvCUR(mstr) < msize) {
+	    SvGROW(mstr, msize+1);
+	    mbuf = SvPVn(mstr);
 	}
 	Copy(shm + mpos, mbuf, msize, char);
-	mstr->str_cur = msize;
-	mstr->str_ptr[msize] = '\0';
+	SvCUR_set(mstr, msize);
+	*SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
     }
     else {
-	int n;
+	I32 n;
 
-	if ((n = mstr->str_cur) > msize)
+	if ((n = SvCUR(mstr)) > msize)
 	    n = msize;
 	Copy(mbuf, shm + mpos, n, char);
 	if (n < msize)